# Academy Sports & Outdoors, Inc. (ASO) FY 2023 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Academy Sports & Outdoors, Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2023.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1817358/000181735823000062/aso-20230128.htm
Accession: 0001817358-23-000062
Filing date: 2023-03-16
Report date: 2023-01-28
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/ASO/
All MD&A years: /company/ASO/mda/
Previous year: /company/ASO/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022)
Next year: /company/ASO/mda/fy2024/ (FY 2024)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report for the fiscal year ended January 28, 2023 (this "Annual Report").

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See the section of this Annual Report entitled "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that characterize our business. Known material factors that could affect our financial performance and actual results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements included in this discussion or otherwise made by our management, are described in the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report.

Any reference in this Annual Report to "year" or any year in particular refers to our fiscal year, which represents the fifty-two or fifty-three week period ending on the Saturday closest to January 31. Unless otherwise specified, all comparisons or changes regarding 2022 are made to 2021.

All references in this discussion and analysis to "2022", "2021" and "2020" or like terms relate to our fiscal years as follows:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Fiscal Year","","Ended","","Weeks"],["2022","","January 28, 2023","","52"],["2021","","January 29, 2022","","52"],["2020","","January 30, 2021","","52"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Overview

We are a leading full-line sporting goods and outdoor recreation retailers in the United States. Our mission is to provide “Fun for All” and we fulfill this mission with a localized merchandising strategy and value proposition that deeply connect with a broad range of consumers. Our product assortment focuses on key categories of outdoors, apparel, sports & recreation and footwear (representing 31%, 28%, 21% and 20% of our 2022 net sales, respectively) through both leading national brands and a portfolio of 20 private label brands, which go well beyond traditional sporting goods and apparel offerings.

Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. A significant portion of our net sales and profits is driven by summer holidays, such as Memorial Day, Father’s Day and Independence Day, during the second quarter. Our net sales and profits are also impacted by the November/December holiday selling season, and in part by the sales of cold weather sporting goods and apparel during the fourth quarter.

As of January 28, 2023, we operated 268 stores that range in size from approximately 40,000 to 130,000 gross square feet, with an average size of approximately 70,000 gross square feet, throughout 18 contiguous states located primarily in the southern United States. Our stores are supported by approximately 22,000 team members, three distribution centers, and our e-commerce platform, which includes our website at www.academy.com and our mobile app, introduced in the 2021 second quarter. Additionally, we are deepening our customer relationships, further integrating our e-commerce platform with our stores and driving operating efficiencies by developing our omnichannel capabilities, such as our mobile app, optimizing the website experience and upgrading our fulfillment capabilities.

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The following table summarizes store activity for the periods indicated:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Beginning stores","","259","","","259","","","259"],["Q1 new stores","","1","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Q2 new stores","","1","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Q3 new stores","","4","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Q4 new stores","","3","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Closed","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Ending stores","","268","","","259","","","259"],["Relocated stores","","\u2014","","","1","","","\u2014"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

How We Assess the Performance of Our Business and Recent Trends

Our management considers a number of financial and operating metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, determine the allocation of resources, make decisions regarding corporate strategies and evaluate projections. These metrics include operational measures and non-GAAP metrics supplemental to our GAAP results.

Comparable Sales. We define comparable sales as the percentage of period-over-period net sales increase or decrease, in the aggregate, for stores open after thirteen full fiscal months, as well as for all e-commerce sales. There may be variations in the way in which some of our competitors and other retailers calculate comparable sales. As a result, data in this Annual Report regarding our comparable sales may not be comparable to similar data made available by other retailers. Stores which have been significantly remodeled or relocated are removed from this calculation until the new store has been in operation for substantially all of the periods being compared. Stores which have been closed for an extended period of time due to circumstances beyond our control are also removed from the calculation. Any sales made through our website or mobile app are allocated to e-commerce sales for the purpose of measuring comparable sales, regardless of how those sales are fulfilled, whether shipped to home or picked up in-store or curbside through our buy-online-pickup-in-store program ("BOPIS"). For example, all BOPIS transactions, which are originated by our website, are allocated to e-commerce sales for the purpose of comparable sales, despite the fact that our customers pick-up these purchases from a specific store.

Increases or decreases in e-commerce between periods being compared directly impact the comparable sales results. Various factors affect comparable sales, including consumer preferences, buying trends and overall economic trends; our ability to identify and respond effectively to customer preferences and local and regional trends; our ability to provide an assortment of high quality/value oriented product offerings that generate new and repeat visits to our stores and our website; the customer experience and unique services we provide in our stores; our ability to execute our omnichannel strategy, including the growth of our e-commerce business; changes in product mix and pricing, including promotional activities; the number of items purchased per visit and average order value; a shift in the timing of a holiday between comparable periods; and the number of stores that have been in operation for more than 13 months. We have seen a significant comparable sales increase in recent years from (0.7%) in 2019 to 16.1% and 18.9% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. However, we experienced a decrease in comparable sales of 6.4% in 2022. See the discussion on Net Sales below for some contributing factors to the recent changes.

Transactions and average ticket. We define transactions as the number of customer transactions for stores and e-commerce during a given period on a comparable sales basis. Transactions are influenced by customer traffic, the amount of customers that visited our stores or website, and sales conversion, the percent of those customers that made a purchase. We define average ticket as total comparable sales divided by the number of transactions during a given period, which tells us the average amount the customer is spending on a purchase.

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Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow to supplement GAAP measures of performance in the evaluation of the effectiveness of our business strategies, to make budgeting decisions, and to compare our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures. Management also uses Adjusted EBIT as a performance target to establish and award discretionary annual incentive compensation. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.

Components of Our Results of Operations. Our profitability is primarily influenced by fluctuations in net sales, inventory expenses, our ability to leverage selling, general and administrative expenses, and our ability to limit our interest and income tax expense.

Net Sales. Net sales are derived from in-store and e-commerce merchandise sales, net of sales tax and an allowance for merchandise returns.

Net sales fluctuations can be driven by new store openings, comparable sales increases or decreases including e-commerce sales, our ability to adjust inventory based on sales fluctuations, our management of vendor relations and meeting customer demand, allowances and logistics, seasonality, unseasonal or extreme weather, changes in consumer shopping preferences, consumer discretionary spending, and market and sales promotions.

We must maintain sufficient inventory levels of merchandise that our customers desire to successfully operate our business. A shortage of popular merchandise could reduce our net sales. Conversely, we also must seek to avoid accumulating excess inventory to avoid markdowns and clearance, which negatively impact sales and gross margin. We have deployed several new tools over recent years to improve inventory handling and vendor management, including third-party programs to analyze our inventory stock and execute a disciplined markdown strategy throughout the year at every location. This implementation, along with other factors, has allowed us to improve our inventory management in stores over the past few years. We have coupled these tools with the data we have been able to collect from our Academy Credit Card program, our customer database and targeted customer surveys, so that we can better estimate future inventory requirements. It is imperative that we continue to find innovative ways to strengthen our inventory management if we are to remain competitive and expand our margins on a go-forward basis.

We continue to believe that the increased popularity of isolated recreation, outdoor and leisure activity products brought on by customer demand during the COVID-19 pandemic will result in a long-term increase to our customer base. Additionally, we have benefited from shifting of customer spend towards in-home health and wellness and dedicating more time to memory-making experiences. Our broad assortment gives us an advantage over mass general merchants who typically do not carry the leading national brands sold at Academy. We have also continued to add private label brand products to our assortment of products, which we generally price lower than the national brand products of comparable quality that we also offer. A shift in our sales mix in which we sell more units of our private label brand products and fewer units of the national brand products would generally have a positive impact on our gross margin but an adverse impact on our total net sales. Furthermore, our softgoods merchandise divisions, which consist of apparel and footwear, have higher margins than our hardgoods merchandise divisions, which consist of outdoors and sports and recreation. A shift in sales mix toward softgoods would generally have a positive impact on gross margin and a shift in sales mix towards hardgoods would generally have a negative impact on gross margin. In recent years we have experienced higher sales related to the outdoors and sports and recreation merchandise divisions, as our customers turned to us for isolated recreation and outdoor and leisure activities during the pandemic. As our business begins to normalize, we are experiencing a shift in our sales mix from the outdoors and sports and recreation merchandise divisions to the footwear and apparel merchandise divisions, which would generally have a positive impact on our gross margin rate.

The expansion and enhancement of our omnichannel capabilities has resulted in increased sales in recent years and we expect that it will continue to be a driver of growth in our net sales and gross margin. We continue to invest in initiatives that will increase traffic to our e-commerce platform, which includes our website and mobile app, and drive increased online sales conversion. During 2022, we improved our omnichannel capabilities by implementing several innovative features to enhance the customer shopping experience, including outfitting, express check-out and enabling biometric security measures. Our improved e-commerce platform supports our stores with digital marketing and our BOPIS and ship-to-store programs. Additionally, our e-commerce platform allows us to reach customers outside of our current store footprint and introduces new customers to the Academy brand. It also allows for us to connect further with our customers for marketing and product education. We believe it is important that we continue to grow our omnichannel capabilities, which, together with recent enhancements made to our website and omnichannel capabilities, contributed to the increase in e-commerce sales during 2020, 2021 and 2022. During 2022, stores facilitated approximately 95% of our total sales, including ship-from-store, BOPIS and in-store retail sales. We expect to continue to invest in expanding and enhancing our omnichannel capabilities, including support of our mobile app, optimizing the web site experience and upgrading our fulfillment capabilities, which will continue to require significant investments by us.

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We expect that new stores will be a key driver of growth in our net sales and gross margin in the future. Our results of operations have been and will continue to be materially affected by the timing and number of new store openings. We are continually assessing the number of locations available that could accommodate our preferred size of stores in markets we would consider, and we expect to open 13 to 15 new stores in fiscal 2023. We expect most of our stores to achieve profitability within the first twelve months of opening. We believe our real estate strategy has positioned us well for further expansion.

Gross Margin. Gross margin is our net sales less cost of goods sold. Our cost of goods sold includes the direct cost of merchandise and costs related to procurement, warehousing and distribution, which consist primarily of payroll and benefits, distribution center occupancy costs and freight and are generally variable in nature relative to our sales volume.

Our gross margin depends on a number of factors, such as net sales increases or decreases, our promotional activities, product mix including private label brand merchandise sales, and our ability to control cost of goods sold, such as inventory and logistics cost management. Our gross margin is also impacted by variables including commodity costs, freight costs, shrinkage and inventory processing costs and e-commerce shipping costs. We track and measure gross margin as a percentage of net sales in order to evaluate our performance against profitability targets.

Over the past couple of years, we have seen increased competition across the industry for resources throughout a constrained supply chain, which has resulted in disruptions to the flow of products from our vendors, labor shortages, reduced shipping container availability, and longer delays at the port. As a result, we have experienced a period of decreased or delayed supply and high inflation. These factors have negatively impacted transportation and inventory costs. Under the last in, first out method ("LIFO"), our cost of sales reflects the costs of the most recently purchased inventories. A prolonged continuation of high inflationary levels of inventory and related transportation costs could result in LIFO charges that have a negative impact on our gross margin.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses include store and corporate administrative payroll and payroll benefits, store and corporate headquarters occupancy costs, advertising, credit card processing, information technology, pre-opening costs and other store and administrative expenses. These expenses are both variable and fixed in nature. As sales increase at a higher rate than our SG&A, this results in sales leverage and a higher sales flow through to net income, which we have experienced in recent years with SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales declining from 23.1% to 21.3% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. However, SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales remained relatively flat at 21.4% in 2022 when compared to 21.3% in 2021. We track and measure operating expenses as a percentage of net sales in order to evaluate our performance against profitability targets. Management of SG&A expenses depends on our ability to balance a control of operating costs, such as store, distribution center, and corporate headcount, information technology infrastructure and marketing and advertising expenses, with efficiently and effectively servicing our customers.

Interest Expense. Interest expense includes regular interest payable related to our Term Loan, Notes and ABL Facility (see Note 4 to the accompanying financial statements) and the amortization of our deferred loan costs and original issuance discounts associated with the acquisition of the debt. In November of 2020, we refinanced our debt resulting in an approximate $630 million reduction in our overall debt outstanding. Subsequently, in May of 2021 we entered into an amendment to our Term Loan, which reduced the applicable margin on our LIBOR rate by 1.25%, and paid down $99 million (see Note 4 to the accompanying financial statements). In December of 2022, we utilized cash on hand to voluntarily prepay $100 million of outstanding borrowings on our Term Loan (see Note 4 to the accompanying financial statements). These actions have resulted in interest expense reductions in 2021 and 2022 and are expected to continue into 2023.

Income Tax Expense. Prior to October 1, 2020, New Academy Holding Company, LLC, our prior ultimate parent company, was treated as a flow through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes and thus no federal income tax expense was recorded in our consolidated statements of income for periods prior to October 1, 2020. Our tax rate prior to October 1, 2020 was almost entirely the result of state income taxes. In connection with our initial public offering ("IPO"), as a result of the Reorganization Transactions (see Note 1 to the accompanying financial statements) completed on October 1, 2020, Academy Sports and Outdoors, Inc. ("ASO, Inc.") is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal, state, and local income tax purposes and accordingly, a provision for income taxes has been recorded for the anticipated tax consequences of our reported results of operations for federal, state and local income taxes since October 1, 2020.

Results of Operations

A discussion regarding Results of Operations and Analysis of Financial Condition for the fiscal year ended January 29, 2022, as compared to the fiscal year ended January 30, 2021, is included in “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 29, 2022.

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2022 (52 weeks) Compared to 2021 (52 weeks)

The following table sets forth amounts and information derived from our consolidated statements of income for the periods indicated as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Fiscal Year Ended","","Change"],["","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","Dollars","","Percent"],["Net sales","","$","6,395,073","","","100.0","%","","$","6,773,128","","","100.0","%","","$","(378,055)","","","(5.6)","%"],["Cost of goods sold","","4,182,571","","","65.4","%","","4,422,033","","","65.3","%","","(239,462)","","","(5.4)","%"],["Gross margin","","2,212,502","","","34.6","%","","2,351,095","","","34.7","%","","(138,593)","","","(5.9)","%"],["Selling, general and administrative expenses","","1,365,953","","","21.4","%","","1,443,148","","","21.3","%","","(77,195)","","","(5.3)","%"],["Operating income","","846,549","","","13.2","%","","907,947","","","13.4","%","","(61,398)","","","(6.8)","%"],["Interest expense, net","","46,441","","","0.7","%","","48,989","","","0.7","%","","(2,548)","","","(5.2)","%"],["Loss on early retirement of debt","","1,963","","","0.0","%","","2,239","","","0.0","%","","(276)","","","(12.3)","%"],["Other (income), net","","(20,175)","","","(0.3)","%","","(2,821)","","","(0.0)","%","","(17,354)","","","615.2","%"],["Income before income taxes","","818,320","","","12.8","%","","859,540","","","12.7","%","","(41,220)","","","(4.8)","%"],["Income tax expense","","190,319","","","3.0","%","","188,159","","","2.8","%","","2,160","","","1.1","%"],["Net income","","$","628,001","","","9.8","%","","$","671,381","","","9.9","%","","$","(43,380)","","","(6.5)","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

* Percentages in table may not sum properly due to rounding.

Net Sales. Net sales decreased $378.1 million, or 5.6%, in 2022 over the prior year as a result of decreased comparable sales of 6.4%, which were partially offset by $50.7 million in additional net sales generated by new locations. As of the end of 2022, we operated nine additional stores as compared to the end of 2021.

The decrease of 6.4% in comparable sales was driven by lower sales across all merchandise divisions as a result of fewer transactions of 8.2%, partially offset by an increase in average ticket of 2.0%. The higher comparable sales in the prior year were partially due to stimulus payments and child tax credits issued by the U.S. government during 2021. The majority of the decrease in comparable sales was due to lower sales in the outdoors merchandise division caused by a decrease in the hunting category. To a lesser extent, within the outdoors merchandise division, fishing also contributed to the decrease in sales. The sports and recreation merchandise division sales also declined, largely driven by recreation and fitness as these categories were particularly impacted by increased prior year isolated recreation demands brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in categories such as fitness equipment, outdoor games, bikes and outdoor cooking. These decreases were partially offset by increased sales in team sports, including football, basketball, baseball and golf. The apparel division experienced declining sales largely due to athletic apparel and youth apparel, which were partially offset by increased sales in licensed apparel, and the footwear division was relatively flat compared to the prior year.

E-commerce sales increased $56.8 million, or 9.1%, in 2022 when compared to the prior year and represented 10.7% and 9.3% of merchandise sales for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Gross Margin. Gross margin for 2022 decreased $138.6 million, or 5.9%, when compared to 2021. Our gross margin, as a percentage of net sales, was 34.6% in 2022 compared to 34.7% in 2021, a decrease of 10 basis points. This decrease is primarily due to:

•17 basis points of unfavorability in e-commerce shipping costs due to increased e-commerce sales during 2022;

•13 basis points of unfavorability on inventory valuation adjustments; partially offset by

•19 basis points of favorability on domestic inbound freight due to lower freight costs per unit.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SG&A expenses decreased $77.2 million, or 5.3%, to $1,366.0 million in 2022 from $1,443.1 million in 2021 primarily due to higher prior year compensation costs associated with the 2021 Vesting Event (see Note 1 to the accompanying financial statements) of $24.9 million of equity compensation and $15.4 million in related payroll tax expense. Additionally, $54.7 million of higher performance-based compensation in 2021 contributed to the decrease. As a percentage of net sales, SG&A expenses increased 0.1% to 21.4% in 2022 compared to 21.3% in 2021 primarily attributable to deleverage from decreased sales.

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Loss on early retirement of debt. Loss on early retirement of debt decreased $0.3 million to a loss of $2.0 million from $2.2 million in 2021. During the 2022 fourth quarter, we utilized cash on hand to voluntarily prepay $100.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan, which resulted in a loss on early retirement of debt of $2.0 million. During the 2021 second quarter, we refinanced our Term Loan, including a prepayment of $99.0 million, which resulted in a loss on early retirement of debt of $2.2 million.

Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased $2.5 million, or 5.2%, to $46.4 million in 2022 from $49.0 million in 2021 resulting primarily from a lower outstanding balance on our long-term debt as a result of the Refinancing Transactions (see Note 4 to the accompanying financial statements) and the voluntary Term Loan prepayments of $99.0 million and $100.0 million, which occurred in the second quarter of 2021 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively, partially offset by an increase in interest rates in recent months on our Term Loan.

Other (Income), net. Other income increased $17.4 million in 2022 when compared with 2021, primarily driven by $7.2 million in business interruption proceeds received related to a winter storm which occurred in February of 2021 (see Note 2 to the accompanying financial statements) and higher interest income driven by favorable interest rate movement on money market investments in the current year.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense increased $2.2 million to $190.3 million in 2022 as compared to $188.2 million in 2021 resulting primarily from an increased effective tax rate. ASO, Inc.'s effective tax rate for 2022 was 23.3% compared to 21.9% in 2021. The change in effective tax rate was primarily driven by a prior year benefit from tax deductions related to the vesting or exercise of several equity compensation awards.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow, as shown below, have been presented in this Annual Report as supplemental measures of financial performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, net, income tax expense and depreciation, amortization and impairment, further adjusted to exclude consulting fees, private equity sponsor monitoring fees, equity compensation expense, (gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net, severance and executive transition costs, costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, payroll taxes associated with the 2021 Vesting Event and other adjustments. We define Adjusted EBIT as net income (loss) before interest expense, net, and income tax expense, further adjusted to exclude consulting fees, private equity sponsor monitoring fees, equity compensation expense, (gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net, severance and executive transition costs, costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, payroll taxes associated with the 2021 Vesting Event and other adjustments. We describe these adjustments reconciling net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA and to Adjusted EBIT in the applicable table below. We define Adjusted Net Income as net income (loss), plus consulting fees, private equity sponsor monitoring fees, equity compensation expense, (gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net, severance and executive transition costs, costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, payroll taxes associated with the 2021 Vesting Event and other adjustments, less the tax effect of these adjustments. We define Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income as Adjusted Net Income less the retrospective tax effect of Adjusted Net Income at our estimated effective tax rate of approximately 25% for periods prior to October 1, 2020, the effective date of our conversion to a C-Corporation. We define basic Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share as Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income divided by the basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period and diluted Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share as Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income divided by the diluted weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. We describe these adjustments by reconciling net income (loss) to Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share in the applicable table below. We describe Adjusted Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less net cash used in investing activities. We describe this adjustment by reconciling net cash provided by operating activities to Adjusted Free Cash Flow in the applicable table below.

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We believe Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share assist investors and analysts in comparing our operating performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share are useful to investors in highlighting trends in our operating performance, while other measures can differ significantly depending on long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and capital investments. Management believes Adjusted Free Cash Flow is a useful measure of liquidity and an additional basis for assessing our ability to generate cash. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow to supplement GAAP measures of performance in the evaluation of the effectiveness of our business strategies, to make budgeting decisions and to compare our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures. Management also uses Adjusted EBIT as a performance target to establish and award discretionary annual incentive compensation.

Management supplements GAAP results with non-GAAP financial measures to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting the business than GAAP results alone. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow are not recognized terms under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as a measure of financial performance or net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, these measures are not intended to be a measure of free cash flow available for management’s discretionary use as they do not consider certain cash requirements such as interest payments, tax payments and debt service requirements. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by any such adjustments.

Our Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow measures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share do not reflect costs or cash outlays for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

•Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBIT do not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt, and Adjusted Free Cash Flow does not reflect the cash requirements necessary to service principal payments on our debt;

•Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBIT do not reflect period to period changes in taxes, income tax expense or the cash necessary to pay income taxes;

•Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share do not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations;

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow do not reflect cash requirements for such replacements; and

•other companies in our industry may calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to invest in business growth or to reduce indebtedness. Management compensates for these limitations by primarily relying on our GAAP results in addition to using Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share and Adjusted Free Cash Flow supplementally.

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Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBIT

The following table provides reconciliations of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA and to Adjusted EBIT for the periods presented (amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Net income","","$","628,001","","","$","671,381","","","$","308,764"],["Interest expense, net","","46,441","","","48,989","","","86,514"],["Income tax expense","","190,319","","","188,159","","","30,356"],["Depreciation and amortization","","106,762","","","105,274","","","105,481"],["Consulting fees (a)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","285"],["Private equity sponsor monitoring fee (b)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","14,793"],["Equity compensation (c)","","21,175","","","39,264","","","31,617"],["(Gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net","","1,963","","","2,239","","","(3,582)"],["Severance and executive transition costs (d)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","6,571"],["Costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic (e)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","17,632"],["Payroll taxes associated with the 2021 Vesting Event (f)","","\u2014","","","15,418","","","\u2014"],["Other (g)","","\u2014","","","3,118","","","8,592"],["Adjusted EBITDA (h)","","$","994,661","","","$","1,073,842","","","$","607,023"],["Less: Depreciation and amortization","","(106,762)","","","(105,274)","","","(105,481)"],["Adjusted EBIT (h)","","$","887,899","","","$","968,568","","","$","501,542"],["(a)","Represents outside consulting fees associated with our strategic cost savings and business optimization initiatives."],["(b)","Represents our contractual payments under the Monitoring Agreement (see Note 13 to the accompanying financial statements)."],["(c)","Represents non-cash charges related to equity based compensation, which vary from period to period depending on certain factors such as the 2021 Vesting Event (see Note 1 to the accompanying financial statements), timing and valuation of awards, achievement of performance targets and equity award forfeitures."],["(d)","Represents severance costs associated with executive leadership changes and enterprise-wide organizational changes."],["(e)","Represents costs incurred during the first half of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including temporary wage premiums, additional sick time, costs of additional cleaning supplies and third party cleaning services for the stores, corporate office and distribution centers, accelerated freight costs associated with shifting our inventory purchases earlier in the year to maintain stock, and legal fees associated with consulting in local jurisdictions. These costs were no longer added back beginning in the third quarter of 2020."],["(f)","Represents cash expenses related to taxes on equity-based compensation resulting from the 2021 Vesting Event."],["(g)","Other adjustments include (representing deductions or additions to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBIT) amounts that management believes are not representative of our operating performance, including installation costs for energy savings associated with our profitability initiatives, legal fees associated with a distribution to NAHC's (see Note 1 to the accompanying financial statements) members and our omnibus incentive plan, and other costs associated with strategic cost savings and business optimization initiatives."],["(h)","Effective January 28, 2023, we no longer exclude pre-opening expenses from our computation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBIT (see \"Pre-Opening Expenses\" in Note 2 to the accompanying financial statements)."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

50

Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share

The following table provides a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted Net Income, Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share for the periods presented (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Net income","","$","628,001","","","$","671,381","","","$","308,764"],["Consulting fees (a)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","285"],["Private equity sponsor monitoring fee (b)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","14,793"],["Equity compensation (c)","","21,175","","","39,264","","","31,617"],["(Gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net","","1,963","","","2,239","","","(3,582)"],["Severance and executive transition costs (d)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","6,571"],["Costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic (e)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","17,632"],["Payroll taxes associated with the 2021 Vesting Event (f)","","\u2014","","","15,418","","","\u2014"],["Other (g)","","\u2014","","","3,118","","","8,592"],["Tax effects of these adjustments (h)","","(5,382)","","","(14,884)","","","(136)"],["Adjusted Net Income (i)","","645,757","","","716,536","","","384,536"],["Estimated tax effect of change to C-Corporation status (j)","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","(72,844)"],["Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income (i)","","$","645,757","","","$","716,536","","","$","311,692"],["Earnings per common share:"],["Basic","","$","7.70","","","$","7.38","","","$","3.96"],["Diluted","","$","7.49","","","$","7.12","","","$","3.79"],["Pro Forma Adjusted Earnings per Share:"],["Basic","","$","7.91","","","$","7.88","","","$","4.00"],["Diluted","","$","7.70","","","$","7.60","","","$","3.83"],["Weighted average common shares outstanding:"],["Basic","","81,590","","","90,956","","","77,994"],["Diluted","","83,895","","","94,284","","","81,431"],["(a)","Represents outside consulting fees associated with our strategic cost savings and business optimization initiatives."],["(b)","Represents our contractual payments under the Monitoring Agreement."],["(c)","Represents non-cash charges related to equity based compensation, which vary from period to period depending on certain factors such as the 2021 Vesting Event, timing and valuation of awards, achievement of performance targets and equity award forfeitures."],["(d)","Represents severance costs associated with executive leadership changes and enterprise-wide organizational changes."],["(e)","Represents costs incurred during the first half of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including temporary wage premiums, additional sick time, costs of additional cleaning supplies and third party cleaning services for the stores, corporate office and distribution centers, accelerated freight costs associated with shifting our inventory purchases earlier in the year to maintain stock, and legal fees associated with consulting in local jurisdictions. These costs were no longer added back beginning in the third quarter of 2020."],["(f)","Represents cash expenses related to taxes on equity-based compensation resulting from the 2021 Vesting Event."],["(g)","Other adjustments include (representing deductions or additions to Adjusted Net Income) amounts that management believes are not representative of our operating performance, including installation costs for energy savings associated with our profitability initiatives, legal fees associated with a distribution to NAHC's members and our omnibus incentive plan, and other costs associated with strategic cost savings and business optimization initiatives."],["(h)","Represents the tax effect of the total adjustments made to arrive at Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income at our historical tax rate."],["(i)","Effective January 28, 2023, we no longer exclude pre-opening expenses from our computation of Adjusted Net Income and Pro Forma Adjusted Net Income (see \"Pre-Opening Expenses\" in Note 2 to the accompanying financial statements)."],["(j)","Represents the retrospective tax effect of Adjusted Net Income at our estimated effective tax rate of approximately 25% for periods prior to October 1, 2020, the effective date of our conversion to a C-Corporation, upon which we became subject to federal income taxes."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

51

Adjusted Free Cash Flow

The following table provides a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Adjusted Free Cash Flow for the periods presented (amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Net cash provided by operating activities","","$","552,005","","","$","673,265","","","$","1,011,597"],["Net cash used in investing activities","","(108,806)","","","(76,017)","","","(33,144)"],["Adjusted Free Cash Flow","","$","443,199","","","$","597,248","","","$","978,453"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Liquidity

Our principal liquidity requirements are for working capital, capital expenditures and cash used to pay our debt obligations and related interest expense. We also use cash to pay dividends and occasionally use cash to repurchase common stock. We fund these liquidity requirements through cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities, issuances of debt (such as the Notes) and borrowings under our ABL Facility. On January 28, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $337.1 million. We believe our cash and cash equivalents, as well as our availability under the ABL Facility, will be sufficient to fund our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.

Long-Term Debt

As of January 28, 2023, the Company's long-term debt and interest rates consists of (see Note 4 to the accompanying financial statements):

•Notes - 6.00% fixed rate senior secured notes with $400 million in principal outstanding and full principal maturing November 15, 2027;

•Term Loan - 8.12% variable rate term-loan with $194.8 million in principal outstanding maturing November 6, 2027 and quarterly principal payments of $750 thousand; and

•ABL Facility - $1.0 billion commitment on a variable rate secured asset-based revolving credit facility with no principal outstanding maturing November 6, 2025.

The following table summarizes our current debt obligations by fiscal year (amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","2023","2024","2025","2026","2027","Total"],["Term Loan and related interest (1)","$","19,590","","$","17,263","","$","15,660","","$","15,284","","$","192,860","","$","260,657"],["Notes and related interest (2)","24,000","","24,000","","24,000","","24,000","","424,000","","520,000"],["ABL Facility and related interest (3)","2,500","","2,500","","1,909","","\u2014","","\u2014","","6,909"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1) Interest payments do not include amortization of discount and debt issuance costs and are approximated based on projected interest rates and assume no unscheduled principal payments.

(2) Interest payments do not include amortization of debt issuance costs and assumes Notes are paid in full at maturity date.

(3) Assumes a minimum revolving credit commitment of $1.0 billion and no balances drawn on our ABL Facility.

52

Liquidity information related to the ABL Facility is as follows for the periods shown (dollar amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Average funds drawn","$","\u2014","","","$","\u2014","","","$","126,648"],["Number of days with outstanding balance","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","99"],["Maximum daily amount outstanding","$","\u2014","","","$","\u2014","","","$","500,000"],["Minimum available borrowing capacity","$","935,550","","","$","780,945","","","$","161,089"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Liquidity information related to the ABL Facility (amounts in thousands) as of:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022"],["Outstanding borrowings","$","\u2014","","","$","\u2014"],["Outstanding letters of credit","$","13,878","","","$","17,828"],["Available borrowing capacity","$","947,764","","","$","874,831"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Leases

We lease store locations, distribution centers, office space and certain equipment under operating leases expiring between fiscal years 2023 and 2043. Operating lease obligations include future minimum lease payments under all of our non-cancelable operating leases at January 28, 2023. The following table summarizes our operating lease obligations by fiscal year:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","2023","2024","2025","2026","2027","After 2027","Total"],["Operating lease payments (1) (2)","$","211,906","","$","207,038","","$","200,278","","$","192,346","","$","178,547","","$","908,455","","$","1,898,570"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1) Minimum lease payments have not been reduced by sublease rentals of $0.5 million due in the future under non-cancelable subleases.

(2) These balances include stores where we have an executed contract but have not taken possession of the location as of January 28, 2023.

In the fiscal year ended January 28, 2023, we opened nine new locations. We expect to open 13 to 15 stores in fiscal 2023.

Share Repurchases

On June 2, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program (the "2022 Share Repurchase Program") under which the Company may purchase up to $600 million of its outstanding shares during the three-year period ending June 2, 2025. As of January 28, 2023, the Company had $299.4 million remaining for share repurchases under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program.

The 2022 Share Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular number of common shares, and the program may be suspended, extended, modified or discontinued at any time. In 2022 and 2021, we repurchased and concurrently retired 11,903,636 and 10,566,796 shares of ASO, Inc. common stock for an aggregate amount of $489.5 million and $411.4 million, respectively, which include purchases that were pursuant to the Share Repurchase Programs (see Note 2 to the accompanying financial statements) and those that were made prior to the Share Repurchase Programs.

53

The following table summarizes our share repurchases for the fiscal year ended January 28, 2023:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Total Number of Shares Purchased","","Average Price Paid per Share","","Total Amount Repurchased"],["First Quarter (January 30, 2022 to April 30, 2022)","","2,272,349","","","$","38.95","","","$","88,500,881"],["Second Quarter (May 1, 2022 to July 30, 2022)","","5,550,892","","","36.05","","","200,110,996"],["Third Quarter (July 31, 2022 to October 29, 2022)","","2,176,463","","","46.33","","","100,824,712"],["Fourth Quarter (October 30, 2022 to January 28, 2023) (1)","","1,903,932","","","52.54","","","100,038,078"],["Total Shares Repurchased","","11,903,636","","","$","41.12","","","$","489,474,667"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1) See Part II, Item 5 - Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities for further detail on the 2022 fourth quarter share repurchases.

Dividends

The following table summarizes our quarterly dividend payments for the fiscal year ended January 28, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Dividends Paid per Share","","Total Dividends Paid","","Stockholder Date of Record"],["First Quarter (January 30, 2022 to April 30, 2022)","","$","0.075","","","$","6,536","","","March 17, 2022"],["Second Quarter (May 1, 2022 to July 30, 2022)","","$","0.075","","","6,271","","","June 16, 2022"],["Third Quarter (July 31, 2022 to October 29, 2022)","","$","0.075","","","5,974","","","September 15, 2022"],["Fourth Quarter (October 30, 2022 to January 28, 2023)","","$","0.075","","","5,852","","","December 20, 2022"],["Total Dividends Paid","","","","$","24,633"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Capital Expenditures

The following table summarizes our capital expenditures for the fiscal years ended January 28, 2023 and January 29, 2022 (amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022"],["Corporate, e-commerce and information technology programs","","$","50,019","","","$","44,967"],["New stores and relocations","","42,735","","","1,955"],["Updates for existing stores and distribution centers","","15,550","","","28,880"],["Total capital expenditures","","$","108,304","","","$","75,802"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

We expect capital expenditures for fiscal year 2023 to be between $200 million and $250 million. The following table summarizes our forecasted allocation of capital expenditures for fiscal year 2023:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","2023"],["Corporate, e-commerce and information technology programs","","25","%"],["New stores","","55","%"],["Updates for existing stores and distribution centers","","20","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

We review forecasted capital expenditures throughout the year and will adjust or our capital expenditures based on business conditions at that time.

54

Cash Flows:

Our consolidated statements of cash flows are summarized as follows (in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Fiscal Year Ended"],["","January 28, 2023","","January 29, 2022","","January 30, 2021"],["Net cash provided by operating activities","$","552,005","","","$","673,265","","","$","1,011,597"],["Net cash used in investing activities","(108,806)","","","(76,017)","","","(33,144)"],["Net cash used in financing activities","(592,052)","","","(488,854)","","","(750,234)"],["Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents","$","(148,853)","","","$","108,394","","","$","228,219"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Activities. Cash flows from operating activities are seasonal in our business. Typically, cash flows from operations are used to build inventory in advance of peak selling seasons, with the fourth quarter pre-holiday inventory increase being the most significant.

Cash provided by operating activities in 2022 decreased $121.3 million compared to 2021. This decrease is attributable to:

•$51.5 million net decrease in non-cash charges;

•$43.4 million decrease in net income; and

•$26.4 million net decrease in cash flows provided by operating assets and liabilities.

The decrease from non-cash charges was primarily caused by:

•$37.7 million decrease in deferred income taxes; and

•$18.1 million decrease in equity compensation expense as a result of the 2021 Vesting Event.

The decrease in cash flows from operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to:

•$90.3 million decrease in cash flows from accrued expenses and other current liabilities which was largely driven by performance compensation payments made and lower related accrual rates in 2022; partially offset by

•$70.1 million increase in cash flows from merchandise inventories, net related to higher prior year outflows to replace lower inventory.

Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities increased $32.8 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The increase in cash used in investing activities is primarily related to:

•$32.5 million higher capital expenditures driven by investments in new stores and store updates in 2022.

Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities increased $103.2 million in the 2022, compared to 2021. The primary drivers of the increase were:

•$78.1 million increase in cash outflows related to Company's repurchase and simultaneous retirement of common stock;

•$27.3 million decrease in net proceeds from the exercise of stock options;

•$24.6 million increase in cash outflows related to dividend payments made in 2022; partially offset by

•$14.2 million decrease in taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards; and

•$11.2 million decrease in Share-Based Award Payments (see Note 9 to the accompanying financial statements) which were made in 2021.

Future Liquidity

We expect to use existing cash balances, internally generated cash flows and borrowings under our ABL Facility to fulfill anticipated obligations such as capital expenditures, dividends, stock repurchases, working capital needs and scheduled debt maturities over at least the next twelve months. As of January 28, 2023, we had $947.8 million of available capacity under our ABL Facility and $337.1 million of cash and cash equivalents.

55

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon the Company's consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that can have a meaningful effect on the reporting of consolidated financial statements. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as those reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The Company believes the following are its critical accounting estimates:

Merchandise Inventories, net

Description: Merchandise inventories are valued at the lower of weighted average cost or net realizable value using the last-in first-out ("LIFO") method. Merchandise inventories include the direct cost of merchandise and capitalized costs related to procurement, warehousing and distribution and are reflected net of shrinkage, vendor allowances and other valuation accounts.

Judgments and Uncertainties: We record an inventory reserve for the estimated shrinkage between physical inventories on a by location basis. We generally perform a full physical inventory count for each store at least once a year, throughout the year, after which our shrinkage accrual rate to sales for each store is updated based on historical results. For vendor allowances based on contractual provisions, we develop accrual rates for receivables as determined by the agreements, which are typically linked to purchase volumes. Other non-contractual vendor allowances received are applied upon receipt. We regularly review inventories and record a valuation adjustment when necessary such as for inventory that has a carrying value in excess of the net realizable value or for slow moving or obsolete inventory.

Impact of Assumptions: For inventory shrinkage, our reserves may be inaccurate if our historical physical inventory shrinkage rates, used in our assumptions, differ significantly from actual rates due to consistent misses to our accrual. However, due to the frequency with which we perform full physical inventory counts, our assumptions are regularly updated, and we constantly analyze the physical inventory results to our accruals and, where necessary, adjust our store accruals to compensate for consistent patterns identified. We have not had a history of significant differences to our reserves for vendor allowances, and the assumptions generally do not have a significant impact on reserves since they are typically short-term and contractual in nature. We book a reserve for inventory permanently marked down below the inventory’s historical cost. Additionally, for slow moving or obsolete inventory, we book reserves based on historical margins received for marked down inventory with similarly slow historical sell-through rates. A twenty percent decrease in assumed margins would not have a material impact to our financial statements. We believe our long history of operations has given us sufficient data to enable us to accurately predict these reserves.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Description: We review the carrying value of long-lived assets, including property and equipment at our stores, for indicators of impairment regularly and whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.

Judgments and Uncertainties: We test stores operating over a long enough time span, based on our previous store history for similar locations, to allow for meaningful analysis of future operating results. Recoverability of long-lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the use of the assets, which is generally projected based on historical results. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds its estimated fair value, which is calculated using discounted expected future cash flows.

56

Impact of Assumptions: The assumptions used to project store impairment loss is based on projected future store income and considers variables such as historical and current trends, macroeconomic conditions, store location and local economy and supply chain factors. Additionally, the long-term store income projections also contain a projection of future store specific costs such as store wages and advertising. Actual long-term income results could vary significantly from our projections due to a variety of reasons such as changes in the local retail environment or macroeconomic factors not used in our assumptions. In addition to variables considered in developing projected long-term store income, assumptions are made to develop the assumed discount rate based on company specific factors. There is significant judgment used in determining these assumptions used in the assessment of store impairment and variability in the assumptions could cause us to reach a materially different conclusion on impairment, however, we do not believe the net book value of any individual store assets are material to the Company’s operations.

Goodwill

Description: Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. We test for goodwill at the reporting unit level, which is the operating segment level. We operate in one operating segment with one reporting unit.

Judgments and Uncertainties: The annual goodwill impairment test provides for the option of first performing a qualitative assessment to evaluate the existence of events and circumstances that would lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If such a conclusion is reached, we would then be required to perform a quantitative impairment assessment of goodwill. However, if the qualitative assessment leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then no further assessments are required.

Our quantitative assessment for determining the fair value of our reporting unit includes using an estimated discounted cash flow model (income approach) and market value approach. The output of this assessment is an estimated fair value for our reporting unit that is compared to its carrying value to determine whether an impairment charge is necessary. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow analysis of our projected long-term future company income, and the market value approach is based on earnings multiples for a comparable set of public companies. These approaches use key input assumptions such as our projected future operating results, the discount rate, the weighting for each valuation approach and the comparable set of companies.

Impact of Assumptions: The assumptions used to project long-term company income consider variables such as historical and current trends, macroeconomic conditions, supply chain factors, projections consistent with the Company’s operating strategy, such as the future development of e-commerce and our assumptions used on future store openings, and other variables expected to impact future sales. Additionally, the long-term company income projections also contain a projection of future company costs such as wages, freight and transportation, and advertising. Actual long-term company income results could vary significantly from our projections due to a variety of reasons such as changes in the retail environment or macroeconomic factors not used in our assumptions. In addition to variables considered in developing projected long-term company income, assumptions are made to develop the discount rate, which is based on an assumed risk-free rate, and an equity risk premium developed from general historical market data and comparable companies. The earnings multiples used in the market approach can vary dependent on which companies are selected in our comparable set. A history of declining trends in our operating results such as comparable sales, gross margin, net income and cash flow from operations could impact these assumptions and serve as indicators of future impairment. There is significant judgment used in determining these assumptions used in the assessment of goodwill impairment and variability in the assumptions could cause us to reach a different conclusion on impairment. In 2022, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment and determined a quantitative assessment was not necessary.

Intangible Assets

Description: Intangible assets primarily consists of the trade name "Academy Sports + Outdoors" (the "Trade Name"). The Trade Name is expected to generate cash flows indefinitely and, therefore, is accounted for as an indefinite-lived asset not subject to amortization. The Trade Name is tested for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the Trade Name may not be recoverable.

57

Judgments and Uncertainties: The annual Trade Name impairment test provides for the option of first performing a qualitative assessment to evaluate the existence of events and circumstances that would lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If such a conclusion is reached, we would then be required to perform a quantitative impairment assessment for the Trade Name. However, if the qualitative assessment leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then no further assessments are required.

Impairment is calculated as the excess of the Trade Name’s carrying value over its fair value. The fair value of the Trade Name is determined using the relief-from-royalty method, a variation of the income approach. This method assumes that, in lieu of ownership, a third party would be willing to pay a royalty in order to exploit the related benefits of these types of assets. Once a supportable royalty rate is determined, the rate is then applied to the projected long-term sales over the expected remaining life of the intangible assets to estimate the royalty savings. This approach is dependent on a number of factors, including projections of long-term sales, royalty rates, discount rates and other variables.

Impact of Assumptions: The assumptions used to project long-term company sales consider variables such as historical and current trends, macroeconomic conditions, supply chain factors, projections consistent with the Company’s operating strategy, such as the future development of e-commerce and our assumptions used on future store openings, and other variables expected to impact future sales. Actual long-term income results could vary significantly from our projections due to a variety of reasons such as changes in the retail environment or macroeconomic factors not used in our assumptions. In addition to variables considered in developing projected long-term sales, assumptions are made to develop the royalty rates and discount rates. The royalty rates are based on market data where royalty rates are applicable and the discount rates are based on an assumed risk-free rate, and an equity risk premium based on general historical market data and comparable companies. A history of declining trends in our operating results such as comparable sales, gross margin, net income and cash flow from operations could impact these assumptions and serve as indicators of future impairment. There is significant judgment used in determining these assumptions on intangible asset impairment and variability in the assumptions could cause us to reach a different conclusion on impairment. In 2022, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment and determined a quantitative assessment was not necessary.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 to the accompanying financial statements.

Related Party Transactions

For discussion of related party transactions, see Note 13 to the accompanying financial statements.