# Western Union CO (WU) FY 2023 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Western Union CO's 10-K for fiscal year 2023.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1365135/000095017024018751/wu-20231231.htm
Accession: 0000950170-24-018751
Filing date: 2024-02-22
Report date: 2023-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/WU/
All MD&A years: /company/WU/mda/
Previous year: /company/WU/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022)
Next year: /company/WU/mda/fy2024/ (FY 2024)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K. This Annual Report on Form 10‑K contains certain statements that are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Certain statements contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions, and projections about our industry, business, and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K. See “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a leading provider of cross-border, cross-currency money movement, payments, and digital financial services and have operated in the following business segments:

•
Consumer Money Transfer - Our Consumer Money Transfer operating segment (previously Consumer-to-Consumer) facilitates money transfers, which are primarily sent from our retail agent locations worldwide or through websites and mobile devices. Our money transfer service is provided through one interconnected global network. This service is available for international cross-border transfers and, in certain countries, intra-country transfers.

•
Business Solutions - On August 4, 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our Business Solutions business to Goldfinch Partners LLC and The Baupost Group LLC (the "Buyer"), and the final closing for this transaction occurred on July 1, 2023. Accordingly, we will no longer report Business Solutions revenues and operating expenses after July 1, 2023. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements, Note 4, Divestitures, Investment Activities, and Goodwill for further information regarding this transaction. Our Business Solutions operating segment facilitated payment and foreign exchange solutions, primarily cross-border, cross-currency transactions, for small and medium size enterprises and other organizations and individuals. The segment’s business related to exchanges of currency at spot rates, which enabled customers to make cross-currency payments, and in limited countries, we wrote foreign currency forward and option contracts for customers to facilitate future payments.

•
Consumer Services - Our Consumer Services segment (previously Other) includes our bill payment services which facilitate payments for consumers, businesses, and other organizations, as well as our money order services, retail foreign exchange services, prepaid cards, lending partnerships, and digital wallets. Certain of our corporate costs such as costs related to strategic initiatives, including costs for the review and closing of mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures, are also included in Consumer Services.

Additional information regarding our segments is provided in the Segment Discussion below.

Results of Operations

The following discussion of our consolidated results of operations and segment results refers to the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. For discussion of our consolidated results of operations and segment results for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

The results of operations should be read in conjunction with the discussion of our segment results of operations, which provides more detailed discussions concerning certain components of the Consolidated Statements of Income. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between our segments have been eliminated. The below information has been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) unless otherwise noted. All amounts provided in this section are rounded to the nearest tenth of a million, except as

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otherwise noted. As a result, the percentage changes and margins disclosed herein may not recalculate precisely using the rounded amounts provided.

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were impacted by fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies. Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges, resulted in a decrease to revenues of $143.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 relative to the prior year.

On August 4, 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our Business Solutions business for cash consideration of $910.0 million. The sale was completed in three closings, with the entire cash consideration collected at the first closing and allocated to the closings on a relative fair value basis. The first closing occurred on March 1, 2022, excluded the operations in the European Union and the United Kingdom, and resulted in a gain of $151.4 million. The second closing, which occurred on December 31, 2022 and included the United Kingdom operations, resulted in a gain of $96.9 million. The final closing, which occurred on July 1, 2023 and included the European Union operations, resulted in a gain of $18.0 million. During the period between the first and final closings, we were required to pay the Buyer a measure of profit of the European Union and United Kingdom operations, while we owned them, adjusted for the occupancy charges for employees of the Buyer using our facilities, and other items, as contractually agreed, which was $2.7 million and $32.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was included in Other expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The related income tax expense on this income was also passed to the Buyer.

Business Solutions revenues included in our Consolidated Statements of Income were $29.7 million and $196.9 million, and direct operating expenses, excluding corporate allocations, were $26.1 million and $140.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Costs related to the review and closing of this divestiture were $1.1 million and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Beginning in March 2023, we experienced a significant increase in our business originating from Iraq which contributed 6% to our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 relative to the prior year. Over the past several months, we have been in regular discussions with policymakers in both the United States and Iraq about the elevated remittance volumes flowing through our network in Iraq. We believe this volume to have been the effect of policy changes by the Central Bank of Iraq. We have actively partnered with regulators to assess and evaluate increased funds flows from a regulatory, compliance, and risk perspective. We also evaluate and apply our own compliance and risk controls.

In March 2022, we suspended our operations in Russia and Belarus, which are included in our Consumer Money Transfer segment, due to the Russia/Ukraine conflict. Revenues associated with the Russia and Belarus operations, including transactions sent from, into, and within these countries for the year ended December 31, 2022 were approximately $28 million.

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The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["(in millions, except per share amounts)","","2023","","","2022","","","% Change"],["Revenues","","$","4,357.0","","","$","4,475.5","","","","(3",")%"],["Expenses:"],["Cost of services","","","2,671.7","","","","2,626.4","","","","2","%"],["Selling, general, and administrative","","","867.8","","","","964.2","","","","(10",")%"],["Total expenses","","","3,539.5","","","","3,590.6","","","","(1",")%"],["Operating income","","","817.5","","","","884.9","","","","(8",")%"],["Other income/(expense):"],["Gain on divestiture of business","","","18.0","","","","248.3","","","(a)"],["Interest income","","","15.6","","","","13.9","","","","13","%"],["Interest expense","","","(105.3",")","","","(101.0",")","","","4","%"],["Other expense, net","","","\u2014","","","","(37.5",")","","(a)"],["Total other income/(expense), net","","","(71.7",")","","","123.7","","","(a)"],["Income before income taxes","","","745.8","","","","1,008.6","","","","(26",")%"],["Provision for income taxes","","","119.8","","","","98.0","","","","22","%"],["Net income","","$","626.0","","","$","910.6","","","","(31",")%"],["Earnings per share:"],["Basic","","$","1.69","","","$","2.35","","","","(28",")%"],["Diluted","","$","1.68","","","$","2.34","","","","(28",")%"],["Weighted-average shares outstanding:"],["Basic","","","370.8","","","","387.2"],["Diluted","","","371.8","","","","388.4"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)
Calculation not meaningful.

Revenues Overview

Revenues are primarily derived from consideration paid by customers to transfer money. These revenues vary by transaction based upon factors such as channel, send and receive locations, the principal amount sent, and the difference between the exchange rate we set to the customer and a rate available in the wholesale foreign exchange market, when the money transfer involves different send and receive currencies. We also offer several other services, including foreign exchange and payment services and other bill payment services, for which revenue is impacted by similar factors.

Due to the significance of the effect that foreign exchange fluctuations against the United States dollar can have on our reported revenues, constant currency results have been provided in the table below for consolidated revenues. Constant currency results assume foreign revenues are translated from foreign currencies to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the prior year. We have also disclosed the impact of our Business Solutions divestiture on our revenues in the table below. Constant currency measures and measures that exclude the impact of divestitures are non-GAAP financial measures and are provided so that revenue can be viewed without the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and divestitures of our businesses, which is consistent with how management evaluates our revenue results and trends. We believe that these measures provide management and investors with information about revenue results and trends that eliminates currency volatility and divestitures, thereby providing greater clarity regarding, and increasing the comparability of, our underlying results and trends. These disclosures are provided in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the percentage change in revenue on a GAAP basis for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. Other companies may calculate and define similarly labeled items differently, which may limit the usefulness of this measure for comparative purposes.

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The following table sets forth our consolidated revenue results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["(dollars in millions)","","2023","","","2022","","","% Change"],["Revenues, as reported - (GAAP)","","$","4,357.0","","","$","4,475.5","","","","(3",")%"],["Foreign currency impact(a)","","","","","","","","","4","%"],["Divestitures impact(b)","","","","","","","","","3","%"],["Adjusted revenues - (Non-GAAP)","","","","","","","","","4","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)
Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges, resulted in a decrease to revenues of $143.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 when compared to foreign currency rates in the prior year.

(b)
Business Solutions revenues included in our results were $29.7 million and $196.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In addition to the negative impacts from foreign currency and the divestiture of our Business Solutions business, as described above, for the year ended December 31, 2023 when compared to the prior year, GAAP and non-GAAP revenues benefited from an increase in Consumer Money Transfer revenues in Iraq, as discussed above, and an increase in local currency revenue per transaction in our Argentine operations due to inflation, partially offset by revenue declines in our Europe and CIS and North America regions, as well as the suspension of our operations in Russia and Belarus in March 2022.

Operating Expenses Overview

Operating expense redeployment program

On October 20, 2022, we announced an operating expense redeployment program which aims to redeploy approximately $150 million in expenses in our existing cost base through 2027, accomplished through optimizations in vendor management, our real estate footprint, marketing, and people strategy. We believe these changes will allow us to invest in strategic initiatives. The timing and pace of this redeployment may vary, and we believe that we will continue to refine aspects of the program as we progress. We have incurred and expect to incur incremental expenses associated with the implementation of this program. We incurred $10.6 million and $18.9 million of Cost of services and Selling, general, and administrative expenses, respectively, related to this program for the year ended December 31, 2023. We incurred $2.7 million and $19.1 million of Cost of services and Selling, general, and administrative expenses, respectively, related to this program for the year ended December 31, 2022, and we have incurred $51.3 million of total expenses under this program from inception through December 31, 2023.

Cost of Services

Cost of services primarily consists of agent commissions, which represented approximately 60% of total cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cost of services increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased agent commissions, which generally vary with revenues, as well as increased investment in information technology, and increased other variable expenses, including bank fees and credit and non-credit losses, partially offset by a decrease associated with the Business Solutions divestiture.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year due to the Business Solutions divestiture, a reduction in general and administrative expenses in our shared services functions, including as a result of our operating expense redeployment program, exit costs associated with the suspension of our Russia and Belarus operations and the Business Solutions divestiture that were incurred in the prior year, as discussed above, fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies, and a reduction in advertising expenses. The decrease was partially offset by increases in employee incentive compensation.

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Total Other Income/(Expense), Net

Total other income/(expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year was impacted by the gain on the first, second, and final closings of the Business Solutions divestiture, which occurred on March 1, 2022, December 31, 2022 and July 1, 2023, respectively, as described further above, and by the expense associated with payment obligations to the Buyer of the Business Solutions business for a measure of the profits, as contractually agreed, from the European Union and United Kingdom operations, while owned by us.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rates on pre-tax income were 16.1% and 9.7% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year was primarily due to the reversal of uncertain tax positions in the prior year, including from statute of limitations expirations and the completion of the examination of our federal income tax returns for 2017 and 2018, partially offset by the effects of the sale of our Business Solutions business.

We have established contingency reserves for a variety of material, known tax exposures. As of December 31, 2023, the total amount of tax contingency reserves was $244.8 million, including accrued interest and penalties, net of related items. Our tax reserves reflect our judgment as to the resolution of the issues involved if subject to judicial review or other settlement. While we believe that our reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, there can be no assurance that, in all instances, an issue raised by a tax authority will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed our related reserve. With respect to these reserves, our income tax expense would include: (i) any changes in tax reserves arising from material changes in the facts and circumstances (i.e., new information) surrounding a tax issue during the period, and (ii) any difference from our tax position as recorded in the financial statements and the final resolution of a tax issue during the period. Such resolution could materially increase or decrease income tax expense in our consolidated financial statements in future periods and could impact our operating cash flows.

A significant proportion of our profits are foreign-derived. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 105% and 95%, respectively, of our pre-tax income was derived from foreign sources. While the income tax imposed by any one foreign country is not material to us, our overall effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes in foreign tax laws.

Earnings Per Share

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, basic earnings per share were $1.69 and $2.35, respectively, and diluted earnings per share were $1.68 and $2.34, respectively. Outstanding options to purchase Western Union stock and unvested shares of restricted stock are excluded from basic shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if outstanding stock options at the presented dates are exercised and shares of restricted stock have vested. Shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation were 9.7 million and 8.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effect of these shares was anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method, as the assumed proceeds of the options and restricted stock per unit were above our average share price during the periods.

Earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year were impacted by the previously described factors impacting net income, partially offset by a lower number of average shares outstanding. The lower number of shares outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year is due to stock repurchases exceeding stock issuances under our stock compensation programs.

Segment Discussion

We manage our business around the consumers and businesses we serve and the types of services we offer. Each of our segments addressed a different combination of customer groups, distribution networks, and services offered. Our segments were Consumer Money Transfer, Business Solutions, and Consumer Services. On August 4, 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our Business Solutions business, as discussed above. The operations of the Business Solutions business sold in the final closing were included in Revenues and Operating income after the second closing and have completely transitioned to the Buyer as of the final closing. However, between the first and final closings, we were required

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to pay the Buyer a measure of the profits from these operations, while we owned them, adjusted for other charges, and this expense was recognized in Other expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred $29.5 million and $21.8 million, respectively, of costs associated with our operating expense redeployment program, as described above, primarily related to severance, expenses associated with streamlining our organizational and legal structure and non-cash impairments of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and property and equipment. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred $10.0 million and $7.7 million of exit costs associated with the suspension of our Russia and Belarus operations and the Business Solutions divestiture, respectively. These exit costs were primarily related to severance and non-cash impairments of property and equipment, an operating lease ROU asset, and other intangible assets. While certain of the above expenses are identifiable to our segments, the expenses are not included in the measurement of segment operating income provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) for purposes of performance assessment and resource allocation. These expenses are therefore excluded from our segment operating income results.

The business segment measurements provided to, and evaluated by, our CODM are computed in accordance with the following principles:

•
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

•
Corporate costs, including overhead expenses, are allocated to the segments primarily based on a percentage of the segments’ revenue compared to total revenue.

•
All items not included in operating income are excluded from the segments.

The following table sets forth the components of segment revenues as a percentage of the consolidated totals for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["","","2023","","","2022"],["Consumer Money Transfer","","","92","%","","","89","%"],["Business Solutions","","","1","%","","","5","%"],["Consumer Services","","","7","%","","","6","%"],["","","","100","%","","","100","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Consumer Money Transfer

The following table sets forth our Consumer Money Transfer segment results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["(dollars and transactions in millions)","","2023","","","2022","","","% Change"],["Revenues","","$","4,005.0","","","$","3,993.5","","","","0","%"],["Operating income","","$","750.8","","","$","765.1","","","","(2",")%"],["Operating income margin","","","19","%","","","19","%"],["Key indicator:"],["Consumer Money Transfer transactions","","","279.4","","","","274.1","","","","2","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Our Consumer Money Transfer service facilitates money transfers sent from our retail agent locations worldwide and our Branded Digital services. The segment includes five geographic regions whose functions are primarily related to generating, managing, and maintaining agent relationships and localized marketing activities. We include Branded Digital transactions in our regions. By means of common processes and systems, these regions, including Branded Digital transactions, create one interconnected global network for consumer transactions, thereby constituting one Consumer Money Transfer business and one operating segment.

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Transaction volume is the primary generator of revenue in our Consumer Money Transfer segment. A Consumer Money Transfer transaction constitutes the transfer of funds to a designated recipient utilizing one of our consumer money transfer services. The geographic split for transactions and revenue in the table that follows is determined based upon the region where the money transfer is initiated. Included in each region’s transaction and revenue percentages in the tables below are Branded Digital transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Where reported separately in the discussion below, Branded Digital consists of 100% of the transactions conducted and funded through that channel.

The table below sets forth revenue and transaction changes by geographic region compared to the prior year. Additionally, due to the significance of our Consumer Money Transfer segment to our overall results, we have also provided constant currency results for our Consumer Money Transfer segment revenues. Consumer Money Transfer segment constant currency revenue growth/(decline) is a non-GAAP financial measure, as further discussed in Revenues Overview above.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31, 2023"],["","","","","","","","","Constant"],["","","Revenue","","","","","","Currency"],["","","Growth /","","","Foreign","","","Revenue"],["","","(Decline)","","","Exchange","","","Growth(a) /","","","Transaction"],["","","as Reported -","","","Translation","","","(Decline) -","","","Growth/"],["","","(GAAP)","","","Impact","","","(Non-GAAP)","","","(Decline)"],["Consumer Money Transfer regional growth/(decline):"],["North America (United States & Canada) (\"NA\")","","","(5",")%","","","0","%","","","(5",")%","","","5","%"],["Europe and CIS (\"EU & CIS\")","","","(11",")%","","","0","%","","","(11",")%","","","(6",")%"],["Middle East, Africa, and South Asia (\"MEASA\")","","","31","%","","","(1",")%","","","32","%","","","6","%"],["Latin America and the Caribbean (\"LACA\")","","","8","%","","","(1",")%","","","9","%","","","7","%"],["East Asia and Oceania (\"APAC\")","","","(7",")%","","","(2",")%","","","(5",")%","","","1","%"],["Total Consumer Money Transfer growth/(decline):","","","0","%","","","(1",")%","","","1","%","","","2","%"],["Branded Digital(b)","","","0","%","","","0","%","","","0","%","","","11","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)
Constant currency revenue growth/(decline) assumes that revenues denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the United States dollar, net of the effect of foreign currency hedges, at rates consistent with those in the prior year.

(b)
As noted above, Branded Digital revenues are included in the regions.

The table below sets forth regional revenues as a percentage of our Consumer Money Transfer revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["","","2023","","","2022"],["Consumer Money Transfer revenue as a percentage of segment revenue:"],["NA","","","37","%","","","40","%"],["EU & CIS","","","25","%","","","28","%"],["MEASA","","","21","%","","","16","%"],["LACA","","","11","%","","","10","%"],["APAC","","","6","%","","","6","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Branded Digital, which is included in the regional percentages above, represented approximately 22% of our Consumer Money Transfer revenues for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Our consumers transferred $101.7 billion and $93.6 billion in cross-border principal for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in cross-border principal transferred during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year is primarily attributable to principal growth due to a change in monetary policy in Iraq, as discussed above, and growth in our NA and LACA regions. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is the amount of consumer funds transferred to a designated recipient in a country or territory that differs from the country or territory from which the transaction was initiated. Consumer Money Transfer cross-border principal is a metric used by management to monitor and better understand the growth in our underlying business relative to competitors, as well as changes in our market share of global remittances.

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Revenues

Consumer Money Transfer revenue remained flat and transactions increased 2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. Fluctuations in the United States dollar compared to foreign currencies, net of the impact of foreign currency hedges, negatively impacted revenue by 1% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, in our Consumer Money Transfer regions, NA revenue decreased and transactions increased compared to the prior year primarily due to promotional pricing related to our new Branded Digital go-to-market strategy and other price reductions. Growth in cross-border transactions sent from the United States was partially offset by declines in transactions sent within the United States. The EU & CIS revenues were negatively impacted by price reductions, the loss of a significant retail agent in the fourth quarter of 2022, and our suspension of operations in Russia and Belarus. Revenue growth in the MEASA region was driven by a change in monetary policy in Iraq, as discussed above, and revenue growth in the LACA region benefited from an increase in local currency revenue per transaction in Argentina, and strength in Ecuador and Venezuela.

We have historically implemented price reductions or price increases throughout many of our global corridors. We will likely continue to implement price changes from time to time in response to competition and other factors. Price reductions generally reduce margins and adversely affect financial results in the short term and may also adversely affect financial results in the long term if transaction volumes do not increase sufficiently. Price increases may adversely affect transaction volumes, as consumers may not use our services if we fail to price them appropriately. We believe revenues could continue to be adversely impacted by price reductions we have implemented in connection with our go-to-market strategy.

Operating Income

Consumer Money Transfer operating income decreased 2% during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to increases in agent commissions, which generally vary with revenues, employee incentive compensation, variable expenses, including bank fees and credit and non-credit losses, and investment in information technology, partially offset by a reduction in general and administrative expenses in our shared services functions, including as a result of our operating expense redeployment program, fluctuations between the United States dollar and foreign currencies, an increase in revenues, and a reduction in advertising expenses.

Business Solutions

The following table sets forth our Business Solutions segment results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["(dollars in millions)","","2023","","","2022","","","% Change"],["Revenues","","$","29.7","","","$","196.9","","","","(85",")%"],["Operating income","","$","3.7","","","$","58.5","","","(a)"],["Operating income margin","","","12","%","","","30","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)
Calculation not meaningful.

Revenues

Business Solutions revenue decreased 85% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the first, second, and final closings of the sale of our Business Solutions business, which occurred on March 1, 2022, December 31, 2022, and July 1, 2023, respectively, as described further above.

Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Business Solutions operating income and operating income margin was impacted by the first, second, and final closings of the sale of our Business Solutions business, as described further above.

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Effective January 1, 2022, we stopped allocating corporate costs to our Business Solutions segment, given our agreement to sell this business.

Consumer Services

The following table sets forth Consumer Services segment results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year Ended December 31,"],["(dollars in millions)","","2023","","","2022","","","% Change"],["Revenues","","$","322.3","","","$","285.1","","","","13","%"],["Operating income","","$","92.5","","","$","100.8","","","","(8",")%"],["Operating income margin","","","29","%","","","35","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, Consumer Services revenues increased primarily due to increased investment revenues associated with our money order and other investment securities, as well as an increase in local currency revenue per transaction in our cash-based bill payments services offered at retail locations in Argentina, due to inflation, partially offset by the strengthening of the United States dollar against the Argentine peso.

Operating Income

Consumer Services operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year was negatively impacted by increased investment in information technology, a reduction in the reimbursement of expenses associated with transition services provided after the first and second closings of the sale of our Business Solutions business, and an increase in consulting expenses associated with new services, partially offset by the increase in revenue described above.

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Capital Resources and Liquidity

Our primary source of liquidity has been cash generated from our operating activities, primarily from net income and fluctuations in working capital. Our working capital is affected by the timing of payments for employee and agent incentives, interest payments on our outstanding borrowings, and timing of income tax payments, among other items. Many of our annual employee incentive compensation and agent incentive payments are made in the first quarter following the year they were incurred. The majority of our interest payments are due in the second and fourth quarters, which results in a decrease in the amount of cash provided by operating activities in those quarters and a corresponding increase to the first and third quarters. The annual payments resulting from the United States tax reform legislation enacted in 2017 (the “Tax Act”) include amounts related to the United States taxation of certain previously undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. These payments are due in the second quarter of each year through 2025.

Our future cash flows could be impacted by a variety of factors, some of which are out of our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in economic conditions, especially those impacting migrant populations, changes in income tax laws or the status of income tax audits, including the resolution of outstanding tax matters, and the settlement or resolution of legal contingencies.

Substantially all of our cash flows from operating activities have been generated from subsidiaries. Most of these cash flows are generated from our regulated subsidiaries. Our regulated subsidiaries may transfer all excess cash to the parent company for general corporate use, except for assets subject to legal or regulatory restrictions, including: (i) requirements to maintain cash and other qualifying investment balances, free of any liens or other encumbrances, related to the payment of certain of our money transfer and other payment obligations, (ii) other legal or regulatory restrictions, including statutory or formalized minimum net worth requirements, and (iii) restrictions on transferring assets outside of the countries where these assets are located.

We currently believe we have adequate liquidity to meet our business needs, including payments under our debt and other obligations, through our existing cash balances, our ability to generate cash flows through operations, and our $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), which expires in November 2028 and supports our commercial paper program. Our commercial paper program enables us to issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.25 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of any borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility and $364.9 million of outstanding borrowings on the commercial paper program.

To help ensure availability of our worldwide cash where needed, we utilize a variety of planning and financial strategies, including decisions related to the amounts, timing, and manner by which cash is repatriated or otherwise made available from our international subsidiaries. These decisions can influence our overall tax rate and impact our total liquidity. We regularly evaluate our United States cash requirements, taking tax consequences and other factors into consideration and also the potential uses of cash internationally to determine the appropriate level of dividend repatriations of our foreign source income.

Cash and Investment Securities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had Cash and cash equivalents of $1,268.6 million and $1,291.1 million, including $5.2 million related to Business Solutions as of December 31, 2022. In many cases, we receive funds from money transfers and certain other payment services before we settle the payment of those transactions. These funds, referred to as Settlement assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, are not used to support our operations. However, we earn income from investing these funds. We maintain a portion of these settlement assets in highly liquid investments, classified as Cash and cash equivalents within Settlement assets, to fund settlement obligations.

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Investment securities, classified within Settlement assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $1,458.1 million and $1,333.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and consist primarily of highly-rated state and municipal debt securities. These investment securities are held in order to comply with state licensing requirements in the United States and are required to have credit ratings of “A-” or better from a major credit rating agency. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7, Settlement Assets and Obligations for more details regarding investment securities.

Investment securities are exposed to market risk due to changes in interest rates and credit risk. We regularly monitor credit risk and attempt to mitigate our exposure by investing in highly-rated securities and diversifying our investment portfolio. Our investment securities are also actively managed with respect to concentration. As of December 31, 2023, all investments with a single issuer and each individual security represented less than 10% of our investment securities portfolio.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased to $783.1 million from $581.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash provided by operating activities was impacted by changes to our consolidated net income, excluding the gain on sale of the Business Solutions business, in addition to fluctuations in our working capital balances, among other factors. In addition, cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was negatively impacted by higher income taxes paid, including those related to the gain on the sale of the Business Solutions business.

Financing Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had the following outstanding borrowings (in millions):

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[["Commercial paper","","$","364.9"],["Notes:"],["2.850% notes due 2025(a)","","","500.0"],["1.350% notes due 2026(a)","","","600.0"],["2.750% notes due 2031(a)","","","300.0"],["6.200% notes due 2036(a)","","","500.0"],["6.200% notes due 2040(a)","","","250.0"],["Total borrowings at par value","","","2,514.9"],["Debt issuance costs and unamortized discount, net","","","(10.3",")"],["Total borrowings at carrying value(b)","","$","2,504.6"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)
The difference between the stated interest rate and the effective interest rate is not significant.

(b)
As of December 31, 2023, our weighted-average effective rate on total borrowings was approximately 4.0%.

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Commercial Paper Program

Pursuant to our commercial paper program, we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes in an amount not to exceed $1.25 billion outstanding at any time, reduced to the extent of borrowings outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. Our commercial paper borrowings may have maturities of up to 397 days from date of issuance. Interest rates for borrowings are based on market rates at the time of issuance. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $364.9 million and $180.0 million in commercial paper borrowings outstanding, respectively. Our commercial paper borrowings as of December 31, 2023 had a weighted-average annual interest rate of approximately 5.6% and a weighted-average term of approximately 3 days. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the average commercial paper balance outstanding was $276.7 million and $192.9 million, respectively, and the maximum balance outstanding was $885.0 million and $725.0 million, respectively. Proceeds from our commercial paper borrowings were used for the repayment of our notes due in June 2023, general corporate purposes, and working capital needs, including the settlement of our money transfer obligations prior to collecting receivables from agents or others.

Revolving Credit Facility

On December 18, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement providing for unsecured financing facilities in an aggregate amount of $1.5 billion, including a $250.0 million letter of credit sub-facility, with a final maturity date of January 8, 2025. On October 31, 2022, we amended the facility to transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and allow us to draw loans payable based upon the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, or the Sterling Overnight Index Average. On November 30, 2023, we amended the facility by entering into a second amended and restated credit agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) providing for unsecured financing facilities in an aggregate amount of $1.25 billion, including a $250.0 million letter of credit subfacility and $300.0 million swing line sublimit, with a final maturity date of November 30, 2028, subject to extension in certain circumstances.

Interest due under the New Credit Agreement is payable according to the terms of that borrowing. Generally, interest under the New Credit Agreement is calculated using either (i) an adjusted term SOFR, or other applicable benchmark based on the currency of the borrowing, plus an interest rate margin determined on a sliding scale from 0.920% to 1.425% based on our credit rating (currently 1.140%) or (ii) a base rate plus a margin determined on a sliding scale from 0.000% to 0.425%) based on our credit rating (currently 0.140%). A facility fee on the total amount of the facility is also payable quarterly, regardless of usage, and such facility fee is determined on a sliding scale from 0.080% to 0.200% based on our credit rating (currently 0.110%).

The purpose of our Revolving Credit Facility, which is diversified through a group of 16 participating institutions, is to provide general liquidity and to support our commercial paper program, which we believe enhances our short-term credit rating. The largest commitment from any single financial institution within the total committed balance of $1.25 billion is approximately 14%. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no outstanding borrowings under the facility. If the amount available to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility decreased, or if the Revolving Credit Facility were eliminated, the cost and availability of borrowing under the commercial paper program may be impacted.

Term Loan Facility

On December 18, 2018, we entered into an amended and restated term loan facility providing for up to $950.0 million in borrowings and extending the final maturity of the facility to January 2024 (the “Term Loan Facility”). In the first quarter of 2021, we repaid $650.0 million of the Term Loan Facility. On January 4, 2022, we repaid all remaining borrowings owed under the Term Loan Facility for total consideration of $300.0 million, using proceeds from our commercial paper and cash, including cash generated from operations. We are no longer able to borrow money under this facility.

Notes

For a discussion regarding the terms and maturities of our notes, please refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15, Borrowings.

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Credit Ratings and Debt Covenants

The credit ratings on our debt are an important consideration in our overall business, managing our financing costs, and facilitating access to additional capital on favorable terms. Factors that we believe are important in assessing our credit ratings include earnings, cash flow generation, leverage, available liquidity, and the overall business.

Our Revolving Credit Facility contains interest rate margins which are determined based on certain of our credit ratings and also contains a facility fee that is based on our credit ratings. In addition, the interest rates payable on our notes due in 2025, 2026, and 2031 can be impacted by our credit ratings. We are also subject to certain provisions in many of our notes and certain of our derivative contracts, which could require settlement or collateral posting in the event of a change in control combined with a downgrade below investment grade, as further described below. We do not have any other terms within our debt agreements that are tied to changes in our credit ratings.

The Revolving Credit Facility contains covenants, subject to certain exceptions, that, among other things, limit or restrict our ability to sell or transfer assets or merge or consolidate with another company, grant certain types of security interests, incur certain types of liens, impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends, enter into sale and leaseback transactions, incur certain subsidiary level indebtedness, or use proceeds in violation of anti-corruption or anti-money laundering laws. Our notes are subject to similar covenants except that only the notes due in 2036 contain covenants limiting or restricting subsidiary indebtedness, and none of our notes are subject to a covenant that limits our ability to impose restrictions on subsidiary dividends. Our Revolving Credit Facility requires us to maintain a consolidated adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA”) interest coverage ratio of greater than 3:1 (ratio of consolidated adjusted EBITDA, defined as net income/(loss) plus the sum of (i) interest expense, (ii) income tax expense, (iii) depreciation expense, (iv) amortization expense, (v) any other non-cash deductions, losses or charges made in determining net income/(loss) for such period, and (vi) extraordinary, non-recurring, or unusual losses or charges (including costs and expenses of litigation included in operating income), minus extraordinary, non-recurring or unusual gains provided that the amount added back to net income (or net loss) for such extraordinary, non-recurring or unusual losses, expenses or charges may not exceed 10% of adjusted EBITDA, in each case determined in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles for such period, to interest expense) for each period comprising the four most recent consecutive fiscal quarters. Our consolidated interest coverage ratio was 10:1 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with our debt covenants. A violation of our debt covenants could impair our ability to borrow, and outstanding amounts borrowed could become due, thereby restricting our ability to use our excess cash for other purposes.

Certain of our notes (including our notes due in 2025, 2026, 2031, and 2040) include a change of control triggering event provision, as defined in the terms of the notes. If a change of control triggering event occurs, holders of the notes may require us to repurchase some or all of their notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of their notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. A change of control triggering event will occur when there is a change of control involving us and, among other things, within a specified period in relation to the change of control, the notes are downgraded from an investment grade rating to below an investment grade rating by certain major credit rating agencies.

Cash Priorities

Liquidity

Our objective is to maintain strong liquidity and a capital structure consistent with investment-grade credit ratings. We have existing cash balances, cash flows from operating activities, access to the commercial paper markets, and our Revolving Credit Facility available to support the needs of our business.

Our ability to grow the business, make investments in our business, make acquisitions, return capital to shareholders, including through dividends and share repurchases, and service our debt and tax obligations will depend on our ability to continue to generate excess operating cash through our operating subsidiaries and to continue to receive dividends from those operating subsidiaries, our ability to obtain adequate financing, and our ability to identify acquisitions that align with our long-term strategy. For additional information, please refer to Part II, Item 5, Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

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Capital Expenditures

The total aggregate amount paid for purchased and developed software, contract costs, and purchases of property and equipment was $147.8 million and $208.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amounts paid for new and renewed agent contracts vary depending on the terms of existing contracts as well as the timing of new and renewed contract signings. Other capital expenditures during these periods included investments in our information technology infrastructure.

Share Repurchases and Dividends

On February 10, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized $1.0 billion of common stock repurchases through December 31, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 24.3 million and 22.3 million shares, respectively, were repurchased for $300.0 million and $351.8 million, respectively, excluding commissions, at an average cost of $12.35 and $15.81, respectively, under this share repurchase authorization. As of December 31, 2023, $348.2 million remained available under this share repurchase authorization.

Our Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.235 per common share in all four quarters of 2023 and 2022, representing $346.1 million and $361.6 million in total dividends, respectively. These amounts were paid to shareholders of record in the respective quarter the dividend was declared.

On February 6, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.235 per common share payable on March 29, 2024.

Material Cash Requirements

Debt Service Requirements

Our 2024 and future debt service requirements will include payments on all outstanding indebtedness, including any borrowings under our commercial paper program. Our next scheduled principal payment on our outstanding notes is in 2025.

As of December 31, 2023, the total projected interest payments on outstanding borrowings were $762.3 million, of which $77.1 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. We have estimated our future interest payments based on the assumption that no debt issuances or renewals will occur upon the maturity dates of our notes. However, we may refinance all or a portion of our borrowings in future periods, and we expect to continue to borrow under our commercial paper program for general corporate purposes and working capital needs.

2017 United States Federal Tax Liability

The Tax Act imposed a tax on certain of our previously undistributed foreign earnings. This tax charge, combined with our other 2017 United States taxable income and tax attributes, resulted in a 2017 United States federal tax liability of approximately $800 million, of which approximately $358 million remained as of December 31, 2023. We elected to pay this liability in periodic installments through 2025. Under the terms of the law, we owe 20% and 25% of the original liability in 2024 and 2025, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we made installment payments of $119.5 million and $63.7 million, respectively. These payments have affected and will continue to adversely affect our cash flows and liquidity and may adversely affect future share repurchases.

Operating Leases

We lease real properties for use as administrative and sales offices, in addition to transportation, office, and other equipment. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12, Leases for details on our leasing arrangements, including future maturities of our operating lease liabilities.

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Purchase Obligations

A purchase obligation is an agreement to purchase goods or services that is enforceable, legally binding, and specifies all significant terms. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $210 million of outstanding purchase obligations, of which approximately $130 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months. Many of our contracts contain clauses that allow us to terminate the contract with notice and with a termination penalty. Termination penalties are generally an amount less than the original obligation. Obligations under certain contracts are usage-based and are, therefore, estimated in the above amounts. Historically, we have not had any significant defaults on our contractual obligations or incurred significant penalties for termination of our contractual obligations.

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Other Commercial Commitments

We had approximately $150 million in outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees as of December 31, 2023 primarily held in connection with regulatory requirements, lease arrangements, and certain agent agreements. We expect to renew many of our letters of credit and bank guarantees prior to expiration.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition is based on our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported for revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and other related disclosures. Actual results may or may not differ from these estimates. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Our critical accounting policies and estimates, described below, are very important to the portrayal of our financial condition and our results of operations, and applying them requires our management to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments. We believe that the understanding of these key accounting policies and estimates is essential in achieving more insight into our operating results and financial condition.

Income Taxes

Income taxes, as reported in our consolidated financial statements, represent the net amount of income taxes we expect to pay to various taxing jurisdictions in connection with our operations. We provide for income taxes based on amounts that we believe we will ultimately owe after applying the required analyses and judgments.

The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes requires significant judgment. We routinely receive, and may in the future receive, questions from taxing authorities on various tax-related assertions. In many of these instances, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain, given the complexities in interpreting tax laws and applying our facts and circumstances to these laws in many jurisdictions throughout the world.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits of the position, that the tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigation. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured as the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution.

We have established contingency reserves for a variety of material, known tax exposures. Our tax reserves reflect our judgment as to the resolution of the issues involved if subject to judicial review or other settlement. While we believe that our reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, there can be no assurance that, in all instances, an issue raised by a tax authority will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed our related reserve. With respect to these reserves, our income tax expense would include: (i) any changes in tax reserves arising from material changes in facts and circumstances (i.e., new information) surrounding a tax issue during the period and (ii) any difference from our tax position as recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the final resolution of a tax issue during the period.

Our tax contingency reserves for our uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 were $244.8 million, including accrued interest and penalties, net of related items. While we believe that our reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, in the event that the ultimate resolution of our uncertain tax positions differs from our estimates, we may be exposed to material increases in income tax expense, which could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Furthermore, the timing of any related cash payments for these tax liabilities is inherently uncertain and is affected by variable factors outside our control.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of tangible and other intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed, arising from business combinations. An impairment assessment of goodwill is conducted annually during our fourth quarter at the reporting unit level. This assessment of goodwill is performed more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable. Reporting units are determined by the level at which management reviews segment operating results. In some cases, that level is the operating segment, and in others, it is one level below the operating segment.

Our impairment assessment typically begins with a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The initial qualitative assessment includes

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comparing the overall financial performance of the reporting unit against the planned results. Additionally, each reporting unit’s fair value is assessed based on current and expected events and circumstances, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, and other relevant entity-specific events. Periodically, we perform a quantitative assessment, as described below, for each of our reporting units, regardless of the results of prior qualitative assessments.

If we determine in the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we estimate the fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows and compare the estimated fair value to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then an impairment is recognized for the difference. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further discussion regarding our accounting policies for goodwill and any related impairments.

The determination of the reporting units and which reporting units to include in the qualitative assessment requires significant judgment. Also, all of the assumptions used in the qualitative assessment require judgment. Additionally, for the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we calculate the fair value of reporting units through discounted cash flow analyses which require us to make estimates and assumptions including, among other items, revenue growth rates, operating margins, and capital expenditures based on our budgets and business plans. Development of such estimates and assumptions and the resultant fair value takes into consideration expected regulatory, marketplace, and other economic factors as well as relevant discount rates and terminal values.

We could be required to evaluate the recoverability of goodwill if we experience disruptions to the business, unexpected significant declines in operating results, a divestiture of a significant component of our business, or other triggering events. In addition, as our business or the way we manage our business changes, our reporting units may also change. If an event described above occurs and causes us to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, it would impact our reported earnings in the period such charge occurs.

The carrying value of goodwill as of December 31, 2023 was $2,034.6 million, which represented approximately 25% of our consolidated assets. As of December 31, 2023, goodwill of $1,980.7 million resides in our Consumer Money Transfer reporting unit, while the remaining $53.9 million resides in Consumer Services. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not record any goodwill impairments. For the reporting units that comprise Consumer Money Transfer and Consumer Services, the fair values of the businesses significantly exceed their carrying amounts.

Other Intangible Assets

We capitalize acquired intangible assets as well as certain initial payments for new and renewed agent contracts and software. We evaluate such intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. In such reviews, estimated undiscounted cash flows associated with these assets or operations are compared with their carrying amounts to determine if a write-down to fair value (normally measured by the present value technique) is required.

The capitalization of software costs incurred during the application development stage, as well as costs incurred to acquire, install, and customize software for internal use, is subject to accounting policy criteria which requires management judgment to determine the stage of development, the amount of costs eligible to be capitalized, and the related period of benefit. For developed software, we capitalize the eligible costs (predominantly detailed design, development, and testing) incurred during the application development stage, and all other costs are expensed as incurred. Once the software is ready for its intended use, the capitalized costs are amortized over the software’s estimated useful life. The capitalization of initial payments for new and renewed agent contracts is subject to strict accounting policy criteria and requires management judgment as to the amount to capitalize and the related period of benefit. Our accounting policy is to limit the amount of capitalized costs for a given agent contract to the lesser of the estimated future cash flows from the contract or the termination fees we would receive in the event of early termination of the contract.

Disruptions to contractual relationships, significant actual or expected declines in cash flows or transaction volumes associated with contracts or software applications, or the discontinued use of a software application would cause us to evaluate the recoverability of the asset and could result in an impairment charge. Additionally, evaluating future cash flows

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associated with each asset requires us to make estimates and assumptions, including, among other things, revenue growth rates and operating margins based on our budgets and business plans.

The net carrying value of our other intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 was $380.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded impairments of approximately $9 million to other intangible assets primarily related to software no longer in use. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded immaterial impairments related to other intangible assets.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.