# CENTURY ALUMINUM CO (CENX) FY 2022 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from CENTURY ALUMINUM CO's 10-K for fiscal year 2022.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949157/000094915723000023/cenx-20221231.htm
Accession: 0000949157-23-000023
Filing date: 2023-02-27
Report date: 2022-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/CENX/
All MD&A years: /company/CENX/mda/
Previous year: /company/CENX/mda/fy2021/ (FY 2021)
Next year: /company/CENX/mda/fy2023/ (FY 2023)

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Century Aluminum Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Century,” the “Company,” “our” and “we”) and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data and in Item 1A. Risk Factors. This MD&A contains “forward-looking statements” - See “Forward-Looking Statements” above. The following discussion and analysis are for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with the same period in 2021 unless otherwise stated. For discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with the same period in 2020, please refer to "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in Part II, Item 7. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 25, 2022.

Overview

We are a global producer of primary aluminum with aluminum reduction facilities, or "smelters," in the United States and Iceland. The key determinants of our results of operations and cash flow from operations are as follows:

•the price of primary aluminum, which is based on the London Metal Exchange ("LME") and other exchanges, plus any regional premiums and value-added product premiums;

•the cost of goods sold, the principal components of which are electrical power, alumina, carbon products and labor, which in aggregate represent more than 85% of our cost of goods sold; and

•our production volume and product mix.

Hawesville temporary curtailment

On June 22, 2022, we announced that we would temporarily idle all of our production capacity at our Hawesville smelter, as a direct result of historically high energy costs and declining LME prices. As part of this action, we issued a notice to most of the employees at the facility pursuant to the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (“WARN”) Act regarding our intentions to temporarily curtail Hawesville plant operations by no later than August 20, 2022. We have since fully curtailed all of our production at the facility and expect to continue to maintain the plant with the intention of restarting operations when market conditions permit, including energy prices returning to more normalized levels and aluminum prices maintaining levels that can support the on-going costs and capital expenditures necessary to restart and operate the plant.

As the curtailment represents a significant adverse change in the extent and manner in which the Hawesville smelter will be used, we accordingly evaluated the Hawesville asset group for recoverability. As the carrying value of the Hawesville asset group was determined to not be recoverable based on the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated over the life of the asset group, an impairment charge of $159.4 million was recognized to write down the asset group to its estimated fair value. We recognized $18.1 million of expense during the year related to wages and severance triggered by our issuance of the WARN notice and excess capacity charges, partially offset by final plant idling activities. We also recognized a non-cash other postretirement benefits ("OPEB") curtailment gain totaling $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Pricing of aluminum

The overall price of primary aluminum consists of three components: (i) the base commodity price, which is based on quoted prices on the LME and other exchanges; plus (ii) any regional premium (e.g., the Midwest premium for metal sold in the United States ("MWP") and the European Duty Paid premium for metal sold into Europe); plus (iii) any value-added product premium. Each of these price components has its own drivers and variability.

The price of aluminum is influenced by a number of factors, including global supply-demand balance, inventory levels, speculative activities by market participants, production activities by competitors and political and economic conditions, as well as production costs in major production regions. These factors can be highly variable and difficult to predict which can lead to significant volatility in the aluminum price. Increases or decreases in primary aluminum prices result in increases and decreases in our revenues (assuming all other factors are unchanged). From time to time, we may seek to manage our exposure to fluctuations in the LME price of primary aluminum and/or associated regional premiums through financial instruments designed to protect our downside price risk exposure. Information regarding financial contracts is included in Note 19. Derivatives and risks affiliated with such financial contracts are disclosed specifically in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

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The historic volatility of the price of aluminum is reflected in the chart below:

During 2022, global, macroeconomic conditions, including the onset of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in the first quarter of 2022, contributed to a 32% decline in the LME spot price for primary aluminum for the year with a monthly average price in March 2022 of $3,538 compared to a monthly average price in December 2022 of $2,395. The average LME price for primary aluminum was $2,707 per tonne in 2022, compared to $2,475 per tonne in 2021, and $1,702 per tonne in 2020. The average MWP price was $657 per tonne in 2022 compared to $581 per tonne in 2021 and $267 per tonne in 2020. The average European Duty Paid premium was $466 per tonne in 2022 compared to $272 per tonne in 2021 and $126 per tonne in 2020.

Energy, Key Supplies and Raw Materials

Our operating costs are significantly impacted by changes in the prices of the materials used in the production of aluminum, including alumina, electrical power and carbon products. These costs may be subject to increasing inflationary pressures, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Because we sell our products based principally on the LME price for primary aluminum, regional premiums and value-added product premiums, we are unable to pass increased production costs on to our customers. Although we attempt to mitigate the effects of price fluctuations from time to time through the use of various fixed-price commitments, financial instruments and also by negotiating LME-based pricing in some of our raw materials and electrical power contracts, these efforts also limit our ability to take advantage of favorable changes in the market prices for primary aluminum or raw materials and may affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Alumina and electrical power represent the two largest components of our cost of goods sold. As a result, the availability of these cost components at competitive prices is critical to the profitability of our operations. The pricing under our alumina supply contracts varies from contract to contract. A major portion of our alumina requirements is indexed to the price of primary aluminum, which provides a natural hedge to one of our largest production costs. We also purchase alumina based on a published alumina index and at fixed prices. The alumina price is influenced by a number of factors, including global supply-demand balance, natural disasters and weather events, and other factors outside of our control. The average market alumina index price as a percentage of market LME price per tonne for 2022 was 13% compared to 13% for 2021 and 16% for 2020.

Electrical power is our other largest operating cost. Currently, our Hawesville and Sebree plants receive all of their electricity requirements under market-based power agreements and Grundartangi receives 20% of its electricity requirements from market-based power agreements. Market-based energy prices are driven in large part by the price of coal, natural gas, and

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other fuel sources, weather influenced reservoir or generation levels for wind, solar and hydro production and weather-influenced electric loads. Extreme weather events, such as that experienced in mid-February 2021 throughout the United States, the low rain levels experienced in Nordic regions during winter 2021 and 2022, can result in low generation, power outages and/or significant increases in demand, which may result in significant increased power costs incurred in our operations. Additionally, extreme geopolitical events, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, which led to the cut-off of natural gas supply to Western Europe and increased exports of U.S natural gas as result, may result in significant power costs globally.

Our Mt. Holly plant has a power supply agreement with Santee Cooper that runs through December 2023. Under this power supply agreement, 100% of Mt. Holly’s electrical power requirements are supplied from Santee Cooper’s generation at cost of service based rates. The contract provides sufficient energy to allow the Mt. Holly smelter to produce at 75% of full production capacity.

In Iceland, approximately 70% of the power requirements for our Grundartangi plant are indexed to the price of primary aluminum, which provides a natural hedge of one of our largest production costs. Approximately 20% of Grundartangi’s power requirements is linked to the market price for power in the Nord Pool power market, the trading market for power in the Nordic countries and certain other areas of Europe, and the remaining 10% of power requirements is fixed. In July 2021, Grundartangi reached an agreement with Landsvirkjun for an extension of the existing contract to supply power for January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026 and will increase the existing contract from 161 MW to 182 MW over time to provide the necessary flexibility to support the most recent capacity creep requirements and future growth opportunities for value-added products at the Grundartangi plant, including the Grundartangi casthouse project. In September 2022, this agreement was further amended to provide for 42 MW at a fixed price and 119 MW at rates linked to Nord Pool plus transmission through 2023, and beginning January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026, this agreement allows for fixed rates plus a small variable rate portion of the full 182 MW. Grundartangi also has a 25 MW power purchase agreement with Landsvirkjun at LME-based variable rates.

Production/Shipment Volumes

Shipment volume is another key determinant of our financial results.  In normal circumstances, fluctuations in production and shipment volumes, other than through acquisitions or expansions, are generally small period over period. Any adverse changes in the conditions that affect shipment volumes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Our 2022 shipment volumes were adversely impacted by power curtailments in Iceland in winter 2022 driven by low reservoir levels and the curtailment of our Hawesville facility in August 2022, partially offset by the restart of production at Mt. Holly bringing operating capacity to 75% in second quarter of 2022.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the shipment volumes and revenues for primary aluminum shipments:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["SHIPMENTS - PRIMARY ALUMINUM(1)"],["","United States","","Iceland","","Total"],["","Tonnes","","Revenue $","","Tonnes","","Revenue $","","Tonnes","","Revenue $"],["","(dollars in millions)"],["2022","459,991","","","$","1,650.4","","","308,700","","","$","1,040.1","","","768,691","","","$","2,690.5"],["2021","468,729","","","1,368.0","","","314,918","","","790.8","","","783,647","","","2,158.8"],["2020","495,433","","","985.3","","","315,743","","","570.8","","","811,176","","","1,556.1"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1) Excludes scrap aluminum, purchased aluminum and alumina sales

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Net sales (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","2,777.3","","","$","2,212.5"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Net sales: Net sales (excluding scrap aluminum and alumina sales) increased by $564.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, primarily driven by favorable LME and regional premium price realizations of $496.9 million and favorable product mix of $82.0 million driven by higher value-added product premiums, partially offset by $26.8 million in volume primarily related to the full curtailment of our Hawesville smelter in the third quarter of 2022.

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[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Gross profit (loss) (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","46.7","","","$","124.2"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Gross profit (loss): Gross profit decreased by $77.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021, primarily driven by unfavorable raw material price realizations of $338.4 million and unfavorable power price realizations of $285.5 million. The changes were partially offset by favorable LME and regional premium price realizations of $496.9 million, and favorable volume and product mix of $28.2 million driven by the restart at our Mt. Holly facility, curtailment at our Hawesville smelter and higher value-added product premiums.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Asset impairment charge (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","159.4","","","$","\u2014"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Asset impairment charge: An asset impairment charge was recognized for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 as a result of the temporary curtailment of the Hawesville facility, announced during June 2022. As the curtailment represents a significant adverse change in the extent and manner in which Hawesville will be used, we accordingly evaluated the Hawesville asset group for recoverability which resulted in the recognized impairment charge of $159.4 million.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Selling, general and administrative expenses (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","37.5","","","$","57.6"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Selling, general and administrative expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $20.1 million in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to decreases in share-based compensation due to fluctuations in the Company's stock price year over year.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Net gain (loss) on forward and derivative contracts (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","197.1","","","$","(212.4)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Net gain (loss) on forward and derivative contracts: In 2022, we recognized gains of $197.1 million primarily driven by decreases in LME and MWP forward prices, and increased gains on Nord Pool derivative contracts due to Nord Pool power forward price increases. In 2021, we recognized losses of $212.4 million primarily related to LME and MWP fixed forward financial sales contracts. The losses were primarily driven by fluctuations in forward prices. See Note 19. Derivatives to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Income tax (expense) benefit (in millions)","2022","","2021"],["Twelve months ended December 31,","$","(47.4)","","","$","30.6"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Income tax benefit (expense): We have a valuation allowance against all of our U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets. We recognized $(47.4) million income tax expense in 2022 as compared to income tax benefit of $30.6 million in 2021. The period-to-period change is primarily related to foreign earnings in the current period, and a discrete tax benefit of $49.8 million related to the recognition of certain foreign deferred tax assets in 2021. See Note 15. Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources 

Liquidity

Our principal sources of liquidity are available cash and cash flow from operations. We also have access to our existing U.S. and Iceland revolving credit facilities (collectively, the "revolving credit facilities") and have raised capital in the past through public equity and debt markets. Additionally, on December 9, 2022, Vlissingen entered into the Vlissingen Facility Agreement (defined below) pursuant to which it may borrow from time to time up to $90.0 million. We regularly explore various other financing alternatives. Our principal uses of cash include the funding of operating costs (including post-retirement benefits), debt service requirements, capital expenditures, investments in our growth activities and in related businesses, working capital and other general corporate requirements.

We believe that cash provided from operations and financing activities will be adequate to cover our operations and business needs over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $54.3 million, unused availability under our revolving credit facilities of $100.7 million, and additional liquidity of $90.0 million under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement, resulting in a total liquidity position of approximately $245.0 million.

Available Cash

Our available cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2022 was $54.3 million compared to $29.0 million at December 31, 2021.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as reflected in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are summarized below:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Twelve months ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["","(dollars in millions)"],["Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities","$","25.9","","","$","(64.7)","","","$","42.9"],["Net cash used in investing activities","(85.5)","","","(82.6)","","","(11.8)"],["Net cash provided by financing activities","74.4","","","103.7","","","13.5"],["Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash","$","14.8","","","$","(43.6)","","","$","44.6"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2022 was $25.9 million, compared to cash used in operating activities of $64.7 million in 2021. The change in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by improvement in results of operations year over year. The change was further due to changes in working capital primarily attributable to timing of payables, timing of raw material receipts, and pricing increases, and partially offset by hedge settlements.

The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 2022 was primarily due to higher spending on capital projects during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, driven by capital investments in the Mt. Holly restart project and the Grundartangi casthouse project.

The change in net cash provided by financing activities from 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to borrowings under the Grundartangi casthouse facility and Iceland term facility in 2022 as compared to net borrowings on our revolving credit facilities in 2021.

Availability under Our Credit Facilities

Our U.S. revolving credit facility, dated May 2018 (as amended, the "U.S. revolving credit facility"), previously provided for borrowings of up to $220.0 million, including up to $110.0 million under a letter of credit sub-facility. In June 2022, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to our existing $220.0 million U.S. revolving credit facility, increasing the maximum capacity from $220.0 million to $250.0 million, including up to $150.0 million under a letter of credit sub-facility. The U.S.

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revolving credit facility matures in June 2027. Any letters of credit issued and outstanding under the U.S. revolving credit facility reduce our borrowing availability on a dollar-for-dollar basis.

We have also entered into, through our wholly-owned subsidiary Nordural Grundartangi ehf ("Grundartangi"), a revolving credit facility, dated November 2013, as amended (the "Iceland revolving credit facility") which originally provided for borrowings of up to $50.0 million in the aggregate. On February 4, 2022, we amended the Iceland revolving credit facility and increased the facility amount to $80.0 million in the aggregate. On September 28, 2022, we further amended the Iceland revolving credit facility and increased the facility amount to $100.0 million in the aggregate. The Iceland revolving credit facility matures November 2024.

The availability of funds under our credit facilities is limited by a specified borrowing base consisting of certain accounts receivable, inventory and qualified cash deposits which meet the lenders' eligibility criteria. Increases in the price of aluminum and/or restarts of previously curtailed operations, for example, increase our borrowing base by increasing our accounts receivable and inventory balances; decreases in the price of aluminum and/or curtailments of production capacity would decrease our borrowing base by reducing our accounts receivable and inventory balances. As of December 31, 2022, our U.S. revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of $165.5 million, $90.0 million in outstanding borrowings, and $34.9 million in letters of credit outstanding. The borrowing base under the U.S. revolving credit facility has been adversely affected by the curtailment of our Hawesville facility. Of the outstanding letters of credit, $21.6 million related to our power commitments, $13.3 million are related to hedging collateral, and the remainder are primarily for the purpose of securing certain secured debt and workers’ compensation commitments. As of December 31, 2022, our Iceland revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of $95.1 million and $35.0 million in outstanding borrowings.

As of December 31, 2022, our credit facilities had $100.7 million of net availability after consideration of our outstanding borrowings and letters of credit. We may borrow and make repayments under our revolving credit facilities in the ordinary course based on a number of factors, including the timing of payments from our customers and payments to our suppliers.

Our credit facilities contain customary covenants, including restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, affiliate transactions, liens, dividends and distributions, dispositions of collateral, investments and prepayments of indebtedness, including in the U.S. revolving credit facility, a springing financial covenant that requires us to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0 to 1.0 any time availability under the U.S. revolving credit facility is less than or equal to $25.0 million, or 10% of the borrowing base but not less than $17.85 million. We intend to maintain availability to comply with these levels any time we would not meet the ratio, which could limit our ability to access the full amount of our availability under our U.S. revolving credit facility. Our Iceland revolving credit facility contains covenants that require Grundartangi to maintain a minimum equity ratio. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all such covenants or maintained availability above such covenant triggers.

Grundartangi Casthouse Facility

On November 2, 2021, in connection with the casthouse project at Grundartangi, we entered into an eight-year Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, to provide for borrowings up to $130.0 million (the “Casthouse Facility”). Under the Casthouse Facility, repayments of principal amounts will be made in equal quarterly installments equal to 1.739% of the principal amount, the first payment occurring in July 2024, with the remaining 60% of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date. The Casthouse Facility will mature in December 2029. The Casthouse Facility bears interest at a rate equal to USD LIBOR 3 month plus an applicable margin. The Casthouse Facility is secured by a $430.0 million general bond. As of December 31, 2022, there were $50.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the Casthouse Facility.

The Casthouse Facility also contains customary covenants, including restrictions on mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, preservation of assets, and dispositions of assets and contains a covenant that requires Grundartangi to maintain a minimum equity ratio. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all such covenants or maintained availability above such covenant triggers.

Senior Notes and Convertible Senior Notes

We have $250.0 million principal of senior secured notes that mature on April 1, 2028, unless earlier refinanced in accordance with their terms. Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2021, at a rate of 7.5% per year. The indenture governing the 2028 Notes contains customary covenants which may limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries, to: (i) incur additional debt; (ii) incur additional liens; (iii) pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock; (iv) purchase or redeem capital stock; (v)

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make investments or certain other restricted payments; (vi) sell assets; (vii) issue or sell stock of certain subsidiaries; (viii) enter into transactions with shareholders or affiliates; and (ix) effect a consolidation or merger.

In April 2021, we issued $86.3 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes due 2028, unless earlier converted, repurchased or redeemed. The Convertible Notes bear interest semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, beginning on November 1, 2021, at a rate of 2.75% per annum in cash.

Iceland Term Facility

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grundartangi, entered into a Term Facility Agreement with Arion Bank hf, dated September 2022, (the "Iceland Term Facility") to provide for borrowings up to €13.6 million. Under the Iceland Term Facility, repayments of principal amounts will be made in equal monthly installments, the first payment occurring in February 2023, with the remainder of the principal amount to be paid no later than the termination date in January 2024. Borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility will bear interest at a rate equal to 3.2% plus EUR EURIBOR 1 month as published by the European Money Markets Institute. As of December 31, 2022, there were $14.5 million (€13.6 million) in outstanding borrowings under the Iceland Term Facility.

Vlissingen Facility Agreement

On December 9, 2022, Vlissingen entered into the Vlissingen Facility Agreement with Glencore International AG pursuant to which Vlissingen may borrow from time to time up to $90 million in one or more loans at a fixed interest rate equal to 8.75% per annum and payable on December 2, 2024. The obligations under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement are secured by liens on the ground lease on which Vlissingen’s facilities are located, Vlissingen’s moveable assets, financial assets, receivables and other assets, and Vlissingen’s shares. The Vlissingen Facility Agreement contains customary covenants, including with respect to mergers, guarantees and preservation and dispositions of assets. The availability period for borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement ends December 2, 2024. Amounts drawn, if any, under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement are expected to be used for general corporate and working capital purposes of Century and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Vlissingen Facility Agreement.

Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

The Company has filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the "Universal Shelf Registration Statement") with the SEC pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, offer an indeterminate amount of securities, which may include securities that are guaranteed by certain of the Company's subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, we have not issued any debt securities pursuant to the Universal Shelf Registration Statement. However, any securities that we may issue in the future may limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries, to pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock.

"Guarantor Subsidiaries" refers to all of our material domestic subsidiaries except for Nordural US LLC, Century Aluminum Development LLC and Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc. The Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by Century. All guarantees will be full and unconditional; all guarantees will be joint and several. Our foreign subsidiaries, together with Nordural US LLC, Century Aluminum Development LLC and Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc., are collectively referred to as the "Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries". We allocate corporate expenses or income to our subsidiaries and charge interest on certain intercompany balances.

The following summarized financial information of both the Company and the Guarantor Subsidiaries ("Guarantors") is presented on a combined basis. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and the Guarantors have been eliminated and the summarized financial information does not reflect investments of the Company or the Guarantors in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries. The Company’s or Guarantors’ amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries are disclosed below:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","December 31, 2022","","December 31, 2021"],["Current assets","$","305.7","","","$","395.3"],["Non-current assets","704.5","","935.3"],["Current liabilities","309.6","","375.1"],["Non-current liabilities","487.1","","556.1"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Twelve months ended December 31, 2022"],["Net sales","$","1,737.2"],["Gross profit (loss)","(37.6)"],["Income (loss) before income taxes","(187.6)"],["Net income (loss)","(14.1)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, an intercompany receivable due to the Company and Guarantors from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries totaled $18.2 million and $15.1 million, respectively, and an intercompany non-current loan due to the Company from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries totaled $466.3 million and $554.2 million, respectively.

Contingent Commitments

We have a contingent obligation in connection with the “unwind” of a contractual arrangement between Century Aluminum Kentucky ("CAKY"), Big Rivers and a third party and the execution of a long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy, a member of a cooperative of Big Rivers, in July 2009. This contingent obligation consists of the aggregate payments made to Big Rivers by the third party on CAKY’s behalf in excess of the agreed upon base amount under the long-term cost-based power contract with Kenergy.  As of December 31, 2022, the principal and accrued interest for the contingent obligation was $29.5 million, which was fully offset by a derivative asset. We may be required to make installment payments for the contingent obligation in the future. These payments are contingent based on the LME price of primary aluminum and the level of Hawesville’s operations. Based on the LME forward market at December 31, 2022 and our expected level of Hawesville's operations, we believe that we will not be required to make payments on the contingent obligation during the term of the agreement, which expires in 2028. There can be no assurance that circumstances will not change thus accelerating the timing of such payments.

Employee Benefit Plan Contributions

In 2013, we entered into a settlement agreement with the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (the "PBGC") regarding an alleged "cessation of operations" at our Ravenswood facility (the "PBGC Settlement Agreement"). Pursuant to the terms of the PBGC Settlement Agreement, we agreed to make additional contributions (above any minimum required contributions) to our defined benefit pension plans totaling approximately $17.4 million. Under certain circumstances, in periods of lower primary aluminum prices relative to our cost of operations, we were able to defer one or more of these payments, provided that we provide the PBGC with acceptable security for such deferred payments. We did not make any contributions during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. We historically elected to defer certain payments under the PBGC Settlement Agreement and provided the PBGC with the appropriate security. On October 1, 2021, we amended the PBGC Settlement Agreement (the "Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement") such that we removed the deferral mechanism and agreed to contribute approximately $2.4 million per year to our defined benefit pension plans for a total of approximately $9.6 million, over four years beginning on November 30, 2022 and ending on November 30, 2025, subject to acceleration if certain terms and conditions are met in such amendment. As of December 31, 2022, we made contributions of $2.4 million related to the Amended PBGC Settlement Agreement.

Section 232 Aluminum Tariff

On March 23, 2018, the U.S. implemented a 10% tariff on imported primary aluminum products into the U.S. These tariffs are intended to protect U.S. national security and incentivize the restart of primary aluminum production in the U.S., reducing reliance on imports and ensuring that domestic producers, like Century, can supply all the aluminum necessary for critical industries and national defense.  In addition to primary aluminum products, the tariffs also cover certain other semi-finished products. All imports that directly compete with our products are covered by the tariff, with the exception of imports from Australia, Canada and Mexico. Additionally, primary aluminum imports from Argentina are allowed up to an annual quota limit of 169,000 metric tonnes, the first 18,000 metric tonnes of imports from the European Union and the first 900 metric tonnes of imports from the United Kingdom are also allowed duty free. Imports that receive a product exclusion from the Department of Commerce may also enter the US duty free. In July 2022, the International Trade Commission (ITC) initiated a review of the Section 301 and 232 duties as required by law every four years. The process will conclude no later than March 15, 2023.

Other Items

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On January 17, 2023, our wholly owned subsidiary, Mt. Holly Commerce Park LLC, entered into a binding agreement, subject to ordinary course conditions, to sell approximately 133 acres of land for approximately $28.5 million. We previously formed the commerce park, located near our Mt. Holly smelter, to develop excess land at the site and to assist the county with bringing additional business and commerce to the area.

During 2021, we initiated efforts to restart the curtailed capacity at our Mt. Holly facility. The project was completed during the second quarter of 2022, resulting in total production of 75% of Mt. Holly's full capacity.

During 2021, we announced plans for construction of a new billet casthouse at Grundartangi. The Grundartangi casthouse project began in late 2021 and is expected to continue through the second half of 2023. The Grundartangi casthouse project will be fully funded through the Casthouse Facility. The project is progressing and is expected to be completed on-time and on-budget, subject to market conditions.

In October 2021, Nordural Helguvik ehf ("Helguvik"), a past subsidiary of ours and owner of the former Helguvik project site which has been curtailed since 2008, filed for bankruptcy and on October 28, 2021, a district court in Iceland issued a verdict declaring bankruptcy of Helguvik. We recognized a deferred tax asset and recorded a discrete tax benefit of $49.8 million related to the future tax benefit we expect to realize for deductible costs related to our historical investment in Helguvik. There are no other financial statement impacts as a result of the bankruptcy filing.

In 2011, our Board of Directors approved a $60.0 million common stock repurchase program and subsequently increased this program by $70.0 million in the first quarter of 2015. Under the program, Century is authorized to repurchase up to $130.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock, from time to time, on the open market at prevailing market prices, in block trades or otherwise. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by our management based on its evaluation of market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and other factors. We made no repurchases during the years ended 2022, 2021, and 2020. As of December 31, 2022, we had $43.7 million remaining under the repurchase program authorization. The repurchase program may be expanded, suspended or discontinued by our Board, in its sole discretion, at any time.

In November 2009, Century Aluminum of West Virginia, Inc. ("CAWV") filed a class action complaint for declaratory judgment against the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union ("USW"), the USW’s local and certain CAWV retirees, individually and as class representatives ("CAWV Retirees"), seeking a declaration of CAWV’s rights to modify/terminate retiree medical benefits.  Later in November 2009, the USW and representatives of a retiree class filed a separate suit against CAWV, Century Aluminum Company, Century Aluminum Master Welfare Benefit Plan, and various John Does with respect to the foregoing. On August 18, 2017, the District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia approved a settlement agreement in respect of these actions, pursuant to which, CAWV agreed to make payments into a trust for the benefit of the CAWV Retirees in the aggregate amount of $23.0 million over the course of ten years. Upon approval of the settlement, we paid $5.0 million to the aforementioned trust in September 2017 and agreed to pay the remaining amounts under the settlement agreement in annual increments of $2.0 million for nine years. At December 31, 2022, we had $2.0 million in other current liabilities and $4.8 million in other liabilities related to this agreement.

We are a defendant in several actions relating to various aspects of our business. While it is impossible to predict the ultimate disposition of any litigation, we do not believe that any of these lawsuits, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.

Capital Resources

We intend to finance our future capital expenditures from available cash, cash flow from operations and if necessary, borrowings under our existing revolving credit facilities. For major investment projects, we would likely seek financing from various capital and loan markets and may potentially pursue the formation of strategic alliances. We may be unable, however, to issue additional debt or equity securities, or enter into other financing arrangements on attractive terms, or at all, due to a number of factors including a lack of demand, unfavorable pricing, poor economic conditions, unfavorable interest rates, or our financial condition or credit rating at the time. Future uncertainty in the U.S. and international markets and economies may adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to access the debt or capital markets and our financial condition.

Capital expenditures incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $17.3 million, excluding expenditures of $16.2 million associated with the restart at Mt. Holly and $40.0 million associated with the Grundartangi casthouse project. We

35

estimate our total capital spending in 2023, excluding the Grundartangi casthouse project, will be approximately $24 million, related to our ongoing investment and sustainability projects at our plants.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements.  The preparation of the financial statements requires that management make judgments, assumptions and estimates in applying these accounting policies.  Those judgments are normally based on knowledge and experience about past and current events and on assumptions about future events.  Critical accounting estimates require management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate and a change in these estimates may have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.  Significant judgments and estimates made by our management include expenses and liabilities related to inventories, pensions and other postretirement benefits ("OPEB"), deferred tax assets and property, plant and equipment.  Our management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors and the Audit Committee has reviewed our disclosure.

Inventories

Our inventories are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value ("NRV").

Our estimate of the market value of our inventories involves establishing a net realizable value for both finished goods and the components of inventory that will be converted to finished goods, raw materials and work in process. This requires management to use its judgment when making assumptions about future selling prices and the costs to complete our inventory during the period in which it will be sold.

Our assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainties given the volatility surrounding the market price for primary aluminum sales and the market price for our major inputs, alumina and electrical power.

Although we believe that the assumptions used to estimate the market value of our inventory are reasonable, actual market conditions at the time our inventory is sold may be more or less favorable than management’s current estimates.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liabilities

We sponsor several pension and OPEB plans.  Our liabilities under these defined benefit plans are determined using methodologies that involve several actuarial assumptions, the most significant of which are the discount rate and the long-term rate of return on plan assets. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions when appropriate.

Discount Rate Selection

We select a discount rate for purposes of measuring obligations under defined benefit plans by matching cash flows separately for each plan to the yields on high-quality zero coupon bonds.  We use the Ryan Above Median Yield Curve (the "Ryan Curve"). We believe the projected cash flows used to determine the Ryan Curve rate provide a good approximation of the timing and amounts of our defined benefit payments under our plans and no adjustment to the Ryan Curve rate has been made.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Weighted Average Discount Rate Assumption for:","2022","","2021"],["Pension plans","5.50%","","2.89%"],["OPEB plans","5.57%","","2.75%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

36

A change of a half percentage point in the discount rate for our defined benefit plans would have the following effects on our obligations under these plans as of December 31, 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Effect of changes in the discount rates on the Projected Benefit Obligations for:","50 basis point increase","","50 basis point decrease"],["","(dollars in millions)"],["Pension plans","$","(14.4)","","","$","16.0"],["OPEB plans","(2.9)","","","3.1"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Long-term Rate of Return on Plan Assets Assumption

Our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is derived from our asset allocation strategies and anticipated future long-term performance of individual asset classes. Our analysis gives consideration to recent plan performance and historical returns; however, the assumptions are primarily based on long-term, prospective rates of return. The weighted average long-term rate of return on plan assets for our defined benefit pension plans is 7.25% for 2022.

Based on information provided by independent actuaries and other relevant sources, the Company believes that the assumptions used to estimate expenses, assets and liabilities of pensions and other postretirement benefits are reasonable; however, changes in these assumptions could impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Deferred Income Tax Assets

We regularly assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. To the extent we believe that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established.  The amount of a valuation allowance is based upon our best estimate of our ability to realize the net deferred tax assets.  We have a valuation allowance of $487.9 million recorded against our net U.S. deferred tax assets and a portion of our Icelandic deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022.

Property, Plant and Equipment Impairment

We review our property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets (asset group) may not be recoverable.  The carrying amount of the assets (asset group) is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets (asset group).  In that case, an impairment loss would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets (asset group), with the fair value determined using a discounted cash flow calculation.  These estimates of future cash flows include management’s assumptions about the expected use of the assets (asset group), the remaining useful life, expenditures to maintain the service potential, market and cost assumptions.

Determination as to whether and how much an asset is impaired involves significant management judgment involving highly uncertain matters, including estimating the future sales volumes, future selling prices and estimated raw material and conversion costs, alternative uses for the asset, and estimated proceeds from the disposal of the asset.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates

Information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements is included in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

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Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we have entered into various contractual obligations that will be settled in cash. These obligations consist primarily of long-term debt obligations and purchase obligations.  The expected future cash flows required to meet these obligations through the year 2031 are shown in the table below.  More information is available about these contractual obligations in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Payments Due by Period"],["","Total","","","","","2023","","2024","","2025","","2026","","2027","","Thereafter"],["","(dollars in millions)"],["Long-term debt (1)","$","475","","","","","","$","\u2014","","","$","8","","","$","9","","","$","9","","","$","9","","","$","440"],["Estimated interest payments (2)","169","","","","","","26","","","31","","","31","","","30","","","30","","","21"],["Operating lease obligations (3)","36","","","","","","3","","","3","","","3","","","3","","","3","","","21"],["Purchase obligations (4)","1,369","","","","","","741","","","325","","","90","","","83","","","47","","","83"],["Other long-term liabilities (5)","24","","","","","","6","","","3","","","3","","","7","","","5","","","\u2014"],["Total","$","2,073","","","","","","776","","","370","","","136","","","132","","","94","","","565"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1)Long-term debt includes principal repayments on our 2028 Notes, Convertible Notes, the Casthouse Facility, the IRB and the Iceland Term Facility.  Payments are based on the assumption that all outstanding debt instruments will remain outstanding until their respective due dates.  For our contingent obligation, based on the LME forward market prices for primary aluminum at December 31, 2022 and expected Hawesville operating levels, we believe that we will not have any payment obligations through the term of the agreement, which expires in 2028.

(2)Estimated interest payments on our long-term debt assume that all outstanding debt instruments will remain outstanding until their respective due dates.  Our estimated future interest payments for any debt with a variable rate are based on the assumption that the December 31, 2022 rate for that debt continues until the respective due date.  We assume that no interest payments on the contingent obligation will be paid through the term of agreement, see above.

(3)Operating leases include long-term leases for land, office space, automobiles, and mobile equipment.

(4)Purchase obligations include long-term alumina and power contracts, excluding market-based power and raw material requirements contracts.  Purchase obligations not executed or legally binding as of December 31, 2022 have been excluded from this table.  For contracts with LME-based pricing provisions, including our long-term Icelandic power contracts, we assumed an LME price using the LME forward curve as of December 31, 2022.

(5)Other long-term liabilities include asset retirement obligations.  Asset retirement obligations are primarily estimated disposal costs for spent potliner used in the reduction cells of our domestic smelters.

Material Commitments

We also have outstanding commitments related to pension, supplemental executive retirement benefit ("SERB") plans, OPEB and workers' compensation obligations. As of December 31, 2022, estimated future payments related to these obligations through the year 2032 amount to approximately $180.8 million, $16.3 million, $59.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively.