# Invitation Homes Inc. (INVH)

Informational only - not investment advice.

CIK: 0001687229
SIC: 6510 Real Estate Operators (No Developers) & Lessors
SIC breadcrumb: [Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate](/division/H/) > [Real Estate](/major-group/65/) > [SIC 6510 Real Estate Operators (No Developers) & Lessors](/industry/6510/)
Latest 10-K filed: 2026-02-19
SEC page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1687229
Filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722926000016/invh-20251231.htm

## At a glance

FY2025 · period end 2025-12-31 · filed 2026-02-19 · accession 0001687229-26-000016 · source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001687229.json

| Metric | Value | FY | Provenance |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 2,729,296,000 USD | 2025 | verified |
| Net income | 587,924,000 USD | 2025 | verified |
| Assets | 18,680,290,000 USD | 2025 | verified |
| Free cash flow | 1,177,898,000 USD | 2025 | computed |
| Net margin | 21.54% | 2025 | computed |
| Revenue YoY | +4.21% | 2025 | computed |
| ROE | 6.17% | 2025 | computed |

Computed values are grepcent-computed from the verified facts above and may differ from ratios the company itself reports. Free cash flow = operating cash flow − capital expenditures. Net margin = net income ÷ revenue. Revenue YoY = FY2025 revenue ÷ FY2024 revenue − 1 (consecutive fiscal years only). ROE = net income ÷ period-end stockholders' equity.

No market price, no rating, no forecast on this site. Not investment advice.

### Peer percentile fingerprint

| Ratio | INVH | Peer median | Percentile | N |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Net margin | 21.5% | 4.2% | 70 | 34 |
| Revenue growth | 4.2% | 6.1% | 34 | 33 |
| FCF margin | 43.2% | 2.3% | 95 | 21 |
| ROE | 6.2% | 3.7% | 55 | 34 |
| ROA | 3.1% | 1.5% | 70 | 34 |
| Liabilities / equity | 0.96 | 1.35 | 36 | 34 |

Percentile = share of the N covered peers reporting that ratio whose value is lower (ties counted half); computed among grepcent-covered companies in SIC major-group 65 Real Estate, not the whole market. A higher percentile means a higher value of the ratio, not a better company. Ratios with fewer than 8 reporting peers are omitted. Latest reported values per company; fiscal periods may differ. Descriptive arithmetic - not a score, rating, or ranking.

## Selected Fundamentals
| Metric | Value | Unit | FY | Filed |
| --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 2729296000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |
| Net income | 587924000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |
| Assets | 18680290000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |

## Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-19. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001687229.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

| Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Revenue |  |  | 432,616,000 | 1,764,685,000 | 1,822,828,000 | 1,996,615,000 | 2,238,121,000 | 2,432,278,000 | 2,618,942,000 | 2,729,296,000 |
| Net income | -78,239,000 | -105,337,000 | -4,927,000 | 145,463,000 | 196,212,000 | 261,425,000 | 383,329,000 | 519,470,000 | 453,917,000 | 587,924,000 |
| Diluted EPS |  | -0.26 | -0.01 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.96 |
| Operating cash flow | 250,126,000 | 262,970,000 | 561,241,000 | 662,130,000 | 696,712,000 | 907,660,000 | 1,023,587,000 | 1,107,088,000 | 1,081,805,000 | 1,206,230,000 |
| Capital expenditures | 56,802,000 | 42,625,000 | 45,733,000 | 57,437,000 | 98,769,000 | 77,408,000 | 122,371,000 | 30,207,000 | 30,605,000 | 28,332,000 |
| Dividends paid | 0.00 | 68,997,000 | 230,072,000 | 276,681,000 | 332,151,000 | 393,812,000 | 539,033,000 | 638,129,000 | 689,244,000 | 712,842,000 |
| Share buybacks |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.00 | 0.00 | 53,207,000 |
| Assets | 9,732,351,000 | 18,683,638,000 | 18,063,428,000 | 17,392,910,000 | 17,506,222,000 | 18,537,846,000 | 18,536,708,000 | 19,220,967,000 | 18,700,951,000 | 18,680,290,000 |
| Liabilities | 7,774,928,000 | 10,033,763,000 | 9,694,242,000 | 9,126,832,000 | 8,950,149,000 | 8,699,042,000 | 8,213,077,000 | 9,030,532,000 | 8,908,442,000 | 9,112,398,000 |
| Stockholders' equity |  | 8,498,085,000 | 8,229,111,000 | 8,214,422,000 | 8,504,825,000 | 9,797,742,000 | 10,291,342,000 | 10,155,971,000 | 9,756,764,000 | 9,530,132,000 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 198,119,000 | 179,878,000 | 144,940,000 | 92,258,000 | 213,422,000 | 610,166,000 | 262,870,000 | 700,618,000 | 174,491,000 | 129,971,000 |
| Free cash flow | 193,324,000 | 220,345,000 | 515,508,000 | 604,693,000 | 597,943,000 | 830,252,000 | 901,216,000 | 1,076,881,000 | 1,051,200,000 | 1,177,898,000 |

### Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

| Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Net margin |  |  | -1.14% | 8.24% | 10.76% | 13.09% | 17.13% | 21.36% | 17.33% | 21.54% |
| Return on equity |  | -1.24% | -0.06% | 1.77% | 2.31% | 2.67% | 3.72% | 5.11% | 4.65% | 6.17% |
| Return on assets | -0.80% | -0.56% | -0.03% | 0.84% | 1.12% | 1.41% | 2.07% | 2.70% | 2.43% | 3.15% |
| Liabilities / equity |  | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.96 |

## As-reported value updates

1 tracked difference above grepcent's stated thresholds were found between the earliest XBRL-filed value and the value currently on file for the same fiscal period.

Ledger: /company/INVH/revisions/


## Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-07-30. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001687229.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

| Quarter | End date | Revenue | Net income | Diluted EPS | Method |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 2022-Q3 | 2022-09-30 |  |  | 0.13 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q1 | 2023-03-31 |  |  | 0.20 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q2 | 2023-06-30 |  |  | 0.22 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q3 | 2023-09-30 | 617,695,000 | 131,818,000 | 0.21 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q4 | 2023-12-31 | 624,321,000 | 129,546,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2024-Q1 | 2024-03-31 | 646,039,000 | 142,350,000 | 0.23 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q2 | 2024-06-30 | 653,451,000 | 73,188,000 | 0.12 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q3 | 2024-09-30 | 660,322,000 | 95,269,000 | 0.15 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q4 | 2024-12-31 | 659,130,000 | 143,110,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2025-Q1 | 2025-03-31 | 674,479,000 | 165,745,000 | 0.27 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q2 | 2025-06-30 | 681,401,000 | 140,887,000 | 0.23 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q3 | 2025-09-30 | 688,166,000 | 136,738,000 | 0.22 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q4 | 2025-12-31 | 685,250,000 | 144,554,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2026-Q1 | 2026-03-31 | 734,112,000 | 160,508,000 | 0.26 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2026-Q2 | 2026-06-30 | 747,550,000 | 218,847,000 | 0.37 | reported discrete quarter |

## Filed narrative (10-K & 10-Q)

## Business

Verbatim Item 1 Business section from INVH's latest 10-K: [/company/INVH/business/](/company/INVH/business/).

## Risk Factors

Verbatim Item 1A Risk Factors from INVH's latest 10-K: [/company/INVH/risk-factors/](/company/INVH/risk-factors/).

## Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722926000045/invh-20260630.htm

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary.
Confidence: high
Filing date: 2026-07-30
Report date: 2026-06-30

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Capitalized terms used without definition have the meaning provided elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family homes for lease, offering residents high-quality homes in sought-after neighborhoods across the United States. As of June 30, 2026, we wholly own 85,509 homes for lease, jointly own 8,069 homes for lease, and provide professional third-party property and asset management services for an additional 15,639 homes, all of which are primarily located in 16 core markets across the country. These homes help meet the needs of a growing share of Americans who count on the ease, flexibility, and savings of leasing. We provide our residents access to updated homes with features they value, as well as close proximity to jobs and good schools. The continued demand for our product proves that the choice and flexibility we offer are attractive to many people.

We operate in markets with strong demand drivers, high barriers to entry, and high rent growth potential, primarily in the Western United States, Florida, and the Southeast United States. Through disciplined market and asset selection, as well as through strategic mergers and acquisitions, we designed our wholly and jointly owned portfolios to capture the operating benefits of local density as well as economies of scale that we believe cannot be readily replicated. Since our founding in 2012, we have built a proven, vertically integrated operating platform that enables us to effectively and efficiently acquire, renovate, lease, maintain, and manage both the homes we own and those we manage on behalf of others.

The portfolio of homes we own average approximately 1,880 square feet with three to four bedrooms and two bathrooms, appealing to a resident base that we believe is less transitory than a typical multifamily resident. We invest in the upfront renovation of homes in our portfolio in order to address capital needs, reduce ongoing maintenance costs, and drive resident demand.

We are committed to increasing the supply of quality housing in the markets where we operate. We believe that the United States faces a meaningful shortage of housing, and we are taking steps to address this challenge through multiple channels, including acquiring newly built homes from homebuilders, developing homes through our in-house development arm, and extending financing to experienced developers through our construction lending channel.

On January 14, 2026, we acquired ResiBuilt Homes, LLC (“ResiBuilt”), a leading fee homebuilder specializing in single-family rental communities with expertise in land development and construction general contracting across high-growth Southeast markets. The acquisition is a natural extension of our business and supports our growth strategy by adding homebuilding capabilities to our platform. By bringing land development and construction expertise in-house, we gain greater operational control over the development process, enhance cost efficiency, and strengthen our ability to execute on growth opportunities in strategically important markets. We believe this internal development capacity will support our long-term growth strategy by providing a reliable pipeline of purpose-built rental homes tailored to our operational and quality standards.

In May 2025, we launched a developer lending program to selectively provide financing to experienced, successful, and relationship-driven homebuilders for the development of new single-family home communities that may serve as future acquisition opportunities. This initiative is intended to support the creation of new housing supply in markets with strong demand and to complement our traditional property acquisition strategy. Together, these initiatives reflect our broader commitment to expanding housing supply and availability while creating attractive growth opportunities for our business.

At Invitation Homes, we are committed to creating a better way to live and to being a force for positive change, which is underscored by our company purpose to Unlock the Power of Home™. Our Genuine CARE™ values serve as the foundation for our work, and the underlying principles of clear communication, integrity, responsibility, innovation, adaptability, and a welcoming workplace are designed to create an authentic experience for our residents, shareholders, and associates. We also work to advance sustainability, which is an important part of our strategic business objectives and is critical to our long-term success.

45

Our commitment to high-touch customer service continuously enhances residents’ living experiences and provides an environment where individuals and families can thrive. Many of our residents are first responders, healthcare workers, teachers, and other essential members of their communities, people who dedicate themselves to serving others every day. We are honored to serve them in return, and we work hard to ensure they come home to a place of comfort and security. Each aspect of our operations — whether in our corporate headquarters or field offices located in our 16 core markets — is driven by a resident-centric model. Our associates take our values seriously and work hard every day to honor the trust our residents have placed in us to provide clean, safe, and functional homes for them and their loved ones. In turn, we focus on ensuring that our associates are fairly compensated and that we provide a culture that values respect, opportunity, and belonging. We also place a strong emphasis on the impact we have in our communities and on the environment in general, and we continue to support programs that demonstrate those commitments. In addition, we operate under strong, well-defined governance practices and are dedicated to adhering to the highest ethical standards at all times.

Impact of Macroeconomic Trends

General economic conditions in the United States have continued to fluctuate in recent quarters. While inflationary pressures have moderated from prior peaks, they remain elevated, and interest rates remain subject to volatility and uncertainty. These factors, together with ongoing uncertainty in financial and capital markets, geopolitical tensions, evolving trade and tariff policies, labor market conditions, and a general decline in consumer confidence could adversely affect (i) our occupancy levels, rental rates, and collections, (ii) our ability to acquire or dispose of properties on economically favorable terms, (iii) our access to financial markets on attractive terms, or at all, (iv) the value of our homes and our business that could cause us to recognize impairments in the value of our tangible assets or goodwill, and (v) demand for our land development, fee-building, and build-to-rent operations along with our construction and development lending activities. Broader inflationary pressures and market conditions may contribute to increases in operating costs that are outside of our control, including property taxes, utilities, and insurance costs (including higher premiums and deductibles, more restrictive terms, or reduced availability of coverage), which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, consumer confidence and spending may decline in response to changes in fiscal and monetary policy, reductions in income or asset values, and other macroeconomic factors. Labor shortages and inflationary increases in labor and material costs have impacted and may continue to impact certain aspects of our business. Imposition or increase of tariffs and trade restrictions by the United States on imports from certain countries and counter tariffs in response could lead to increased costs and supply chain disruptions. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, as well as on the price of our common stock.

The regulatory landscape affecting institutional ownership and acquisition of single-family rental properties continues to evolve. Executive actions, and potential federal and state legislation or regulations, aimed at limiting institutional ownership and acquisition of single-family homes, including but not limited to the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act that became federal law on July 11, 2026 (the “Housing Act”), could limit our ability to acquire additional homes, require us to modify our growth, investment, development, or disposition strategies, reduce the scale or efficiency of our operations, increase compliance costs, subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny, or otherwise adversely affect market dynamics, our business, and results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. In addition, expanded tenant-protection and rent regulation requirements (whether enacted or proposed) could increase operating costs, reduce revenue, limit operational flexibility, and increase litigation and regulatory enforcement risk. The legislative uncertainty stemming from the various iterations of the Housing Act has also caused prospective institutional purchasers to defer or curtail acquisition activity, reducing demand for build-to-rent communities and fee-build operations, as well as the need for construction and development lending. To the extent institutional demand remains constrained, our revenues, margins, and returns on invested capital in these business activities could be materially adversely affected, and if institutional capital is redirected away from single-family housing, our ability to maintain a pipeline of controlled lots on favorable terms through joint ventures, land banking arrangements, or similar structures could be impaired. Even where final legislation preserves exemptions for build-to-rent development, the implementing regulatory framework may impose compliance costs or operational constraints that diminish the attractiveness of these programs to us, institutional investors, or our partners, and there can be no assurance that current exemptions will be maintained or that future legislative or regulatory action will not further restrict institutional participation in the single-family housing market.

While the degree to which we may continue to be affected by these macroeconomic challenges largely depends on the nature and duration of uncertain and unpredictable events, we believe that we are well suited to endure a shifting macroeconomic environment due to our diversification and resiliency. For further discussion of risks related to general economic conditions, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business Environment and Industry — Our

46

operating results are subject to general economic conditions and risks associated with our real estate assets” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Climate Change

Potential consequences of global climate change may range from more frequent extreme weather events to governmental policy developments and shifts in consumer preferences, which have the potential individually or collectively to disrupt our business as well as negatively affect our suppliers, contractors, and residents. Physical, regulatory, and transition risks from climate change may significantly reduce our revenues and profitability or cause us to generate

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

## Latest 10-K MD&A (excerpt)

Latest 10-K Item 7 source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722926000016/invh-20251231.htm
Complete FY 2025 MD&A: /company/INVH/mda/fy2025/

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture.
Confidence: high
Filing date: 2026-02-19
Report date: 2025-12-31

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with Part I. Item 1. “Business” and the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” or in other parts of this report.

For similar operating and financial data and discussion of our results for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part II. Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025 (the “2024 10-K”). The sections entitled “Result of Operations — Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023” and “Cash Flows — Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023” in Part II. Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations” of our 2024 10-K are incorporated herein by reference.

Capitalized terms used without definition have the meaning provided elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family homes for lease, offering residents high-quality homes in sought-after neighborhoods across the United States. As of December 31, 2025, we wholly own 86,192 homes for lease, jointly own 8,006 homes for lease, and provide professional third-party property and asset management services for an additional 15,866 homes, all of which are primarily located in 16 core markets across the country. These homes help meet the needs of a growing share of Americans who count on the ease, flexibility, and savings of leasing. We provide our residents

60

access to updated homes with features they value, as well as close proximity to jobs and good schools. The continued demand for our product proves that the choice and flexibility we offer are attractive to many people.

We operate in markets with strong demand drivers, high barriers to entry, and high rent growth potential, primarily in the Western United States, Florida, and the Southeast United States. Through disciplined market and asset selection, as well as through strategic mergers and acquisitions, we designed our wholly and jointly owned portfolios to capture the operating benefits of local density as well as economies of scale that we believe cannot be readily replicated. Since our founding in 2012, we have built a proven, vertically integrated operating platform that enables us to effectively and efficiently acquire, renovate, lease, maintain, and manage both the homes we own and those we manage on behalf of others.

The portfolio of homes we own average approximately 1,880 square feet with three to four bedrooms and two bathrooms, appealing to a resident base that we believe is less transitory than a typical multifamily resident. We invest in the upfront renovation of homes in our portfolio in order to address capital needs, reduce ongoing maintenance costs, and drive resident demand.

On January 14, 2026, we acquired ResiBuilt, a leading fee homebuilder specializing in single-family rental communities with expertise in land development and construction general contracting across high-growth Southeast markets. The acquisition is a natural extension of our business and supports our growth strategy by adding home building capabilities to our platform. By bringing land development and construction expertise in-house, we gain greater operational control over the development process, enhance cost efficiency, and strengthen our ability to execute on growth opportunities in strategically important markets. We believe this internal development capacity will support our long-term growth strategy by providing a reliable pipeline of purpose-built rental homes tailored to our operational and quality standards.

At Invitation Homes, we are committed to creating a better way to live and to being a force for positive change, which is underscored by our company purpose to Unlock the Power of Home™. Our Genuine CARE™ values serve as the foundation for our work, and the underlying principles of clear communication, integrity, responsibility, innovation, adaptability, and a welcoming workplace are designed to create an authentic experience for our residents, shareholders, and associates. We also work to advance sustainability, which is an important part of our strategic business objectives and is critical to our long-term success.

Our commitment to high-touch customer service continuously enhances residents’ living experiences and provides an environment where individuals and families can thrive. Many of our residents are first responders, healthcare workers, teachers, and other essential members of their communities, people who dedicate themselves to serving others every day. We are honored to serve them in return, and we work hard to ensure they come home to a place of comfort and security. Each aspect of our operations — whether in our corporate headquarters or field offices located in our 16 core markets — is driven by a resident-centric model. Our associates take our values seriously and work hard every day to honor the trust our residents have placed in us to provide clean, safe, and functional homes for them and their loved ones. In turn, we focus on ensuring that our associates are fairly compensated and that we provide a culture that values respect, opportunity, and belonging. We also place a strong emphasis on the impact we have in our communities and on the environment in general, and we continue to support programs that demonstrate those commitments. In addition, we operate under strong, well-defined governance practices and are dedicated to adhering to the highest ethical standards at all times.

61

Impact of Macroeconomic Trends

General economic conditions in the United States have continued to fluctuate in recent quarters. While inflationary pressures have moderated from prior peaks, they remain elevated, and interest rates remain subject to volatility and uncertainty. These factors, together with ongoing uncertainty in financial and capital markets, geopolitical tensions, evolving trade and tariff policies, labor market conditions, and a general decline in consumer confidence could adversely affect (i) our occupancy levels, rental rates, and collections, (ii) our ability to acquire or dispose of properties on economically favorable terms, (iii) our access to financial markets on attractive terms, or at all, and (iv) the value of our homes and our business that could cause us to recognize impairments in the value of our tangible assets or goodwill. Such macroeconomic conditions, and geopolitical events, may also negatively impact consumer income, credit availability, and spending, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations, including the ability of our residents to pay rent. In addition, consumer confidence and spending may decline in response to changes in fiscal and monetary policy, reductions in income or asset values, and other macroeconomic factors. Labor shortages and inflationary increases in labor and material costs have impacted and may continue to impact certain aspects of our business. Imposition or increase of tariffs and trade restrictions by the United States on imports from certain countries and counter-tariffs in response could lead to increased costs and supply chain disruptions. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, as well as on the price of our common stock.

The regulatory landscape affecting institutional ownership and acquisition of single-family rental properties continues to evolve. Executive actions, and potential federal and state legislation or regulations, aimed at limiting institutional ownership and acquisition of single-family homes could limit our ability to acquire additional homes, require us to modify our growth, investment, development, or disposition strategies, reduce the scale or efficiency of our operations, increase compliance costs, subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny, or otherwise adversely affect market dynamics, our business, and results of operations.

While the degree to which we may continue to be affected by these macroeconomic challenges largely depends on the nature and duration of uncertain and unpredictable events, we believe that we are well suited to endure a shifting macroeconomic environment due to our diversification and resiliency. For further discussion of risks related to general economic conditions, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business Environment and Industry — Our operating results are subject to general economic conditions and risks associated with our real estate assets.”

Climate Change

Potential consequences of global climate change may range from more frequent extreme weather events to governmental policy developments and shifts in consumer preferences, which have the potential individually or collectively to disrupt our business as well as negatively affect our suppliers, contractors, and residents. Physical, regulatory, and transition risks from climate change may significantly reduce our revenues and profitability or cause us to generate losses. We are subject to evolving laws and regulations relating to climate change, including regulations aimed at drastically increasing reporting and governance related to climate change as well as focused on limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

Evolving laws and regulations or any changed interpretation of such laws and regulations may require us to make costly improvements to our properties resulting in increased operating costs and compliance burdens. Choosing not to enhance our homes’ resource efficiency could make our portfolio less attractive to residents and investors. If we fail to manage transition risks effectively, our profitability and cash flow could suffer.

We recognize that climate change could have a significant impact on our portfolio of homes and that an increase in the number of acute weather events, natural disasters, and other climate-related events could significantly impact our business, operations, and homes. We consider physical risks, including the potential for natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, when assessing our portfolio of homes and our business processes.

62

Our management and the board of directors are focused on managing our business risks, including climate change-related risks. The process to identify, manage, and integrate climate-change risk is part of our comprehensive enterprise risk management program. Our board of directors, through its Audit Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, is responsible for oversight of our management of risks related to environmental issues, climate related risks, and social issues. For more information on risks related to climate change, see Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Sustainability, Corporate Responsibility, and Governance — Climate change and related environmental issues, related legislative and regulatory responses to climate change, and the transition to a lower-carbon economy may adversely affect our business, — We are subject to risks from natural disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, and severe weather, and — We are subject to increasi

[Excerpt truncated for page length; the complete text is on the linked full-MD&A page.]

Read the full FY 2025 MD&A: /company/INVH/mda/fy2025/
All MD&A years: /company/INVH/mda/


## MD&A history

Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. Each year's full verbatim text is on its own sub-page.

- [FY 2024 MD&A](/company/INVH/mda/fy2024/): filed 2025-02-27; accession 0001687229-25-000008 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722925000008/invh-20241231.htm)
- [FY 2023 MD&A](/company/INVH/mda/fy2023/): filed 2024-02-21; accession 0001687229-24-000013 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722924000013/invh-20231231.htm)
- [FY 2022 MD&A](/company/INVH/mda/fy2022/): filed 2023-02-22; accession 0001687229-23-000029 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722923000029/invh-20221231.htm)
- [FY 2021 MD&A](/company/INVH/mda/fy2021/): filed 2022-02-22; accession 0001687229-22-000002 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1687229/000168722922000002/invh-20211231.htm)




## Macro cross-references

Indicators mapped to this company's SIC classification (industry 6510 Real Estate Operators (No Developers) & Lessors) by grepcent's deterministic macro-sector crosswalk. A navigational mapping, not a statistical or causal claim.

- [DGS10](/indicator/DGS10/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity
- [HOUST](/indicator/HOUST/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units
- [PERMIT](/indicator/PERMIT/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units
- [FEDFUNDS](/indicator/FEDFUNDS/): Federal Funds Effective Rate

Macro-to-micro threads including this sector: [Money & trade](/thread/money-trade/), [Housing & construction](/thread/housing-construction/), [Government finances](/thread/government-finances/), [Sector employment](/thread/sector-employment/).

All macro indicators: /indicators/


## For LLMs & downloads

Markdown twin: /company/INVH.md · JSON record: /company/INVH.json · verified financials: /company/INVH/financials.json / /company/INVH/financials.csv · machine TOC for the whole site: /llms.txt