# Alphatec Holdings, Inc. (ATEC) FY 2023 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Alphatec Holdings, Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2023.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1350653/000095017024021302/atec-20231231.htm
Accession: 0000950170-24-021302
Filing date: 2024-02-27
Report date: 2023-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/ATEC/
All MD&A years: /company/ATEC/mda/
Previous year: /company/ATEC/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022)
Next year: /company/ATEC/mda/fy2024/ (FY 2024)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022 is presented under “Results of Operations” further below in this Item 7. For discussion regarding our financial condition and the results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report include the identification of certain trends and other statements that may predict or anticipate future business or financial results that are subject to important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated. See “Item 1A Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a medical technology company, headquartered in Carlsbad, California, focused on the design, development, and advancement of technology for better surgical treatment of spine disorders. By applying our unique, 100% spine focus and deep, collective industry know-how, we aim to revolutionize the approach to spine surgery through clinical distinction. The sophisticated approaches that we create from the ground up integrate with our expanding Alpha InformatiX™ product platform to objectively inform surgery and achieve the goals of spine surgery more predictably and more reproducibly. We have a comprehensive product portfolio designed to address the spine’s various pathologies, and are perpetually innovating to accomplish our ultimate vision, which is to be the standard bearer in spine.

The application of our team’s deep spine know-how, coupled with a willingness to invest holistically in each of the technologies integrated into all of ATEC’s procedural approaches continues to increasingly compel surgeons and sales talent to partner with us. That adoption-driven validation has been the source of industry-leading market share expansion, which has delivered an approximately 40% revenue compound annual growth rate since our transformation commenced in 2018.

We market and sell our products through a network of independent sales agents and direct sales representatives. To deliver consistent, predictable growth, we have added, and intend to continue to add, clinically astute and exclusive sales team members to reach untapped surgeons, hospitals, and national accounts and better penetrate existing accounts and territories.

Recent Developments

Public Offering

On October 27, 2023, we completed an underwritten public offering (the “Public Offering”) of 14,300,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $10.50 per share. In connection with the Public Offering, we granted the underwriters a 30-day option (the "Green-Shoe") to purchase additional shares of common stock in the offering at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The net proceeds from the Public Offering and Green-Shoe, were approximately $145.8 million, including the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by us. We expect to use the net proceeds from the Public Offering to fund general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or research and development.

Asset Purchase Agreement

On April 19, 2023, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Integrity Implants Inc. and Fusion Robotics, LLC (collectively, the “Sellers”), whereby we acquired certain assets, liabilities, employees, and contracts in connection with the Sellers’ navigation-enabled robotics platform (“Valence”). We paid the Sellers cash consideration of $55.0 million for the purchase of Valence.

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Underwritten Offering

On April 19, 2023, we completed a registered securities offering (the “Offering”) of 4,285,715 shares of our common stock at a price of $14.00 per share. The net proceeds from the Offering were approximately $57.5 million, including the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by us. We used a portion of the net proceeds of the offering to fund the purchase of Valence. We expect to use the remaining proceeds to fund the costs related to the post-closing integration and research and development activities related to Valence, as well as to fund general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or research and development.

Term Loan

On January 6, 2023, we entered into a $150.0 million term loan credit facility with Braidwell Transaction Holdings, LLC (the “Braidwell Term Loan”). The Braidwell Term Loan provided for an initial term loan of $100.0 million which was funded on the closing date. On September 28, 2023, we drew the additional $50.0 million (the “delayed draw term loan(s)” or the “DDTL”). The Braidwell Term Loan matures on January 6, 2028. Borrowings under the Braidwell Term Loan bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate for such SOFR business day ("SOFR") subject to a 3% floor, plus 5.75%.

Revenue and Expense Components

The following is a description of the primary components of our revenue and expenses:

Revenue. We derive our revenue primarily from the sale of spinal surgery implants used in the treatment of spine disorders as well as the sale of medical imaging equipment which is used for surgical planning and post-operative assessment. Spinal implant products include pedicle screws and complementary implants, interbody devices, plates, and tissue-based materials. Medical imaging equipment includes our EOS full-body and weight-bearing x-ray imaging devices, and related services. Our revenue is generated by our direct sales force and independent sales agents. Our products are shipped and invoiced to hospitals and surgical centers. Currently, most of our business is conducted with customers within markets in which we have experience and with payment terms that are customary to our business. We may defer revenue until the time of collection if circumstances related to payment terms, regional market risk or customer history indicate that collectability is not certain.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales consists primarily of direct product costs, royalties, service labor hours, and parts. Our product costs consist primarily of raw materials, component parts, direct labor, and overhead. The product costs of certain of our biologics products include the cost of procuring and processing human tissue. We incur royalties related to the technologies that we license from others and the products that are developed in part by surgeons with whom we collaborate in the product development process.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses consist of costs associated with the design, development, testing, and enhancement of our products. Research and development expenses also include salaries and related employee benefits, research-related overhead expenses, and fees paid to external service providers and development consultants in the form of both cash and equity.

Sales, general and administrative expenses. Sales, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related employee benefits, sales commissions and other variable costs, depreciation of our surgical instruments, regulatory affairs, quality assurance costs, professional service fees, travel, medical education, trade show and marketing costs, and insurance expenses.

Litigation-related expenses. Litigation-related expenses are costs incurred for our ongoing and settled litigation.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets. Amortization of acquired intangible assets consists of intangible assets acquired in business combinations and asset purchases.

Transaction-related expenses. Transaction-related expenses consist of certain costs incurred related primarily to the acquisition and integration of Valence.

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Restructuring expenses. Restructuring expenses primarily consist of severance, social plan benefits and related tax costs incurred in connection with cost rationalization efforts, as well as costs associated with the opening or closing of office and warehouse facilities.

Total interest and other expense, net. Total interest and other expense, net includes interest income, interest expense, gains and losses from foreign currency exchanges and other non-operating gains and losses.

Income tax provision. Income tax provision primarily consists of an estimate of federal, state, and foreign income taxes based on enacted state and foreign tax rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax laws.

Results of Operations

Total revenue

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Revenue from products and services increased by $131.4 million, or 37%, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in product volume that was due to the increase in our surgeon user base, continued expansion of our product portfolio, and increasing adoption of our technology.

Cost of sales

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Cost of sales increased by $54.3 million, or 46%, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in product volume and an increase in stock-based compensation. We have entered into Development Service Agreements for the development of a wide variety of potential products and intellectual property. Under these agreements, future payments for product and/or intellectual property rights may be paid in either cash or restricted shares of our common stock at the election of the developer, depending on the terms of the agreement. Certain of these agreements have been amended to remove the cash option and require settlement in restricted shares of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the vesting conditions of certain of these amended awards were deemed probable, resulting in an increase in stock-based compensation for the year.

Operating expenses

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $26.1 million, or 59%, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel to support the expansion of our new product portfolio and an increase in stock-based compensation associated with Development Service Agreements described above.

Sales, general and administrative expenses. Sales, general and administrative expenses increased by $74.1 million, or 25%, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher compensation-related costs and variable selling expenses associated with the increase in revenue, and our continued investment in building our strategic sales channel. Additionally, we have increased our investment in our sales and marketing functions by increasing headcount to support the growth of our business.

Litigation-related expenses. Litigation-related expenses decreased by $1.7 million, or 7%, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in legal fees associated with our previously settled litigation matters. Refer to Note 7 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding litigation matters.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets. The increase of amortization of acquired intangible assets is primarily due to the amortization of intangible assets acquired in the Valence acquisition.

Transaction-related expenses. The increase in transaction-related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily due to the closing of the Valence acquisition.

Restructuring expenses. The decrease in restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 is due to cost rationalization efforts that were completed during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Total interest and other expense, net

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

The increase in interest expense, net, during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 30, 2022, was primarily due to interest on our revolving credit facility and Braidwell Term Loan which were executed in September 2022 and January 2023, respectively. The change in other income, net, compared to the same in 2022, was primarily due to an employee retention credit received during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Income tax provision

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 was negligible and remained consistent compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are our existing cash and cash equivalents, our Revolving Credit Facility, and cash from operations. Our liquidity and capital structure are evaluated regularly within the context of our annual operating and strategic planning process. We consider the liquidity necessary to fund our operations, which includes working capital needs, investments in research and development, investments in inventory and instrument sets to support our customers, as well as other operating costs. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales, marketing and administrative activities, the timing of introductions of new products and enhancements to existing products, and the international expansions of our business.

As current borrowing sources become due, we may be required to access the capital markets for additional funding. If we are required to access the debt markets, we expect to be able to secure reasonable borrowing rates. As part of our liquidity strategy, we will continue to monitor our current level of spending and cash use as well as our ability to secure additional credit facilities, term loans, or other similar arrangements in light of our spending levels and general financial market conditions.

A substantial portion of our operations are in the U.S., and most of our net sales have been made in the U.S. Accordingly, we do not have material exposures to foreign currency rate fluctuations from operations. However, as our business in markets outside of the U.S. continues to increase, we will be exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to our foreign operations.

We do not have any material financial exposure to one customer or one country that would significantly hinder our liquidity. We are and may become involved in various legal proceedings arising from our business activities. While we have no material accruals for pending litigation or claims for which accrual amounts are not disclosed in our consolidated financial statements, litigation is inherently unpredictable, and depending on the nature and timing of a proceeding, an unfavorable resolution could materially affect our future consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position in a particular period. We assess contingencies to determine the degree of probability and range of possible loss for potential accrual or disclosure in our consolidated financial statements. An estimated loss contingency is accrued in our consolidated financial statements if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events because litigation is inherently unpredictable, and unfavorable resolutions could occur. When evaluating contingencies, we may be unable to provide a meaningful estimate due to a number of factors, including the procedural status of the matter in question, the presence of complex or novel legal theories, and/or the ongoing discovery and development of information important to the matters. In addition, damage amounts claimed in litigation against us may be unsupported, exaggerated, or unrelated to reasonably possible outcomes, and as such are not meaningful indicators of our potential liability. We have disclosed all material accruals for pending litigation or investigations in Note 7, Commitments and Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.

Cash and cash equivalents were $221.0 million and $84.7 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We have available borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility discussed above. We believe that our existing funds, cash generated from our operations and our existing sources of and access to financing are adequate to satisfy our needs for working capital, capital expenditure, debt service requirements and other business initiatives we plan to strategically pursue.

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Summary of Cash Flows

The following is a summary of cash (used in) provided by operating, investing, and financing activities, the effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, and the net change in cash and cash equivalents:

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Activities

We used net cash of $78.5 million from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023. The cash used in operating activities primarily related to costs associated with the continued expansion of our business and inventory purchases, offset by the timing of cash payments and receipts.

Investing Activities

We used cash of $142.0 million in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is primarily related to the acquisition of Valence and purchase of surgical instruments to support the commercial launch of new products and growth of our business.

Financing Activities

Financing activities provided net cash of $356.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is primarily related to net proceeds from the Braidwell Term Loan, the Revolving Credit Facility, and the equity offerings described above, offset by payment of outstanding OCEANEs, defined below.

Debt and Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, we had $150.0 million outstanding under the Braidwell Term Loan. The outstanding loans under the Braidwell Term Loan bear interest at the sum of SOFR plus 5.75% per annum. The Braidwell Term Loan matures on January 6, 2028.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $49.7 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. The outstanding loans bear interest at the sum of SOFR plus 3.5% per annum. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on the earlier of September 29, 2027, or 90 days prior to the final maturity date of any of our outstanding 0.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the "2026 Notes").

As of December 31, 2023, we had $316.3 million outstanding under the 2026 Notes. The 2026 Notes accrue interest at a rate of 0.75%, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year. Prior to maturity in August 2026, the holders of the 2026 Notes may, under certain circumstances, choose to convert their notes into shares of our common stock. Based on the terms, we have the option to pay or deliver cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, when a conversion notice is received.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $4.5 million in other debts that are due in monthly and quarterly installments through maturity in 2027.

We have an inventory purchase commitment agreement with a third-party supplier, where we are obligated to certain minimum purchase commitment requirements through December 2025. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining minimum purchase commitment under the agreement was $13.9 million.

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Contractual obligations and commercial commitments

Total contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2023 are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1)
Represents interest expense from our debt that we expect to pay in the future.

(2)
Includes our headquarters building lease that commenced in February 2021.

(3)
Includes inventory purchase commitments of $13.9 million.

(4)
Represents cash repayments of government sponsored COVID relief initiatives at EOS.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, allowances for accounts receivable, inventories and intangible assets, stock-based compensation and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumption conditions.

We believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue from product sales in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements, and financial instruments. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services that we transfer to the customer.

Sales are derived primarily from the sale of spinal implant products, imaging equipment, and related services to hospitals and medical centers through direct sales representatives and independent sales agents. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with customers are satisfied, which occurs with the transfer of control of products to customers, either upon shipment of the product or delivery of the product to the customer depending on the shipping terms, or when the products are used in a surgical procedure (implanted in a patient). Revenue from the sale of imaging equipment is recognized as each distinct performance obligation is fulfilled and control transfers to the customer, beginning with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms. Revenue from other distinct performance obligations, such as maintenance on imaging equipment, and other imaging related services, is recognized in the period the service is performed, and makes up less than 10% of our total revenue. Revenue is measured based on the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for the transfer of the goods or services specified in the contract with each customer. In certain cases, we offer the ability for customers to lease our imaging equipment primarily on a non-sales type basis, but such arrangements are immaterial to total revenue in the years presented. We generally do not allow returns of products that have been delivered. Costs incurred by us associated with sales contracts with customers are deferred over the performance obligation period and recognized in the same period as the related revenue, except for contracts that complete within one year or less, in which case the associated costs are expensed as incurred. Payment terms for sales to customers may vary but are commensurate with the general business practices in the country of sale.

To the extent that the transaction price includes variable consideration, such as discounts, rebates, and customer payment penalties, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available, including historical, current, and forecasted information.

We record a contract asset when one or more performance obligations have been completed and revenue has been recognized, but the customer's payment is contingent on the satisfaction of additional performance obligations. We record a contract liability, or deferred revenue, when we have an obligation to provide a product or service to the customer and payment is received in advance of our performance. When we sell a product or service with a future performance obligation, revenue is deferred on the unfulfilled performance obligation and recognized over the related performance period. Generally, we do not have observable evidence of the standalone selling price related to our future service obligations; therefore, we estimate the selling price using an expected cost plus a margin approach. The transaction price is allocated using the relative standalone selling price method. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.

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Excess and Obsolete Inventory

Most of our inventory is comprised of finished goods, and we primarily utilize third-party suppliers to produce our products. Specialized implants, fixation products, and biologics are determined by utilizing a standard cost method, which includes capitalized variances, which approximates the weighted average cost. Imaging equipment and related parts are valued at weighted average cost. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We review the components of inventory on a periodic basis for excess and obsolescence and adjust inventory to its net realizable value as necessary.

We record a lower of cost or net realizable value inventory reserve (“LCNRV”) for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon our expected use of inventory on hand. Our inventory, which consists primarily of specialized implants, fixation products, and biologics is at risk of obsolescence due to the need to maintain substantial levels of inventory. In order to market our products effectively and meet the demands of interoperative product placement, we maintain and provide surgeons and hospitals with a variety of inventory products and sizes. For each surgery, fewer than all components will be consumed. The need to maintain and provide such a variety of inventory causes inventory to be held that is not likely to be used.

Our estimates and assumptions for excess and obsolete inventory are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. The estimates and assumptions are determined primarily based on current usage of inventory and the age of inventory quantities on hand. Additionally, we consider recent sales experience to develop assumptions about future demand for our products, while considering product life cycles and new product launches. Increases in the LCNRV reserve for excess and obsolete inventory result in a corresponding charge to cost of sales.

Valuation of Goodwill

Our goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of net assets acquired from our business combinations. The determination of the value of goodwill and intangible assets arising from business combinations and asset acquisitions requires extensive use of accounting estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price to the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is assessed for impairment using fair value measurement techniques on an annual basis or more frequently if facts and circumstance warrant such a review. Goodwill is considered to be impaired if we determine that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its respective fair value.

Valuation of Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets are comprised primarily of purchased technology, customer relationships, trade name, trademarks, and in-process research and development. We make significant judgments in relation to the valuation of intangible assets resulting from business combinations and asset acquisitions. Intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 2 to 12 years. We base the useful lives and related amortization expense on the period of time we estimate the assets will generate net sales or otherwise be used. We also periodically review the lives assigned to our intangible assets to ensure that our initial estimates do not exceed any revised estimated periods from which we expect to realize cash flows. If a change were to occur in any of the above-mentioned factors or estimates, the likelihood of a material change in our reported results would increase. We evaluate our intangible assets with finite lives for indications of impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business or significant negative industry or economic trends. If this evaluation indicates that the value of the intangible asset may be impaired, we make an assessment of the recoverability of the net carrying value of the asset over its remaining useful life. If this assessment indicates that the intangible asset is not recoverable, based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the asset over the remaining amortization period, we reduce the net carrying value of the related intangible asset to fair value and may adjust the remaining amortization period. Significant judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in the discounted cash flow valuation models. It is possible that plans may change and estimates used may prove to be inaccurate. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analyses, are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur additional impairment charges.

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In-process research and development ("IPR&D") and software in development have indefinite lives and are not amortized until the related products reach full commercial launch or when the projects are complete and their assets are ready for their intended use. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are considered to be impaired if the products do not reach commercial launch, if the project is not completed or not completed in a timely manner, or if the related products or projects are no longer technologically feasible. Impairment related to IPR&D and software in development is calculated as the excess of the asset's carrying value over its fair value.

Valuation of Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for equity-classified awards, principally related to restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award. The fair value of equity instruments that are expected to vest is recognized and amortized over the requisite service period. We have granted awards with up to four year graded or cliff vesting terms. No exercise price or other monetary payment is required for receipt of the shares issued in settlement of the respective award; instead, consideration is furnished in the form of the participant’s service.

The fair value of RSUs including PRSUs with pre-defined performance criteria is based on the stock price on the date of grant whereas the expense for PRSUs with pre-defined performance criteria is adjusted with the probability of achievement of such performance criteria at each year end.

Stock-based compensation recorded in our consolidated statements of operations is based on awards expected to ultimately vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Our estimated forfeiture rates may differ from our actual forfeitures. We consider our historical experience of pre-vesting forfeitures on awards by each homogenous group of employees as the basis to arrive at our estimated annual pre-vesting forfeiture rates.

We estimate the fair value of stock options issued under our equity incentive plans and shares issued to employees under our employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP"), using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model incorporates various assumptions including expected volatility, expected term and risk-free interest rates. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected term of our stock options and ESPP offering period which is derived from historical experience. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant. We have never declared or paid dividends and have no plans to do so in the foreseeable future.

Awards to non-employees are accounted for under the same stock-based compensation provisions as employees, which require that the fair value of these instruments be recognized as an expense when earned. For Development Service Agreements, where the future payments for product and/or intellectual property rights may be paid in either cash or restricted shares of our common stock at the election of the developer we estimate the fair value of those awards similar to a stock option, using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the date of grant. For Development Service Agreements where the future payments for product and/or intellectual property rights will be paid in restricted shares of our common stock, the fair value is based on the stock price on the date of grant. The stock-based compensation expense is recognized as earned once the award is deemed probable of achieving the pre-defined performance criteria. The stock-based compensation expense is included in cost of sales or research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations commensurate with the nature of services performed.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements.

See “Notes to Financial Statements - Note 1 - Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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