# PVH CORP. /DE/ (PVH) FY 2023 MD&A Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from PVH CORP. /DE/'s 10-K for fiscal year 2023. SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/78239/000007823923000014/pvh-20230129.htm Accession: 0000078239-23-000014 Filing date: 2023-03-28 Report date: 2023-01-29 Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high Company profile: /company/PVH/ All MD&A years: /company/PVH/mda/ Previous year: /company/PVH/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022) Next year: /company/PVH/mda/fy2024/ (FY 2024) Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations OVERVIEW The following discussion and analysis is intended to help you understand us, our operations and our financial performance. It should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes, which are included elsewhere in this report. We are one of the largest global apparel companies in the world, with a history going back over 140 years and have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange for over 100 years. We manage a portfolio of iconic brands, including TOMMY HILFIGER, Calvin Klein, Warner’s, Olga and True&Co., which are owned, Van Heusen, IZOD, ARROW, and Geoffrey Beene, which we owned through the second quarter of 2021 and now license back for certain product categories, and other owned and licensed brands. We also had a perpetual license for Speedo in North America and the Caribbean until April 6, 2020. We generated revenue of $9.0 billion, $9.2 billion and $7.1 billion in 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. Over 65% of our revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was generated outside of the United States. Our global iconic brands, TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein, together generated over 90% of our revenue during each of 2022 and 2021, and over 85% of our revenue during 2020. Our business was significantly negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020, resulting in an unprecedented material decline in revenue. Revenue in 2021 and 2022 continued to be negatively impacted by the pandemic and related supply chain and logistics disruptions, although to a much lesser extent than in 2020. PVH+ Plan At our April 2022 Investor Day, we introduced the PVH+ Plan, our multi-year, strategic plan to drive brand-, digital- and direct-to-consumer-led growth and financial performance for sustainable, long-term profitable growth and value creation. The PVH+ Plan builds on our core strengths and connects Calvin Klein and TOMMY HILFIGER closer to the consumer than ever before through five key drivers: (1) win with product, (2) win with consumer engagement, (3) win in the digitally-led marketplace, (4) develop a demand- and data-driven operating model, and (5) drive efficiencies and invest in growth. These five foundational drivers apply to each of our businesses and are activated in the regions to meet the unique expectations of our consumers around the world. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS War in Ukraine As a result of the war in Ukraine, we announced in March 2022 that we were temporarily closing stores and pausing commercial activities in Russia and Belarus. In the second quarter of 2022, we made the decision to exit from our Russia business, including the closure of our retail stores in Russia and the cessation of our wholesale operations in Russia and Belarus. Additionally, while we have no direct operations in Ukraine, virtually all of our wholesale customers and franchisees in Ukraine were impacted during 2022, which resulted in a reduction in shipments to these customers and canceled orders. We recorded net pre-tax costs of $43 million in 2022 in connection with our decision to exit from the Russia business, consisting of (i) $44 million of noncash asset impairments, (ii) $5 million of contract termination and other costs and (iii) $2 million of severance, partially offset by an $8 million gain related to the early termination of certain store lease agreements in Russia. Please see Note 17, “Exit Activity Costs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. In addition, our revenue in 2022 reflected a reduction of approximately $122 million compared to the prior year, as a result of the war in Ukraine. Our net income in 2022 also reflected a reduction of approximately $41 million, apart from the $43 million of net pre-tax costs discussed above, as well as the related tax impact, as compared to the prior year. Approximately 2% of our revenue in 2021 was generated in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The war also has led to, and may lead to further, broader macroeconomic implications, including the weakening of the euro against the United States dollar for a significant portion of 2022, increases in fuel prices and volatility in the financial markets, as well as a decline in consumer spending. There is significant uncertainty regarding the extent to which the war and its broader macroeconomic implications, including the potential impacts on the broader European market, will impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in 2023. 33 Inflationary pressures We believe inflationary pressures have negatively impacted our revenue and earnings in 2022, including (i) increased costs of labor, raw materials and freight and (ii) beginning late in the second quarter of 2022, a slowdown in consumer demand for our products. We implemented price increases in certain regions and for certain product categories during 2022 to mitigate the higher costs. However, the slowdown in consumer demand has also resulted in an increased promotional environment as consumers reduced discretionary spend and certain wholesale customers have taken a more cautious approach, particularly in North America and to a lesser extent in Europe. We expect inflationary pressures to continue to negatively impact our revenue and earnings into 2023. COVID-19 Pandemic Update The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows from operations. We currently do not expect the pandemic to have a significant impact on us in 2023. •Virtually all of our stores were temporarily closed for varying periods of time throughout the first quarter and into the second quarter of 2020. Most stores reopened in June 2020 but operated at significantly reduced capacity. Our stores in Europe and North America continued to face significant pressure throughout 2020 as a result of the pandemic, with the majority of our stores in Europe and Canada closed during the fourth quarter. •Our stores continued to be impacted during 2021 by the pandemic, including temporary closures of our stores in Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and China for varying periods. Further, a significant percentage of our stores globally were operating on reduced hours during the fourth quarter of 2021 as a result of increased levels of associate absenteeism due to the pandemic. •COVID-related pressures continued into 2022, although to a much lesser extent than in 2021 in all regions except China. Strict lockdowns in China resulted in extensive temporary store closures and significant reductions in consumer traffic and purchasing, as well as have impacted certain warehouses, which resulted in the temporary pause of deliveries to our wholesale customers and from our digital commerce businesses in the first half of 2022. COVID-related restrictions in China were lifted at the end of the fourth quarter of 2022. •In addition, our North America stores have been challenged by the significant decrease in international tourists coming to the United States since the onset of the pandemic. While the impact has continuously improved since 2020, we expect international tourists shopping in our stores in 2023 will continue to be below 2019 levels. Stores located in international tourist destinations have historically represented a significant portion of this business. Our brick and mortar wholesale customers and our licensing partners also have experienced significant business disruptions as a result of the pandemic, with several of our North America wholesale customers filing for bankruptcy in 2020. Our wholesale customers and franchisees globally generally have experienced temporary store closures and operating restrictions and obstacles in the same countries and at the same times as us. Our digital channels, which have historically represented a less significant portion of our overall business, experienced exceptionally strong growth during 2020 and into the first quarter of 2021, both with respect to sales to our traditional and pure play wholesale customers, as well as within our own directly operated digital commerce businesses across all brand businesses and regions. Digital growth was less pronounced during the remainder of 2021 as stores reopened and capacity restrictions lessened. Sales through digital channels decreased 12% in 2022 compared to exceptionally strong revenue in 2021, inclusive of a negative impact of approximately 8% related to foreign currency translation. We currently expect our sales through digital channels as a percentage of total revenue in 2023 to remain consistent with 2022 levels at approximately 20%. In addition, the pandemic has impacted our supply chain partners, including third party manufacturers, logistics providers and other vendors, as well as the supply chains of our licensees. The vessel, container and other transportation shortages, labor shortages and port congestion globally, as well as production delays in some of our key sourcing countries delayed product orders, particularly during the second half of 2021 and into the first half of 2022, and, in turn, deliveries to our wholesale customers and availability in our stores and for our directly operated digital commerce businesses. These supply chain and logistics disruptions impacted our inventory levels, including in-transit goods, and our sales volumes. These impacts significantly improved in the second half of 2022. We incurred beginning in the second half of 2021 and through the first half of 2022 higher air freight and other logistics costs in connection with these disruptions. To mitigate the supply chain and logistics disruptions, we increased our core product inventory levels. 34 The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented material decline in our revenue and earnings in 2020, including $1.021 billion of pre-tax noncash impairment charges recognized during the year, primarily related to goodwill, tradenames and other intangible assets, and store assets. We took the following actions, starting in the first quarter of 2020, to reduce operating expenses in response to the pandemic and the evolving retail landscape: (i) reducing payroll costs, including temporary furloughs, salary and incentive compensation reductions, decreased working hours, and hiring freezes, as well as taking advantage of COVID-related government payroll subsidy programs primarily in international jurisdictions, (ii) eliminating or reducing expenses in all discretionary spending categories and (iii) reducing rent expense through rent abatements negotiated with landlords for certain stores affected by temporary closures. Outlook Uncertainty due to War in Ukraine and Inflation There continues to be significant uncertainty in the current macroeconomic environment due to inflationary pressures globally, the war in Ukraine and foreign currency volatility. Our 2023 outlook assumes no material worsening of current conditions. Our revenue and earnings in 2023 may be subject to significant material change based on changes in these and other factors. Operations Overview We generate net sales from (i) the wholesale distribution to traditional retailers (both for stores and digital operations), pure play digital commerce retailers, franchisees, licensees and distributors of branded sportswear (casual apparel), jeanswear, performance apparel, intimate apparel, underwear, swimwear, dress shirts, neckwear, handbags, accessories, footwear and other related products under owned and licensed trademarks, and (ii) the sale of certain of these products through (a) approximately 1,500 Company-operated free-standing store locations worldwide under our TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein trademarks, (b) approximately 1,300 Company-operated shop-in-shop/concession locations worldwide under our TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein trademarks, and (c) digital commerce sites worldwide, under our TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein trademarks. Additionally, we generate royalty, advertising and other revenue from fees for licensing the use of our trademarks. We manage our operations through our operating divisions, which are presented as the following reportable segments: (i) Tommy Hilfiger North America; (ii) Tommy Hilfiger International; (iii) Calvin Klein North America; (iv) Calvin Klein International; (v) Heritage Brands Wholesale; and, (vi) through the second quarter of 2021, Heritage Brands Retail. Our Heritage Brands Retail segment has ceased operations. The following actions, transactions and events, in addition to the exit from our Russia business and the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic as discussed above, have impacted our results of operations and the comparability among the years, including our full year 2023 expectations, as discussed below: •We recorded a pre-tax noncash goodwill impairment charge of $417 million in the third quarter of 2022 in conjunction with our annual goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing. The impairment was non-operational and driven by a significant increase in discount rates as a result of then-current economic conditions. Please see Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. •We announced in August 2022 plans to reduce people costs in our global offices by approximately 10% by the end of 2023 to drive efficiencies and enable continued strategic investments to fuel growth, including in digital, supply chain and consumer engagement (the “2022 cost savings initiative”), which is expected to result in annual cost savings of approximately $100 million, net of continued strategic people investments. We recorded pre-tax costs of $20 million during 2022, consisting of severance related to initial actions taken under the plans. We expect to incur additional costs in 2023 in connection with the 2022 cost savings initiative, however the additional costs are not known at this time. Please see Note 17, “Exit Activity Costs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. •We completed the sale of our approximately 8% economic interest in Karl Lagerfeld Holding B.V. (“Karl Lagerfeld”) to a subsidiary of G-III (the “Karl Lagerfeld transaction”) on May 31, 2022 for approximately $20 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, with $1 million of the proceeds held in escrow. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $16 million in the second quarter of 2022 in connection with the transaction. Please see Note 5, “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. 35 •We completed the sale of certain of our heritage brands trademarks, including Van Heusen, IZOD, ARROW and Geoffrey Beene, as well as certain related inventories of our Heritage Brands business with a net carrying value of $98 million, to ABG and other parties, on the first day of the third quarter of 2021 for net proceeds of $216 million. We recorded an aggregate net pre-tax gain of $113 million in the third quarter of 2021 in connection with the transaction, consisting of (i) a gain of $119 million, which represented the excess of the amount of consideration received over the carrying value of the net assets, less costs to sell, and a net gain on our retirement plans associated with the transaction, partially offset by (ii) $6 million of pre-tax severance costs. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. •We announced in March 2021 plans to reduce our workforce, primarily in certain international markets, and to reduce our real estate footprint, including reductions in office space and select store closures, which have resulted in annual cost savings of approximately $60 million. We recorded pre-tax costs of $48 million during 2021 consisting of (i) $28 million of noncash asset impairments, (ii) $16 million of severance and (iii) $4 million of contract termination and other costs. All costs related to these actions were incurred by the end of 2021. Please see Note 17, “Exit Activity Costs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. •We announced in July 2020 plans to streamline our North American operations to better align our business with the evolving retail landscape including (i) a reduction in our office workforce by approximately 450 positions, or 12%, across all three brand businesses and corporate functions (the “North America workforce reduction”), which has resulted in annual cost savings of approximately $80 million, and (ii) the exit from our Heritage Brands Retail business, which was substantially completed in the second quarter of 2021. We recorded pre-tax costs of $21 million during 2021 in connection with the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business, consisting of (i) $11 million of severance and other termination benefits, (ii) $6 million of accelerated amortization of lease assets and (iii) $4 million of contract termination and other costs. We recorded pre-tax costs of $69 million during 2020, including (i) $40 million related to the North America workforce reduction, primarily consisting of severance, and (ii) $29 million in connection with the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business, consisting of $15 million of severance, $7 million of noncash asset impairments and $7 million of accelerated amortization of lease assets and other costs. All costs related to the North America workforce reduction were incurred by the end of 2020. All costs related to the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business were incurred by the end of 2021. Please see Note 17, “Exit Activity Costs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. •We licensed Speedo for North America and the Caribbean until April 2020, at which time we sold the Speedo North America business to Pentland, the parent company of the Speedo brand, for net proceeds of $169 million (the “Speedo transaction”). Upon the closing of the transaction, we deconsolidated the net assets of the Speedo North America business and no longer licensed the Speedo trademark. We recorded a pre-tax noncash loss of $142 million in the fourth quarter of 2019, when the Speedo transaction was announced, consisting of (i) a noncash impairment of our perpetual license right for the Speedo trademark and (ii) a noncash loss to reduce the carrying value of the business to its estimated fair value, less costs to sell. In connection with the closing of the Speedo transaction, we recorded an additional pre-tax noncash net loss of $3 million in the first quarter of 2020, consisting of (i) a $6 million noncash loss resulting from the remeasurement of the loss recorded in the fourth quarter of 2019, primarily due to changes to the net assets of the Speedo North America business subsequent to February 2, 2020, partially offset by (ii) a $3 million gain on our retirement plans. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. We also announced in November 2022 that we extended most of our licensing agreements with G-III for Calvin Klein and TOMMY HILFIGER in the United States and Canada, largely pertaining to the women’s apparel product categories sold at wholesale in North America. These agreements now have staggered expirations from the end of 2023 through 2027. Upon expiration, we intend to bring most of the licensed product categories in-house and directly operate these businesses. Our Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein businesses each have substantial international components that expose us to significant foreign exchange risk. Our Heritage Brands business also has international components but those components are not significant to the business. Our results of operations in local foreign currencies are translated into United States dollars using an average exchange rate over the representative period. Accordingly, our results of operations are unfavorably impacted during times of a strengthening United States dollar against the foreign currencies in which we generate significant revenue and earnings and favorably impacted during times of a weakening United States dollar against those currencies. Over 65% of our 2022 revenue was subject to foreign currency translation. The United States dollar weakened against the euro, which is the foreign currency in which we transact the most business, in the latter half of 2020 and in the first half of 2021, but then strengthened in the second half of 2021. The United States dollar continued to strengthen against the euro, as well as against 36 most major currencies, during the first nine months of 2022, but then began to weaken in the fourth quarter of 2022 and into 2023. Our 2022 revenue and net income decreased by approximately $630 million and $70 million, respectively, as compared to 2021 due to the impact of foreign currency translation. However, we currently expect our 2023 revenue and net income to increase by approximately $70 million and $10 million, respectively, as compared to 2022 due to the impact of foreign currency translation. There also is a transactional impact of foreign exchange on our financial results because inventory typically is purchased in United States dollars by our foreign subsidiaries. Our results of operations will be unfavorably impacted during times of a strengthening United States dollar, as the increased local currency value of inventory results in a higher cost of goods in local currency when the goods are sold, and favorably impacted during times of a weakening United States dollar, as the decreased local currency value of inventory results in a lower cost of goods in local currency when the goods are sold. We use foreign currency forward exchange contracts to hedge against a portion of the exposure related to this transactional impact. The contracts cover at least 70% of the projected inventory purchases in United States dollars by our foreign subsidiaries. These contracts are generally entered into 12 months in advance of the related inventory purchases. Therefore, the impact of fluctuations of the United States dollar on the cost of inventory purchases covered by these contracts may be realized in our results of operations in the year following their inception, as the underlying inventory hedged by the contracts is sold. Our 2022 net income decreased by approximately $25 million as compared to 2021 due to the transactional impact of foreign currency. We currently expect our 2023 net income to decrease by approximately $75 million as compared to 2022 due to the transactional impact of foreign currency with an expected negative impact to our 2023 gross margin of approximately 100 basis points. We also have exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to our €1.125 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes that are held in the United States. The strengthening of the United States dollar against the euro would require us to use a lower amount of our cash flows from operations to pay interest and make long-term debt repayments, whereas the weakening of the United States dollar against the euro would require us to use a greater amount of our cash flows from operations to pay interest and make long-term debt repayments. We designated the carrying amount of these senior notes issued by PVH Corp., a U.S.-based entity, as net investment hedges of our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries that use the euro as their functional currency. As a result, the remeasurement of these foreign currency borrowings at the end of each period is recorded in equity. We conduct business in Turkey where the cumulative inflation rate surpassed 100% for the three-year period that ended during the first quarter of 2022. The impact of currency devaluation in countries experiencing high inflation rates, as is the case in Turkey, can unfavorably impact our results of operations. Since the first day of the second quarter of 2022, we have been accounting for our operations in Turkey as highly inflationary. As a result, we have changed the functional currency of our subsidiary in Turkey from the Turkish lira to the euro, which is the functional currency of its parent. The required remeasurement of our monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Turkish lira into euro did not have a material impact on our results of operations during 2022. As of January 29, 2023, net monetary assets denominated in Turkish lira represented less than 1% of our total net assets. 37 The following table summarizes our statements of operations in 2022, 2021 and 2020: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["(Dollars in millions)"],["Net sales","$","8,545","","","$","8,724","","","$","6,799"],["Royalty revenue","372","","","340","","","260"],["Advertising and other revenue","107","","","91","","","74"],["Total revenue","9,024","","","9,155","","","7,133"],["Gross profit","5,123","","","5,324","","","3,777"],["% of total revenue","56.8","%","","58.2","%","","53.0","%"],["SG&A expenses","4,377","","","4,454","","","3,983"],["% of total revenue","48.5","%","","48.7","%","","55.8","%"],["Goodwill and other intangible asset impairments","417","","","\u2014","","","933"],["Non-service related pension and postretirement income","(92)","","","(64)","","","(76)"],["Other (gain) loss, net","\u2014","","","(119)","","","3"],["Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates","50","","","24","","","(5)"],["Income (loss) before interest and taxes","471","","","1,077","","","(1,072)"],["Interest expense","90","","","109","","","125"],["Interest income","7","","","4","","","4"],["Income (loss) before taxes","388","","","973","","","(1,193)"],["Income tax expense (benefit)","188","","","21","","","(56)"],["Net income (loss)","200","","","952","","","(1,137)"],["Less: Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest","\u2014","","","(0)","","","(1)"],["Net income (loss) attributable to PVH Corp.","$","200","","","$","952","","","$","(1,136)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Total Revenue Total revenue was $9.024 billion in 2022, $9.155 billion in 2021 and $7.133 billion in 2020. The decrease in revenue of $130 million, or 1%, in 2022 as compared to 2021 included (i) a 7% negative impact of foreign currency translation, (ii) 2% reduction resulting from the Heritage Brands transaction and the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business and (iii) a 1% reduction resulting from the impact of the war in Ukraine, including closures of our stores in Russia, the cessation of wholesale shipments to Russia and Belarus, and a reduction in wholesale shipments to Ukraine, and included the following: •The net reduction of an aggregate $46 million of revenue, or a 1% decrease compared to the prior year, attributable to our Tommy Hilfiger International and Tommy Hilfiger North America segments, which included a negative impact of $387 million, or 8%, related to foreign currency translation. Tommy Hilfiger International segment revenue decreased 4% (including an 11% negative foreign currency impact). Revenue in our Tommy Hilfiger North America segment increased 9%. •The addition of an aggregate $123 million of revenue, or a 3% increase compared to the prior year, attributable to our Calvin Klein International and Calvin Klein North America segments, which included a negative impact of $232 million, or 6%, related to foreign currency translation. Calvin Klein International segment revenue increased 1% (including a 10% negative foreign currency impact). Revenue in our Calvin Klein North America segment increased 8%. •The reduction of an aggregate $207 million of revenue, or a 26% decrease compared to the prior year, attributable to our Heritage Brands Wholesale and Heritage Brands Retail segments, which included a 25% decline resulting from the Heritage Brands transaction and the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business. Our 2022 revenue through our direct-to-consumer distribution channel decreased 1%, including a 7% negative foreign currency impact and a 2% reduction resulting from the exit of the Heritage Brands Retail business. Sales through our directly operated digital commerce businesses decreased 7% in 2022, including an 8% negative foreign currency impact, following exceptionally strong growth in 2021. Our sales through digital channels, including the digital businesses of our traditional and 38 pure play wholesale customers and our directly operated digital commerce businesses was approximately 20% of total revenue in 2022. Our revenue through our wholesale distribution channel decreased 3% in 2022, inclusive of a 7% negative foreign currency impact and a 2% reduction resulting from the Heritage Brands transaction. Revenue in 2020 was significantly negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as discussed above. The increase in revenue of $2.022 billion, or 28%, in 2021 as compared to 2020 included the following: •The addition of an aggregate $1.067 billion of revenue, or a 29% increase compared to the prior year, attributable to our Tommy Hilfiger International and Tommy Hilfiger North America segments, which included a positive impact of $74 million, or 2%, related to foreign currency translation. Tommy Hilfiger International segment revenue increased 32% (including a 2% positive foreign currency impact). Revenue in our Tommy Hilfiger North America segment increased 22%. •The addition of an aggregate $1.022 billion of revenue, or a 39% increase compared to the prior year, attributable to our Calvin Klein International and Calvin Klein North America segments, which included a positive impact of $60 million, or 2%, related to foreign currency translation. Calvin Klein International segment revenue increased 39% (including a 3% positive foreign currency impact). Revenue in our Calvin Klein North America segment increased 38%. •The reduction of an aggregate $67 million of revenue, or an 8% decrease compared to the prior year, attributable to our Heritage Brands Wholesale and Heritage Brands Retail segments, which included a 27% decline resulting from (i) the Heritage Brands transaction, (ii) the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business, and (iii) the April 2020 closing of the Speedo transaction. Our revenue through our direct-to-consumer distribution channel in 2021 increased 18%, inclusive of a 2% positive foreign currency impact and a 3% reduction from the exit of the Heritage Brands Retail business. Sales through our directly operated digital commerce businesses increased 15% in 2021, including a 2% positive foreign currency impact, as compared to the prior year following exceptionally strong growth in 2020. Our sales through digital channels, including the digital businesses of our traditional and pure play wholesale customers and our directly operated digital commerce businesses was approximately 25% of total revenue in 2021. Our revenue through our wholesale distribution channel increased 38% in 2021, inclusive of a 3% positive foreign currency impact offset by a 3% reduction from the Heritage Brands transaction. We currently expect revenue for the full year 2023 to increase approximately 3% to 4% compared to 2022, inclusive of the positive impacts of approximately 1% related to foreign currency translation and less than 1% related to the 53rd week in 2023. Gross Profit Gross profit is calculated as total revenue less cost of goods sold and gross margin is calculated as gross profit divided by total revenue. Included as cost of goods sold are costs associated with the production and procurement of product, such as inbound freight costs, purchasing and receiving costs and inspection costs. Also included as cost of goods sold are the amounts recognized on foreign currency forward exchange contracts as the underlying inventory hedged by such forward exchange contracts is sold. Warehousing and distribution expenses are included in selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses. All of our royalty, advertising and other revenue is included in gross profit because there is no cost of goods sold associated with such revenue. As a result, our gross profit may not be comparable to that of other entities. 39 The following table shows our revenue mix between net sales and royalty, advertising and other revenue, as well as our gross margin for 2022, 2021 and 2020: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Components of revenue:"],["Net sales","94.7","%","","95.3","%","","95.3","%"],["Royalty, advertising and other revenue","5.3","","","4.7","","","4.7"],["Total","100.0","%","","100.0","%","","100.0","%"],["Gross margin","56.8","%","","58.2","%","","53.0","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Gross profit in 2022 was $5.123 billion, or 56.8% of total revenue, as compared to $5.324 billion, or 58.2% of total revenue, in 2021. The 140 basis point gross margin decrease was primarily driven by (i) higher product, freight and other logistics costs as compared to the prior year, as a result of inflationary pressures and the supply chain and logistics disruptions, and (ii) increased promotional activity due to elevated inventory levels industry-wide compared to consumer demand, particularly in the second half of 2022. These decreases were partially offset by (i) price increases that were implemented in certain regions and for certain product categories during 2022 and (ii) the impact of the reduction in revenue from our Heritage Brands businesses as a result of the Heritage Brands transaction and the exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business, as the revenue from our Heritage Brands businesses carried lower gross margins. Gross profit in 2021 was $5.324 billion, or 58.2% of total revenue, as compared to $3.777 billion, or 53.0% of total revenue, in 2020. The 520 basis point gross margin increase was primarily driven by (i) more full price selling, (ii) the impact of a change in the revenue mix between our International and North America segments as compared to the prior year as our International segments revenue was a larger proportion and generally carry higher gross margins, and (iii) the favorable impact of the weaker United States dollar on our international businesses, particularly our European businesses, that purchase inventory in United States dollars, for which they generally enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts 12 months in advance of the related inventory purchases, as the decreased local currency value of inventory results in lower cost of goods in local currency when the goods are sold. These improvements were partially offset by higher freight costs in 2021 than in the prior year, including an increase of approximately $35 million in air freight to mitigate supply chain and logistics delays. We currently expect that gross margin in 2023 will increase by approximately 120 basis points as compared to 2022. Our expectation for 2023 includes increases primarily as a result of (i) more full price selling and promotional activity at lower overall discount levels, (ii) lower freight and other logistics costs as compared to the prior year, (iii) the annualization of price increases that were implemented during 2022 in certain regions and for certain product categories, (iv) the impact of a change in the revenue mix between our International and North America segments as compared to 2022, as our International segments revenue is expected to be a larger proportion in 2023 than in 2022 and generally carries higher gross margins, and (v) the impact of a change in the revenue mix between our direct-to-consumer distribution channel and our wholesale distribution channel as compared to 2022, as our direct-to-consumer distribution channel is expected to be a larger proportion in 2023 than in 2022 and generally carries higher gross margins. These increases are expected to be partially offset by (i) the approximately 100 basis point decline due to the unfavorable impact of the stronger United States dollar on our international businesses that purchase inventory in United States dollars as discussed above and (ii) the higher product costs we expect to incur in 2023 as a result of inflationary pressures, particularly in the first half of the year. SG&A Expenses Our SG&A expenses were as follows: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["(In millions)"],["SG&A expenses","$","4,377","","","$","4,454","","","$","3,983"],["% of total revenue","48.5","%","","48.7","%","","55.8","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] SG&A expenses in 2022 were $4.377 billion, or 48.5% of total revenue, as compared to $4.454 billion, or 48.7% of total revenue in 2021. The 20 basis point decrease was primarily as a result of (i) the absence of costs incurred in the prior year and the realized cost savings in 2022 as a result of actions taken to reduce our workforce, primarily in certain international markets, and to reduce our real estate footprint and (ii) the absence in 2022 of costs incurred in the prior year associated with the exit from our Heritage Brands Retail business. These decreases were partially offset by (i) net costs incurred in connection with the exit from our Russia business, primarily consisting of noncash asset impairments and a gain on contract terminations, 40 and (ii) the impact of the reduction in revenue from our Heritage Brands businesses as a result of the Heritage Brands transaction and the exit from our Heritage Brands Retail business, as the revenue from our Heritage Brands businesses carried lower SG&A expenses as a percentage of total revenue. SG&A expenses in 2021 were $4.454 billion, or 48.7% of total revenue, as compared to $3.983 billion, or 55.8% of total revenue in 2020. The 710 basis point decrease was principally attributable to the leveraging of expenses driven by the increase in revenue. Also impacting the decrease were (i) cost savings resulting from the North America workforce reduction, (ii) the absence in 2021 of accounts receivable losses recorded in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (iii) the absence in 2021 of noncash store asset impairments recorded in 2020 resulting from the impacts of the pandemic on our business. These decreases were partially offset by (i) a reduction in 2021 of pandemic-related government payroll subsidy programs in international jurisdictions, as well as rent abatements negotiated with certain of our landlords, (ii) the absence in 2021 of temporary cost savings initiatives we implemented in April 2020 in response to the pandemic, including temporary furloughs, and salary and incentive compensation reductions, and (iii) the impact of the change in the revenue mix between our International and North America segments as compared to the prior year, as our International segments revenue was a larger proportion and generally carry higher SG&A expenses as percentages of total revenue. We currently expect that SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue in 2023 will decrease slightly as compared to 2022. Our expectation for 2023 includes decreases primarily as a result of (i) the favorable impact of the 2022 cost savings initiative and (ii) the absence in 2023 of costs incurred in 2022 in connection with the exit from our Russia business. These decreases are expected to be partially offset by (i) the impact of the change in the revenue mix between our International and North America segments as compared to 2022, as our International segments revenue are expected to be a larger proportion in 2023 than in 2022 and generally carries higher SG&A expenses as percentages of total revenue and (ii) the impact of a change in the revenue mix between our direct-to-consumer distribution channel and our wholesale distribution channel as compared to 2022, as our direct-to-consumer distribution channel is expected to be a larger proportion in 2023 than in 2022 and generally carries higher SG&A expenses as a percentage of total revenue. Goodwill and Other Intangible Asset Impairments We recorded a pre-tax noncash goodwill impairment charge of $417 million during 2022 in conjunction with our annual goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing. The impairment was non-operational and driven by a significant increase in discount rates, as a result of then-current economic conditions. We recorded pre-tax noncash impairment charges of $933 million during 2020 resulting from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, including $879 million related to goodwill and $54 million related to other intangible assets, primarily our then-owned ARROW and Geoffrey Beene tradenames. These impairments resulted from interim impairment assessments of our goodwill and other intangible assets, which we were required to perform in the first quarter of 2020 due to the adverse impacts of the pandemic on our then-current and estimated future business results and cash flows, as well as the significant decrease in our market capitalization as a result of a sustained decline in our common stock price. Please see Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of these impairments. Non-Service Related Pension and Postretirement Income Non-service related pension and postretirement income was $92 million, $64 million and $76 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Non-service related pension and postretirement income in 2022, 2021 and 2020 included actuarial gains on our retirement plans of $78 million, $49 million and $65 million, respectively. Please see Note 12, “Retirement and Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. Non-service related pension and postretirement income (cost) recorded throughout the year is calculated using actuarial valuations that incorporate assumptions and estimates about financial market, economic and demographic conditions. Differences between estimated and actual results give rise to gains and losses that are recorded immediately in earnings, generally in the fourth quarter of the year, which can create volatility in our results of operations. We currently expect that non-service related pension and postretirement income for 2023 will be approximately $3 million. However, our expectation of 2023 non-service related pension and post-retirement income does not include the impact of an actuarial gain or loss. As a result of the recent volatility in the financial markets, there is significant uncertainty with respect to the actuarial gain or loss we 41 may record on our retirement plans in 2023. We may record a significant actuarial gain or loss in 2023 if there is a significant increase or decrease in discount rates, respectively, or if there is a difference between the actual and expected return on plan assets. As such, our actual 2023 non-service related pension and postretirement income may be significantly different than our projections. Other (Gain) Loss, Net We recorded a gain of $(119) million in the third quarter of 2021 in connection with the Heritage Brands transaction. We recorded a noncash net loss of $3 million in the first quarter of 2020 in connection with the Speedo transaction. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of these transactions. Equity in Net Income (Loss) of Unconsolidated Affiliates The equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates was $50 million and $24 million of income in 2022 and 2021, respectively, as compared to a $(5) million loss in 2020. These amounts relate to our share of income (loss) from (i) our joint venture for the TOMMY HILFIGER, Calvin Klein, and Warner’s brands, and certain licensed trademarks in Mexico, (ii) our joint venture for the TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein brands in India, (iii) our joint venture for the TOMMY HILFIGER brand in Brazil, (iv) our PVH Legwear joint venture for the TOMMY HILFIGER, Calvin Klein, IZOD, Van Heusen and Warner’s brands and other owned and licensed trademarks in the United States and Canada, and (v) our investment in Karl Lagerfeld prior to the closing of the Karl Lagerfeld transaction in the second quarter of 2022. The equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates for 2022 also included a $16 million pre-tax gain in connection with the Karl Lagerfeld transaction. The equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates for 2020 also included a $12 million pre-tax noncash impairment of our investment in Karl Lagerfeld resulting from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on its business. Please see Note 5, “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of our investment in Karl Lagerfeld. The equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates for 2022 increased as compared to 2021 primarily as a result of the $16 million pre-tax gain that we recorded in 2022 in connection with the Karl Lagerfeld transaction, as well as an increase in income attributable to our joint ventures in Mexico and India. The equity in net income (loss) for 2021 increased as compared to 2020 primarily due to the absence in 2021 of the $12 million pre-tax noncash impairment of our investment in Karl Lagerfeld recorded in 2020 as well as an increase in the income on our other investments. We currently expect that our equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates for 2023 will decrease as compared to 2022 due to the absence in 2023 of the $16 million pre-tax gain that we recorded in the second quarter of 2022. Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net decreased to $83 million in 2022 from $104 million in 2021 primarily due to the impact of $1.030 billion of voluntary long-term debt repayments made during 2021. Interest expense, net decreased to $104 million in 2021 from $121 million in 2020 primarily due to (i) the impact of $1.030 billion of voluntary long-term debt repayments made during 2021, (ii) a decrease in interest rates as compared to 2020 and (iii) the absence in 2021 of a $5 million expense recorded in 2020 resulting from the remeasurement of a mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interest that was recognized in connection with the acquisition of the 78% ownership interests in Gazal Corporation Limited (“Gazal”) that we did not already own (the “Australia acquisition”), as the measurement period ended in 2020, partially offset by (iv) the full year impact in 2021 of the issuances in April 2020 of an additional €175 million principal amount of 3 5/8% senior unsecured notes due 2024 and in July 2020 of $500 million principal amount of 4 5/8% senior unsecured notes due 2025. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of the remeasurement of the mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interest. Please see the section entitled “Financing Arrangements” within “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further discussion. 42 Interest expense, net in 2023 is currently expected to be approximately $100 million compared to $83 million in 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest rates as compared to 2022. Income Taxes Income tax expense (benefit) was as follows: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["(Dollars in millions)"],["Income tax expense (benefit)","$","188","","","$","21","","","$","(56)"],["Income tax as a % of pre-tax income (loss)","48.4","%","","2.1","%","","4.7","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] We file income tax returns in more than 40 international jurisdictions each year. A substantial amount of our earnings are in international jurisdictions, particularly the Netherlands and Hong Kong SAR, where income tax rates, when coupled with special rates levied on income from certain of our jurisdictional activities, have historically been lower than the United States statutory income tax rate. These special rates expired at the end of 2021. Significant items which have caused our tax rate to fluctuate each year include the items discussed below. The effect that discrete tax amounts have on the effective income tax rate in each year is not comparable due to changes in our pre-tax income (loss). Our effective income tax rate for 2022 was 48.4%. Our 2022 effective income tax rate included the impact of the $417 million noncash goodwill impairment charge recorded in 2022, which was non-deductible and resulted in an increase to our effective income tax rate of 22.3%. Our effective income tax rate for 2021 was 2.1%. Our 2021 effective income tax rate included (i) a $106 million benefit resulting from a tax accounting method change made in conjunction with our 2020 United States federal income tax return that provides additional tax benefits to the foreign components of our federal income tax provision, which resulted in a decrease to our effective income tax rate of 10.9%, (ii) a favorable impact on certain liabilities for uncertain tax positions resulting from the expiration of applicable statutes of limitation of $93 million, which resulted in a decrease to our effective income tax rate of 9.7%, and (iii) a $32 million benefit related to the remeasurement of certain net deferred tax assets in connection with the expiration of the special tax rates at the end of 2021, which resulted in a decrease to our effective income tax rate of 3.3%. Our effective income tax rate for 2020 was 4.7%. Our 2020 effective income tax rate, which reflected a $(56) million income tax benefit recorded on $(1.193) billion of pre-tax losses, included (i) the impact of $879 million of pre-tax goodwill impairment charges recorded in 2020, which were mostly non-deductible and resulted in a decrease to our effective income tax rate of 13.3%, and (ii) a $33 million expense related to the remeasurement of certain of our net deferred tax liabilities in connection with the legislation enacted in the Netherlands, which became effective on January 1, 2021 and resulted in a decrease to our effective income tax rate of 2.8%. We currently expect that our effective income tax rate in 2023 will be approximately 24%. Our tax rate is affected by many factors, including the mix of international and domestic pre-tax earnings, discrete events arising from specific transactions and new regulations, as well as audits by tax authorities and the receipt of new information, any of which can cause us to change our estimate for uncertain tax positions. Please see Note 9, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act, with tax provisions primarily focused on implementing a 15% corporate minimum tax based on global adjusted financial statement income and a 1% excise tax on share repurchases. The corporate minimum tax will be effective in fiscal 2023 and the excise tax was effective January 1, 2023. Based on our current analysis, we do not expect the new law to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest We formed a joint venture in Ethiopia (“PVH Ethiopia”) to operate a manufacturing facility that produced finished products for us for distribution primarily in the United States. We held an initial economic interest of 75% in PVH Ethiopia, with our partner’s 25% interest accounted for as a redeemable non-controlling interest (“RNCI”). We consolidated the results of 43 PVH Ethiopia in our consolidated financial statements. The capital structure of PVH Ethiopia was amended effective May 31, 2021 and we solely managed and effectively owned all economic interests in the joint venture. As a result of the amendments to the capital structure of PVH Ethiopia, we stopped attributing any net income or loss in PVH Ethiopia to an RNCI beginning May 31, 2021. The net loss attributable to the RNCI was immaterial in 2021 and 2020. We closed in the fourth quarter of 2021 the manufacturing facility that was PVH Ethiopia’s sole operation. The closure did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Please see Note 6, “Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Cash Flow Summary and Trends Cash and cash equivalents at January 29, 2023 was $551 million, a decrease of $692 million from the $1.242 billion at January 30, 2022. The change in cash and cash equivalents included the impact of (i) $405 million of completed common stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program, (ii) $23 million of mandatory long-term debt repayments and (iii) $19 million of cash proceeds received in connection with the Karl Lagerfeld transaction (the remaining $1 million of proceeds is being held in escrow as of January 29, 2023). We ended 2022 with approximately $1.4 billion of borrowing capacity available under our various debt facilities. Cash flow in 2023 will be impacted by various factors in addition to those noted below in this “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section, including (i) mandatory long-term debt repayments of approximately $112 million, subject to exchange rate fluctuations, and (ii) expected common stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program of at least $200 million. There continues to be uncertainty with respect to the impacts of inflationary pressures globally and, as such, our cash flows may be subject to material significant change, including as a result of the elevated inventory levels that we have experienced and may continue to experience, due to lower consumer demand and elevated inventory levels industry-wide. As of January 29, 2023, $397 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by international subsidiaries. Our intent is to reinvest indefinitely substantially all of our historical earnings in foreign subsidiaries outside of the United States. However, if management decides at a later date to repatriate these earnings to the United States, we may be required to accrue and pay additional taxes, including any applicable foreign withholding tax and United States state income taxes. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of tax that might be payable if these earnings were repatriated due to the complexities associated with the hypothetical calculation. Operations Cash provided by operating activities was $39 million in 2022 compared to $1.071 billion in 2021. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities as compared to 2021 was primarily driven by changes in our working capital and a decrease in net income as adjusted for noncash charges. The changes in our working capital were primarily due to (i) an increase in inventories due to a combination of (a) abnormally low inventory levels in 2021, (b) earlier receipts of inventory in the fourth quarter of 2022 and (c) higher product costs in 2022 and (ii) a decrease in accrued expenses principally driven by (a) the timing of income tax and other payments and (b) lower accruals for certain expenses at year-end 2022 as compared to 2021. Our cash flows from operations have been impacted by supply chain and logistics disruptions, temporary store closures and other impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, and have been and may continue to be impacted by lower consumer demand as a result of inflationary pressures, particularly in North America and to a lesser extent in Europe. In an effort to mitigate these impacts, we have been and continue to be focused on working capital management. Supply Chain Finance Program We have a voluntary supply chain finance program (the “SCF program”) that provides our inventory suppliers with the opportunity to sell their receivables due from us to participating financial institutions at the sole discretion of both the suppliers and the financial institutions. The SCF program is administered through third party platforms that allow participating suppliers to track payments from us and sell their receivables due from us to financial institutions. We are not a party to the agreements between the suppliers and the financial institutions and have no economic interest in a supplier’s decision to sell a receivable. Our payment obligations, including the amounts due and payment terms, are not impacted by suppliers’ participation in the SCF program. Accordingly, amounts due to suppliers that elected to participate in the SCF program are included in accounts payable in our consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding payments are reflected in cash flows from operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. We have been informed by the third party administrators of the SCF program that 44 suppliers had elected to sell approximately $550 million and $475 million of our payment obligations that were outstanding as of January 29, 2023 and January 30, 2022, respectively, to financial institutions and approximately $2.2 billion and $1.7 billion had been settled through the program during 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates We own a 49% economic interest in PVH Legwear. We received dividends of $6 million and $2 million from PVH Legwear during 2022 and 2021, respectively, and made a payment of $2 million to PVH Legwear during 2020 to contribute our share of the joint venture funding. We, along with Grupo Axo, S.A.P.I. de C.V., formed a joint venture (“PVH Mexico”) in 2016, in which we own a 49% economic interest. We received dividends of $10 million and $17 million from PVH Mexico during 2022 and 2021, respectively. Payments made to contribute our share of the joint ventures’ funding are included in our net cash used by investing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the respective period. Dividends received from our investments in unconsolidated affiliates are included in our net cash provided by operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the respective period. Karl Lagerfeld Transaction We completed the sale of our approximately 8% economic interest in Karl Lagerfeld to a subsidiary of G-III on May 31, 2022 for $20 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, of which $19 million was received in the second quarter of 2022 and the remaining $1 million is being held in escrow and is subject to exchange rate fluctuation. Please see Note 5, “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. Heritage Brands Transaction We completed the sale of certain of our heritage brands trademarks, including Van Heusen, IZOD, ARROW and Geoffrey Beene, as well as certain related inventories of our Heritage Brands business, to ABG and other parties on August 2, 2021 for net proceeds of $216 million, of which $223 million of gross proceeds were presented as investing cash flows and $7 million of transaction costs were presented as operating cash flows in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for 2021. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. Speedo Transaction We completed the sale of our Speedo North America business to Pentland on April 6, 2020 for net proceeds of $169 million. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. Capital Expenditures Our capital expenditures in 2022 were $290 million compared to $268 million in 2021. The capital expenditures in 2022 primarily consisted of (i) investments in (a) new stores and store renovations, (b) our information technology infrastructure worldwide, including information security and (c) upgrades and enhancements to platforms and systems worldwide, including our digital commerce platforms, and (ii) enhancements to our warehouse and distribution network in Europe and North America. We currently expect that capital expenditures for 2023 will increase to approximately $350 million and will primarily consist of continued investments in these same categories. 45 Mandatorily Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest We completed the Australia acquisition in 2019. The Australia acquisition agreement provided for key executives of Gazal and PVH Brands Australia Pty. Limited to exchange a portion of their interests in Gazal for approximately 6% of the outstanding shares of our previously wholly owned subsidiary that acquired 100% of the ownership interests in the Australia business. We were obligated to purchase this 6% interest within two years of the acquisition closing in two tranches. We purchased tranche 1 (50% of the shares) for $17 million in June 2020 and tranche 2 (the remaining 50% of the shares) for $24 million in June 2021 based on exchange rates in effect on the applicable payment dates. We presented these payments within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as follows: (i) $13 million and $15 million as financing cash flows in 2020 and 2021, respectively, which represented the initial fair values of the liabilities for the tranche 1 and tranche 2 shares, respectively, recognized on the acquisition date, and (ii) $5 million and $9 million as operating cash flows in 2020 and 2021, respectively, for the tranche 1 and tranche 2 shares, respectively, attributable to interest. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion. Dividends Cash dividends paid on our common stock totaled $10 million, $3 million and $3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We suspended our dividends following a $3 million dividend payment in March 2020 in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. In addition, under the terms of a waiver we obtained in June 2020 of certain covenants under our senior unsecured credit facilities (referred to as the “June 2020 Amendment”), we were not permitted to declare or pay dividends during the relief period. However, effective June 10, 2021, the relief period under the June 2020 Amendment was terminated and we were permitted to declare and pay dividends on our common stock at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Please see the section entitled “2019 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities” below for further discussion of the June 2020 Amendment and the relief period. Following termination of the relief period, we made a $3 million dividend payment in the fourth quarter of 2021. We currently project that cash dividends paid on our common stock in 2023 will be approximately $10 million based on our current dividend rate, the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of January 29, 2023, our estimate of stock to be issued during 2023 under our stock incentive plans and our estimate of stock repurchases during 2023. Acquisition of Treasury Shares The Board of Directors has authorized over time since 2015 an aggregate $3.0 billion stock repurchase program through June 3, 2026. Repurchases under the program may be made from time to time over the period through open market purchases, accelerated share repurchase programs, privately negotiated transactions or other methods, as we deem appropriate. Purchases are made based on a variety of factors, such as price, corporate requirements and overall market conditions, applicable legal requirements and limitations, trading restrictions under our insider trading policy and other relevant factors. The program may be modified by the Board of Directors, including to increase or decrease the repurchase limitation or extend, suspend, or terminate the program, at any time, without prior notice. We suspended share repurchases under the stock repurchase program beginning in March 2020 in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. In addition, under the terms of the June 2020 Amendment, we were not permitted to make share repurchases during the relief period. However, effective June 10, 2021, the relief period was terminated and we were permitted to resume share repurchases at management’s discretion, which we did starting in the third quarter of 2021. Please see the section entitled “2019 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities” below for further discussion of the June 2020 Amendment and the relief period. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we purchased 6.2 million shares, 3.3 million shares and 1.4 million shares, respectively, of our common stock under the program in open market transactions for $399 million, $350 million and $111 million, respectively. Purchases of $6 million that were accrued for in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 30, 2022 were paid in 2022. Purchases of $500,000 that were accrued for in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of February 2, 2020 were paid in the in the first quarter of 2020. As of January 29, 2023, the repurchased shares were held as treasury stock and $824 million of the authorization remained available for future share repurchases. We currently expect common stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program of at least $200 million in 2023. 46 Treasury stock activity also includes shares that were withheld principally in conjunction with the settlement of restricted stock units to satisfy tax withholding requirements. Financing Arrangements Our capital structure was as follows: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["(In millions)","1/29/23","","1/30/22"],["Short-term borrowings","$","46","","","$","11"],["Current portion of long-term debt","112","","","35"],["Finance lease obligations","12","","","9"],["Long-term debt","2,177","","","2,318"],["Stockholders\u2019 equity","5,013","","","5,289"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] In addition, we had $551 million and $1.242 billion of cash and cash equivalents as of January 29, 2023 and January 30, 2022, respectively. Short-Term Borrowings We have the ability to draw revolving borrowings under the senior unsecured credit facilities discussed below in the section entitled “2022 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities.” We had no borrowings outstanding under these facilities as of January 29, 2023. We had no borrowings outstanding under the prior senior unsecured credit facilities as of January 30, 2022 as discussed in the section entitled “2019 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities” below. Additionally, we have the ability to borrow under short-term lines of credit, overdraft facilities and short-term revolving credit facilities denominated in various foreign currencies. These facilities provided for borrowings of up to $199 million based on exchange rates in effect on January 29, 2023 and are utilized primarily to fund working capital needs. We had $46 million and $11 million outstanding under these facilities as of January 29, 2023 and January 30, 2022, respectively. The weighted average interest rate on funds borrowed as of January 29, 2023 and January 30, 2022 was 2.31% and 0.17%, respectively. The maximum amount of borrowings outstanding under these facilities during 2022 was $49 million. Commercial Paper We have the ability to issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with maturities that vary but do not exceed 397 days from the date of issuance primarily to fund working capital needs. We had no borrowings outstanding under the commercial paper note program as of January 29, 2023 and January 30, 2022. The maximum amount of borrowings outstanding under the program during 2022 was $130 million. The commercial paper note program allows for borrowings of up to $1.150 billion to the extent that we have borrowing capacity under the multicurrency revolving credit facility included in the 2022 facilities (as defined below). Accordingly, the combined aggregate amount of (i) borrowings outstanding under the commercial paper note program and (ii) the revolving borrowings outstanding under the multicurrency revolving credit facility at any one time cannot exceed $1.150 billion. 2021 Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility On April 28, 2021, we replaced our 364-day $275 million United States dollar-denominated unsecured revolving credit facility, which matured on April 7, 2021 (the “2020 facility”), with a 364-day $275 million United States dollar-denominated unsecured revolving credit facility (the “2021 facility”). The 2021 facility matured on April 27, 2022. We paid approximately $800,000 and $2 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the 2021 facility and 2020 facility, respectively. We had no borrowings outstanding under these facilities in 2021 or in 2022 prior to maturity on April 27, 2022. 47 Finance Lease Obligations Our cash payments for finance lease obligations totaled $5 million in each of 2022, 2021 and 2020. 2022 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities On December 9, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), we entered into new senior unsecured credit facilities (the “2022 facilities”), the proceeds of which, along with cash on hand, were used to repay all of the outstanding borrowings under the 2019 facilities (as defined below), as well as the related debt issuance costs. The 2022 facilities consist of (a) a €441 million euro-denominated Term Loan A facility (the “Euro TLA facility”), (b) a $1.150 billion United States dollar-denominated multicurrency revolving credit facility (the “multicurrency revolving credit facility”), which is available in (i) United States dollars, (ii) Australian dollars (limited to A$50 million), (iii) Canadian dollars (limited to C$70 million), or (iv) euros, yen, pounds sterling, Swiss francs or other agreed foreign currencies (limited to €250 million), and (c) a $50 million United States dollar-denominated revolving credit facility available in United States dollars or Hong Kong dollars (together with the multicurrency revolving credit facility, the “revolving credit facilities”). The 2022 facilities are due on December 9, 2027. In connection with the refinancing in 2022 of the 2019 facilities (as defined below), we paid debt issuance costs of $9 million (of which $1 million was expensed as debt modification costs and $8 million is being amortized over the term of the 2022 facilities) and recorded debt extinguishment costs of $1 million to write off previously capitalized debt issuance costs. The multicurrency revolving credit facility also includes amounts available for letters of credit and has a portion available for the making of swingline loans. The issuance of such letters of credit and the making of any swingline loan reduces the amount available under the multicurrency revolving credit facility. So long as certain conditions are satisfied, we may add one or more senior unsecured term loan facilities or increase the commitments under the revolving credit facilities by an aggregate amount not to exceed $1.5 billion. The lenders under the 2022 facilities are not required to provide commitments with respect to such additional facilities or increased commitments. We had loans outstanding of $477 million, net of debt issuance costs and based on applicable exchange rates, under the Euro TLA facility and no borrowings outstanding under the 2022 senior unsecured revolving credit facilities as of January 29, 2023. The terms of the Euro TLA facility require us to make quarterly repayments of amounts outstanding, commencing with the calendar quarter ending March 31, 2023. Such required repayment amounts equal 2.50% per annum of the principal amount outstanding on the Closing Date, paid in equal installments and subject to certain customary adjustments, with the balance due on the maturity date of the Euro TLA facility. The outstanding borrowings under the 2022 facilities are prepayable at any time without penalty (other than customary breakage costs). Any voluntary repayments made by us would reduce the future required repayment amounts. We made no payments on our term loan under the 2022 facilities during 2022. We made payments of $488 million on our term loans under the 2019 facilities during 2022, which included $23 million of mandatory payments and the $465 million repayment of the 2019 facilities in connection with the refinancing of the senior credit facilities. We made payments of $1.051 billion on our term loans under the 2019 facilities during 2021, which included the repayment of the outstanding principal balance under our United States dollar-denominated Term Loan A facility (the “USD TLA facility”). We made payments of $14 million on our term loans under the 2019 facilities during 2020. The euro-denominated borrowings under the Euro TLA facility and multicurrency revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to a euro interbank offered rate (“EURIBOR”) and the euro-denominated swing line borrowings under the 2022 facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to an adjusted daily simple euro short term rate (“ESTR”), calculated in a manner set forth in the 2022 facilities, plus in each case an applicable margin. The United States dollar-denominated borrowings under the 2022 facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at our option, either a base rate or an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), calculated in a manner set forth in the 2022 facilities, plus an applicable margin. The borrowings denominated in other foreign currencies under the 2022 facilities bear interest at various indexed rates specified in the 2022 facilities and are calculated in a manner set forth in the 2022 facilities, plus an applicable margin. 48 The current applicable margin with respect to the Euro TLA Facility as of January 29, 2023 was 1.250%. The current applicable margin with respect to the revolving credit facilities as of January 29, 2023 was 0.125% for loans bearing interest at the base rate, Canadian prime rate or daily simple ESTR rate and 1.125% for loans bearing interest at the EURIBOR rate or any other rate specified in the 2022 facilities. The applicable margin for borrowings under the Euro TLA facility and each revolving credit facility is subject to adjustment (i) after the date of delivery of the compliance certificate and financial statements, with respect to each of our fiscal quarters, based upon our net leverage ratio or (ii) after the date of delivery of notice of a change in our public debt rating by Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s. The 2022 facilities contain customary events of default, including but not limited to nonpayment; material inaccuracy of representations and warranties; violations of covenants; certain bankruptcies and liquidations; cross-default to material indebtedness; certain material judgments; certain events related to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended; and a change in control (as defined in the 2022 facilities). The 2022 facilities require us to comply with customary affirmative, negative and financial covenants, including a maximum net leverage ratio. A breach of any of these operating or financial covenants would result in a default under the 2022 facilities. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts then outstanding, together with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable, which would result in acceleration of our other debt. 2019 Senior Unsecured Credit Facilities On April 29, 2019, we entered into senior unsecured credit facilities (as amended, the “2019 facilities”). We replaced the 2019 facilities with the 2022 facilities. The 2019 facilities consisted of a €500 million euro-denominated Term Loan A facility, of which €441 million was outstanding as of the date it was replaced, and senior unsecured revolving credit facilities consisting of (i) a $675 million United States dollar-denominated revolving credit facility, (ii) a C$70 million Canadian dollar-denominated revolving credit facility available in United States dollars or Canadian dollars, (iii) a €200 million euro-denominated revolving credit facility available in euro, Australian dollars and other agreed foreign currencies and (iv) a $50 million United States dollar-denominated revolving credit facility available in United States dollars or Hong Kong dollars. The 2019 facilities had also previously included a $1.093 billion USD TLA facility. We repaid the remaining principal balance of $1.030 billion under our USD TLA facility in 2021. 49 We had entered into interest rate swap agreements designed with the intended effect of converting notional amounts of our variable rate debt obligation under the 2019 facilities to fixed rate debt. Under the terms of the agreements, for any outstanding notional amount, our exposure to fluctuations in the one-month LIBOR was eliminated and we paid a fixed rate plus the current applicable margin. The following interest rate swap agreements were entered into or in effect during 2021 and 2020 (no interest rate swap agreements were entered into or in effect during 2022): [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["(In millions)"],["Designation Date","","Commencement Date","","Initial Notional Amount","","Notional Amount Outstanding as of January 29, 2023","","Fixed Rate","","Expiration Date"],["March 2020","","February 2021","","$","50","","","$","\u2014","","(1)","0.562%","","February 2023"],["February 2020","","February 2021","","50","","","\u2014","","(1)","1.1625%","","February 2023"],["February 2020","","February 2020","","50","","","\u2014","","(1)","1.2575%","","February 2023"],["August 2019","","February 2020","","50","","","\u2014","","(1)","1.1975%","","February 2022"],["June 2019","","February 2020","","50","","","\u2014","","(1)","1.409%","","February 2022"],["June 2019","","June 2019","","50","","","\u2014","","","1.719%","","July 2021"],["January 2019","","February 2020","","50","","","\u2014","","","2.4187%","","February 2021"],["November 2018","","February 2019","","139","","","\u2014","","","2.8645%","","February 2021"],["October 2018","","February 2019","","116","","","\u2014","","","2.9975%","","February 2021"],["June 2018","","August 2018","","50","","","\u2014","","","2.6825%","","February 2021"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] (1)    We terminated in 2021 the interest rate swap agreements due to expire in February 2022 and February 2023 in connection with the early repayment of the outstanding principal balance under our USD TLA facility. Our 2019 facilities also required us to comply with customary affirmative, negative and financial covenants, including a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum net leverage ratio. Given the disruption to our business caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and to ensure financial flexibility, we amended these facilities in June 2020 to provide temporary relief of certain financial covenants until the date on which a compliance certificate was delivered for the second quarter of 2021 (the “relief period”) unless we elected earlier to terminate the relief period and satisfied the conditions for doing so (the “June 2020 Amendment”). The June 2020 Amendment provided for the following during the relief period, among other things, the (i) suspension of compliance with the maximum net leverage ratio through and including the first quarter of 2021, (ii) suspension of the minimum interest coverage ratio through and including the first quarter of 2021, (iii) addition of a minimum liquidity covenant of $400 million, (iv) addition of a restricted payment covenant and (v) imposition of stricter limitations on the incurrence of indebtedness and liens. The limitation on restricted payments required that we suspend payments of dividends on our common stock and purchases of shares under our stock repurchase program during the relief period. The June 2020 Amendment also provided that during the relief period the applicable margin would be increased 0.25%. We terminated early, effective June 10, 2021, this temporary relief period and, as a result, the various provisions in the June 2020 Amendment described above were no longer in effect. 7 3/4% Debentures Due 2023 We have outstanding $100 million of debentures due November 15, 2023 that accrue interest at the rate of 7 3/4%. The debentures are not redeemable at our option prior to maturity. 3 5/8% Euro Senior Notes Due 2024 We have outstanding €525 million principal amount of 3 5/8% senior notes due July 15, 2024, of which €175 million principal amount was issued on April 24, 2020. Interest on the notes is payable in euros. We paid €3 million ($3 million based on exchange rates in effect on the payment date) of fees in connection with the issuance of the additional €175 million notes. We may redeem some or all of these notes at any time prior to April 15, 2024 by paying a “make whole” premium plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, we may redeem some or all of these notes on or after April 15, 2024 at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. 50 4 5/8% Senior Notes Due 2025 We issued on July 10, 2020, $500 million principal amount of 4 5/8% senior notes due July 10, 2025. The interest rate payable on the notes is subject to adjustment if either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s, or any substitute rating agency, as defined in the indenture governing the notes, downgrades the credit rating assigned to the notes. We paid $6 million of fees in connection with the issuance of the notes. We may redeem some or all of these notes at any time prior to June 10, 2025 by paying a “make whole” premium plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, we may redeem some or all of these notes on or after June 10, 2025 at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. 3 1/8% Euro Senior Notes Due 2027 We have outstanding €600 million principal amount of 3 1/8% senior notes due December 15, 2027. Interest on the notes is payable in euros. We may redeem some or all of these notes at any time prior to September 15, 2027 by paying a “make whole” premium plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, we may redeem some or all of these notes on or after September 15, 2027 at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. Our financing arrangements contain financial and non-financial covenants and customary events of default. As of January 29, 2023, we were in compliance with all applicable financial and non-financial covenants under our financing arrangements. As of January 29, 2023, our issuer credit was rated BBB- by Standard & Poor’s with a stable outlook and our corporate credit was rated Baa3 by Moody’s with a stable outlook, and our commercial paper was rated A-3 by Standard & Poor’s and P-3 by Moody’s. In assessing our credit strength, we believe that both Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s considered, among other things, our capital structure and financial policies, our consolidated balance sheet, our historical acquisition activity and other financial information, as well as industry and other qualitative factors. Please see Note 8, “Debt,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of our debt. Additional Cash Requirements The following table summarizes current and long-term cash requirements as of January 29, 2023, which we expect to fund primarily with cash generated from operating cash flows and continued access to financial and credit markets: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","Cash Requirements"],["Description","","Total","","2023","","2024-2025","","2026-2027","","Thereafter"],["(In millions)"],["Long-term debt(1)","","$","2,301","","","$","112","","","$","1,094","","","$","1,095","","","$","\u2014"],["Interest payments on long-term debt","","270","","","87","","","115","","","68"],["Short-term borrowings","","46","","","46"],["Operating and finance leases(2)","","1,763","","","416","","","582","","","369","","","396"],["Inventory purchase commitments(3)","","767","","","767"],["Non-qualified supplemental defined benefit plans(4)","","12","","","7","","","1","","","1","","","3"],["Other cash requirements(5)","","148","","","81","","","60","","","7"],["Total","","$","5,307","","","$","1,516","","","$","1,852","","","$","1,540","","","$","399"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] ______________________ (1)At January 29, 2023, the outstanding principal balance under our senior unsecured Term Loan A facility was $479 million, which requires mandatory payments through December 9, 2027 (according to the mandatory repayment schedules). We also had outstanding $100 million of 7 3/4% debentures due November 15, 2023, $570 million of 3 5/8% senior unsecured euro notes due July 15, 2024, $500 million of 4 5/8% senior unsecured notes due July 10, 2025 and $652 million of 3 1/8% senior unsecured euro notes due December 15, 2027. 51 (2)We lease Company-operated free-standing retail store locations, warehouses, distribution centers, showrooms, office space, and certain equipment and other assets. Please see Note 16, “Leases,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further information. (3)Represents contractual commitments that are enforceable and legally binding for goods on order and not received or paid for as of January 29, 2023. Inventory purchase commitments also include fabric commitments with our suppliers, which secure a portion of our material needs for future seasons. Substantially all of these goods are expected to be received and the related payments are expected to be made in 2023. This amount does not include foreign currency forward exchange contracts that we have entered into to manage our exposure to exchange rate changes with respect to certain of these purchases. Please see Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further information. (4)Represents cash requirements primarily related to benefit payments under our unfunded non-qualified supplemental defined benefit pension plan for certain employees resident in the United States hired prior to January 1, 2022, who meet certain age and service requirements that provides benefits for compensation in excess of Internal Revenue Service earnings limits and requires payments to vested employees upon, or shortly after, employment termination or retirement. Please see Note 12, “Retirement and Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further information on our supplemental defined benefit pension plans. (5)Represents cash requirements primarily related to (i) information-technology service agreements, (ii) minimum contractual royalty payments under several license agreements we have with third parties, and (iii) advertising and sponsorship agreements. Not included in the above table are contributions to our qualified defined benefit pension plans, or payments beyond the next 12 months to certain employees and retirees in connection with our unfunded supplemental executive retirement plans, or payments in connection with our unfunded postretirement health care and life insurance benefits plans. These cash requirements cannot be determined due to the number of assumptions required to estimate our future benefit obligations, including return on assets, discount rate and future compensation increases. The liabilities associated with these plans are presented in Note 12, “Retirement and Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report. Currently, we do not expect to make any material contributions to our pension plans in 2023. Our actual contributions may differ from our planned contributions due to many factors, including changes in tax and other benefit laws, or significant differences between expected and actual pension asset performance or interest rates. Not included in the above table are $99 million of net potential cash obligations associated with uncertain tax positions due to the uncertainty regarding the future cash outflows associated with such obligations. Please see Note 9, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further information related to uncertain tax positions. Not included in the above table are $45 million of asset retirement obligations related to our obligation to dismantle or remove leasehold improvements from leased office, retail store or warehouse locations at the end of a lease term in order to restore a facility to a condition specified in the lease agreement due to the uncertainty of timing of future cash outflows associated with such obligations. Please see Note 22, “Other Comments,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further information related to asset retirement obligations. 52 MARKET RISK Financial instruments held by us as of January 29, 2023 primarily include cash and cash equivalents, short-term borrowings, long-term debt and foreign currency forward exchange contracts. Note 11, “Fair Value Measurements,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report outlines the fair value of our financial instruments as of January 29, 2023. Cash and cash equivalents held by us are affected by short-term interest rates. Given our balance of cash and cash equivalents at January 29, 2023, the effect of a 10 basis point change in short-term interest rates on our interest income would be approximately $0.6 million annually. Borrowings under the 2022 facilities bear interest at a rate equal to an applicable margin plus a variable rate. As such, the 2022 facilities expose us to market risk for changes in interest rates. We previously had exposure to interest rate volatility related to the term loans under the 2019 facilities, and had entered into interest rate swap agreements to reduce our exposure to interest rate volatility. No interest rate swap agreements were outstanding as of January 29, 2023. As of January 29, 2023, approximately 80% of our long-term debt was at a fixed interest rate, with the remaining (euro-denominated) balance at a variable interest rate. Interest on the euro-denominated debt is subject to change based on fluctuations in the one-month EURIBOR. The effect of a 10 basis point change in the current one-month EURIBOR on our variable interest expense would be approximately $0.5 million, annually. Please see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” above for further discussion of our credit facilities and prior interest rate swap agreements. Our Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein businesses each have substantial international components that expose us to significant foreign exchange risk. Our Heritage Brands business also has international components but those components are not significant to the business. Over 65% of our $9.0 billion of revenue in 2022, $9.2 billion of revenue in 2021, and $7.1 billion of revenue in 2020 was generated outside of the United States. Changes in exchange rates between the United States dollar and other currencies can impact our financial results in two ways: a translational impact and a transactional impact. The translational impact refers to the impact that changes in exchange rates can have on our results of operations and financial position. The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are generally the applicable local currencies. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. The results of operations in local foreign currencies are translated into United States dollars using an average exchange rate over the representative period and the assets and liabilities in local foreign currencies are translated into United States dollars using the closing exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Foreign exchange differences that arise from the translation of our foreign subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities into United States dollars are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive (loss) income. Accordingly, our results of operations and other comprehensive (loss) income will be unfavorably impacted during times of a strengthening United States dollar, particularly against the euro, the Japanese yen, the Korean won, the British pound sterling, the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar and the Chinese yuan renminbi, and favorably impacted during times of a weakening United States dollar against those currencies. Our 2022 revenue and net income decreased by approximately $630 million and $70 million, respectively, as compared to 2021 due to the impact of foreign currency translation. We currently expect our 2023 revenue and net income to increase by approximately $70 million and $10 million, respectively, as compared to 2022 due to the impact of foreign currency translation. In 2022, we recognized unfavorable foreign currency translation adjustments of $68 million within other comprehensive (loss) income principally driven by a strengthening of the United States dollar against the euro of 2% since January 30, 2022. Our foreign currency translation adjustments recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income are significantly impacted by the substantial amount of goodwill and other intangible assets denominated in the euro, which represented 39% of our $5.6 billion total goodwill and other intangible assets as of January 29, 2023. This translational impact was partially mitigated by the change in the fair value of our net investment hedges discussed below. A transactional impact on financial results is common for apparel companies operating outside the United States that purchase goods in United States dollars, as is the case with most of our foreign operations. Our results of operations will be unfavorably impacted during times of a strengthening United States dollar, as the increased local currency value of inventory results in a higher cost of goods in local currency when the goods are sold, and favorably impacted during times of a weakening United States dollar, as the decreased local currency value of inventory results in a lower cost of goods in local currency when the goods are sold. We also have exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to certain intercompany transactions and SG&A expenses. We currently use and plan to continue to use foreign currency forward exchange contracts or other derivative instruments to mitigate the cash flow or market value risks associated with these inventory and intercompany transactions, but we are unable to entirely eliminate these risks. The foreign currency forward exchange contracts cover at least 70% of the projected inventory purchases in United States dollars by our foreign subsidiaries. 53 Our 2022 net income decreased by approximately $25 million as compared to 2021 due to the transactional impact of foreign currency. We currently expect our 2023 net income to decrease by approximately $75 million as compared to 2022 due to the transactional impact of foreign currency with an expected negative impact to our 2023 gross margin of approximately 100 basis points. Given our foreign currency forward exchange contracts outstanding at January 29, 2023, the effect of a 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates against the United States dollar would result in a change in the fair value of these contracts of approximately $130 million. Any change in the fair value of these contracts would be substantially offset by a change in the fair value of the underlying hedged items. In order to mitigate a portion of our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates related to the value of our investments in foreign subsidiaries denominated in the euro, we designated the carrying amount of our €1.125 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes issued by PVH Corp., a U.S.-based entity, as net investment hedges of our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries that use the euro as their functional currency. The effect of a 10% change in the euro against the United States dollar would result in a change in the fair value of the net investment hedges of approximately $120 million. Any change in the fair value of the net investment hedges would be more than offset by a change in the value of our investments in certain of our European subsidiaries. Additionally, during times of a strengthening United States dollar against the euro, we would be required to use a lower amount of our cash flows from operations to pay interest and make long-term debt repayments on our euro-denominated senior notes, whereas during times of a weakening United States dollar against the euro, we would be required to use a greater amount of our cash flows from operations to pay interest and make long-term debt repayments on these notes. We conduct business in Turkey where the cumulative inflation rate surpassed 100% for the three-year period that ended during the first quarter of 2022. The impact of currency devaluation in countries experiencing high inflation rates, as is the case in Turkey, can unfavorably impact our results of operations. Since the first day of the second quarter of 2022, we have been accounting for our operations in Turkey as highly inflationary. As a result, we have changed the functional currency of our subsidiary in Turkey from the Turkish lira to the euro, which is the functional currency of its parent. The required remeasurement of our monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Turkish lira into euro did not have a material impact on our results of operations during 2022. As of January 29, 2023, net monetary assets denominated in Turkish lira represented less than 1% of our total net assets. Included in the calculations of expense and liabilities for our pension plans are various assumptions, including return on assets, discount rates, mortality rates and future compensation increases. Actual results could differ from these assumptions, which would require adjustments to our balance sheet and could result in volatility in our future pension expense. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 1% change in the assumed rate of return on assets would result in a change to 2023 net benefit cost related to the pension plans of approximately $5 million. Likewise, a 0.25% change in the assumed discount rate would result in a change to 2023 net benefit cost of approximately $23 million. SEASONALITY Our business generally follows a seasonal pattern. Our wholesale businesses tend to generate higher levels of sales in the first and third quarters, while our retail businesses tend to generate higher levels of sales in the fourth quarter. Royalty, advertising and other revenue tends to be earned somewhat evenly throughout the year, although the third quarter has the highest level of royalty revenue due to higher sales by licensees in advance of the holiday selling season. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these patterns, however. We otherwise expect this seasonal pattern will generally continue. Working capital requirements vary throughout the year to support these seasonal patterns and business trends. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Please see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for a discussion of recently issued and adopted accounting standards. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES Our consolidated financial statements are based on the selection and application of significant accounting policies, which require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Our significant accounting policies are outlined in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of 54 this report. We believe that the following are the more critical judgmental areas in the application of our accounting policies that currently affect our financial position and results of operations: Sales allowances and returns—We have arrangements with many of our department and specialty store customers to support their sales of our products. We establish accruals we believe will be required to satisfy our sales allowance obligations based on a review of the individual customer arrangements, which may be a predetermined percentage of sales in certain cases or may be based on the expected performance of our products in their stores. We also establish accruals, which are based on historical experience, an evaluation of current sales trends and market conditions, and authorized amounts, that we believe are necessary to provide for sales allowances and inventory returns. It is possible that the accrual estimates could vary from actual results, which would require adjustment to the allowance and returns accruals. Inventories—Inventories are comprised principally of finished goods and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, except for certain retail inventories in North America that are stated at the lower of cost or market using the retail inventory method. Cost for all wholesale inventories in North America and certain wholesale and retail inventories in Asia is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Cost for all other inventories is determined using the weighted average cost method. We review current business trends and forecasts, inventory aging and discontinued merchandise categories to determine adjustments which we estimate will be needed to liquidate existing clearance inventories and record inventories at either the lower of cost or net realizable value or the lower of cost or market using the retail inventory method, as applicable. We believe that all inventory write-downs required at January 29, 2023, have been recorded. Our historical estimates of inventory reserves have not differed materially from actual results. If market conditions were to change, including as a result of inflationary pressures globally and the war in Ukraine and its broader macroeconomic implications, it is possible that the required level of inventory reserves would need to be adjusted. Asset impairments—We determined during 2022, 2021 and 2020 that certain long-lived assets were not recoverable, which resulted in us recording impairment charges. The long-lived asset impairments in 2022, which primarily related to certain office, retail store and shop-in-shop assets, including property, plant and equipment and operating lease-right-of-use assets, were primarily in connection with our decision in the second quarter of 2022 to exit from our Russia business and the financial performance in certain of our retail stores. The long-lived asset impairments in 2021, which primarily related to certain office, retail store and shop-in-shop assets, including property, plant and equipment and operating lease-right-of-use assets, were primarily as a result of actions taken by us to reduce our real estate footprint, including reductions in office space, and the financial performance in certain of our retail stores and shop-in-shops. The long-lived asset impairments in 2020, which primarily related to certain retail store and shop-in-shop assets, including property, plant and equipment and operating lease-right-of-use assets, were as a result of the significant adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the impact of the shift in consumer buying trends from our brick and mortar retail stores to digital channels, and our decision in July 2020 to exit from the Heritage Brands Retail business. We also determined during 2020 that certain finite-lived customer relationship intangible assets were impaired due to the adverse impacts of the pandemic on the then-current and projected performance of the underlying businesses. In addition, we determined during 2020 that our equity method investment in Karl Lagerfeld was impaired as a result of the adverse impacts of the pandemic on the then-current and projected business results. To test long-lived assets for impairment, we estimated the undiscounted future cash flows and the related fair value of each asset. Undiscounted future cash flows were estimated using current sales trends and other factors and, in the case of operating lease right-of-use assets, using estimated sublease income or market rents. If the sum of such undiscounted future cash flows was less than the asset’s carrying amount, we recognized an impairment charge equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the asset and its estimated fair value. If different assumptions had been used, including the rate at which future cash flows were discounted, the recorded impairment charges could have been significantly higher or lower. Please see Note 5, “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates,” Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” and Note 11, “Fair Value Measurements,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of the circumstances surrounding these impairments and the assumptions related to the impairment charges. Allowance for credit losses on trade receivables—Trade receivables, as presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, are net of an allowance for credit losses. An allowance for credit losses is determined through an analysis of the aging of accounts receivable and assessments of collectability based on historical trends, the financial condition of our customers and licensees, including any known or anticipated bankruptcies, and an evaluation of current economic conditions as well as our expectations of conditions in the future. Because we cannot predict future changes in economic conditions and in the financial stability of our customers with certainty, including as a result of inflationary pressures globally and the war in Ukraine and its 55 broader macroeconomic implications, actual future losses from uncollectible accounts may differ from our estimates and could impact our allowance for credit losses. Income taxes—Deferred income tax balances reflect the effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for future realization and reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent we believe a portion will not be realized. We consider many factors when assessing the likelihood of future realization of our deferred tax assets, including our recent earnings experience and expectations of future taxable income by taxing jurisdiction, the carryforward periods available to us for tax reporting purposes and other relevant factors. The actual realization of deferred tax assets may differ significantly from the amounts we have recorded. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Accounting for income taxes requires a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the tax position will be fully sustained upon review by taxing authorities, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount with a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. For tax positions that are 50 percent or less likely of being sustained upon audit, we do not recognize any portion of that benefit in the financial statements. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes. Our actual results have differed materially in the past and could differ materially in the future from our current estimates. Goodwill and other intangible assets—Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, at the beginning of the third quarter of each fiscal year, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount may be impaired. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is defined as an operating segment or one level below the operating segment, called a component. However, two or more components of an operating segment will be aggregated and deemed a single reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. Impairment testing for other indefinite-lived intangible assets is done at the individual asset level. We assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a more detailed quantitative impairment test for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. We may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test for any reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets. Qualitative factors that we consider as part of our assessment include a change in our market capitalization and its implied impact on reporting unit fair value, a change in our weighted average cost of capital, industry and market conditions, macroeconomic conditions, trends in product costs and financial performance of our businesses. If we perform the quantitative test for any reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets, we generally use a discounted cash flow method to estimate fair value. The discounted cash flow method is based on the present value of projected cash flows. Assumptions used in these cash flow projections are generally consistent with our internal forecasts. The estimated cash flows are discounted using a rate that represents our weighted average cost of capital. The weighted average cost of capital is based on a number of variables, including the equity-risk premium and risk-free interest rate. Management believes the assumptions used for the impairment tests are consistent with those that would be utilized by a market participant performing similar analysis and valuations. Adverse changes in future market conditions or weaker operating results compared to our expectations may impact our projected cash flows and estimates of weighted average cost of capital, which could result in a potential impairment charge if we are unable to recover the carrying value of our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. For goodwill, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Goodwill Impairment Testing 2022 Annual Impairment Test For the 2022 annual goodwill impairment test performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2022, we elected to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceeded directly to the quantitative impairment test using a discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. In making this election, we considered the changes resulting from the then-current macroeconomic environment, in particular the increase in interest rates and the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against most major currencies in which we transact business. 56 As a result of our 2022 annual impairment test, we recorded $417 million of noncash impairment charges during the third quarter of 2022, which were included in goodwill and other intangible asset impairments in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. The impairments were driven primarily by a significant increase in discount rates. The impairment charges, which related to the Calvin Klein Wholesale North America, Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International and Tommy Hilfiger Retail North America reporting units, were recorded to our segments as follows: $163 million in the Calvin Klein North America segment, $77 million in the Calvin Klein International segment and $177 million in the Tommy Hilfiger North America segment. Of these reporting units, Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International was determined to be partially impaired. The remaining carrying amount of goodwill allocated to this reporting unit as of the date of the test was $41 million. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 100 basis point change in the annual revenue growth rate assumption for this business would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit of approximately $8 million. Likewise, a 100 basis point change in the weighted average cost of capital would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit of approximately $6 million. While the Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International reporting unit was not determined to be fully impaired, it may be at risk of further impairment in the future if the related business does not perform as projected, or if market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorate, including an unfavorable change in long-term growth rates or the weighted average cost of capital. With respect to our other reporting units that were not determined to be impaired, the Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising North America reporting unit had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying amount of $464 million by 9%. The carrying amount of goodwill allocated to this reporting unit as of the date of the test was $330 million. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 100 basis point change in the annual revenue growth rate assumption for this business would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit of approximately $43 million. Likewise, a 100 basis point change in the weighted average cost of capital would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit of approximately $34 million. While the Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising North America reporting unit was not determined to be impaired, it may be at risk of future impairment if the related business does not perform as projected, or if market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorate, including an unfavorable change in the long-term growth rate or the weighted average cost of capital. The fair value of the reporting units for goodwill impairment testing was determined using an income approach and validated using a market approach. The income approach was based on discounted projected future (debt-free) cash flows for each reporting unit. The discount rates applied to these cash flows were based on the weighted average cost of capital for each reporting unit, which takes market participant assumptions into consideration, inclusive of a Company-specific 4% risk premium to account for the additional risk of uncertainty perceived by market participants related to our overall cash flows due to the macroeconomic environment. Estimated future operating cash flows were discounted at rates of 16.0% or 16.5%, depending on the reporting unit, to account for the relative risks of the estimated future cash flows. For the market approach, used to validate the results of the income approach method, we used the guideline company method, which analyzes market multiples of adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for a group of comparable public companies. The market multiples used in the valuation are based on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the reporting unit compared to the selected guideline companies. We classified the fair values of our reporting units as Level 3 fair value measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. 2021 Annual Impairment Test For the 2021 annual goodwill impairment test performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2021, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment first to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit with allocated goodwill was less than its carrying amount. We assessed relevant events and circumstances, including industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, as well as Company and reporting unit-specific factors. In performing this assessment, we considered the results of our quantitative interim goodwill impairment test performed in the first quarter of 2020, discussed below in further detail, and the impact of (i) the weighted average cost of capital for each reporting unit as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2021, which was either favorable to or consistent with the weighted average cost of capital used in our 2020 interim test, (ii) a favorable change in our market capitalization and its implied impact on the fair value of our reporting units subsequent to the 2020 interim test, and (iii) our recent financial performance and updated financial forecasts, which were consistent with or exceeded the projections used in our 2020 interim test. 57 After assessing these events and circumstances, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit with allocated goodwill was less than its carrying amount and concluded that the quantitative goodwill impairment test was not required. No impairment of goodwill resulted from our annual impairment test in 2021. 2020 Annual Impairment Test For the 2020 annual goodwill impairment test performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2020, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment first to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit with allocated goodwill was less than the carrying amount. We assessed relevant events and circumstances, including industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, as well as Company and reporting unit-specific factors. In performing this assessment, we considered the results of our quantitative interim goodwill impairment test performed in the first quarter of 2020, discussed below in further detail, and the impact of (i) favorable changes in the weighted average cost of capital subsequent to the 2020 interim test, (ii) a favorable change in our market capitalization and its implied impact on the fair value of our reporting units subsequent to the 2020 interim test, and (iii) our recent financial performance and updated financial forecasts, which were consistent with or exceeded the projections used in our 2020 interim goodwill impairment test. After assessing these events and circumstances, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit with allocated goodwill was less than its carrying amount and concluded that the quantitative goodwill impairment test was not required. No impairment of goodwill resulted from our annual impairment test in 2020. 2020 Interim Impairment Test We determined in the first quarter of 2020 that the significant adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, including an unprecedented material decline in revenue and earnings and an extended decline in our stock price and associated market capitalization, was a triggering event that required us to perform a quantitative interim goodwill impairment test. As a result of the interim test performed, we recorded $879 million of noncash impairment charges in the first quarter of 2020, which were included in goodwill and other intangible asset impairments in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. The impairment charges, which related to the Heritage Brands Wholesale, Calvin Klein Retail North America, Calvin Klein Wholesale North America, Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International, and Calvin Klein International reporting units, were recorded to our segments as follows: $198 million in the Heritage Brands Wholesale segment, $287 million in the Calvin Klein North America segment, and $394 million in the Calvin Klein International segment. Of these reporting units, Calvin Klein Wholesale North America, Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International, and Calvin Klein International were determined to be partially impaired. The remaining carrying amount of goodwill allocated to these reporting units as of the date of our interim test was $162 million, $143 million and $347 million, respectively. While these reporting units were not determined to be fully impaired in the first quarter of 2020, at the time they were considered to be at risk of further impairment in the future if the related businesses did not perform as projected or if market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorated. As discussed in the 2022 annual impairment test section above, we performed a quantitative impairment test for all reporting units in the third quarter of 2022. As a result of this test, the Calvin Klein Wholesale North America reporting unit was determined to be fully impaired and the Calvin Klein Licensing and Advertising International reporting unit was determined to be further partially impaired in the third quarter of 2022. No further impairment was identified for the Calvin Klein International reporting unit and it was no longer considered to be at risk of further impairment in the future. With respect to our other reporting units that were not determined to be impaired, the Tommy Hilfiger International reporting unit had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying amount, as of the date of our interim test, of $2,949 million by 5%. The carrying amount of goodwill allocated to this reporting unit as of the date of our interim test was $1,558 million. While the Tommy Hilfiger International reporting unit was not determined to be impaired in the first quarter of 2020, at the time it was considered to be at risk of future impairment if the related business did not perform as projected or if market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorated. As discussed in the 2022 annual impairment test section above, we performed a quantitative impairment test for all reporting units in the third quarter of 2022. No impairment was identified relating to the Tommy Hilfiger International reporting unit as a result of this test and it was no longer considered to be at risk of further impairment in the future. The fair value of the reporting units for goodwill impairment testing was determined using an income approach and validated using a market approach. The income approach was based on discounted projected future (debt-free) cash flows for 58 each reporting unit. The discount rates applied to these cash flows were based on the weighted average cost of capital for each reporting unit, which takes market participant assumptions into consideration. Estimated future operating cash flows used in the interim test were discounted at rates of 10.0%, 10.5% or 11.0%, depending on the reporting unit, to account for the relative risks of the estimated future cash flows. For the market approach, used to validate the results of the income approach method, we used both the guideline company and similar transaction methods. The guideline company method analyzes market multiples of revenue and EBITDA for a group of comparable public companies. The market multiples used in the valuation are based on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the reporting unit compared to the selected guideline companies. Under the similar transactions method, valuation multiples are calculated utilizing actual transaction prices and revenue and EBITDA data from target companies deemed similar to the reporting unit. We classified the fair values of our reporting units as Level 3 fair value measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Impairment Testing 2022 Annual Impairment Test For the 2022 annual impairment test of the TOMMY HILFIGER and Calvin Klein tradenames and the reacquired perpetual license rights for TOMMY HILFIGER in India performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2022, we elected to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of any asset was less than its carrying amount. For these assets, no impairment was identified as a result of our most recent quantitative impairment test and the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets substantially exceeded their carrying amounts. The asset with the least excess fair value had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying amount by approximately 183% as of the date of our most recent quantitative impairment test. We assessed relevant events and circumstances, including industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, as well as Company and asset-specific factors, including changes in the weighted average cost of capital for each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets since the date of the most recent quantitative test and our recent financial performance and updated financial forecasts as compared to those used in the most recent quantitative tests. After assessing these events and circumstances, we determined qualitatively that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than their carrying amounts and concluded that the quantitative impairment test was not required. For the 2022 annual impairment test of the Warner’s tradename and the reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2022, we elected to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceeded directly to the quantitative impairment test. With regard to the reacquired perpetual license rights, we determined that its fair value substantially exceeded its carrying amount and, therefore, the asset was not impaired. The fair value of the Warner’s tradename exceeded its carrying amount of $96 million by 4% at the testing date. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 100 basis point change in the annual revenue growth rate of the related business would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the asset of approximately $7 million. Likewise, a 100 basis point change in the weighted average cost of capital would have resulted in a change to the estimated fair value of the asset of approximately $7 million. While the Warner’s tradename was not determined to be impaired, it may be at risk of future impairment if the related business does not perform as projected, or if market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorate, including an unfavorable change in the long-term growth rate or the weighted average cost of capital. The fair value of the Warner’s tradename was determined using an income-based relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the value of an asset is estimated based on the hypothetical cost savings that accrue as a result of not having to license the tradename from another party. These cash flows are discounted to present value using a discount rate that factors in the relative risk of the intangible asset. We discounted the cash flows used to value the Warner’s tradename at a rate of 16.0%. The fair value of our reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition was determined using an income approach which estimates the net cash flows directly attributable to the subject intangible asset. These cash flows are discounted to present value using a discount rate that factors in the relative risk of the intangible asset. We discounted the cash flows used to value the reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition at a rate of 19.0%. We classified the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets as Level 3 fair value measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. 2021 Annual Impairment Test For the 2021 annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2021, we elected to assess qualitative factors first to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of any asset was less than its carrying amount. 59 We assessed relevant events and circumstances, including industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, as well as Company and asset-specific factors. In performing this assessment, we considered the results of our interim impairment testing performed in the first quarter of 2020, discussed below in further detail, and the impact of (i) the weighted average cost of capital for each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2021, which was either favorable to or consistent with the weighted average cost of capital used in our 2020 interim test and (ii) our recent financial performance and updated financial forecasts, which were consistent with or exceeded the projections used in our 2020 interim test. After assessing these events and circumstances, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than their carrying amounts and concluded that a quantitative impairment test was not required. No impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets resulted from our annual impairment test in 2021. 2020 Annual Impairment Test For the 2020 annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test performed as of the beginning of the third quarter of 2020, we elected to assess qualitative factors first to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of any asset was less than its carrying amount. We assessed relevant events and circumstances, including industry, market and macroeconomic conditions, as well as Company and asset-specific factors. In performing this assessment, we considered the results of our interim impairment testing performed in the first quarter of 2020, discussed below in further detail, and the impact of (i) favorable changes in the weighted average cost of capital subsequent to the interim test and (ii) our recent financial performance and updated financial forecasts, which were consistent with or exceeded the projections used in our 2020 interim test. After assessing these events and circumstances, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than their carrying amounts and concluded that a quantitative impairment test was not required. No impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets resulted from our annual impairment test in 2020. 2020 Interim Impairment Test We determined in the first quarter of 2020 that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business was a triggering event that prompted the need to perform interim impairment testing of our indefinite-lived intangible assets. For the TOMMY HILFIGER, Calvin Klein, and Warner’s tradenames, our then-owned Van Heusen tradename and the reacquired perpetual license rights for TOMMY HILFIGER in India, we elected to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of any asset was less than its carrying amount. For these assets, no impairment was identified as a result of our prior annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test in 2019 and the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets substantially exceeded their carrying amounts. The asset with the least excess fair value had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying amount by approximately 85% as of the date of our 2019 annual test. Considering this and other factors, we determined qualitatively that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than their carrying amounts and concluded that the quantitative impairment test in the first quarter of 2020 was not required. For the then-owned ARROW and Geoffrey Beene tradenames and the reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition, we elected to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceeded directly to the quantitative impairment test. As a result of this quantitative interim impairment testing, we recorded $47 million of noncash impairment charges in the first quarter of 2020 to write down the two tradenames. This included $36 million to write down the ARROW tradename, which had a carrying amount as of the date of our interim test of $79 million, to a fair value of $43 million, and $12 million to write down the Geoffrey Beene tradename, which had a carrying amount of $17 million, to a fair value of $5 million. The $47 million of impairment charges recorded in the first quarter of 2020 was included in goodwill and other intangible asset impairments in our Consolidated Statement of Operations and allocated to our Heritage Brands Wholesale segment. The Van Heusen, ARROW and Geoffrey Beene tradenames were subsequently sold in the third quarter of 2021 in connection with the Heritage Brands transaction. Please see Note 3, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of the Heritage Brands transaction. With regard to the reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition, we determined in the first quarter of 2020 that its fair value substantially exceeded its carrying amount and, therefore, the asset was not impaired. 60 The fair value of the ARROW and Geoffrey Beene tradenames was determined using an income-based relief-from-royalty method. Under this method, the value of an asset is estimated based on the hypothetical cost savings that accrue as a result of not having to license the tradename from another party. These cash flows are discounted to present value using a discount rate that factors in the relative risk of the intangible asset. We discounted the cash flows used to value the ARROW and Geoffrey Beene tradenames at a rate of 10.0%. The fair value of our reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition was determined using an income approach, which estimates the net cash flows directly attributable to the subject intangible asset. These cash flows are discounted to present value using a discount rate that factors in the relative risk of the intangible asset. We discounted the cash flows used to value the reacquired perpetual license rights recorded in connection with the Australia acquisition at a rate of 10.0%. We classified the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets as Level 3 fair value measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs. Please see Note 7, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report for further discussion of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. There have been no significant events or change in circumstances since the date of the 2022 annual impairment tests that would indicate the remaining carrying amounts of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets may be impaired as of January 29, 2023. If different assumptions for our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment tests had been applied, significantly different outcomes could have resulted. There continues to be significant uncertainty in the current macroeconomic environment due to inflationary pressures globally, the war in Ukraine and its broader macroeconomic implications, and foreign currency volatility. If market factors utilized in the impairment analysis deteriorate or otherwise vary from current assumptions (including those resulting in changes in the weighted average cost of capital), industry conditions deteriorate, business conditions or strategies for a specific reporting unit change from current assumptions, our businesses do not perform as projected, or there is an extended period of a significant decline in our stock price, we could incur additional goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges in the future. Pension and Benefit Plans—Pension and benefit plan expenses are recorded throughout the year based on calculations using actuarial valuations that incorporate estimates and assumptions that depend in part on financial market, economic and demographic conditions, including expected long-term rate of return on assets, discount rate and mortality rates. These assumptions require significant judgment. Actuarial gains and losses, which occur when actual experience differs from our actuarial assumptions, are recognized in the year in which they occur and could have a material impact on our operating results. These gains and losses are measured at least annually at the end of our fiscal year and, as such, are generally recorded during the fourth quarter of each year. The expected long-term rate of return on assets is based on historical returns and the level of risk premium associated with the asset classes in which the portfolio is invested as well as expectations for the long-term future returns of each asset class. The expected long-term rate of return for each asset class is then weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption for the portfolio. The expected return on plan assets is recognized quarterly and determined at the beginning of the year by applying the long-term expected rate of return on assets to the actual fair value of plan assets adjusted for expected benefit payments, contributions and plan expenses. At the end of the year, the fair value of the assets is remeasured and any difference between the actual return on assets and the expected return is recorded in earnings as part of the actuarial gain or loss. The discount rate is determined based on current market interest rates. It is selected by constructing a hypothetical portfolio of high quality corporate bonds that matches the cash flows from interest payments and principal maturities of the portfolio to the timing of benefit payments to participants. The yield on such a portfolio is the basis for the selected discount rate. Service and interest cost is measured using the discount rate as of the beginning of the year, while the projected benefit obligation is measured using the discount rate as of the end of the year. The impact of the change in the discount rate on our projected benefit obligation is recorded in earnings as part of the actuarial gain or loss. We revised during each of 2021 and 2020 the mortality assumptions used to determine our benefit obligations based on recently published actuarial mortality tables. These changes in life expectancy resulted in changes to the period for which we expect benefits to be paid. In 2021, the increase in life expectancy increased our benefit obligations and future expense. In 2020, the decrease in life expectancy decreased our benefit obligations and future expense. We also periodically review and revise, as necessary, other plan assumptions such as rates of compensation increases, retirement and termination based on historical experience and anticipated future management actions. During 2021, we revised these assumptions based on recent trends and our future expectations at that time, which resulted in a decrease to our benefit obligations and future expense. 61 Actual results could differ from our assumptions, which would require adjustments to our balance sheet and could result in volatility in our future net benefit cost. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 1% change in the assumed rate of return on assets would result in a change to our 2023 net benefit cost related to the pension plans of approximately $5 million. Likewise, a 0.25% change in the assumed discount rate would result in a change to our 2023 net benefit cost of approximately $23 million. Note 12, “Retirement and Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report sets forth certain significant rate assumptions and information regarding our target asset allocation, which are used in performing calculations related to our pension plans. Stock-based compensation—Accounting for stock-based compensation requires measurement of compensation cost for all stock-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation cost over the requisite service period. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the grant date fair value of our stock options. This model uses assumptions that include the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected dividend yield and expected life of the options. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the quoted price of our common stock on the date of grant. The grant date fair value of our stock options and restricted stock units is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, net of actual forfeitures. We use the Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the grant date fair value of our contingently issuable performance shares that are subject to market conditions. This model uses assumptions that include the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility and expected dividend yield. The grant date fair value of these awards is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period, net of actual forfeitures, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. The grant date fair value of contingently issuable performance shares that are not based on market conditions is based on the quoted price of our common stock on the date of grant, reduced for the present value of any dividends expected to be paid on our common stock during the requisite service period, as these contingently issuable performance shares do not accrue dividends. We record expense for these awards over the requisite service period, net of actual forfeitures, based on the grant date fair value and our current expectation of the probable number of shares that will ultimately be issued. Certain contingently issuable performance shares are also subject to a holding period of one year after the vesting date. For such awards, the grant date fair value is discounted for the restriction of liquidity, which is calculated using a model that is deemed appropriate after an evaluation of current market conditions. When estimating the grant date fair value of stock-based awards, we consider whether an adjustment is required to the closing price or the expected volatility of our common stock on the date of grant when we are in possession of material non-public information. Note 13, “Stock-Based Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report sets forth certain significant assumptions used to determine the fair value of our stock options and contingently issuable performance shares.