ACRES Commercial Realty Corp. (ACR) FY 2022 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this annual report on Form 10-K.

We have omitted discussion of the earliest of the three years covered by our consolidated financial statements presented in this report as that disclosure is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 9, 2022. You are encouraged to reference the discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” within that report.

Overview

We are a Maryland corporation and an externally managed REIT that is primarily focused on originating, holding and managing commercial real estate (“CRE”) mortgage loans and other commercial real estate-related debt investments. On July 31, 2020, our management contract was acquired from Exantas Capital Manager Inc., a subsidiary of C-III Capital Partners LLC, by ACRES Capital, LLC (our “Manager”), a subsidiary of ACRES Capital Corp. (collectively, “ACRES”), a private commercial real estate lender exclusively dedicated to nationwide middle market CRE lending with a focus on multifamily, student housing, hospitality, office and industrial in top United States (“U.S.”) markets (the “ACRES acquisition”). Our Manager draws upon the management team of ACRES and its collective investment experience to provide its services. Our objective is to provide our stockholders with total returns over time, including quarterly distributions and capital appreciation, while seeking to manage the risks associated with our investment strategies as well as to maximize long-term stockholder value by maintaining stability through our available liquidity and diversified CRE loan portfolio.

An important aspect of the ACRES acquisition was that it delivered operational liquidity in order to mitigate additional potential margin call risk as a result of the market volatility that was created by the COVID-19 pandemic (see below), which allowed us to focus on asset management within the portfolio in efforts to restart loan originations and underwriting. Our Manager has and expects to continue to leverage the complementary nature of our lending platforms, its experience and its network of relationships to enhance our new business loan pipeline. Additionally, our Manager continuously monitors for new capital opportunities and executes on agreements that enhance our returns.

In December 2019, COVID-19 was identified. The resulting spread of COVID-19 throughout the globe led the World Health Organization to designate COVID-19 as a pandemic and numerous countries, including the U.S, to declare national emergencies. Many countries responded to the initial and ensuing outbreaks of COVID-19 by instituting quarantines and restrictions on travel and limiting operations of non-essential offices and retail centers, which resulted in the closure or remote operation of non-essential businesses, increased rates of unemployment and market disruption in connection with the economic uncertainty. The aforementioned quarantines and travel restrictions contributed significantly to economic disruptions across the country that directly impacted our borrowers and their ability to pay and to stay current with their debt obligations in 2020 and 2021, causing significant increases in our provisions for credit losses. During the height of the pandemic, we used a variety of legal and structural options to manage credit risk effectively, including through forbearance and extension provisions or other agreements.

Due in large part to the development and distribution of vaccines and other treatments, the U.S. and other countries around the world have eased or removed restrictions entirely, financial markets are more liquid, collateral performance has improved and unemployment rates have stabilized to some degree; as such, at December 31, 2022, we have substantially reversed provisions for credit losses related to macroeconomic factors impacted by COVID-19. For additional discussion with respect to the potential impact of COVID-19 on our liquidity and capital resources, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Currently, domestic and global markets are grappling with managing rising inflation rates, supply chain disruptions and energy market dislocations. These additional market pressures are manifesting themselves in higher consumer prices and have led domestic and global monetary policy makers to raise historically low short-term interest rates at rates much faster than originally anticipated by domestic and global financial markets in hopes of containing inflation and staving off or tempering an economic recession. The U.S. Federal Reserve has raised the Federal Funds rate by 4.25% in seven rate hikes between March 2022 and December 2022 to combat inflation, and more rate hikes are expected in the near future. These increases in the cost of capital and goods are expected to cause short-term dislocations in various investment and financing markets in which we participate as we and other market participants adjust to the new financing environment.

We continuously monitor the effects of domestic and global events, including but not limited to the current and expected impacts of inflation, labor shortages, supply chain matters and rising interest rates, on our operations and financial position to ensure

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that we remain responsive and adaptable to the dynamic changes in our operating environment. However, it is inherently difficult to accurately assess the continuing impact of domestic or global macroeconomic events on our revenues, profitability and financial position. In response, we continue to actively and responsibly manage corporate liquidity and operations in light of changing macroeconomic circumstances, and our Manager continuously monitors for new capital opportunities and executes on agreements that are expected to enhance our returns.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we issued 4,600,000 shares of new 7.875% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”) for net proceeds of $110.4 million, which includes the underwriting discounts and offering costs. In October 2021, we and our Manager entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Preferred ATM Agreement”) with JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC, as placement agent (“JonesTrading”), pursuant to which we may issue and sell from time to time up to 2.2 million shares of the Series D Preferred Stock. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received net proceeds of $194,000 from the issuance of 7,857 shares of Series D Preferred Stock governed by the Preferred ATM Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not issue any Series D Preferred Stock through this agreement.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we issued $150.0 million of principal of new 5.75% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (“5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes”) for net proceeds of $146.7 million, which includes debt issuance costs. Using the proceeds, we fully redeemed our $50.0 million of principal of 12.00% senior unsecured notes (“12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes”) for $55.3 million, which included a $5.0 million make-whole amount, and partially repurchased $55.7 million of principal of 4.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (“4.50% Convertible Senior Notes”) during the year ended December 31, 2021. We incurred a loss on extinguishment of $9.0 million, which comprised a $5.0 million make-whole amount on the 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes and $4.0 million of acceleration of the unamortized market discounts. We also accelerated the amortization of debt issuance costs of $522,000, which are reflected in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2021.

In February 2022, we repurchased $39.8 million par value of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes. In conjunction with the repurchase, we accelerated $460,000 of the convertible note discount, which was recorded as an extinguishment of debt cost, and $114,000 of deferred debt issuance costs, which were recorded in interest expense. In August 2022, the remaining $48.2 million of outstanding 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes were paid off upon maturity at par.

The remaining proceeds from these transactions are intended to be used for loan originations and for general corporate purposes in order to improve and grow book value and earnings.

We target originating transitional floating-rate CRE loans between $10.0 million and $100.0 million. In March 2020, due to the market disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we halted loan originations to manage our liquidity. In conjunction with the capital commitments secured through the ACRES acquisition, we resumed originating floating-rate CRE loans in November 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated 19 floating-rate CRE whole loans with total commitments of $610.8 million. Loan payoffs during the year ended December 31, 2022 were $399.6 million and net unfunded commitments were $21.2 million, producing a net increase to the portfolio of $190.0 million.

Our CRE loan portfolio, which had a $2.0 billion and $1.9 billion carrying value at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, comprised:

•
First mortgage loans, which we refer to as whole loans. These loans are typically secured by first liens on CRE property, including the following property types: multifamily, office, hotel, self-storage, retail, student housing, manufactured housing, industrial, healthcare and mixed-use. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our whole loans had a carrying value of $2.0 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, or 100.0% and 99.8%, respectively, of the CRE loan portfolio.

•
Mezzanine debt that is senior to borrower’s equity but is subordinated to other third-party debt. These loans are subordinated CRE loans, usually secured by a pledge of the borrower’s equity ownership in the entity that owns the property or by a second lien mortgage on the property. At December 31, 2021, our mezzanine loans had a carrying value of $4.4 million, or 0.2%, of the CRE loan portfolio. At December 31, 2022, our mezzanine loans had no carrying value.

•
Preferred equity investments that are subordinate to first mortgage loans and mezzanine debt. At December 31, 2020, our preferred equity investments had a carrying value of $26.0 million, or 1.7% respectively, of the CRE loan portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our preferred equity investments paid off, generating $28.8 million of proceeds.

We generate our income primarily from the spread between the revenues we receive from our assets and the cost to finance our ownership of those assets, including corporate debt.

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While the CRE whole loans included in the CRE loan portfolio are substantially composed of floating-rate loans benchmarked to market rates including the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), asset yields are protected through the use of benchmark floors and minimum interest periods that typically range from 12 to 18 months at the time of a loan’s origination. Our benchmark floors provide asset yield protection when the benchmark interest rate falls below an in-place benchmark floor. Our net investment returns are enhanced by a decline in the cost of our floating-rate liabilities that do not have benchmark floors. Our net investment returns will be negatively impacted by the rising cost of our floating-rate liabilities that do not have floors until the benchmark interest rate is above the benchmark floor, at which point our floating-rate loans and floating-rate liabilities will be match funded, effectively locking in our net interest margin until the benchmark floor rate is activated again or the floating-rate loan is paid off or refinanced.

In a business environment where benchmark interest rates are increasing significantly, cash flows of the CRE assets underlying our loans may not be sufficient to pay debt service on our loans, which could result in non-performance or default. We partially mitigate this risk by generally requiring our borrowers to purchase interest rate cap agreements with non-affiliated, well-capitalized third parties and by selectively requiring our borrowers to have and maintain debt service reserves. These interest rate caps generally mature prior to the maturity date of the loan and the borrowers are required to pay to extend them. In most cases the sponsors will need to fund additional equity into the properties to cover these costs as the property may not generate sufficient cash flow to pay these costs. At December 31, 2022, 88.8% of the par value of our CRE loan portfolio had interest rate caps in place with a weighted-average maturity of 1.1 years.

At December 31, 2022, our par-value $2.1 billion floating-rate CRE loan portfolio, which includes one whole loan without a benchmark floor, had a weighted average benchmark floor of 0.68%. At December 31, 2021, our par-value $1.9 billion floating rate CRE loan portfolio, which includes one whole loan without a benchmark floor, had a weighted average benchmark floor of 0.75%. The decrease in the weighted average benchmark floor was a result of older CRE floating-rate loans with higher floors paying off and being replaced with newer loans with lower floors. With the trend of rising benchmark interest rates in 2022 (both LIBOR and SOFR), we have seen the coupons on all of our floating-rate assets and debt rise accordingly. Because we have equity invested in each floating-rate loan, and because in all instances the benchmark interest rates are above our loan floors, the rise in interest rates expected by the market will result in an increase in our net interest income. See “Interest Rate Risk” in “Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

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Our portfolio comprises loans with a diverse array of collateral types and locations. We increased our multifamily portfolio allocation to 75.2% at December 31, 2022 up from 69.7% at December 31, 2021. The following charts show our portfolio allocation by property type at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Our properties are located throughout the U.S., with two and one National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (“NCREIF”) regions in excess of 20% of the total portfolio carrying value at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Southwest and Southeast regions were in excess of 20%. At December 31, 2021, the Southeast region exceeded 20%. The following charts shows our portfolio allocation by property type at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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All but three of our loans were current on contractual payments at December 31, 2022. Each of these three loans, which were in maturity default, had recent appraisals in excess of their par balances and, as such, did not require individual reserves for current expected credit losses (“CECL”). Additionally, we have executed extensions on eight loans at a weighted average extension of four months in exchange for $690,000 of fees during the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired properties with a total fair value of $51.6 million through direct equity investments. In July 2022, we acquired one property for $14.3 million by taking the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on a property that formerly collateralized a non-performing CRE whole loan and reported this property as held for sale at December 31, 2022 and was sold for $15.1 million. We expect to book a nominal gain in February 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we acquired properties with a total fair value of $46.4 million through direct equity investments and taking the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on a property that formerly collateralized a non-performing CRE whole loan.

The existence of net capital loss carryforwards allow for potential future capital gains on these investments to be shielded from income taxes. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the total carrying value of our net real estate-related assets and liabilities was $138.9 million and $83.3 million, respectively, on six and four properties, respectively, owned.

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We use leverage to enhance our returns. The cost of borrowings to finance our investments is a significant part of our expenses. Our net interest income depends on our ability to control these expenses relative to our revenue. Our CRE loans may initially be financed with term facilities, such as CRE loan warehouse financing facilities, in anticipation of their ultimate securitization. We ultimately seek to finance our CRE loans through the use of non-recourse long-term, match-funded CRE debt securitizations.

Our asset-specific borrowings comprised CRE debt securitizations, term warehouse financing facilities and our senior secured financing facility. In May 2021, we closed ACRES Commercial Realty 2021-FL1 Issuer, Ltd. (“ACR 2021-FL1”), a new CRE debt securitization financing $802.6 million of CRE loans with $675.2 million of non-recourse, floating-rate notes at a weighted average cost of one-month LIBOR plus 1.49%. Simultaneously, we executed the optional redemption on Exantas Capital Corp. 2019-RSO7, Ltd. (“XAN 2019-RSO7”) and paid off the remaining notes. In December 2021, we closed ACRES Commercial Realty 2021-FL2 Issuer, Ltd. (“ACR 2021-FL2”), a new CRE debt securitization financing $700.0 million of CRE loans with $567.0 million of non-recourse, floating-rate notes at a weighted average cost of one-month LIBOR plus 1.80%. Each of these 2021 CLOs provides for a two-year reinvestment period that allows us to reinvest CRE loan payoffs and principal paydown proceeds into the securitizations, pending certain eligibility criteria are met and rating agency approval is obtained. The reinvestment feature of the securitizations will allow us to extend the securitizations’ financing lives at favorable interest rates through the reinvestment of loan payoff proceeds into new loans.

In February 2022 and March 2022, we exercised the optional redemptions of Exantas Capital Corp. 2020-RSO8, Ltd. (“XAN 2020-RSO8”) and Exantas Capital Corp. 2020-RSO9, Ltd. (“XAN 2020-RSO9”), respectively, and all of the outstanding senior notes were paid off from the sales proceeds of certain of the securitizations’ assets.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had outstanding balances on our CRE loan term warehouse financing facilities of $328.3 million and $66.8 million, respectively, or 17.6% and 3.7%, respectively, of total outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had outstanding balances of $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, on CRE debt securitizations, or 66.1% and 80.8%, respectively, of total outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2022, we had outstanding borrowings on our senior secured financing facility of $87.9 million, or 4.7% of total outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings on our senior secured financing facility.

In January 2020, we adopted updated accounting guidance that replaced the incurred loss approach with the CECL model for the determination of our allowance for loan losses. We reevaluate our CECL allowance quarterly, incorporating our current expectations of macroeconomic factors considered in the determination of our CECL reserves. The CECL model projected significantly increased expected credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2020 of $34.3 million in connection with the adverse market conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a net reversal of credit losses, which reflected improvements in macroeconomic conditions, improved collateral operating performance and improvements in individually-evaluated loans. At December 31, 2021, the CECL allowance on our CRE loan portfolio was $8.8 million or 0.5% of our $1.9 billion loan portfolio.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a provision of credit losses, which reflected changes in macroeconomic conditions and a specific, full reserve on one mezzanine loan with a par value of $4.7 million. At December 31, 2022, the CECL allowance on our CRE loan portfolio was $18.8 million or 0.9% of our $2.1 billion loan portfolio.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded charge-offs of $2.3 million primarily attributable to the January 2022 repayment of a CRE loan with a $2.3 million allowance.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded charge-offs of $4.2 million primarily attributable to: (i) the receipt of the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure of a property formerly-collateralizing a CRE loan with a $2.3 million allowance at the time of transaction in October 2021 and (ii) the November 2021 sale of a CRE loan note for $7.6 million of proceeds, net of costs, with a $1.7 million allowance at the time of sale, including $60,000 of reversing realized gains from the September 30, 2021 allowance.

We historically used derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, to hedge a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. In April 2020, we terminated all interest rate hedges in conjunction with the disposition of our financed commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) portfolio. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had unrealized losses in connection with the terminated hedges of $6.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, which will be amortized into interest expense over the remaining life of the debt. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized amortization expense on these terminated contracts of $1.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

Common stock book value was $24.54 per share at December 31, 2022, a $0.67 per share, or 3%, increase from December 31, 2021.

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Impact of Reference Rate Reform

As discussed in the “Overview” section above, our CRE whole loans and our asset-specific borrowings are primarily benchmarked to one-month LIBOR and one-month Term SOFR. In March 2021, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that it would cease publication of the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR immediately after December 31, 2021 and cease publication of the remaining tenors immediately after June 30, 2023. In July 2021, the U.S. Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprising large U.S. financial institutions, has identified SOFR as its preferred alternative rate for LIBOR.

All variable rate loans originated by us beginning January 1, 2022 have been benchmarked to SOFR. Additionally, all of our floating-rate whole loans contain provisions that provide for the transition of the contractual benchmark interest rate to an alternative rate. At December 31, 2022, our loan portfolio had a carrying value of $2.0 billion of floating rate loans, 68.3% or $1.4 billion of which have interest rates tied to LIBOR and 31.7% or $646.2 million of which have interest rates tied to SOFR.

In September 2021 and January 2022, the term warehouse financing facilities with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMorgan Chase”) and Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital Holdings LLC (“Morgan Stanley”), respectively, were amended to allow for the transition to alternative rates, including rates tied to SOFR, subject to benchmark transition events. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we entered into a loan agreement to finance the acquisition of a student housing complex, which uses SOFR as its benchmark interest rate. At December 31, 2022, we had $1.7 billion of floating rate borrowings, 75.8% or $1.3 billion of which have interest rates tied to LIBOR and 24.2% or $419.2 million of which have interest rates tied to SOFR.

We expect to complete the process of converting our LIBOR-based loans and borrowings to an applicable benchmark interest rate during 2023.

The transition from LIBOR to SOFR or to another alternative rate may result in financial market disruptions and significant increases in benchmark interest rates, resulting in increased financing costs to us, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the market price of our common stock. See “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors - Changes in the method for determining the benchmark rate (LIBOR or a replacement of LIBOR) may adversely affect the value of our loans, investments and borrowings and could affect our results of operations” for additional discussion on the risk related to ongoing reference rate reform.

Results of Operations

Our net loss allocable to common shares for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $8.8 million, or $(1.00) per share-basic ($(1.00) per share-diluted), as compared to net income allocable to common shares of $18.0 million, or $1.85 per share-basic ($1.85 per share-diluted), for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Net Interest Income

The following table analyzes the change in interest income and interest expense for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 by changes in volume and changes in rates. The changes attributable to the combined changes in volume and rate have been allocated proportionately, based on absolute values, to the changes due to volume and changes due to rates (dollars in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Percent change is calculated as the net change divided by the respective interest income or interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2021.

(2)
Includes decreases in fee income of $2.0 million and $73,000 recognized on our CRE whole loans and legacy CRE loan, respectively, and an increase of $64,000 on our preferred equity investments, that were due to changes in volume.

(3)
Includes the change in interest income recognized on one legacy CRE loan with an amortized cost of $11.5 million at December 31, 2021 classified as a CRE loan on the consolidated balance sheets. The loan paid off in January 2022.

(4)
Includes decreases in amortization expense of $6.6 million, $2.6 million, $153,000 and $118,000 on our securitized borrowings, 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes, 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes and terminated interest rate swap agreements, respectively, and increases in amortization expense of $186,000 and $380,000 on our CRE - term warehouse financing facilities and 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes, respectively, that were due to changes in volume.

Net Change in Interest Income for the Comparative Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Aggregate interest income increased by $25.2 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We attribute the change to the following:

CRE whole loans. The increase of $26.8 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to a net increase in the size of the total loan portfolio over the comparative periods as well as an increase in benchmark interest rates.

Legacy CRE loan. The decrease of $608,000 for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to the payoff of our one remaining legacy CRE whole loan in January 2022.

CRE preferred equity investments. The decrease of $1.4 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to the payoffs of the preferred equity investments in March 2021 and April 2021.

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CMBS. The decrease of $161,000 for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to the disposition of our two remaining CMBS securities in March 2021.

Other. The increase of $638,000 for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to an increase in yields on our interest earning money market accounts and restricted cash in our CRE securitizations.

Net Change in Interest Expense for the Comparative Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Aggregate interest expense increased by $20.7 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We attribute the change to the following:

Securitized borrowings. The net increase of $16.5 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to the issuance of ACR 2021-FL1 in May 2021 and ACR 2021-FL2 in December 2021 and an increase in benchmark interest rates over the comparative periods. These increases were partially offset by the liquidations of XAN 2019-RSO7, XAN 2020-RSO8 and XAN 2020-RSO9.

CRE - term warehouse financing facilities. The increase of $8.5 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to increased utilization of the facilities over the comparative periods as well as an increase in benchmark interest rates.

4.5% Convertible Senior Notes. The decrease of $6.6 million is primarily attributable to the redemption of the remaining $88.0 million of these notes during the year ended December 31, 2022.

5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes. The increase of $5.8 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to the issuance of our 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes in August 2021.

12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes. The decrease of $3.9 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to the redemption of the entire outstanding balance of our 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes in August 2021.

Unsecured junior subordinated debentures. The increase of $865,000 for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to an increase in the benchmark interest rate for our unsecured junior subordinated debentures over the comparative periods.

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Average Net Yield and Average Cost of Funds:

The following table presents the average net yield and average cost of funds for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Average net yield includes net amortization/accretion and fee income and is computed based on average amortized cost.

(2)
Includes fee income of $9.4 million recognized on our floating-rate CRE whole loans for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $11.4 million and $73,000 on our floating-rate CRE whole loans and legacy CRE loan, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, net amortization expense of $64,000 was recorded on the preferred equity investments in connection with their payoffs.

(3)
Includes amortization expense of $6.6 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on our interest-bearing liabilities collateralized by CRE whole loans.

(4)
Includes aggregated amortization expense of $1.1 million and $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes. The amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $304,000 of acceleration of deferred debt issuance costs in connection with the repurchase of $55.7 million principal amount of 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes during the period.

(5)
Includes amortization expense of $594,000 and $214,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on our 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes.

(6)
Includes amortization expense of $306,000 and $459,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on our 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes. The amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $218,000 of acceleration of deferred debt issuance costs in connection with the redemption of all $50.0 million principal amount of 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes during the period.

(7)
The outstanding par balance of our 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes was redeemed in full in August 2021. At any time and from time to time prior to July 31, 2022, we were permitted to elect to issue up to $75.0 million of principal of additional notes. The interest expense incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 composed of amortization of deferred debt issuance costs on the remaining availability.

(8)
Includes net amortization expense of $1.7 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on 22 terminated interest rate swap agreements that were in net loss positions at the time of termination. The remaining net losses, reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets, will be amortized as an expense over the remaining life of the debt.

Real Estate Income and Other Revenue

The following table sets forth information relating to our real estate income and other revenue for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

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Aggregate real estate income and other revenue increased by $20.6 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We attribute the changes to the acquisition of two revenue-generating properties in the fourth quarter of 2021 and two additional revenue-generating properties in the second quarter of 2022. Real estate income at our hotel property acquired in 2020 additionally benefited from increased personal and business travel resulting from lifted COVID-19 restrictions that occurred late in the spring of 2022. Additionally, we received a deed in lieu of foreclosure in the third quarter of 2022 on a hotel property that has been revenue generating since the deed was received.

Operating Expenses

Year Ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

The following table sets forth information relating to our operating expenses for the years presented (dollars in thousands):

Aggregate operating expenses increased by $58.6 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We attribute the changes to the following:

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.0 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The following table summarizes the information relating to our general and administrative expenses for the years presented (dollars in thousands):

The decrease in general and administrative expenses for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to a decrease in professional services, wages and benefits and operating expenses reimbursable to the Manager.

Real estate expenses. The increase of $23.3 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to the acquisition of two properties, a hotel and a student housing complex, in April 2022, as well as the acquisition of two office properties in October 2021. The increase was also attributable to increased operating expenses incurred on a hotel property acquired in November 2020 due to growth in its operations in the current year and due to the incremental operating expenses incurred on a hotel property on which we received the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure in July 2022.

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Management fees - related party. The increase of $946,000 for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to an increase in our base management fees during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of July 31, 2020, as part of the Fourth Amended and Restated Management Agreement, as amended (“Management Agreement”), the monthly base management fee payable to our Manager was amended to be the greater of 1/12th of the amount of our equity multiplied by 1.50% or $442,000 through July 31, 2022. In June 2021, the base management fee calculation exceeded the $442,000 for the first time since the execution of the Management Agreement in connection with the issuance of the 7.875% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”). As a result, the management fees incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 were greater than those incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The increase in management fees - related party is also attributable to a $340,000 incentive management fee to the Manager recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022, of which $170,000 was payable in cash and $170,000 was payable in common stock. Per the Management Agreement, with respect to each fiscal quarter commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, an incentive management fee calculated and payable in arrears in an amount, not less than zero, equal to, for the first full calendar quarter ended December 31, 2022, the product of (a) 20% and (b) the excess of (i) our EAD for such calendar quarter, over (ii) the product of (A) our book value equity as of the end of such calendar quarter, and (B) 7% per annum.

Equity compensation. The increase of $1.8 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to shares granted in the second quarter 2022 and the second quarter 2021 under our Manager Incentive Plan, which will vest 25% for four years, on each anniversary of the issuance date.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses, net. The provision for credit losses of $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a general decline in macroeconomic conditions and one specific, full reserve for our remaining mezzanine loan with a par value of $4.7 million. The reversal of credit losses of $21.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 was attributable to overall, general improvements in expected macroeconomic conditions at the time and improvements in property-level operations on loan collateral at that time.

Other Income (Expense)

Year Ended December 31, 2022 as compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

The following table sets forth information relating to our other income (expense) for the years presented (dollars in thousands):

Aggregate other income (expense) increased $10.3 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We attribute the change to the following:

Net realized and unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities available-for-sale and loans and derivatives. The decrease of $878,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to the sale of our two remaining CMBS securities for proceeds of $3.0 million, which generated non-recurring gains of $878,000 in March 2021.

Loss on extinguishment of debt. The increase of $8.5 million for the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was attributable to the full redemption of our 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes in the third quarter of 2021, which resulted in $7.8 million of losses, and the partial repurchase of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes in February 2022, which resulted in $460,000 of non-cash losses in connection with the acceleration of the ratable market discount.

Gain on sale of real estate. The increase of $1.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributed to the sale of an office property in the East North Central Region that generated $1.9 million of non-recurring gains.

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Other Income. The increase of $766,000 during the comparative years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was primarily attributable to a loan recovery received during the year ended December 31, 2022 on a middle market loan that was previously charged off. In addition, a reversal of previously accrued property taxes and other trade payables that were considered settled upon final payments to the buyer occurred to generate income of $361,000.

Financial Condition

Summary

Our total assets were $2.4 billion at December 31, 2022 as compared to $2.3 billion at December 31, 2021.

Investment Portfolio

The tables below summarize the amortized cost and net carrying amount of our investment portfolio, classified by asset type, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows (dollars in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Net carrying amount includes an allowance for credit losses of $18.8 million and $8.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Includes real estate related right of use assets of $19.5 million and $5.5 million, intangible assets of $8.9 million and $3.9 million, lease liabilities of $42.9 million and $3.1 million and other liabilities of $64,000 and $169,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Also includes a mortgage payable of $18.2 million at December 31, 2022. There was no mortgage payable at December 31, 2021.

(3)
Includes property held for sale-related liabilities of $3.0 million at December 31, 2022. There were no property held for sale-related liabilities at December 31, 2021.

(4)
There were no stated rates associated with these investments.

(5)
Includes one legacy CRE loan, underwritten prior to 2010, with an amortized cost of $11.5 million at December 31, 2021, that paid off in January 2022.

CRE loans. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated $610.8 million of floating-rate CRE whole loan commitments (of which $87.6 million was unfunded loan commitments), funded $66.4 million of previously unfunded loan commitments and received $399.6 million in proceeds from loan payoffs and paydowns.

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The following is a summary of our loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Amounts include unamortized loan origination fees of $12.3 million and $13.6 million and deferred amendment fees of $308,000 and $307,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, the amounts include unamortized loan acquisition costs of $7,300 at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, there were no unamortized loan acquisition costs.

(2)
Our whole loan portfolio of $2.1 billion and $1.9 billion had a weighted-average benchmark rate (“BR”) floor of 0.68% and 0.75% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Benchmark rates comprise one-month LIBOR or one-month Term SOFR. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, all but one of our floating-rate whole loans had one-month benchmark floors.

(3)
Maturity dates exclude contractual extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain terms that may be available to the borrowers.

(4)
Maturity dates exclude three whole loans, with amortized costs of $51.6 million and $27.9 million, in maturity default at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(5)
Substantially all loans are pledged as collateral under various borrowings at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(6)
CRE whole loans had $158.2 million and $157.6 million in unfunded loan commitments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These unfunded loan commitments are advanced as the borrowers formally request additional funding, as permitted under the loan agreement, and any necessary approvals have been obtained.

At December 31, 2022, 23.2%, 21.5% and 16.2% of our CRE loan portfolio was concentrated in the Southwest, Southeast and Mountain regions, respectively, based on carrying value, as defined by NCREIF. At December 31, 2021, 28.4%, 18.4% and 15.2% of our CRE loan portfolio was concentrated in the Southeast, Southwest and Mid-Atlantic regions, respectively, based on carrying value. No single loan or investment represented more than 10% of our total assets and no single investment group generated over 10% of our total revenue.

Investments in unconsolidated entities. Our investments in unconsolidated entities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 comprised a 100% interest in the common shares of Resource Capital Trust I (“RCT I”) and RCC Trust II (“RCT II”), respectively, with a value of $1.5 million in the aggregate, or 3.0% of each trust. We record our investments in RCT I’s and RCT II’s common shares as investments in unconsolidated entities using the cost method, recording dividend income when declared by RCT I and RCT II. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded dividends from the investments in RCT I’s and RCT II’s common shares, reported in other revenue on the consolidated statements of operations, of $91,000 and $65,000, respectively.

Investments in real estate and property held for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired two new real estate properties through direct equity investments. We determined that the acquisition of the two properties should be accounted for as asset acquisitions. The combined acquisition-date fair value of $51.6 million was determined using third-party valuations.

In September 2022, we sold an office property in the East North Central region that we previously designated as a property held for sale. The office property sold for $19.3 million with selling costs of $532,000, resulting in a gain on sale of $1.9 million.

In July 2022, we received the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on a hotel property in the Northeast region. We determined that the acquisition of the property should be accounted for as an asset acquisition, and the acquisition-date fair value of $14.3 million was determined using a third-party valuation. The carrying value of the property was $13.5 million at December 31, 2022 and was reported as property held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets. There was no gain or loss recognized on conversion of the loan to property

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held for sale. In February 2023, this property was sold for $15.1 million and we expect to record a modest gain on the sale in the first quarter of 2023.

In September 2022, we reclassified another hotel property in the Northeast region with a carrying value of $36.9 million to property held for sale.

The following table summarizes the book value of our investments in real estate and related intangible assets at December 31, 2022 (in thousands, except amounts in the footnotes):

(1)
Includes $38.4 million of land, which is not depreciable.

(2)
Includes a right of use associated with an acquired ground lease of $42.4 million accounted for as an operating lease, an above-market lease intangible asset of $19.0 million and a customer list intangible of $402,000. Amortization of the above-market lease intangible is booked to real estate expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

(3)
Carrying value includes $42,000 of an acquired in-place lease intangible asset, $39,000 of an acquired leasing commission intangible asset, management contract of $3.1 million, franchise intangible of $5.3 million and a customer list value of $427,000.

(4)
Includes two properties originally acquired in November 2020 and July 2022.

(5)
Lease liabilities include one ground lease at a hotel property with a remaining term of 93 years. Lease expense for this liability for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1.1 million.

(6)
Excludes items of working capital, either acquired or assumed.

Financing Receivables

The following tables show the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

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During the year ended December 31, 2020, higher expected unemployment and increased volatility in CRE asset pricing and liquidity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted assumptions in our CECL estimates and resulted in a net provision for credit losses of $30.8 million. However, the discovery and distribution of vaccines and other treatments for COVID-19 led to a recovery of the global economy and markets worldwide, which resulted in a net reversal of credit losses of $21.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The ensuing macroeconomic factors, including expected increases in inflation, short-term interest rates, energy prices and continued global supply chain dislocation trending negative, compounded by an increase in portfolio credit risk indicated in property-level cash flows that collateralize our loans, resulted in a net provision of expected credit losses of $12.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

In addition to our general estimate of credit losses, we may also be required to individually evaluate collateral-dependent loans for credit losses if it has determined that foreclosure or sale of the loan or the underlying collateral is probable. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of our allowance for credit losses resulted from collateral-dependent loans that were individually evaluated for credit losses, details of which follow:

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we individually evaluated the following loans:

•
One office mezzanine loan in the Northeast region with a principal balance of $4.7 million. We fully reserved this loan in the fourth quarter of 2022.

•
One retail loan in the Northeast region with a principal balance of $8.0 million. This property has an as-is appraised value in excess of its principal balance, and, as such, had no CECL allowance at December 31, 2022.

•
One office loan in the Southwest region with a principal balance of $20.7 million. This property has an as-is appraised value in excess of its principal balance, and, as such, had no CECL allowance at December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we individually evaluated the following loans:

•
An office loan in the East North Central region with a $19.9 million principal balance. We recorded a $2.3 million CECL allowance in the third quarter of 2021 to reflect the as-is appraised value of the property of $17.6 million. Upon receipt of the property in full satisfaction of the loan in the fourth quarter of 2021, we charged off the $2.3 million CECL allowance and recorded the property as a property held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets at its fair value of $17.6 million.

•
A hotel loan in the Northeast region with a $9.3 million principal balance. We recorded a $1.8 million CECL allowance in the third quarter of 2021 that reflected our estimate of fair value less costs of sale of $7.5 million at September 30, 2021. Upon sale of the loan in November 2021, we received proceeds of $7.6 million, net of costs of sale, and charged off the remaining $1.7 million CECL allowance.

•
A retail loan in the Pacific region with an $11.5 million principal balance. At December 31, 2021, we had a recorded $2.3 million CECL allowance that reflected the loss taken on the loan as a result of a discounted payoff received on the loan in January 2022 in full satisfaction of the loan.

•
A hotel loan in the East North Central region with an $8.4 million principal balance. We received payment in full on this loan in January 2022; and, as such, there was no CECL allowance recorded at December 31, 2021.

•
A hotel loan in the Northeast region with a $14.0 million principal balance. The hotel loan has an as-is appraised value in excess of its principal balance, and, as such, had no CECL allowance at December 31, 2021.

Credit quality indicators

Commercial Real Estate Loans

CRE loans are collateralized by a diversified mix of real estate properties and are assessed for credit quality based on the collective evaluation of several factors, including but not limited to: collateral performance relative to underwritten plan, time since origination, current implied and/or re-underwritten loan-to-collateral value (“LTV”) ratios, loan structure and exit plan. Depending on the loan’s performance against these various factors, loans are rated on a scale from 1 to 5, with loans rated 1 representing loans with the highest credit quality and loans rated 5 representing the loans with the lowest credit quality. The factors evaluated provide general criteria to monitor credit migration in our loan portfolio; as such, a loan’s rating may improve or worsen, depending on new information received.

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The criteria set forth below should be used as general guidelines and, therefore, not every loan will have all of the characteristics described in each category below.

All CRE loans are evaluated for any credit deterioration by debt asset management and certain finance personnel on at least a quarterly basis. Historically, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments may have experienced greater credit risks due to their nature as subordinated investments.

For the purpose of calculating the quarterly provision for credit losses under CECL, we pool CRE loans based on the underlying collateral property type and utilize a probability of default and loss given default methodology for approximately one year after which we immediately revert to a historical mean loss ratio. In order to calculate the historical mean loss ratio, we utilize our full, 16 year underwriting history in the determination of historical losses, along with the market loss history from a selected population from an engaged third-party provider’s database that were similar to our loan types, loan sizes, durations, interest rate structure and general LTV profiles.

Credit risk profiles of CRE loans, at amortized cost, were as follows (in thousands, except amounts in the footnote):

(1)
The total amortized cost of CRE loans excluded accrued interest receivable of $11.9 million and $6.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Credit risk profiles of CRE loans by origination year at amortized cost were as follows (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
The total amortized cost of CRE loans excluded accrued interest receivable of $11.9 million and $6.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Acquired CRE whole loans are grouped within each loan’s year of issuance.

We had one additional mezzanine loan that was included in assets held for sale, and that loan had no carrying value at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Loan Portfolios Aging Analysis

The following table presents the CRE loan portfolio aging analysis as of the dates indicated for CRE loans, at amortized cost (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized interest income of $1.5 million and $2.0 million, respectively, on two loans with principal payments past due greater than 90 days at December 31, 2022.

(2)
Includes one whole loan with total amortized costs of $22.8 million and $8.0 million, respectively, in maturity default at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3)
The total amortized cost of CRE loans excluded accrued interest receivable of $11.9 million and $6.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4)
Fully reserved at December 31, 2022.

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At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had three whole loans in maturity default, with total amortized costs of $51.6 million and $27.9 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on a hotel property in the Northeast region that collateralized a whole loan with an amortized cost of $14.0 million and that was in maturity default at June 30, 2022. In February 2023, we sold the hotel property in the Northeast region for $15.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on an office property in the East North Central region that collateralized a whole loan that was in maturity default at December 31, 2020 with an amortized cost of $19.9 million. In September 2022, the office property sold for $19.3 million with selling costs of $532,000, resulting in a gain on sale of $1.9 million.

At December 31, 2022, one whole loan, with a total amortized cost of $8.0 million, was past due on interest payments.

At December 31, 2021, three whole loans, including two loans that had maturity defaults, with a total amortized cost of $30.4 million were past due on interest payments.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, two whole loans in maturity default at December 31, 2021, including one loan that was past due on interest payments at December 31, 2021, paid off principal of $17.6 million. The payoff on one loan was the result of a discounted payoff and resulted in a realized loss of $2.3 million for which a CECL allowance was established as of December 31, 2021.

Troubled-Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”)

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we entered into 12 agreements that extended eight loans by a weighted average period of four months and, in certain cases, modified certain other loan terms. One formerly forborne loan was in maturity default at December 31, 2022.

No loan modifications during the year ended December 31, 2022 resulted in TDRs.

Restricted Cash

At December 31, 2022, we had restricted cash of $38.6 million, which consisted of $38.2 million held within our five consolidated securitization entities and $400,000 held in escrow for deposits or tax payments at our real estate properties or pledged with minimum reserve balance requirements. At December 31, 2021, we had restricted cash of $248.4 million, which consisted of $248.1 million held within our seven consolidated securitization entities and $360,000 held in various reserve accounts.

The decrease of $209.8 million was primarily attributable to the close of ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2, executed in May and December 2021, respectively, which hold reinvestment capabilities at the securitization level. ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2 held $138.1 million and $99.0 million, respectively, in restricted cash at December 31, 2021. We expect to utilize a significant portion of the restricted cash at ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2 at December 31, 2022 to acquire loans or future funding participations for the securitizations’ portfolios, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Accrued Interest Receivable

The following table summarizes our accrued interest receivable at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

The increase of $5.9 million in accrued interest receivable during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to rising benchmark rates.

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Other Assets

The following table summarizes our other assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

The decrease of $1.1 million in other assets was primarily attributable to the receipt of a $1.9 million tax refund. That receipt was offset by a $814,000 increase in other prepaid expenses, resulting from the prepayment of property taxes on a hotel property acquired in November 2020 and two office properties acquired in October 2021.

Deferred Tax Assets

At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, our net deferred tax asset was zero, resulting from a full valuation allowance of $21.2 million and $21.4 million, respectively, on our gross deferred tax asset as we believed it was more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. We will continue to evaluate our ability to realize the tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets by analyzing forecasted taxable income using both historical and projected future operating results, the reversal of existing temporary differences, taxable income in prior carry back years (if permitted) and the availability of tax planning strategies.

Derivative Instruments

Historically, a significant market risk to us was interest rate risk. We had sought to manage the extent to which net income changes as a result of fluctuation of changes in interest rates by matching adjustable-rate assets with variable-rate borrowings. We sought to mitigate the potential impact on net income (loss) of adverse fluctuations in interest rates incurred on our borrowings by entering into hedging agreements. We classified our interest rate hedges as cash flow hedges, which are hedges that eliminate the risk of changes in the cash flows of a financial asset or liability.

We terminated all of our interest rate swap positions associated with our prior financed CMBS portfolio in April 2020. At termination, we realized a loss of $11.8 million. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had losses of $6.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which will be amortized into earnings over the remaining life of the debt. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded amortization expense, reported in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations, of $1.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had unrealized gains of $256,000 and $347,000, respectively, attributable to two terminated interest rate swaps, in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets, to be accreted into earnings over the remaining life of the debt. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded accretion income, reported in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations, of $91,000 in each year.

The following table presents the effect of derivative instruments on our consolidated statements of operations for the years presented (in thousands):

(1)
Negative values indicate a decrease to the associated consolidated statements of operations line items.

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Senior Secured Financing Facility, Term Warehouse Financing Facilities and Mortgage Payable

Borrowings under our senior secured financing facility, term warehouse financing facilities and mortgage payable are guaranteed by us or one or more of our subsidiaries. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our borrowings (dollars in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Includes $3.7 million and $3.4 million of deferred debt issuance costs at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Outstanding borrowings includes accrued interest payable.

(3)
Includes $1.1 million and $1.8 million of deferred debt issuance costs at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which includes $356,000 of deferred debt issuance costs at December 31, 2021 from another term warehouse financing facilities with no balance that matured in October 2022.

(4)
Includes $1.4 million and $2.2 million of deferred debt issuance costs at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(5)
Includes $466,000 of deferred debt issuance costs at December 31, 2022.

We were in compliance with all covenants in the respective agreements at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Senior Secured Financing Facility

On July 31, 2020, our indirect, wholly owned subsidiary (“Holdings”), along with its direct wholly owned subsidiary (the “Borrower”), entered into a $250.0 million Loan and Servicing Agreement (the “MassMutual Loan Agreement”) with Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“MassMutual”) and the other lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”). The asset-based revolving loan facility (the “MassMutual Facility”) provided under the MassMutual Loan Agreement has been used to finance our core CRE lending business. The MassMutual Facility initially had an interest rate of 5.75% per annum payable monthly and matured on July 31, 2027. We paid a commitment fee as well as other reasonable closing costs. The loans under the MassMutual Facility were available for drawing during the first two years of the MassMutual Facility (the “Availability Period”). During the Availability Period, an unused commitment fee of 0.50% per annum (payable monthly) on unused commitments under the MassMutual Loan Agreement was payable for each day on which less than 75% of the total commitment is drawn.

Pursuant to the MassMutual Loan Agreement, the Borrower’s obligations under the MassMutual Loan Agreement are secured by the Borrower’s assets and Holdings’ equity interests in the Borrower, including all distributions, proceeds and profits from Holdings’ interests in the Borrower.

In September 2020, the MassMutual Loan Agreement was amended pursuant to which (i) the initial portfolio assets were revised and an agreed advance rate for each initial portfolio asset (each, an “Initial Portfolio Asset Advance Rate”) was set, and (ii) the revolving loan facility under the MassMutual Loan Agreement was amended to require the initial lender (currently MassMutual) to provide a specific advance rate for any future eligible portfolio assets and to limit the aggregate total amount of advances outstanding at any time to both the total facility amount and, in lieu of a 55% LTV, a borrowing base as of any required date of determination equal to the sum of, in each case, the product of the advance rate for such eligible portfolio asset (including in respect of the initial portfolio assets, the applicable Initial Portfolio Asset Advance Rate therefor) and the then determined value of such eligible portfolio asset.

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In May 2021, the MassMutual Loan Agreement was amended pursuant to which (i) Mass Mutual consented to Borrower’s formation of certain subsidiaries to hold real estate and (ii) such subsidiaries agreed to entered into guaranty agreements in favor of the secured parties under the Mass Mutual Loan Agreement.

In connection with the MassMutual Loan Agreement, we entered into a Guaranty (the “MassMutual Guaranty”) among ourselves, Exantas Real Estate Funding 2018-RSO6 Investor, LLC (“RSO6”), Exantas Real Estate Funding 2019-RSO7 Investor, LLC (“RSO7”) and Exantas Real Estate Funding 2020-RSO8 Investor, LLC (“RSO8”), each our indirect, wholly owned subsidiary, in favor of the secured parties under the MassMutual Loan Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, RSO6, RSO7 and RSO8 no longer exist. Pursuant to the MassMutual Guaranty, we fully guaranteed all payments and performance of Holdings and the Borrower under the MassMutual Loan Agreement. Additionally, we, and previously RSO6, RSO7 and RSO8, made certain representations and warranties and agreed to not incur debt or liens, each subject to certain exceptions, and agreed to provide the Lenders with certain information.

The MassMutual Loan Agreement contained events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction.

The MassMutual Loan Agreement was further amended in several instances pursuant to which (i) MassMutual consented to the formation of certain subsidiaries to hold real estate and (ii) such subsidiaries agreed to enter into guaranty agreements in favor of the secured parties under the MassMutual Loan Agreement.

In July 2022, Holdings, the Borrower and the Lenders entered into the Fifth Amendment to the MassMutual Loan Agreement (the “Amendment”) to (i) extend the availability period from July 31, 2022 to August 31, 2022 and (ii) amend the interest rate on the outstanding principal amount of the borrowings, with respect to borrowings made in connection with eligible portfolio assets transferred to any borrower after the effective date of the Amendment to the rate per annum determined by the initial lender and otherwise, 5.75% per annum. In August 2022, Holdings, the Borrower and the Lenders entered into the Sixth Amendment to the MassMutual Loan Agreement to extend the availability period from August 31, 2022 to October 15, 2022.

In December 2022, Holdings, the Borrower and the Lenders entered into an Amended and Restated Loan and Servicing Agreement, which amends and restates the existing loan and servicing agreement, and reflects a senior secured term loan facility, not to exceed $500.0 million, composed of individual loan series issued upon mutual agreement of the Borrower and Lenders. Each loan series will be available for three months after the closing date agreed upon by the Borrower and Lender (“Commitment Period”), subject to the maximum dollar amount agreed upon for that series. The Commitment Period is subject to immediate termination upon the occurrence of an event of default. Each loan series will have a final maturity of five years from the end of the issuance date for the loan series unless an additional time is mutually agreed upon by Lenders and Borrower. The advance rate on portfolio assets will be mutually agreed upon by Lenders and Borrower. Each loan series will have its own mutually agreed upon interest rate equal to one-month Term SOFR plus the applicable spread.

The Amended and Restated Loan and Servicing Agreement contains events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction and include declaring the final maturity date to have occurred and advances due and liquidation of the assets securing the series.

CRE - Term Warehouse Financing Facilities

In February 2012, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement, which was subsequently replaced with an amended and restated master repurchase agreement in July 2018, (the “Wells Fargo Facility”) with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”) to finance the origination of CRE loans. In October 2021, the Wells Fargo Facility matured.

In April 2018, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours entered into a master repurchase agreement (the “Barclays Facility”) with Barclays to finance the origination of CRE loans. In connection with the Barclays Facility, we entered into a guaranty agreement (the “Barclays Guaranty”) pursuant to which we fully guaranteed all payments and performance under the Barclays Facility. In March 2021, we amended the Barclays Facility to extend the revolving period through October 2021. In October 2021, we amended the revolving period of the Barclays Facility to October 2022 and modified the guaranty to limit financial covenants to be applicable when there are outstanding transactions. In February 2022, we amended the Barclays Facility to add market terms regarding the replacement of LIBOR upon determination of a benchmark transition event. In October 2022, the Barclays Facility matured.

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In October 2018, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours entered into a Master Repurchase and Securities Contract Agreement (the “JPMorgan Chase Facility”) with JPMorgan Chase to finance the origination of CRE loans. In connection with the JPMorgan Chase Facility, we entered into a guarantee agreement (the “JPMorgan Chase Guarantee”) pursuant to which we fully guaranteed all payments and performance under the JPMorgan Chase Facility. In May 2020, we entered into an amendment to the JPMorgan Chase Guarantee that revised its minimum equity financial covenant as of February 29, 2020. In October 2020, we entered into an amendment to the JPMorgan Chase Guarantee that revised a covenant definition so that credit losses are determined in accordance with a risk rating-based methodology. In September and October 2021, the JPMorgan Chase Facility was amended twice, resulting in (i) the extension of the JPMorgan Chase Facility’s maturity date to October 2024, (ii) an update to our tangible net worth requirement and minimum liquidity covenant as set forth in the guarantee agreement and (iii) a modification of market terms regarding the replacement of LIBOR upon determination of a benchmark transition event. In November 2022, the JPMorgan Chase Facility was amended for the following (i) EBITDA to interest expense ratio, (ii) maximum ratio of total indebtedness to its total equity, and (iii) minimum unencumbered liquidity requirement, each through September 2023. The JPMorgan Chase Facility has a maximum facility amount of $250.0 million, charges interest of one-month benchmark plus market spreads and matures in October 2024.

In November 2021, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours entered into a Master Repurchase and Securities Contract Agreement (the "Morgan Stanley Facility") with Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital Holdings LLC ("Morgan Stanley") to finance the origination of CRE loans. Each repurchase transaction will specify its own terms, such as identification of the assets subject to the transaction, sale price, repurchase price and rate. In January 2022, such subsidiary entered into the First Amendment to Master Repurchase and Securities Contract Agreement (the "Morgan Stanley Amendment") with Morgan Stanley, which amended the Morgan Stanley Facility to add market terms regarding the replacement of LIBOR upon determination of a benchmark transition event. In November 2022, the Morgan Stanley Facility was amended for the following (i) EBITDA to interest expense ratio, (ii) maximum ratio of total indebtedness to its total equity, and (iii) minimum unencumbered liquidity requirement, each through March 2024. The Morgan Stanley Facility has a maximum facility amount of $250.0 million, charges interest of one-month benchmark plus market spreads and matures in November 2024. We also have the right to request an extension for an additional one-year period.

Mortgage Payable

In April 2022, Chapel Drive West, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Charles Street – ACRES FSU Student Venture, LLC (the "FSU Student Venture") entered into a loan agreement (the “Mortgage”) with Readycap Commercial, LLC (“Readycap”) to finance the acquisition of a student housing complex. The Mortgage is interest only and has a maximum principal balance of $20.4 million, of which, $18.7 million was advanced in the initial funding. Initially, the Mortgage charged interest of 30-day average SOFR plus a spread of 3.80%. In October 2022, the Mortgage was amended to charge interest of one-month Term SOFR. The Mortgage matures in April 2025, subject to two one-year extension options.

The Mortgage contains events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction.

Construction Loan

In January 2023, Chapel Drive East, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the FSU Student Venture, entered into a loan agreement (the "Construction Loan Agreement") with Oceanview Life and Annuity Company ("Oceanview") to finance the construction of a student housing complex (the "Construction Loan"). The Construction Loan is interest only and has a maximum principal balance of $48.0 million. The Construction Loan charges one-month Term SOFR plus a spread of 6.00% and matures in February 2025, subject to three one-year extension options.

In addition to the Construction Loan, we entered into a financing agreement with Florida Pace Funding Agency to fund energy efficient building improvements and has a maximum principal balance of $15.5 million. This agreement charges fixed interest of 7.26% and matures in July 2053.

In connection with our investment in the student housing complex, ACRES RF entered into guarantees related to the Construction Loan made by Chapel Drive East, LLC. Pursuant to the guarantees, Jason Pollack, Frank Dellaglio and ACRES RF (collectively, the "Guarantors"), for the benefit of Oceanview, provided limited "bad boy" guaranties to Oceanview pursuant to the Construction Loan Agreement until the earlier of the payment in full of the indebtedness or the date of a sale of the property pursuant to a foreclosure of the mortgage or deed or other transfer in lieu of foreclosure is accepted by Oceanview. The Guarantors also entered into a Completion Guaranty Agreement for the benefit of Oceanview to guaranty the timely completion of the project in accordance with the Construction Loan Agreement, as well as a Carry Guaranty Agreement, for the benefit of Oceanview to guaranty and the unconditional payment by Chapel Drive East, LLC of all customary or necessary costs and expenses incurred in connection with the operation, maintenance and management of the property and an Environmental Indemnity Agreement jointly and severally in favor of Oceanview whereby the Guarantors serving as Indemnitors provided environmental representations and warranties, covenants and

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indemnifications (collectively the "Guaranties"). The Guaranties include certain financial covenants required of ACRES RF, including required net worth and liquidity requirements.

Securitizations

XAN 2019-RSO7

In April 2019, we closed XAN 2019-RSO7, a $687.2 million CRE securitization transaction that provided financing for transitional CRE loans. In May 2021, we exercised the optional redemption on XAN 2019-RSO7 in conjunction with the closing of ACR 2021-FL1 (see below).

XAN 2020-RSO8

In March 2020, we closed XAN 2020-RSO8, a $522.6 million CRE debt securitization transaction that provided financing for CRE loans. In March 2022, we exercised the optional redemption of XAN 2020-RSO8, and all of the outstanding senior notes were paid off from the sales proceeds of certain of the securitization’s assets.

XAN 2020-RSO9

In September 2020, we closed XAN 2020-RSO9, a $297.0 million CRE debt securitization transaction that provided financing for CRE loans. In February 2022, we exercised the optional redemption of XAN 2020-RSO9, and all of the outstanding senior notes were paid off from the sales proceeds of certain of the securitization’s assets.

ACR 2021-FL1

In May 2021, we closed ACR 2021-FL1, a $802.6 million CRE debt securitization transaction that provided financing for CRE loans. ACR 2021-FL1 includes a reinvestment period, which ends in May 2023, that allows it to acquire CRE loans for reinvestment into the securitization using uninvested principal proceeds. ACR 2021-FL1 issued a total of $675.2 million of non-recourse, floating-rate notes to third parties at par. Additionally, ACRES RF retained 100% of the Class F and Class G notes and a subsidiary of ACRES RF retained 100% of the outstanding preference shares. The preference shares are subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by ACR 2021-FL1.

All of the notes issued mature in June 2036, although we have the right to call the notes beginning on the payment date in May 2023 and thereafter.

ACR 2021-FL2

In December 2021, we closed ACR 2021-FL2, a CRE debt securitization transaction that can finance up to $700.0 million of CRE loans. ACR 2021-FL2 includes a reinvestment period, which ends in December 2023, that allows it to acquire CRE loans for reinvestment into the securitization using uninvested principal proceeds. The reinvestment period includes a 180-day ramp-up acquisition period during which CRE loans for reinvestment into the securitization can be acquired using proceeds from the issuance of the securitization. ACR 2021-FL2 issued a total of $567.0 million of non-recourse, floating-rate notes to third parties at par. Additionally, ACRES RF retained 100% of the Class F and Class G notes and a subsidiary of ACRES RF retained 100% of the outstanding preference shares. The preference shares are subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by ACR 2021-FL2.

All of the notes issued mature in January 2037, although we have the right to call the notes beginning on the payment date in December 2023 and thereafter.

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At December 31, 2022, we retain equity in the following securitizations (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
The reinvestment period is the period in which principal proceeds received may be used to acquire new CRE loans or the funded commitments of existing collateral for reinvestment into the securitization.

Corporate Debt

Unsecured Junior Subordinated Debentures

During 2006, we formed RCT I and RCT II for the sole purpose of issuing and selling capital securities representing preferred beneficial interests. RCT I and RCT II are not consolidated into our consolidated financial statements because we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary of these entities. In connection with the issuance and sale of the capital securities, we issued junior subordinated debentures to RCT I and RCT II of $25.8 million each, representing our maximum exposure to loss. The debt issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debentures for RCT I and RCT II were included in borrowings and were amortized into interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations using the effective yield method over a ten year period.

There were no unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debentures for RCT I and RCT II outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The interest rates for RCT I and RCT II, at December 31, 2022, were 8.68% and 8.36%, respectively. The interest rates for RCT I and RCT II, at December 31, 2021, were 4.17% and 4.08%, respectively.

The rights of holders of common securities of RCT I and RCT II are subordinate to the rights of the holders of capital securities only in the event of a default; otherwise, the common securities’ economic and voting rights are pari passu with the capital securities. The capital and common securities of RCT I and RCT II are subject to mandatory redemption upon the maturity or call of the junior subordinated debentures held by each. Unless earlier dissolved, RCT I will dissolve in May 2041 and RCT II will dissolve in September 2041. The junior subordinated debentures are the sole assets of RCT I and RCT II, which mature in June 2036 and October 2036, respectively, and may currently be called at par.

4.50% Convertible Senior Notes

We issued $143.8 million aggregate principal of our 4.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (“4.50% Convertible Senior Notes”) in August 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased $55.7 million of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes, resulting in a charge to earnings of $1.5 million, comprising an extinguishment of debt charge of $1.2 million in connection with the acceleration of the market discount and interest expense of $304,000 in connection with the acceleration of deferred debt issuance costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased $39.8 million of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes, resulting in a charge to earnings of $574,000, comprising an extinguishment of debt charge of $460,000 in connection with the acceleration of the market discount and interest expense of $114,000 in connection with the acceleration of deferred debt costs. In August 2022, the remaining $48.2 million of outstanding 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes were paid off upon maturity at par.

Senior Unsecured Notes

5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes Due 2026

On August 16, 2021, we issued $150.0 million of our 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes pursuant to our Indenture, dated August 16, 2021 (the “Base Indenture”), between Wells Fargo, now Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (“CTC”), as trustee (the “Trustee”), and us as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated August 16, 2021, between Wells Fargo, now CTC, and us (the “Supplemental Indenture” and, together with the Base Indenture, the “Indenture”). Prior to May 15, 2026, we may at our option redeem the 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, and (ii) a make-whole premium. On or after May 15, 2026, we may at our option redeem the 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes, at any time, in whole or in part, on not less than 15 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date.

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The Indenture contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, require us to maintain certain financial ratios. The foregoing limitations are subject to exceptions as set forth in the Supplemental Indenture. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants. The Indenture provides for customary events of default that include, among other things (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods): (i) non-payment of principal or interest, (ii) breach of certain covenants contained in the Indenture or the 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes, (iii) an event of default or acceleration of certain other indebtedness of ours or a subsidiary in which we have invested at least $75 million in capital within the applicable grace period and (iv) certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency. Generally, if an event of default occurs (subject to certain exceptions), CTC or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding 5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes may declare all of the notes to be due and payable.

12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes

On July 31, 2020, we entered into the Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement with Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (“Oaktree”) and MassMutual pursuant to which we could have issued to Oaktree and MassMutual from time to time up to $125.0 million aggregate principal amount of 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes. The 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes had an annual interest rate of 12.00%, payable up to 3.25% (at our election) as pay-in-kind interest and the remainder as cash interest. On July 31, 2020, we issued to Oaktree $42.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes. In addition, on July 31, 2020, we issued to MassMutual $8.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes. At any time and from time to time prior to January 31, 2022, we could have elected to issue to Oaktree and MassMutual up to $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of additional 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes.

On August 18, 2021, we entered into an agreement with Oaktree and MassMutual that provided for the redemption in full of the 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes, including a waiver of certain sections of the Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement. On August 20, 2021, the redemption was consummated and a payment to Oaktree and MassMutual was made for an aggregate $55.3 million, which consisted of (i) principal in the amount of $50.0 million, (ii) interest in the amount of $329,000 and (iii) a make-whole amount of $5.0 million. In connection with the redemption, we recorded a charge to earnings of $8.0 million, comprising an extinguishment of debt charge of $7.8 million in connection with (i) the $5.0 million net make-whole amount and (ii) the $2.8 million acceleration of the remaining market discount; and interest expense of $218,000 in connection with the acceleration of deferred debt issuance costs.

In January 2022, we entered into an amendment of the Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement that extended the time to July 2022 that we could elect to issue to Oaktree and MassMutual up to $75.0 million of principal of additional notes. At any time and from time to time prior to July 31, 2022, we may have elected to issue to Oaktree and MassMutual warrants to purchase an additional 699,992 shares of the common stock for a purchase price equal to the principal amount of the 12.00% Senior Unsecured Notes being issued. The warrants were immediately exercisable on issuance and expire seven years from the issuance date. The warrants could be exercised with cash or as a net exercise. We did not issue any additional notes under this agreement and it expired as of July 31, 2022.

Equity

Total equity at December 31, 2022 was $441.3 million and gave effect to $6.4 million of net unrealized losses on our terminated cash flow hedges, shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Equity at December 31, 2021 was $448.2 million and gave effect to $8.1 million of unrealized gains on our terminated cash flow hedges shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The decrease in equity during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to common stock repurchases.

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Balance Sheet - Book Value Reconciliation

The following table rolls forward our common stock book value for the three months and year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands, except per share data and amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Per share calculations exclude unvested restricted stock, as disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets, of 583,333 shares at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and 333,329 shares at December 31, 2021, and include warrants to purchase up to 391,995 shares of common stock at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and 466,661 shares of common stock at December 31, 2021, respectively. The denominators for the calculation were 8,516,762, 8,615,031 and 9,282,411 at December 31, 2022, September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2)
The per share amounts are calculated with the denominator referenced in footnote (1) at December 31, 2022. We calculated net loss per common share-diluted of $(0.87) and $(1.00) using the weighted average diluted shares outstanding during the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, respectively.

(3)
In November 2021, our Board authorized and approved the continued use of our existing share repurchase program to repurchase up to $20.0 million of our outstanding common stock. We purchased 1.1 million shares for $12.8 million through December 31, 2022. Because we repurchased our common stock at significant discounts to book value, these repurchases were accretive to per share book value since the inception of the program.

(4)
We calculated common stock book value as total stockholders’ equity of $435.5 million less preferred stock equity of $226.5 million at December 31, 2022.

Management Agreement Equity

Our monthly base management fee, as defined in our Management Agreement, is equal to the greater of (i) 1/12th of the amount of our equity multiplied by 1.50% or (ii) $442,000 through July 31, 2022 and is calculated and paid monthly in arrears.

The following table summarizes the calculation of equity, as defined in the Management Agreement (in thousands):

(1)
Deducts underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses and costs relating to such issuances.

(2)
Excludes non-cash equity compensation expense incurred to date.

Earnings Available for Distribution

Commencing with our financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, we replaced the term Core Earnings with the term Earnings Available for Distribution (“EAD”), and Core Earnings results from comparative reporting periods have been relabeled Earnings Available for Distribution. EAD is a non-GAAP financial measure intended to supplement our financial results computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), and we believe EAD will serve as a useful indicator for investors in evaluating our performance and ability to pay dividends.

EAD excludes the effects of certain transactions and adjustments in accordance with GAAP that we believe are not necessarily indicative of our current CRE loan portfolio and other CRE-related investments and operations. EAD excludes income (loss) from all non-core assets such as commercial finance, middle market lending, residential mortgage lending, certain legacy CRE loans and other non-CRE assets designated as assets held for sale at the initial measurement date of December 31, 2016.

EAD, for reporting purposes, is defined as GAAP net income (loss) allocable to common shares, excluding (i) non-cash equity compensation expense, (ii) unrealized gains and losses, (iii) non-cash provisions for credit losses, (iv) non-cash impairments on securities, (v) non-cash amortization of discounts or premiums associated with borrowings, (vi) net income or loss from a limited partnership interest owned at the initial measurement date, (vii) net income or loss from non-core assets, (viii) real estate depreciation and amortization, (ix) foreign currency gains or losses and (x) income or loss from discontinued operations. EAD may also be adjusted periodically to exclude certain one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP and certain non-cash items.

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Although pursuant to the Management Agreement we calculate incentive compensation using EAD that excludes incentive compensation payable to our Manager, we include incentive compensation payable to our Manager in calculating EAD for reporting purposes.

The following table provides a reconciliation from GAAP net (loss) income allocable to common shares to EAD allocable to common shares for the periods presented (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts and amounts in the footnotes):

(1)
In March 2021, the CMBS portfolio was sold for $3.0 million, representing a total realized loss of $5.2 million that was included in EAD during the year ended December 31, 2021. Unrealized gain on core activities includes the unrealized gains and losses on the residual CMBS portfolio, which were previously excluded from EAD.

(2)
In November 2021, one CRE loan was sold for proceeds, net of costs, of $7.6 million, representing a total realized loss of $1.7 million that was included in EAD during the year ended December 31, 2021.

(3)
Non-core assets are investments and securities owned by us at the initial measurement date in (i) commercial finance, (ii) middle market lending, (iii) residential mortgage lending, (iv) legacy CRE loans designated as held for sale and (v) other non-CRE assets included in assets held for sale.

EAD in accordance with the Management Agreement, which excludes incentive compensation payable, was $5.6 million, or $0.64 per common share outstanding, for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Incentive compensation payable was $340,000 at December 31, 2022.

Incentive Compensation Hurdle

Prior to the quarter ended December 31, 2022, in accordance with the Management Agreement, incentive compensation was earned by our Manager when our EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) for such quarter exceeded an amount equal to: (1) the weighted average of (a) book value (as defined in the Management Agreement) as of the end of such quarter divided by 10,293,783 shares and (b) the price per share (including the conversion price, if applicable) paid for common shares in each offering (or issuance, upon the conversion of convertible securities) by us subsequent to September 30, 2017, in each case at the time of issuance, multiplied by (2) the greater of (a) 1.75% and (b) 0.4375% plus one-fourth of the ten year treasury rate, as defined in the Management Agreement, for such quarter (the “Incentive Compensation Hurdle”).

Commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, incentive compensation was calculated and payable in arrears in an amount, not less than zero, equal to:

(i)
for the first full calendar quarter ended December 31, 2022, the product of (a) 20% and (b) the excess of (i) our EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) for such calendar quarter, over (ii) the product of (A) our book value equity (as defined in the Management Agreement) as of the end of such calendar quarter, and (B) 7% per annum;

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(ii)
for each of the second, third and fourth full calendar quarters following the calendar quarter ended December 31, 2022, the excess of (1) the product of (a) 20% and (b) the excess of (i) our EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) for the calendar quarter(s) following September 30, 2022, over (ii) the product of (A) our book value equity (as defined in the Management Agreement) in the calendar quarter(s) following September 30, 2022, and (B) 7% per annum, over (2) the sum of any incentive compensation paid to our Manager with respect to the prior calendar quarter(s) following September 30, 2022 (other than the most recent calendar quarter); and

(iii)
for each calendar quarter thereafter, the excess of (1) the product of (a) 20% and (b) the excess of (i) our EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) for the previous 12-month period, over (ii) the product of (A) our book value equity (as defined in the Management Agreement) in the previous 12-month period, and (B) 7% per annum, over (2) the sum of any incentive compensation paid to our Manager with respect to the first three calendar quarters of such previous 12-month period; provided, however, that no incentive compensation shall be payable with respect to any calendar quarter unless EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) for the 12 most recently completed calendar quarters (or such lesser number of completed calendar quarters from September 30, 2022) in the aggregate is greater than zero.

The following table summarizes the calculation of the Incentive Compensation Hurdle for the three months ended December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

(1)
Calculated as book value equity at December 31, 2022 multiplied by 1.75% (7% per annum).

The amount by which EAD (as defined in the Management Agreement) exceeds the Incentive Compensation Hurdle is multiplied by 20% to arrive at incentive compensation for the quarter.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments, repay borrowings and provide for other general business needs, including payment of our base management fee and incentive compensation. Our ability to meet our on-going liquidity needs is subject to our ability to generate cash from operating activities and our ability to maintain and/or obtain additional debt financing and equity capital together with the funds referred to below.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity were: (i) gross proceeds of $404.9 million from our CRE - term warehouse financing facilities, (ii) gross proceeds of $245.0 million from CRE whole loan purchases by our managed CRE securitizations ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2, (iii) proceeds of $101.7 million from our senior secured financing facility, (iv) net proceeds of $57.9 million from repayments on our CRE portfolio, (v) proceeds of $57.6 million the from purchase of loan advances by our managed CRE securitizations ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2, (vi) net proceeds of $18.7 million from the sale of a real estate property held for sale, (vii) net proceeds of $18.7 million for a mortgage payable for one of our real estate investments and, (viii) net proceeds of $13.7 million from the liquidation of one of our CRE securitizations. These sources of liquidity were offset by our deployments in CRE whole loans and real estate investments, the partial repurchase and extinguishment of our 4.50% Convertible Senior Notes, repurchases of common stock, distributions on our preferred stock and ongoing operating expenses and substantially resulted in the $66.2 million of unrestricted cash we held at December 31, 2022.

The outstanding balance of our loan to ACRES Capital Corp., the parent of our Manager, was $11.3 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The note bears interest at 3.00% per annum, payable monthly, and matures in July 2026, subject to two one-year extensions, at ACRES Capital Corp.’s option, and amortizes at a rate of $25,000 per month.

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We utilize a variety of financing arrangements to finance certain assets. We generally utilize the following five types of financing arrangements:

1.
Senior Secured Financing Facility: Our senior secured financing facility allows us to borrow against loans and real estate investments that we own. This facility has an individual floating rate loan series structure that have a three month commitment period after the financing is approved by the lender, subject to the maximum dollar amount agreed upon for the series. Each floating rate loan series will have mutually agreed upon terms including (i) total commitment, including the capacity to fund future funding commitments, where applicable; (ii) advance rate on portfolio assets; (iii) interest rate composed of one-month Term SOFR plus a market rate spread; and (iv) maturity date of five years from the issuance date for the loan series unless an additional time is mutually agreed upon by the parties. The facility has a maximum portfolio LTV of 85% and contains customary events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement.

2.
Term Warehouse Financing Facilities (CRE loans): Term warehouse financing facilities effectively allow us to borrow against loans that we own. Under these agreements, we transfer loans to a counterparty and agree to purchase the same loans from the counterparty at a price equal to the transfer price plus interest. The counterparty retains the sole discretion over both whether to purchase the loan from us and, subject to certain conditions, the collateral value of such loan for purposes of determining whether we are required to pay margin to the counterparty. Generally, if the lender determines (subject to certain conditions) that the value of the collateral in a repurchase transaction has decreased by more than a defined minimum amount, we would be required to repay any amounts borrowed in excess of the product of (i) the revised collateral or market value multiplied by (ii) the applicable advance rate. During the term of these agreements, we receive the principal and interest on the related loans and pay interest to the counterparty.

3.
Securitizations: We seek non-recourse long-term financing from securitizations of our investments in CRE loans. The securitizations generally involve a senior portion of our loan but may involve the entire loan. Securitization generally involves transferring notes to a special purpose vehicle (or the issuing entity), which then issues one or more classes of non-recourse notes pursuant to the terms of an indenture. The notes are secured by the pool of assets. In exchange for the transfer of assets to the issuing entity, we receive cash proceeds from the sale of non-recourse notes. Securitizations of our portfolio investments might magnify our exposure to losses on those portfolio investments because the retained subordinate interest in any particular overall loan would be subordinate to the loan components sold and we would, therefore, absorb all losses sustained with respect to the overall loan before the owners of the senior notes experience any losses with respect to the loan in question.

4.
Mortgage payable: We have entered into a loan agreement to finance the acquisition of a student housing complex. This loan is interest only and has a maximum principal balance, most of which was advanced in the initial funding. The loan agreement contains events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction.

5.
Construction loan: We have entered into a loan agreement to finance the construction of a student housing complex. This loan is interest only and has a maximum principal balance of $48.0 million. The loan agreement contains events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods, customary for this type of financing arrangement. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction. Additionally, we have entered into a financing agreement to fund energy efficient building improvements at this student housing complex, with a maximum principal balance of $15.5 million.

The issuances of ACR 2021-FL1 and ACR 2021-FL2 include 24-month reinvestment periods ending in May 2023 and December 2023, respectively, that allow us to reinvest CRE loan payoffs and paydowns into the securitizations upon the satisfaction of certain eligibility and reinvestment criteria along with rating agency approval. The reinvestment feature of the securitizations will allow us to extend the securitizations’ financing capability by increasing the useful lives of the senior notes through the reinvestment of loan proceeds into new loans. We are also able to acquire future funding participations of the collateral in the securitizations during the reinvestment period.

We were in compliance with all of our covenants at December 31, 2022 in accordance with the terms provided in agreements with our lenders.

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We are continuing to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on us, the borrowers underlying our commercial real estate-related loans (and their tenants), our financing sources, and the economy as a whole. Because the severity, magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic consequences are uncertain, rapidly changing and difficult to predict, the pandemic’s impact on our operations and liquidity remains uncertain and difficult to predict. Further discussion of the potential impacts on us from the COVID-19 pandemic is provided in the section entitled “Risk Factors-Impact of Current Economic Conditions” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At December 31, 2022, we had a senior secured financing facility, term warehouse financing facilities, and a mortgage payable as summarized below (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Facility principal outstanding excludes deferred debt issuance costs of $3.7 million at December 31, 2022. In December 2022, we amended the previously revolving fixed rate credit facility to a floating rate term loan series structure. Each loan series will have a maturity date of five years from the issuance date for the loan series.

(2)
Facilities principal outstanding excludes accrued interest payable of $894,000 and deferred debt issuance costs of $2.6 million at December 31, 2022.

(3)
In October 2022, we allowed our $250.0 million Barclays term warehouse financing facility to mature.

(4)
Facility principal outstanding excludes deferred debt issuance costs of $466,000 at December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes the average principal outstanding on our financing arrangements during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the principal outstanding on our financing arrangements at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Excludes accrued interest payable on the senior secured financing facility collateralized by CRE loans and investments in real estate of $202,000 and $26,000 and deferred debt issuance costs of $3.7 million and $3.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Excludes accrued interest payable on term warehouse financing facilities collateralized by CRE loans of $894,000 and $58,000 and deferred debt issuance costs of $2.6 million and $4.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3)
Excludes deferred debt issuance costs on mortgage payable of $466,000 at December 31, 2022.

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The following table summarizes the maximum month-end principal outstanding on our financing arrangements during the periods presented (in thousands, except amount in footnotes):

(1)
Decreases in the maximum month-end outstanding principal balances for the periods presented resulted from the financing of CRE loans into our CRE securitizations.

Historically, we financed the acquisition of our investments through CDOs and securitizations that essentially match the maturity and repricing dates of these financing vehicles with the maturities and repricing dates of our investments. In the past, we have derived substantial operating cash from our equity investments in our CDOs and securitizations, which will cease if the CDOs and securitizations fail to meet certain tests. Through December 31, 2022, we did not experience difficulty in maintaining our existing CDO and securitization financing and passed all of the critical tests required by these financings.

The following table sets forth the distributions received by us and coverage test summaries for our active securitizations at the periods presented (in thousands, except amounts in footnotes):

(1)
Overcollateralization cushion represents the amount by which the collateral held by the securitization issuer exceeds the minimum amount required.

(2)
Interest coverage includes annualized amounts based on the most recent trustee statements.

(3)
Interest coverage cushion represents the amount by which annualized interest income expected exceeds the annualized amount payable on our active securitizations.

(4)
The reinvestment period is the period in which principal proceeds received may be used to acquire new CRE loans or the funded commitments of existing collateral for reinvestment into the securitization.

The following table sets forth the distributions made by and liquidation details for our liquidated securitizations for the periods presented (in thousands):

(1)
The remaining assets at the liquidation date were distributed to us in exchange for our notes owned and preference shares in the respective securitization.

(2)
Cash distributions for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a principal distribution on our preference share at liquidation of $13.5 million for XAN 2020-RSO9.

At December 31, 2022, our liquidity consisted of $66.2 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, $13.7 million of unlevered financeable CRE loans and $37.7 million of cash held for reinvestment at our CRE securitizations.

Our leverage ratio, defined as the ratio of borrowings to total equity, may vary as a result of the various funding strategies we use. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our leverage ratio under GAAP was 4.2 and 4.0 times, respectively. The leverage ratio increase through December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the net increase in asset specific borrowing while being offset by the payoff of our 4.50% convertible senior notes and leverage also increased due to the net decrease in total equity primarily from our common stock repurchase program.

Net Operating Losses and Loss Carryforwards

The following table sets forth the net operating losses and loss carryforwards for the periods presented (in millions):

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated $1.1 million of taxable income which was offset by our cumulative net operating losses (“NOL”), leaving $46.6 million to carry forward to future years. NOL can generally be carried forward to offset both ordinary taxable income and capital gains in future years. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) along with revisions made by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act reduced the deduction for NOLs to 80% of taxable income and granted an indefinite carryforward period.

Additionally, $15.0 million of net capital gains was reported on our tax return for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was offset with our cumulative total net capital losses, leaving $121.9 million to carry forward to future years. No capital losses expired during 2021 or 2022.

We also have tax assets in our taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). These tax assets are analyzed and disclosed quarterly in our financial statements. As of December 31, 2021, our TRSs have $39.9 million of pre-TCJA NOLs, some of which are set to expire beginning in 2044, $20.2 million of NOLs with an indefinite carryforward period and net capital loss carryforwards of $1.0 million.

Distributions

We did not pay distributions on our common shares during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 as we were focused on prudently retaining and managing sufficient excess liquidity in connection with the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of losses during that year, we received significant NOL carryforwards and net capital loss carryforwards, as finalized in our 2020 tax return. We intend to retain taxable income by utilizing our NOL carryforwards and expect to generate capital gains to use a portion of our net capital loss carryforwards, thereby growing book value and our investable equity base. As we continue to take steps necessary to stabilize our earnings available for distribution, our Board will establish a plan for the prudent resumption of the payment of common share distributions. No assurance, however, can be given as to the amounts or timing of future distributions as such distributions are subject to our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.

We intend to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our preferred stock.

U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income annually, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating and debt service requirements on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

(1)
Excludes $202,000 of accrued interest payable at December 31, 2022.

(2)
Includes $894,000 of accrued interest payable at December 31, 2022.

(3)
In October 2022, we allowed our Barclays term warehouse financing facility to mature.

(4)
Excludes $88,000 of accrued interest payable at December 31, 2022.

(5)
Excludes $34.5 million of interest expense payable through maturity in August 2026.

(6)
Excludes $27.5 million and $28.5 million of estimated interest expense payable through maturity, in June 2036 and October 2036, respectively.

(7)
Lease liabilities includes a ground rent lease for a hotel property with a remaining term of 93 years and an annual growth rate of 3%.

(8)
Unfunded commitments on our originated CRE loans generally fall into two categories: (i) pre-approved capital improvement projects and (ii) new or additional construction costs subject, in each case, to the borrower meeting specified criteria. Upon completion of the improvements or construction, we would receive additional interest income on the advanced amount. At December 31, 2022, we had unfunded commitments on 57 CRE whole loans.

(9)
Base management fees presented are based on an estimate of base management fees payable to our Manager over the next 12 months. Our Management Agreement also provides for an incentive compensation arrangement that is based on operating performance. The incentive compensation is not a fixed and determinable amount, and therefore it is not included in this table.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

General

At December 31, 2022, we did not maintain any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or contractually narrow or limited purposes, although we do have interests in unconsolidated entities not established for those purposes. Except as set forth below, at December 31, 2022, we had not guaranteed obligations of any unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or letter of intent to provide additional funding to any such entities.

Unfunded CRE Loan Commitments

In the ordinary course of business, we make commitments to borrowers whose loans are in our CRE loan portfolio to provide additional loan funding in the future. Disbursement of funds pursuant to these commitments is subject to the borrower meeting pre-specified criteria. These commitments are subject to the same underwriting requirements and ongoing portfolio maintenance as are the on-balance sheet financial investments that we hold. Since these commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Whole loans had $158.2 million and $157.6 million in unfunded loan commitments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Preferred equity investments had $2.5 million in unfunded investment commitments at December 31, 2020. The preferred equity investments paid off during the year ended December 31, 2021. Unfunded commitments are not considered in the CECL reserve if they are unconditionally cancellable.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the ordinary course of business, we may provide guarantees and indemnifications that contingently obligate us to make payments to the guaranteed or indemnified party based on changes in the value of an asset, liability or equity security of the guaranteed or indemnified party. As such, we may be obligated to make payments to a guaranteed party based on another entity’s failure to perform or achieve specified performance criteria, or we may have an indirect guarantee of the indebtedness of others.

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As part of our May 2017 sale of our equity interest in Pearlmark Mezz, we entered into an indemnification agreement whereby we indemnified the purchaser against realized losses of up to $4.3 million on one mezzanine loan until its final maturity date in 2020. As a result of the indemnified party’s partial sale of the mezzanine loan, our maximum exposure was reduced to $536,000 in 2019. In October 2020, the mezzanine loan paid off its balance to the indemnified party, resulting in the extinguishment of our liability.

In January 2023, Chapel Drive East, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the FSU Student Venture, entered into a loan agreement (the "Construction Loan Agreement") with Oceanview Life and Annuity Company ("Oceanview") to finance the construction of a student housing complex (the "Construction Loan").

In connection with our investment in the student housing complex, ACRES RF entered into guarantees related to the Construction Loan. Pursuant to the guarantees, Jason Pollack, Frank Dellaglio and ACRES RF (collectively, the "Guarantors"), for the benefit of Oceanview, provided limited "bad boy" guaranties to Oceanview pursuant to the Construction Loan Agreement until the earlier of the payment in full of the indebtedness or the date of a sale of the property pursuant to a foreclosure of the mortgage or deed or other transfer in lieu of foreclosure is accepted by Oceanview. The Guarantors also entered into a Completion Guaranty Agreement for the benefit of Oceanview to guaranty the timely completion of the project in accordance with the Construction Loan Agreement, as well as a Carry Guaranty Agreement, for the benefit of Oceanview to guaranty and unconditional payment by Chapel Drive East, LLC of all customary or necessary costs and expenses incurred in connection with the operation, maintenance and management of the property and an Environmental Indemnity Agreement jointly and severally in favor of Oceanview whereby the Guarantors serving as Indemnitors provided environmental representations and warranties, covenants and indemnifications (collectively the "Guaranties"). The Guaranties include certain financial covenants required of ACRES RF, including required net worth and liquidity requirements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared by management in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that we make estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, and our financial results. We believe that certain of our policies are critical because they require us to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. The critical policies summarized below relate to valuation of investment securities, accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedging activities, income taxes, allowance for credit losses and variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We have reviewed these accounting policies with our Board and believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made based upon information available to us at the time.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We maintain an allowance for credit loss on our loans held for investment. CRE loans that are held for investment are carried at cost, net of unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts, loan fees and origination costs as applicable. Effective January 1, 2020, we determine our allowance for credit losses, consistent with GAAP, by measuring CECL on the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis. We utilize a probability of default and loss given default methodology over a reasonable and supportable forecast period after which we revert to the historical mean loss ratio, utilizing a blended approach sourced from our own historical losses and the market losses from an engaged third party’s database, to be applied for the remaining estimable period. The CECL model requires us to make significant judgments, including: (i) the selection of a reasonable and supportable forecast period, (ii) the selection and weighting of appropriate macroeconomic forecast scenarios, (iii) projections for the amounts and timing of future fundings of committed balances and prepayments on CRE investments, (iv) the determination of the risk characteristics in which to pool financial assets, and (v) the appropriate historical loss data to use in the model. Unfunded commitments are not considered in the CECL reserve if they are unconditionally cancellable by us.

We measure the loan portfolio’s credit losses by grouping loans based on similar risk characteristics under CECL, which is typically based on the loan’s collateral type. We regularly evaluate the risk characteristics of our loan portfolio to determine whether a different pooling methodology is more accurate. Further, if we determine that foreclosure of a loan’s collateral is probable or repayment of the loan is expected through sale or operation of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, expected credit losses are measured as the difference between the current fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost of the loan. Fair value may be determined based on (i) the present value of estimated cash flows; (ii) the market price, if available; or (iii) the fair value of the collateral less estimated disposition costs.

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While a loan exhibiting credit quality deterioration may remain on accrual status, the loan is placed on non-accrual status at such time as (i) management believes that scheduled debt service payments will not be met within the coming 12 months; (ii) the loan becomes 90 days past due; (iii) management determines the borrower is incapable of, or has ceased efforts toward, curing the cause of the credit deterioration; or (iv) the net realizable value of the loan’s underlying collateral approximates our carrying value for such loan. While on non-accrual status, we recognize interest income only when an actual payment is received if a credit analysis supports the borrower’s principal repayment capacity. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, previously accrued interest is reversed from interest income.

We utilize the contractual life of our loans to estimate the period over which we measure expected credit losses. Estimates for prepayments and extensions are incorporated into the inputs for our CECL model. Modifications to loan terms, such as a modification in connection with a TDR, where a concession is granted to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, may result in the extension of the loan’s life and an increase in the allowance for credit losses. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) concurred with a joint statement of federal and state banking regulators that eased the requirements to classify a modification as a TDR if the modification was granted in connection with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The measurement of the impact of TDRs on the expected credit losses occurs when a TDR is reasonably expected. If the concession granted on a TDR can only be captured through a discounted cash flow analysis, then we will individually assess the loan for expected credit losses using the discounted cash flow method.

In order to calculate the historical mean loss ratio applied to the loan portfolio, we utilize historical losses from our full underwriting history, along with the market loss history of a selected population of loans from a third party’s database that are similar to our loan types, loan sizes, durations, interest rate structure and general LTV profiles. We may make adjustments to the historical loss history for qualitative or environmental factors if we believe there is evidence that the estimate for expected credit losses should be increased or decreased.

We record write-offs against the allowance for credit losses if we deem that all or a portion of a loan’s balance is uncollectible. If we receive cash in excess of some or all of the amounts we previously wrote off, we record a recovery to increase the allowance for credit losses.

As part of the evaluation of the loan portfolio, we assess the performance of each loan and assign a risk rating based on the collective evaluation of several factors, including but not limited to: collateral performance relative to underwritten plan, time since origination, current implied and/or re-underwritten LTV ratios, risk inherent in the loan structure and exit plan. Loans are rated “1” through “5,” from least risk to greatest risk, in connection with this review.

Prior to the implementation of CECL, we calculated our allowance for credit losses through the calculation of general and specific reserves. The general reserve, established for loans not determined to be impaired individually, was based on our loan risk ratings. We recorded a general reserve equal to 1.5% of the aggregate face values of loans with a risk rating of “3,” plus 5.0% of the aggregate face values of loans with a risk rating of “4.” Loans with a risk rating of “5” were individually measured for impairment to be included in a specific reserve on a quarterly basis.

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Investment in Real Estate

We acquire investments in real estate through direct equity investments and as a result of our lending activities (i.e. through foreclosure or the receipt of the deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on a property). Acquired investments in real estate assets are recorded initially at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We allocate the purchase price of our acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on the relative fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

We evaluate whether property obtained as a result of our lending activities should be identified as held for sale. If a property is determined to be held for sale, all of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities will be recorded in property held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets and recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. Once a property is classified as held for sale, depreciation expense is no longer recorded.

Investments in real estate are carried net of accumulated depreciation. We depreciate real property, building and tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures, and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We amortize any acquired intangible assets using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets. We amortize the value allocated to lease right of use assets and related in-place lease liabilities, when determined to be operating leases, using the straight-line method over the remaining lease term. The value allocated to any associated above or below market lease intangible asset or liability is amortized to lease expense over the remaining lease term.

Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Costs related to the improvement of the real property are capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives.

We depreciate investments in real estate and amortize intangible assets over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Revenue Recognition

Interest income from our loan portfolio is recognized over the life of each loan using the effective interest method and is recorded on the accrual basis. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into income using the effective yield method. If a loan with a premium or discount is prepaid, we immediately recognize the unamortized portion as a decrease or increase to interest income. In addition, we defer loan origination and extension fees and loan origination costs and recognize them over the life of the related loan with interest income using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective yield method. Income recognition is suspended for loans at the earlier of the date at which payments become 90 days past due or when, in our opinion, a full recovery of principal and income becomes doubtful. When the ultimate collectability of the principal is in doubt, all payments received are applied to principal under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the principal is not in doubt, contractual interest is recorded as interest income when received, under the cash method, until an accrual is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed.

Through our investments in real estate, we earn revenue associated with rental operations and hotel operations, which are presented in real estate income on the consolidated statements of operations.

Rental operating revenue consists of fixed contractual base rent arising from tenant leases at our office properties under operating leases. Revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable terms of the related leases. For leases that have fixed and measurable rent escalations, the difference between such rental income earned and the cash rent due under the provisions of the lease is recorded in our consolidated balance sheets. We move to cash basis operating lease income recognition in the period in which collectability of all lease payments is no longer considered probable. At such time, any uncollectible receivable balance will be written off.

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Hotel operating revenue consists of amounts derived from hotel operations, including room sales and other hotel revenues. We recognize hotel operating revenue when guest rooms are occupied, services have been provided or fees have been earned. Revenues are recorded net of any sales, occupancy or other taxes collected from customers on behalf of third parties. The following provides additional detail on room revenue and other operating revenue:

•
Room revenue is recognized when our hotel satisfies its performance obligation of providing a hotel room. The hotel reservation defines the terms of the agreement including an agreed-upon rate and length of stay. Payment is typically due and paid in full at the end of the stay with some customers prepaying for their rooms prior to the stay. Payments received from a customer prior to arrival are recorded as an advance deposit and are recognized as revenue at the time of occupancy.

•
Other operating revenue is recognized at the time when the goods or services are provided to the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. Payment is due at the time that goods or services are rendered or billed.

Variable Interest Entities

We consolidate entities that are VIEs where we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of such entities. Once it is determined that we hold a variable interest in a VIE, management performs a qualitative analysis to determine (i) if we have the power to direct the matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance; and (ii) if we have the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive the benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If our variable interest possesses both of these characteristics, we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary and would be required to consolidate the VIE. This assessment must be done on an ongoing basis.

At December 31, 2022, we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of five VIEs that are consolidated.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance that removes certain separation models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock that require the separation into a debt component and an equity or derivative component. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, if no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives and the convertible instrument is not issued with substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital. By removing those separation models, the interest rate of convertible debt instruments typically will be closer to the coupon interest rate. The guidance also revises the derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity and improves the consistency of EPS calculations. Adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards to be Adopted in Future Periods

In March 2022, the FASB issued an amendment eliminating certain previously issued accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and enhancing disclosure requirements surrounding refinancings, restructurings, and write-offs. Current GAAP provides an exception to general recognition and measurement guidance for loan restructurings if they meet specific criteria to be considered TDRs. If a modification is a TDR, incremental expected losses are recorded in the allowance for credit losses upon modification and specific disclosures are required. The new amendment eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and requires the reporting entity to evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with accounting for other loan modifications. The amendment also requires public business entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for certain financing receivables and net investments in leases. For entities that have adopted the previously issued guidance amended by this update, which we did during the year ended December 31, 2020, this update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for entities that have adopted the previously issued guidance amended by this update. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance.

Inflation

Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and our distributions are determined by our Board based primarily on our maintaining our REIT qualification; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.

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Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the filing of this report and determined that, except for the subsequent events referred to in Note 7, Note 8, Note 12 and Note 24 of our consolidated financial statements, there have not been any events that have occurred that would require adjustments to or disclosures in our consolidated financial statements.