# MICRON TECHNOLOGY INC (MU) Informational only - not investment advice. CIK: 0000723125 SIC: 3674 Semiconductors & Related Devices SIC breadcrumb: [Manufacturing](/division/D/) > [Electronic And Other Electrical Equipment And Components, Except Computer Equipment](/major-group/36/) > [SIC 3674 Semiconductors & Related Devices](/industry/3674/) Latest 10-K filed: 2025-10-03 SEC page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=723125 Filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312525000028/mu-20250828.htm ## At a glance FY2025 · period end 2025-08-28 · filed 2025-10-03 · accession 0000723125-25-000028 · source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000723125.json | Metric | Value | FY | Provenance | | --- | ---: | ---: | --- | | Revenue | 37,378,000,000 USD | 2025 | verified | | Net income | 8,539,000,000 USD | 2025 | verified | | Assets | 82,798,000,000 USD | 2025 | verified | | Free cash flow | 1,668,000,000 USD | 2025 | computed | | Net margin | 22.84% | 2025 | computed | | Operating margin | 26.14% | 2025 | computed | | Revenue YoY | +48.85% | 2025 | computed | | ROE | 15.76% | 2025 | computed | Computed values are grepcent-computed from the verified facts above and may differ from ratios the company itself reports. Free cash flow = operating cash flow − capital expenditures. Net margin = net income ÷ revenue. Operating margin = operating income ÷ revenue. Revenue YoY = FY2025 revenue ÷ FY2024 revenue − 1 (consecutive fiscal years only). ROE = net income ÷ period-end stockholders' equity. Peer groups: [Semiconductors](/compare/semiconductors/) · SIC 3674 Semiconductors & Related Devices No market price, no rating, no forecast on this site. Not investment advice. ## Peer comparisons including MU - Semiconductors: [peer review](/compare/semiconductors/) · [market-risk page](/compare/semiconductors/risk/) ### Peer percentile fingerprint | Ratio | MU | Peer median | Percentile | N | | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | Net margin | 22.8% | 4.9% | 81 | 59 | | Operating margin | 26.1% | 3.7% | 84 | 58 | | Revenue growth | 48.9% | 15.5% | 87 | 61 | | FCF margin | 4.5% | 8.9% | 32 | 60 | | ROE | 15.8% | 3.8% | 72 | 58 | | ROA | 10.3% | 1.6% | 77 | 61 | | Liabilities / equity | 0.53 | 0.51 | 52 | 59 | | Current ratio | 2.52 | 2.70 | 42 | 61 | Percentile = share of the N covered peers reporting that ratio whose value is lower (ties counted half); computed among grepcent-covered companies in SIC industry 3674 Semiconductors & Related Devices, not the whole market. A higher percentile means a higher value of the ratio, not a better company. Ratios with fewer than 8 reporting peers are omitted. Latest reported values per company; fiscal periods may differ. Descriptive arithmetic - not a score, rating, or ranking. ## Selected Fundamentals | Metric | Value | Unit | FY | Filed | | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | | Revenue | 37378000000 | USD | 2025 | 2025-10-03 | | Net income | 8539000000 | USD | 2025 | 2025-10-03 | | Assets | 82798000000 | USD | 2025 | 2025-10-03 | ## Financials Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2025-10-03. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000723125.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts. | Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | Revenue | | 20,322,000,000 | 30,391,000,000 | 23,406,000,000 | 21,435,000,000 | 27,705,000,000 | 30,758,000,000 | 15,540,000,000 | 25,111,000,000 | 37,378,000,000 | | Net income | -276,000,000 | 5,089,000,000 | 14,135,000,000 | 6,313,000,000 | 2,687,000,000 | 5,861,000,000 | 8,687,000,000 | -5,833,000,000 | 778,000,000 | 8,539,000,000 | | Operating income | 168,000,000 | 5,868,000,000 | 14,994,000,000 | 7,376,000,000 | 3,003,000,000 | 6,283,000,000 | 9,702,000,000 | -5,745,000,000 | 1,304,000,000 | 9,770,000,000 | | Gross profit | 2,505,000,000 | 8,436,000,000 | 17,891,000,000 | 10,702,000,000 | 6,552,000,000 | 10,423,000,000 | 13,898,000,000 | -1,416,000,000 | 5,613,000,000 | 14,873,000,000 | | Diluted EPS | -0.27 | 4.41 | 11.51 | 5.51 | 2.37 | 5.14 | 7.75 | -5.34 | 0.70 | 7.59 | | Operating cash flow | 3,168,000,000 | 8,153,000,000 | 17,400,000,000 | 13,189,000,000 | 8,306,000,000 | 12,468,000,000 | 15,181,000,000 | 1,559,000,000 | 8,507,000,000 | 17,525,000,000 | | Capital expenditures | 5,817,000,000 | 4,734,000,000 | 8,879,000,000 | 9,780,000,000 | 8,223,000,000 | 10,030,000,000 | 12,067,000,000 | 7,676,000,000 | 8,386,000,000 | 15,857,000,000 | | Dividends paid | | | | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 461,000,000 | 504,000,000 | 513,000,000 | 522,000,000 | | Share buybacks | 148,000,000 | 36,000,000 | 71,000,000 | 2,729,000,000 | 176,000,000 | 1,200,000,000 | 2,432,000,000 | 425,000,000 | 300,000,000 | 0.00 | | Assets | 27,540,000,000 | 35,336,000,000 | 43,376,000,000 | 48,887,000,000 | 53,678,000,000 | 58,849,000,000 | 66,283,000,000 | 64,254,000,000 | 69,416,000,000 | 82,798,000,000 | | Liabilities | 14,612,000,000 | 15,845,000,000 | 10,112,000,000 | 12,019,000,000 | 14,682,000,000 | 14,916,000,000 | 16,376,000,000 | 20,134,000,000 | 24,285,000,000 | 28,633,000,000 | | Stockholders' equity | 12,080,000,000 | 18,621,000,000 | 32,294,000,000 | 35,881,000,000 | 38,996,000,000 | 43,933,000,000 | 49,907,000,000 | 44,120,000,000 | 45,131,000,000 | 54,165,000,000 | | Cash and cash equivalents | 4,140,000,000 | 5,109,000,000 | 6,506,000,000 | 7,152,000,000 | 7,624,000,000 | 7,763,000,000 | 8,262,000,000 | 8,577,000,000 | 7,041,000,000 | 9,642,000,000 | | Free cash flow | -2,649,000,000 | 3,419,000,000 | 8,521,000,000 | 3,409,000,000 | 83,000,000 | 2,438,000,000 | 3,114,000,000 | -6,117,000,000 | 121,000,000 | 1,668,000,000 | ### Ratios ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported. | Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | Net margin | | 25.04% | 46.51% | 26.97% | 12.54% | 21.16% | 28.24% | -37.54% | 3.10% | 22.84% | | Operating margin | | 28.88% | 49.34% | 31.51% | 14.01% | 22.68% | 31.54% | -36.97% | 5.19% | 26.14% | | Return on equity | -2.28% | 27.33% | 43.77% | 17.59% | 6.89% | 13.34% | 17.41% | -13.22% | 1.72% | 15.76% | | Return on assets | -1.00% | 14.40% | 32.59% | 12.91% | 5.01% | 9.96% | 13.11% | -9.08% | 1.12% | 10.31% | | Liabilities / equity | 1.21 | 0.85 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.53 | | Current ratio | 1.96 | 2.34 | 2.79 | 2.58 | 2.71 | 3.10 | 2.89 | 4.46 | 2.64 | 2.52 | ## As-reported value updates 3 tracked differences above grepcent's stated thresholds were found between the earliest XBRL-filed value and the value currently on file for the same fiscal period. Ledger: /company/MU/revisions/ ## Quarterly Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-06-25. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000723125.json. Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived. | Quarter | End date | Revenue | Net income | Diluted EPS | Method | | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | | 2023-Q1 | 2022-12-01 | | | -0.18 | reported discrete quarter | | 2023-Q2 | 2023-03-02 | | | -2.12 | reported discrete quarter | | 2023-Q3 | 2023-06-01 | | | -1.73 | reported discrete quarter | | 2023-Q4 | 2023-08-31 | 4,010,000,000 | -1,430,000,000 | | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | | 2024-Q1 | 2023-11-30 | 4,726,000,000 | -1,234,000,000 | -1.12 | reported discrete quarter | | 2024-Q2 | 2023-11-30 | | -1,234,000,000 | | reported discrete quarter | | 2024-Q2 | 2024-02-29 | 5,824,000,000 | | 0.71 | reported discrete quarter | | 2024-Q3 | 2024-02-29 | | 793,000,000 | | reported discrete quarter | | 2024-Q3 | 2024-05-30 | 6,811,000,000 | | 0.30 | reported discrete quarter | | 2024-Q4 | 2024-08-29 | 7,750,000,000 | 887,000,000 | | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | | 2025-Q1 | 2024-11-28 | 8,709,000,000 | 1,870,000,000 | 1.67 | reported discrete quarter | | 2025-Q2 | 2024-11-28 | | 1,870,000,000 | | reported discrete quarter | | 2025-Q2 | 2025-02-27 | 8,053,000,000 | | 1.41 | reported discrete quarter | | 2025-Q3 | 2025-02-27 | | 1,583,000,000 | | reported discrete quarter | | 2025-Q3 | 2025-05-29 | 9,301,000,000 | | 1.68 | reported discrete quarter | | 2025-Q4 | 2025-08-28 | 11,315,000,000 | 3,201,000,000 | | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | | 2026-Q1 | 2025-11-27 | 13,643,000,000 | 5,240,000,000 | 4.60 | reported discrete quarter | | 2026-Q2 | 2026-02-26 | 23,860,000,000 | 13,785,000,000 | 12.07 | reported discrete quarter | | 2026-Q3 | 2026-05-28 | 41,456,000,000 | 28,243,000,000 | 24.67 | reported discrete quarter | ## Filed narrative (10-K & 10-Q) ## Business Verbatim Item 1 Business section from MU's latest 10-K: [/company/MU/business/](/company/MU/business/). ## Risk Factors Verbatim Item 1A Risk Factors from MU's latest 10-K: [/company/MU/risk-factors/](/company/MU/risk-factors/). ## Latest quarter (10-Q) Latest 10-Q source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312526000015/mu-20260528.htm Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high Filing date: 2026-06-25 Report date: 2026-05-28 ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended August 28, 2025. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. Our fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal 2026 contains 53 weeks and fiscal 2025 contains 52 weeks. The third quarter of 2026 contains 13 weeks and the fourth quarter of 2026 contains 14 weeks. All tabular dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts. Overview Micron Technology, Inc. is an industry leader in innovative memory and storage solutions transforming how the world uses information to enrich life for all. With a relentless focus on our customers, technology leadership, and manufacturing and operational excellence, Micron delivers a rich portfolio of high-performance DRAM, NAND, and NOR memory and storage products. Every day, the innovations that our people create fuel the data economy, enabling advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and compute-intensive applications that unleash opportunities — from the data center to the intelligent edge and across the client and mobile user experience. We manufacture our products at wholly-owned facilities and also utilize subcontractors for certain manufacturing processes. Our global network of manufacturing centers of excellence not only allows us to benefit from scale while streamlining processes and operations, but it also brings together some of the world’s brightest talent to work on the most advanced memory technology. Centers of excellence bring expertise together in one location, providing an efficient support structure for end-to-end manufacturing, with quicker cycle times, in partnership with teams, such as R&D, product development, human resources, procurement, and supply chain. For our locations in Singapore and Taiwan, this is also a combination of bringing fabrication and back-end manufacturing together. We continue to make significant investments to develop proprietary product and process technology, which generally increases bit density per wafer and reduces per-bit manufacturing costs of each generation of product. We continue to introduce new generations of products that offer improved performance characteristics, including higher data transfer rates, advanced packaging solutions, lower power consumption, improved read/write reliability, and increased memory density. We face intense competition in the semiconductor memory and storage markets. To remain competitive, we must continuously develop and implement new products and technologies and decrease manufacturing costs in spite of inflationary pressures, changing technologies, rapid market changes, and regulatory uncertainty. Our success is largely dependent on obtaining returns on our R&D investments, efficient utilization of our manufacturing infrastructure, development and integration of advanced product and process technologies, market acceptance of our diversified portfolio of semiconductor-based memory and storage solutions, and efficient capital spending. Product Technologies Our product portfolio of memory and storage solutions, advanced solutions, and storage platforms is based on our high-performance semiconductor memory and storage technologies, including DRAM, NAND, and NOR. We sell our products through our business units into various markets in numerous forms, including components, modules, SSDs, managed NAND, multi-chip packages, and wafers. Many of our system-level solutions combine NAND, a controller, firmware, and in some cases DRAM. DRAM: DRAM products are dynamic random access memory semiconductor devices with low latency that provide high-speed data retrieval with a variety of performance characteristics. DRAM products lose content when power is turned off (“volatile”) and are most commonly used in the data center, client PC, graphics, industrial, mobile, and automotive markets. DRAM products include High-Bandwidth Memory (“HBM”), which is a 3D stacked DRAM architecture that utilizes through-silicon via (“TSV”) connections for more efficient communication giving it the ability to achieve a higher bandwidth while consuming less power compared to other memory types. NAND: NAND products are non-volatile, re-writeable semiconductor storage devices that provide high-capacity, low-cost storage with a variety of performance characteristics. NAND is used in SSDs for the data center, client PC, consumer, and automotive markets, and in removable storage markets. Managed NAND is used in smartphones 26 Table of Contents and other mobile devices, and in the consumer, automotive, and embedded markets. Low-density NAND is ideal for applications like automotive, surveillance, machine-to-machine, automation, printer, and home networking. NOR: NOR products are non-volatile, re-writable semiconductor memory devices that provide fast read speeds. NOR is most commonly used for reliable code storage (e.g., boot, application, operating system, and execute-in-place code in an embedded system) and for frequently changing small data storage and is ideal for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. Industry Conditions Memory and Storage Demand AI-driven memory and storage growth is outpacing industry supply. In the third quarter of 2026, we continued to benefit from substantial improvements in pricing and margins, reflecting strong demand growth, driven in large part by the continued advancement of AI. The AI-driven growth in the data center has accelerated demand for memory and storage at a rate greater than our ability and the industry’s ability to increase supply. This has led to decisions on supply allocation that may impact certain customers and end markets as the overall market demand for memory and storage exceeds overall industry supply. Robust overall DRAM and NAND demand and constrained supply has led to increased pricing and improved the profitability across our portfolio. Strategic Customer Agreements The evolving industry landscape, characterized by strong long-term customer demand for memory solutions and structurally constrained supply growth, has elevated the strategic importance of memory to our customers’ product roadmaps. As customers increasingly seek to secure committed long-term access to advanced memory technology and committed long-term memory supply, we have experienced increased customer engagement in strategic commitments. In the third and fourth quarters of 2026, we entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, strategic customer agreements. These agreements provide customers contracted supply assurance and greater pricing visibility, and provide us higher visibility and improved stability in our business performance. Strategic customer agreements are structured as take-or-pay agreements, with binding commitments for specific volumes over the multi-year contract terms. Pricing for most agreements is either fixed, or is subject to minimum and maximum pricing. The largest agreements generally have a ceiling price for existing products that approximates the market price in the second calendar quarter of 2026, and a floor price through the term of the agreement. A minority of the agreements do not have any fixed pricing or price bands, as pricing for those agreements is subject to market conditions. We expect gross margins from our strategic customer agreements with price bands, even at floor pricing levels, to yield gross margins well above our peak quarterly margins in any past cycle. Accordingly, we believe these agreements accelerate the transformation of our business model and will significantly enhance the durability and predictability of our financial performance. 27 | 2026 Q3 10-Q Table of Contents Results of Operations Consolidated Results [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Third Quarter","Second Quarter","Third Quarter","Nine Months Ended"],["","2026","2026","2025","2026","2025"],["Revenue","$","41,456","","100","%","$","23,860","","100","%","$","9,301","","100","%","$","78,959","","100","%","$","26,063","","100","%"],["Cost of goods sold","6,400","","15","%","6,105","","26","%","5,793","","62","%","18,502","","23","%","16,244","","62","%"],["Gross margin","35,056","","85","%","17,755","","74","%","3,508","","38","%","60,457","","77","%","9,819","","38","%"],["Research and development","1,316","","3","%","1,250","","5","%","965","","10","%","3,737","","5","%","2,751","","11","%"],["Selling, general, and administrative","407","","1","%","344","","1","%","318","","3","%","1,088","","1","%","891","","3","%"],["Other operating (income) expense, net","15","","\u2014","%","26","","\u2014","%","56","","1","%","43","","\u2014","%","61","","\u2014","%"],["Operating income","33,318","","80","%","16,135","","68","%","2,169","","23","%","55,589","","70","%","6,116","","23","%"],["Interest income (expense), net","215","","1","%","123","","1","%","12","","\u2014","%","403","","1","%","(3)","","\u2014","%"],["Other non-operating income (expense), net","(321)","","(1)","%","(98)","","\u2014","%","(68)","","(1)","%","(559)","","(1)","%","(90)","","\u2014","%"],["Income tax (provision) benefit","(4,978)","","(12)","%","(2,371)","","(10)","%","(235)","","(3)","%","(8,178)","","(10)","%","(695)","","(3)","%"],["Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees","9","","\u2014","%","(4)","","\u2014","%","7","","\u2014","%","13","","\u2014","%","10","","\u2014","%"],["Net income","$","28,243","","68","%","$","13,785","","58","%","$","1,885","","20","%","$","47,268","","60","%","$","5,338","","20","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Total Revenue: Total revenue for the third quarter and first nine months of 2026 was impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions—Memory and Storage Demand” above. Total revenue for the third quarter of 2026 increased 74% as compared to the second quarter of 2026, primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products. •Sales of DRAM products increased 67%, primarily due to a low-60% range increase in average selling prices and a low-single-digit percentage range increase in bit shipments. •Sales of NAND products increased 99%, primarily due to a mid-80% range increase in average selling prices and a mid-single-digit percentage range increase in bit shipments. Total revenue for the third quarter of 2026 increased 346% as compared to the third quarter of 2025, primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products. •Sales of DRAM products increased 343%, primarily due to a low-260% range increase in average selling prices and a low-20% range increase in bit shipments. •Sales of NAND products increased 361%, primarily due to a mid-310% increase in average selling prices and a low-double-digit increase in bit shipments. 28 Table of Contents Total revenue for the first nine months of 2026 increased 203% as compared to the first nine months of 2025, primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products. •Sales of DRAM products increased 211%, primarily due to an approximate 140% increase in average selling prices and an approximate 30% increase in bit shipments. •Sales of NAND products increased 183%, primarily due to an approximate 130% increase in average selling prices and a low-20% range increase in bit shipments. Consolidated Gross Margin: Our consolidated gross margin has been impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions—Memory and Storage Demand.” Our consolidated gross margin percentage increased to 85% for the third quarter of 2026 from 74% for the second quarter of 2026 as a result of improvements in margins for both DRAM and NAND products. Margins improved primarily due to increases in average selling prices and also benefited from continued strong execution and favorable mix. Our consolidated gross [Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.] ## Latest 10-K MD&A (excerpt) Latest 10-K Item 7 source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312525000028/mu-20250828.htm Complete FY 2025 MD&A: /company/MU/mda/fy2025/ Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high Filing date: 2025-10-03 Report date: 2025-08-28 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended August 28, 2025. All period references are to our fiscal periods unless otherwise indicated. Our fiscal year is the 52- or 53-week period ending on the Thursday closest to August 31. Fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023 each contained 52 weeks. All tabular dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts. Overview For an overview of our business, see Part I, Item 1. Business, Overview. Industry Conditions AI-driven demand is accelerating and is outpacing industry supply. In 2025, we benefited from substantial improvements in DRAM pricing, volumes and margins as compared to 2024, reflecting strong demand growth, driven in part by the continued advancement of AI. During 2025, we shifted a portion of our DRAM supply to the data center and hyperscale cloud markets to meet the strong demand fueled by AI, with emphasis on HBM products, resulting in a revenue mix weighted more prominently toward segments experiencing higher growth. The pivot to higher-growth segments, together with our strong execution, robust overall industry DRAM demand, and constrained supply, has led to improved profitability across our DRAM portfolio. In 2025, NAND revenue increased from 2024 on higher bit shipments due to demand growth. The 2025 NAND gross margin percentage increased from 2024 due to cost reductions. We continue to prudently manage our NAND business to ensure we align our supply growth and technology node cadence with our projections of the demand environment. Throughout 2024, we experienced substantial improvements in pricing and margins due to improving market conditions as compared to 2023. Increasing demand growth, driven in part by deployment of AI and mostly normal customer inventories, combined with industry-wide supply discipline, resulted in an industry supply and demand balance that substantially improved from downturn conditions in memory and storage markets during 2023. In connection with improved market conditions in 2024, we reinstated our bonuses and phased out certain other temporary cost-saving measures that were implemented in 2023. In 2023, China’s Cyberspace Administration (the “CAC”) conducted a cybersecurity review of our products sold in China and decided that our products presented a cybersecurity risk. The CAC determined that critical information infrastructure operators in China may not purchase Micron products. The CAC decision has impacted our business, particularly in the domestic data center and networking markets in China, and we have been working to mitigate that impact. 51 | 2025 10-K Table of Contents Results of Operations Consolidated Results [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["For the year ended","2025","2024","2023"],["Revenue","$","37,378","","100","%","$","25,111","","100","%","$","15,540","","100","%"],["Cost of goods sold","22,505","","60","%","19,498","","78","%","16,956","","109","%"],["Gross margin","14,873","","40","%","5,613","","22","%","(1,416)","","(9)","%"],["Research and development","3,798","","10","%","3,430","","14","%","3,114","","20","%"],["Selling, general, and administrative","1,205","","3","%","1,129","","4","%","920","","6","%"],["Restructure and asset impairments","39","","\u2014","%","1","","\u2014","%","171","","1","%"],["Other operating (income) expense, net","61","","\u2014","%","(251)","","(1)","%","124","","1","%"],["Operating income (loss)","9,770","","26","%","1,304","","5","%","(5,745)","","(37)","%"],["Interest income (expense), net","19","","\u2014","%","(33)","","\u2014","%","80","","1","%"],["Other non-operating income (expense), net","(135)","","\u2014","%","(31)","","\u2014","%","7","","\u2014","%"],["Income tax (provision) benefit","(1,124)","","(3)","%","(451)","","(2)","%","(177)","","(1)","%"],["Equity in net income (loss) of equity method investees","9","","\u2014","%","(11)","","\u2014","%","2","","\u2014","%"],["Net income (loss)","$","8,539","","23","%","$","778","","3","%","$","(5,833)","","(38)","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Total Revenue: Total revenue was impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions” above. These conditions drove substantial improvements in average selling prices throughout 2025 and 2024. Total revenue for 2025 increased 49% as compared to 2024 primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products. •Sales of DRAM products increased 62% primarily due to a low-40% range increase in average selling prices and a mid-teen percentage increase in bit shipments. •Sales of NAND products increased 18% primarily due to a high-teen percentage increase in bit shipments. Total revenue for 2024 increased 62% as compared to 2023 primarily due to increases in sales of both DRAM and NAND products. •Sales of DRAM products increased 60% primarily due to a mid-40% range increase in bit shipments and a low-teen percentage range increase in average selling prices. •Sales of NAND products increased 72% primarily due to a low-30% range increase in bit shipments and a low-30% percentage range increase in average selling prices. Consolidated Gross Margin: Our consolidated gross margin has been impacted by the factors described in the section titled “Industry Conditions” above and the effects of 2023 inventory write-downs on our 2024 and 2023 gross margin, as detailed in the table below. Our consolidated gross margin percentage improved to 40% for 2025 from 22% for 2024 as a result of improvements in margins for both DRAM and NAND products. DRAM margins improved primarily due to increases in average selling prices, an increased mix of higher-margin products, including HBM, and manufacturing cost reductions driven by improvements in product and process technology. NAND margins improved primarily due to manufacturing cost reductions. Our consolidated gross margin for 2024 reflected $987 million of benefit due to lower costs from the sale of inventories written down to their net realizable value in 2023 (as detailed in “Inventory NRV Write-Downs” below). Our consolidated gross margin percentage improved to 22% for 2024 from negative 9% for 2023 as a result of improvements in margins for both DRAM and NAND products, primarily due to increases in average selling prices, manufacturing cost reductions, the effects of charges to write down inventories to their NRV in 2023, and lower costs in 2024 from the sale of inventories written down in 2023 (as detailed in “Inventory NRV Write-Downs” below). 52 Table of Contents Inventory NRV Write-Downs: Our consolidated gross margin was impacted by charges in 2023 to write down inventories to their estimated NRV as a result of declines in average selling prices for both DRAM and NAND. As charges to write down inventories are recorded in advance of when inventories are sold, costs of goods sold in subsequent periods were lower than they otherwise would be. The impact of inventory NRV write-downs for each period reflects (1) inventory write-downs in that period, offset by (2) lower costs in that period on the sale of inventory written down in prior periods. The impacts of inventory NRV write-downs are summarized below: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["For the year ended","2025","2024","2023"],["Provision to write down inventory to NRV","$","\u2014","","$","\u2014","","$","(1,831)"],["Lower costs from sale of inventory written down in prior periods","\u2014","","987","","844"],["","$","\u2014","","$","987","","$","(987)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Revenue by Business Unit [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["For the year ended","2025","2024","2023"],["CMBU","$","13,524","","36","%","$","3,792","","15","%","$","1,872","","12","%"],["CDBU","7,229","","19","%","4,984","","20","%","2,124","","14","%"],["MCBU","11,859","","32","%","11,667","","46","%","7,394","","48","%"],["AEBU","4,753","","13","%","4,631","","18","%","4,139","","27","%"],["All other","13","","\u2014","%","37","","\u2014","%","11","","\u2014","%"],["","$","37,378","","","$","25,111","","","$","15,540"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Percentages of total revenue may not total 100% due to rounding. Changes in revenue for each business unit for 2025 as compared to 2024 were as follows: •CMBU revenue increased 257% primarily due to increases in DRAM bit shipments and average selling prices driven by accelerating AI demand in cloud server markets for HBM, high-capacity dual in-line memory modules (“DIMMS”), and low-power server DRAM. During 2025, CMBU revenue benefited from a shift of our DRAM supply to meet the strong demand in high-value data center markets. •CDBU revenue increased 45% primarily due to increases in average selling prices for both data center DRAM and NAND and NAND bit shipments due to increased demand for data center SSDs. •MCBU revenue increased 2% primarily due to increases in DRAM and NAND revenue. Increases in MCBU DRAM sales due to higher average selling prices were partially offset by decreases in bit shipments as MCBU product supply was constrained to meet demand from higher-value segments. Increases in NAND sales due to higher bit shipments were partially offset by decreases in NAND average selling prices. •AEBU revenue increased 3% primarily due to increases in DRAM and NAND bit shipments, partially offset by declines in average selling prices for both DRAM and NAND as a result of pricing pressure for certain legacy products. Changes in revenue for each business unit for 2024 as compared to 2023 were as follows: •CMBU revenue increased 103% driven by increases in DRAM bit shipments and average selling prices. •CDBU revenue increased 135% primarily due to increases in NAND and DRAM bit shipments and average selling prices. •MCBU revenue increased 58% primarily due to increases in DRAM and NAND bit shipments and average selling prices for both mobile and client markets. •AEBU revenue increased 12% primarily due to increases in DRAM bit shipments, partially offset by declines in average selling prices. 53 | 2025 10-K Table of Contents Operating Income (Loss) by Business Unit [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["For the year ended","2025","2024","2023"],["CMBU","$","6,129","","45","%","$","244","","6","%","$","(768)","","(41)","%"],["CDBU","2,180","","30","%","255","","5","%","(563)","","(27)","%"],["MCBU","1,981","","17","%","(1)","","\u2014","%","(3,189)","","(43)","%"],["AEBU","557","","12","%","432","","9","%","680","","16","%"],["All other","(1)","","(8)","%","18","","49","%","8","","73","%"],["","$","10,846","","","$","948","","","$","(3,832)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Percentages reflect operating income (loss) as a percentage of revenue for each business unit. Changes in operating income or loss for each business unit for 2025 as compared to 2024 were as follows: •CMBU operating income increased primarily due to higher bit shipments and increases in average selling prices driven by robust AI demand in cloud server markets, particularly for HBM, DIMMs, and low-power server DRAM products. CMBU operating income benefited from a shift of our DRAM supply to meet the strong demand in high-value data center markets. These improvements were partially offset by higher R&D expenses. •CDBU operating income increased primarily due to increases in data center average selling prices, higher bit shipments, and manufacturing cost reductions. •MCBU operating income (loss) improved primarily due to increases in DRAM average selling prices, manufacturing cost reductions, and higher NAND bit shipments, partially offset by decreases in NAND average selling prices. MCBU operating income (loss) was also adversely impacted by decreases in DRAM bit shipments as MCBU product supply was constrained to meet demand from higher-value segments. •AEBU operating income increased primarily due to manufacturing cost reductions and higher bit shipments, partially offset by declines in average s [Excerpt truncated for page length; the complete text is on the linked full-MD&A page.] Read the full FY 2025 MD&A: /company/MU/mda/fy2025/ All MD&A years: /company/MU/mda/ ## MD&A history Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. Each year's full verbatim text is on its own sub-page. - [FY 2024 MD&A](/company/MU/mda/fy2024/): filed 2024-10-04; accession 0000723125-24-000027 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312524000027/mu-20240829.htm) - [FY 2023 MD&A](/company/MU/mda/fy2023/): filed 2023-10-06; accession 0000723125-23-000054 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312523000054/mu-20230831.htm) - [FY 2022 MD&A](/company/MU/mda/fy2022/): filed 2022-10-07; accession 0000723125-22-000048 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312522000048/mu-20220901.htm) - [FY 2021 MD&A](/company/MU/mda/fy2021/): filed 2021-10-08; accession 0000723125-21-000065 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723125/000072312521000065/mu-20210902.htm) ## Macro cross-references Indicators mapped to this company's SIC classification (industry 3674 Semiconductors & Related Devices) by grepcent's deterministic macro-sector crosswalk. A navigational mapping, not a statistical or causal claim. - [INDPRO](/indicator/INDPRO/): Industrial Production: Total Index - [TCU](/indicator/TCU/): Capacity Utilization: Total Index - [PPIACO](/indicator/PPIACO/): Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities - [GDPC1](/indicator/GDPC1/): Real Gross Domestic Product - [DGS10](/indicator/DGS10/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity - [FEDFUNDS](/indicator/FEDFUNDS/): Federal Funds Effective Rate - [CES0500000003](/indicator/CES0500000003/): Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private - [PAYEMS](/indicator/PAYEMS/): All Employees, Total Nonfarm Macro-to-micro threads including this sector: [Inflation (CPI / PCE / PPI)](/thread/inflation-cpi-pce-ppi/), [US labor market](/thread/us-labor-market/), [Growth & output](/thread/growth-output/), [Money & trade](/thread/money-trade/), [Government finances](/thread/government-finances/), [Sector employment](/thread/sector-employment/), [Industrial orders & inventories](/thread/industrial-orders/), [Trade & external](/thread/trade-external/). All macro indicators: /indicators/ ## For LLMs & downloads Markdown twin: /company/MU.md · JSON record: /company/MU.json · verified financials: /company/MU/financials.json / /company/MU/financials.csv · machine TOC for the whole site: /llms.txt