Atlas Energy Solutions Inc. (AESI) FY 2024 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with Item 1, “Business,” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes in Item 8 of this Annual Report. For the purposes of this discussion, references to “Atlas Inc.” are to AESI Holdings Inc. (f/k/a Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.) for periods prior to the completion of the Up-C Simplification, and to Atlas Energy Solutions Inc. (f/k/a New Atlas HoldCo Inc.) for periods subsequent to the Up-C Simplification. References to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and like expressions are to Atlas Inc. together with its subsidiaries.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.

We use Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt herein as non-GAAP measures of our financial performance. For further discussion of Contribution Margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Free Cash Flow, see the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Item 7 of this Annual Report. We define various terms to simplify the presentation of information in this Annual Report. All share amounts are presented in thousands.

Overview

We are a low-cost producer of high-quality, locally sourced 100 mesh and 40/70 sand used as a proppant during the well completion process. Proppant is necessary to facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbons from oil and natural gas wells. One hundred percent of our sand reserves are located in Texas within the Permian Basin and our operations consist of proppant production and processing facilities, including four facilities near Kermit, Texas (together, the “Kermit facilities”), a fifth facility near Monahans, Texas (the “Monahans facility”), and the OnCore distributed mining network.

We also operate a differentiated logistics platform that is designed to increase the efficiency, safety and sustainability of the oil and natural gas industry within the Permian Basin. This includes our fleet of fit-for-purpose trucks, trailers, and the Dune Express, an overland conveyor infrastructure solution. We have also begun integrating autonomous driving technologies in certain of our fit-for-purpose trucks, creating the first semi-autonomous oilfield logistics network in an effort to increase our automation of the oil and gas proppant supply chain.

We also provide distributed power solutions through a fleet of more than 900 natural gas-powered reciprocating generators, with approximately 212 megawatts of existing power generation, primarily supporting production and artificial lift operations across all major United States resource basins. Our generators are designed for heavy-duty, harsh environments for mission critical power needs. Our in-house manufacturing and remanufacturing capabilities, coupled with critical in-field service, provide quality control and standardization across the fleet ensuring market-leading uptime.

Our Predecessor

The predecessor of Atlas Inc. consists of Atlas LLC and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries: Atlas Sand Employee Holding Company, LLC; Atlas Sand Employee Company, LLC; Atlas OLC Employee Company, LLC; Atlas Construction Employee Company, LLC; Fountainhead Logistics Employee Company, LLC; Atlas Sand Construction, LLC; OLC Kermit, LLC; OLC Monahans, LLC; and Fountainhead Logistics, LLC on a consolidated basis (all of which we refer to collectively as “Atlas Predecessor”). Historical periods for Atlas Predecessor are presented on a consolidated basis given the common control ownership. Unless otherwise indicated, the historical consolidated financial information included in this Annual Report presents the historical financial information of Atlas Predecessor. Historical consolidated financial information is not indicative of the results that may be expected in any future periods.

Recent Developments

Moser Acquisition

On January 27, 2025, the Company entered into the Moser Purchase Agreement by and among Wyatt Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Purchaser”), Moser Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Seller”), and for the limited purposes set forth therein, the Company (together with the Purchaser and the Seller, the “Parties”), pursuant to which the Purchaser will acquire (i) 100% of the authorized, issued and outstanding equity ownership interests in Moser Acquisition, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Moser AcquisitionCo”), and (ii) Moser Engine Service, Inc. (d/b/a Moser Energy Systems), a Wyoming corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Moser AcquisitionCo (such transaction, the “Moser Acquisition”).

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The Moser Acquisition was completed on February 24, 2025. Under the terms and conditions of the Moser Purchase Agreement, the aggregate consideration paid to the Seller in the Moser Acquisition (the “Moser Consideration”) consisted of (i) $180.0 million in cash and (ii) the Moser Stock Consideration, issued at the closing of the Moser Acquisition, which were valued at $40.0 million based on the 20-day trailing volume-weighted average price ending at the close of trading on Friday, January 24, 2025. All or any portion of the Moser Stock Consideration is subject to redemption (the “Redemption Right”) at the option of the Company within 90 days of closing of the Moser Acquisition (the “Moser Closing”). The Moser Consideration is subject to customary post-closing adjustments.

Equity Offering

On January 30, 2025, the Company entered into the Underwriting Agreement, relating to the underwritten offering of 11.5 million shares of Common Stock at a public offering price of $23.00 per share. Under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 1,725,000 additional shares of Common Stock (the “Option”).

The Offering closed on February 3, 2025. The Company received approximately $254.1 million of net proceeds from the sale of shares of our Common Stock, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. We used the net proceeds from this offering (i) to repay the $70.0 million outstanding on the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, (ii) to repay $101.3 million of the Deferred Cash Consideration Note, and (iii) the remainder for general corporate purposes.

Registration Rights Agreement

On February 24, 2025, in connection with the Moser Closing, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Moser Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Seller that provides, among other things, that the Company will, no later than (a) March 26, 2025, or (b) if the Company is and continues to be a “Well-Known Seasoned Issuer” as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act, May 25, 2025, file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement registering for resale the Common Stock comprising the Moser Stock Consideration that was issued in connection with the Moser Acquisition, subject to the full or partial exercise of the Redemption Right by the Company. Pursuant to the Moser Purchase Agreement, the Seller agreed not to lend, offer, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right, or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, any of their shares of Common Stock for a period of 90 days following the Moser Closing, subject to certain exceptions. The Company also agreed to pay certain expenses of the parties incurred in connection with the exercise of their rights under the Moser Registration Rights Agreement, and to indemnify them for certain securities law matters in connection with any registration statement filed pursuant thereto.

Corporate Developments

On March 13, 2023, Old Atlas completed its initial public offering of 18,000,000 shares of Old Atlas Class A Common Stock at a price of $18.00 per share. The IPO generated $324.0 million of gross proceeds and net proceeds of approximately $291.2 million, after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions and estimated offering costs. In connection with the IPO, pursuant to the IPO Reorganization Agreement, Old Atlas and the parties thereto completed certain restructuring transactions. As a result of these restructuring transactions, Atlas Operating became the wholly-owned operating subsidiary of Old Atlas, Atlas LLC became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas Operating, and Atlas LLC continued to own all of the Company’s operating assets.

On October 2, 2023, Old Atlas and the Company completed the Up-C Simplification as contemplated by the Master Reorganization Agreement in order to, among other things, reorganize under a new public holding company and eliminate Old Atlas’s “up-C” and dual-class stock structure. Pursuant to the Master Reorganization Agreement, (a) PubCo Merger Sub merged with and into Old Atlas, as a result of which (i) each share of Old Atlas Class A Common Stock then issued and outstanding was exchanged for one share of Common Stock of the Company, (ii) all of the shares of Old Atlas Class B Common Stock then issued and outstanding were surrendered and cancelled for no consideration and (iii) Old Atlas survived the PubCo Merger as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company; and (b) Opco Merger Sub merged with and into Atlas Operating, as a result of which (i) each Operating Unit then issued and outstanding, other than those Operating Units held by Old Atlas, was exchanged for one share of Common Stock of the Company and (ii) Atlas Operating became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

After completion of the Up-C Simplification, the Company replaced Old Atlas as the publicly held entity and, through its subsidiaries, conducts all of the operations previously conducted by Old Atlas, and Old Atlas remains the managing member of Atlas Operating.

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Operational Updates

Disposal of Assets

On April 14, 2024, a mechanical fire occurred at one of the Company's plants in Kermit, Texas. The fire primarily impacted the feed system of the processing facility, which transports sand from the dryers and separators to storage silos. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company utilized temporary loadout equipment at the plant to continue production. The Company was able to transition to the temporary loadout within 11 days of the fire incident. Reconstruction of the feed system was completed in June 2024 and the plant was operational by June 30, 2024. The Company performed an impairment analysis on the Kermit asset group as a result of the fire and determined that no impairment was required. The damaged assets from the fire had a net book value of $11.1 million that was recorded as a loss on disposal of assets on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company filed an insurance claim for the fire incident and has recovered the costs associated with returning the plant to production. The Company has recorded $20.1 million of insurance recovery in connection with this incident as this recovery amount is deemed collectable and legally enforceable as of December 31, 2024. The proceeds are recorded as insurance recovery (gain) on the consolidated statements of operations and as cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets for the $14.7 million received as of December 31, 2024 and as accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets for the $5.4 million not received as of December 31, 2024.

During the third quarter of 2024, one of the Company's dredge mining assets was damaged during commissioning at one of the Kermit facilities. The damaged asset had a net book value of $8.6 million that was recorded as a loss on disposal of assets on the consolidated statements of operations.

The Dune Express Electric Conveyor System

The Dune Express was completed in December 2024. The Dune Express, which originates at our Kermit facilities and stretches into the middle of the Northern Delaware Basin, is the first long-haul proppant conveyor system in the world. The Dune Express is 42 miles in length, capable of transporting 13 million tons of proppant annually, and is strategically located to deliver proppant to the Northern Delaware Basin.

Share Buyback Program

In October 2024, the Board authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $200.0 million of outstanding stock through December 31, 2026. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has the ability to purchase up to $200.0 million of outstanding stock under this program. There were no shares of Common Stock repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, through block trades, in privately negotiated transactions, through derivative transactions or by other means and in accordance with federal securities laws. The timing, as well as the number and value of shares repurchased under the program, will be determined by the Company at its discretion and will depend on a variety of factors including management's assessment of the intrinsic value of the Company's Common Stock, the market price of the Company's Common Stock, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with the Company’s debt and other agreements, applicable legal requirements, and other considerations. The exact number of shares to be repurchased by the Company is not guaranteed, and the program may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The Company expects to fund the repurchases by using cash on hand and expected free cash flow to be generated over the next two years.

Financial Developments

Deferred Cash Consideration Note

In accordance with the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement, the Company issued the Deferred Cash Consideration Note in an aggregate principle amount of $111.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note was part of the consideration transferred and valued at fair value at the acquisition date. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note bears interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum if paid in cash, or 7.00% per annum if paid in kind. Interest on the Deferred Cash Consideration Note is payable quarterly in arrears beginning March 29, 2024 through maturity of January 31, 2026.

The Deferred Cash Consideration Note included $4.6 million of debt discount and approximately $0.1 million deferred financing costs. The discount and deferred financing costs are a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method.

In February 2025, the Company used a portion of the proceeds from an equity offering to repay $101.3 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Deferred Cash Consideration Note.

Atlas LLC’s obligations under the Deferred Cash Consideration Note are secured by certain of the assets acquired in connection with the Hi-Crush Transaction. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note is also unconditionally guaranteed by Atlas LLC on an unsecured basis.

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First Amendment to the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2024, the Company, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries, entered the Term Loan Amendment, which provided an additional delayed draw term loan (the “ADDT Loan”), in the aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million with interest (computed on the basis of a 365-day year for the actual number of days elapsed) on the unpaid principal amount thereof from and including the date of amendment until paid in full at the rate of 10.86% per annum. The ADDT Loan is payable in 76 consecutive monthly installments of combined principal and interest, each in the amount of $2.7 million commencing April 1, 2024 and continuing up to and including August 1, 2030.

The ADDT Loan included $1.5 million of debt discount $0.5 million deferred financing costs. The discount and deferred financing costs are a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method.

First Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2024, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into the ABL Amendment. The ABL Amendment increased the revolving credit commitment to $125.0 million. The existing lenders increased their commitment by $25.0 million which resulted in a debt modification under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470, “Debt.” The ABL Amendment also added a new lender with a $25.0 million commitment, thus creating a new debt arrangement under ASC 470, “Debt.” The deferred financing costs and debt issuance cost will be amortized on a prospective basis over the term of the agreement. The maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement was extended from February 22, 2028 to the earliest of (a) February 26, 2029; (b) the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date for any portion of the Term Loan Debt; or (c) any date on which the aggregate Commitments terminate hereunder.

The ABL Amendment requires that if Availability (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is less than the greater of (i) 12.50% of the Borrowing Base and (ii) $12.5 million, Atlas LLC must maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 while a Covenant Trigger Period (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is in effect.

Under the ABL Amendment, Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets set forth therein and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions described therein, including that (i) no Event of Default (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing, and (ii) no loans and no more than $7.5 million in letters of credit that have not been cash collateralized are outstanding, and liquidity exceeds $30.0 million at all times during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution; provided that if any loans are outstanding or outstanding letters of credit exceed $7.5 million and no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, then Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions if, (i) Specified Availability (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is higher than the greater of (a) $20.0 million and (b) 20% of the pro forma Borrowing Base (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period, or if (ii) (a) Specified Availability is higher than the greater of (x) $15.0 million and (y) 15% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distributions as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period and (b) the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as calculated on a pro forma basis, is greater than 1.00 to 1.00, as provided under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Additionally, Atlas LLC may make additional payments of dividends and distributions in qualified equity interests and may make Permitted Tax Distributions (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement).

On March 5, 2024 and November 12, 2024, the Company drew down $50.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. The draw included $0.3 million in debt issuance costs and $0.3 million in deferred financing costs. These costs are recorded under other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement.

Delayed Draw Term Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement

On November 8, 2024, the Company drew down $20.0 million from Stonebriar under the DDT Loan with interest (computed on the basis of a 365-day year for the actual number of days elapsed) on the unpaid principal amount hereof from and including the date hereof until paid in full at the rate per annum equal to 10.58%. This DDT Loan shall be payable in 69 consecutive monthly installments commencing on December 1, 2024 and continuing on each Payment Day up to and including August 1, 2030 and then a final installment also payable on August 1, 2030.

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Second Amendment to the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement

On January 27, 2025, the Company entered into the Second Term Loan Amendment to the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement, among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries as guarantors, Atlas LLC, as borrower, the lenders party thereto and Stonebriar, as administrative agent, which amends that certain Credit Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2023, as amended (the “Second Term Loan Amendment”).

The Second Term Loan Amendment increased the existing DDT Loan by an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million (the “Acquisition Loan”) to a total of $200.0 million, creating availability of $180.0 million, with interest (computed on the basis of a 365-day year for the actual number of days elapsed) on the unpaid principal amount thereof from and including the date of the funding on the Acquisition Loan (“Funding Date”) until paid in full. The Acquisition Loan will accrue interest at a rate equal to 5.95% plus the greater of (A) the Term SOFR and (B) 4.30%, as determined on the Funding Date the Acquisition Loan is payable in 60 consecutive monthly installments of combined principal and interest. In the event of a prepayment of the Acquisition Loan, Atlas LLC will be required to pay, and we have agreed to guaranty payment by Atlas LLC of, a premium on such prepayment amount of (A) 4%, if prepaid on or prior to the first anniversary of the Funding Date, (B) 3% if prepaid after the first, but on or prior to the second, anniversary of the Funding Date and (C) 2% if paid after the second anniversary of the Funding Date.

Second Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On January 27, 2025, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into that certain Second Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Second ABL Amendment”), among Atlas LLC, as the borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as the ABL Agent. The Second ABL Amendment amends that certain Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement dated as of February 22, 2023, as amended.

The Second ABL Amendment permitted the Company and its applicable affiliates to enter into the Second Term Loan Amendment, pursuant to which the principal amount of the existing delayed draw term loan was increased by an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million.

2025 Term Loan Credit Facility

On February 21, 2025, Atlas LLC entered into a credit agreement (the “2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement”) with Stonebriar, as administrative agent and initial lender, pursuant to which Stonebriar extended Atlas LLC a term loan credit facility comprised of a $540.0 million single advance term loan that was made on February 21, 2025 (the “2025 Term Loan Credit Facility”).

The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility is payable in eighty-five consecutive monthly installments, consisting of forty-eight monthly installments of combined principal and interest, thirty-seven installments of interest only payments, and a final payment of the remaining outstanding principal balance at maturity. The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility has a final maturity date of March 1, 2032 (the “Maturity Date”). The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to 9.51% per annum.

In the event that the Leverage Ratio (as defined under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) as of the end of any fiscal quarter ending on or after June 30, 2025 is equal to or greater than 2.5:1.0, Atlas LLC will be required to prepay the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility with 50% of Excess Cash Flow (as defined under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) for the fiscal quarter period most recently ended less the aggregate amount of optional prepayments of the Term Loan made during such period.

Atlas LLC may voluntarily redeem the loan outstanding under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, provided that any such prepayment shall include a prepayment fee equal to the sum of the Make-Whole Amount (as defined in under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) plus (a) three percent (3%) of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs on or prior to February 21, 2028, (b) two percent (2%) of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs after February 21, 2028 but on or prior to February 21, 2029 and (c) one percent (1%) of the of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs thereafter. The Make-Whole Amount shall equal zero (0) when calculating any prepayment made after February 21, 2027. Upon the maturity of the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, the entire unpaid principal amount of the loan outstanding thereunder, together with interest, fees and other amounts payable in connection with the facility, will be immediately due and payable without further notice or demand.

Dividends and distributions to equity holders are permitted to be made pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets described in the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions set forth in the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement, including the requirement that no Event of Default (as defined under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing.

The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility includes certain non-financial covenants, including but not limited to restrictions on incurring additional debt and certain distributions. The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility is subject to two financial covenants, which require that the Loan Parties (as defined in the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) maintain a maximum Leverage Ratio of 4.0 to 1.0 and a minimum Liquidity (as defined in the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) of $40,000,000. Such financial covenants are tested as of the last day of each fiscal quarter.

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The Company used the proceeds from the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility to refinance the existing term loan facilities, to fund the cash consideration in connection with the Moser Acquisition and for general corporate purposes.

The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries. The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility is also unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis by the Company.

Third Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On February 21, 2025, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into that certain Third Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Third ABL Amendment”), among Atlas LLC, as the borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. The Third ABL Amendment amends that certain Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement dated as of February 22, 2023, as amended.

The Third ABL Amendment permitted the Company and its applicable affiliates to enter into the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement, pursuant to which Atlas LLC borrowed $540.0 million from Stonebriar in a single advance term loan that was made on February 21, 2025.

Dividends and Distributions

On February 8, 2024, the Company declared a dividend of $0.21 per share (base dividend of $0.16 per share and a variable dividend of $0.05 per share) of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on February 29, 2024 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on February 22, 2024.

On May 6, 2024, the Company declared a dividend of $0.22 per share (base dividend of $0.16 per share and a variable dividend of $0.06 per share) of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on May 23, 2024 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on May 16, 2024.

On August 1, 2024, the Company declared a dividend of $0.23 per share of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on August 22, 2024 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on August 15, 2024.

On October 24, 2024, the Company declared a dividend of $0.24 per share of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on November 14, 2024 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on November 7, 2024.

On February 11, 2025, the Company declared a dividend of $0.25 per share of Common Stock. The dividend will be payable on February 28, 2025 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on February 21, 2025.

Recent Trends and Outlook

Drilling and completions activities for oil and gas are highly correlated to oil and gas prices. Despite commodity price fluctuations due to ongoing uncertainties in geopolitics, OPEC+ production plans, and Chinese economic growth, amongst other factors, North American drilling and completion activity has remained relatively flat over the past year. The price for West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) crude oil averaged $76.63 per barrel (“Bbl”) in 2024, as compared to $77.58 per Bbl in 2023, representing a decrease of approximately 1%. Global oil prices have been stable over the past few years as the market became tighter from a supply-demand picture. Global economic growth coupled with an increased focus on energy security and large projected multi-year increases in power consumption should bolster demand, in both crude and natural gas, in the coming years.

How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue by mining, processing and distributing proppant that our customers use in connection with their operations. We sell proppant to our customers under supply agreements or as spot sales at prevailing market rates, which is dependent upon the cost of producing proppant, the proppant volumes sold and the desired margin and prevailing market conditions.

Revenues also include charges for sand logistics services provided to our customers. Our logistics service revenue fluctuates based on several factors, including the volume of proppant transported, the distance between our facilities and our customers, and prevailing freight rates. Revenue is generally recognized as products are delivered in accordance with the contract.

Some of our contracts contain shortfall provisions that calculate agreed upon fees that are billed when the customer does not satisfy the minimum purchases over a period of time defined in each contract.

Following the acquisition of Moser, we will also generate revenue through the rental of our generators and related services, including transportation of our generators and field supervision and support. Generator rentals and provision of related services are performed under a variety of contract structures.

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Costs of Conducting Our Business

We incur operating costs primarily from direct and indirect labor, freight charges, utility costs, fuel and maintenance costs and royalties. We incur labor costs associated with employees at our proppant production facilities, which represent the most significant cost of converting proppant to finished product. Our proppant production facilities undergo maintenance to minimize unscheduled downtime and ensure the ongoing quality of our proppant and ability to meet customer demands. We may incur variable utility costs in connection with the operation of our processing facilities, primarily natural gas and electricity, which are both susceptible to market fluctuations. We lease equipment in many areas of our operations, including our proppant production hauling equipment. We incur variable royalty expense and/or delay rentals related to our agreements with the owners of our reserves. In addition, other costs including overhead allocation, depreciation and depletion are capitalized as a component of inventory and are reflected in cost of sales when inventory is sold. Our logistics services incur operating costs primarily composed of variable freight charges from trucking companies' delivery of sand to customer wellsites, equipment leases, direct and indirect labor, fuel and maintenance costs and royalties.

Following the acquisition of Moser, we will also have expenses comprising our costs of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion, and accretion expense) of (i) direct labor costs, and related travel and lodging expenses, (ii) generator transportation costs and (iii) the costs of maintaining our equipment. A large portion of our costs of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion, and accretion expense) are variable based on the number of generators deployed with customers.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt are non-GAAP supplemental financial measures used by our management and by external users of our Financial Statements such as investors, research analysts and others, in the case of Adjusted EBITDA, to assess our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of development activities, provide views on capital resources available to organically fund growth projects and, in the case of Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, assess the financial performance of our assets and their ability to sustain dividends or reinvest to organically fund growth projects over the long term without regard to financing methods, capital structure or historical cost basis.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before depreciation, depletion and accretion expense, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, interest expense, income tax expense, stock and unit-based compensation, loss on extinguishment of debt, loss on disposal of assets, insurance recovery (gain), unrealized commodity derivative (gain) loss, other acquisition related costs, and other non-recurring costs. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it allows them to more effectively evaluate our operating performance and compare the results of our operations from period to period and against our peers without regard to our financing methods or capital structure. We exclude the items listed above from net income in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA because these amounts can vary substantially from company to company within our industry depending upon accounting methods and book values of assets, capital structures and the method by which the assets were acquired. Certain prior period non-recurring costs of goods sold are now included as an add-back to adjusted EBITDA in order to conform to the current period presentation and to more accurately describe the Company’s operating performance and results period-over-period.

We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total sales.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow as Adjusted EBITDA less Maintenance Capital Expenditures. We define Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures as Adjusted EBITDA less net cash used in investing activities. We believe that Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures are useful to investors as they provide measures of the ability of our business to generate cash.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin as Adjusted Free Cash Flow divided by total sales.

We define Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin as Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures divided by total sales.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion as Adjusted Free Cash Flow divided by Adjusted EBITDA.

We define Contribution Margin as gross profit plus depreciation, depletion and accretion expense.

We define Maintenance Capital Expenditures as capital expenditures excluding growth capital expenditures and reconstruction of previously incurred growth capital expenditures.

We define Net Debt as total debt, net of discount and deferred financing costs, plus finance right-of-use lease liabilities, less cash and cash equivalents.

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Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt do not represent and should not be considered alternatives to, or more meaningful than, net income, income from operations, net cash provided by operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP as measures of our financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures have important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some but not all items that affect net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt may differ from computations of similarly titled measures of other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for the periods indicated.

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(1) Atlas Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal income tax. Atlas LLC has elected to be treated as a partnership for income tax purposes and, therefore, was not subject to U.S. federal income tax at an entity level during the periods prior to the initial public offering. As a result, the consolidated net income in our historical financial statements does not reflect the tax expense we would have incurred if we had been subject to U.S. federal income tax at an entity level during such periods.

(2) A reconciliation of the adjustment of these items used to calculate Adjusted Free Cash Flow to the Financial Statements is included below.

(3) Represents acquisition costs include fees paid to finance, legal, accounting and other advisors, employee retention and benefit costs, and other operational and corporate costs.

(4) Represents loss on disposal of one of the Company's dredge mining assets at its Kermit facility and loss on disposal of assets as a result of the fire at one of the Kermit plants that caused damage to the physical condition of the Kermit asset group.

(5) Represents insurance recovery (gain) deemed collectible and legally enforceable as of December 31, 2024 related to the fire at one of the Kermit plants.

(6) Other non-recurring costs includes costs incurred during our Up-C simplification transaction, temporary loadout, and other infrequent and unusual costs.

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(7) Positive working capital changes reflect capital expenditures in the current period that will be paid in a future period. Negative working capital changes reflect capital expenditures incurred in a prior period but paid during the period presented.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

Long-Term Incentive Plan

In order to incentivize management members, in March 2023, our Board adopted the LTIP for the benefit of employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. The LTIP provides for the grant of all or any of the following types of awards: (1) incentive stock options qualified as such under U.S. federal income tax laws; (2) stock options that do not qualify as incentive stock options; (3) stock appreciation rights; (4) restricted stock awards; (5) restricted stock units (“RSUs”); (6) bonus stock; (7) dividend equivalents; (8) other stock-based awards; (9) cash awards; and (10) substitute awards. As such, our historical financial data may not present an accurate indication of what our actual results would have been if we had implemented the LTIP program prior to the periods presented.

M&A Activity

On March 5, 2024, the Company completed the Hi-Crush Transaction, in which the Company acquired substantially all of Hi-Crush’s Permian Basin proppant production and logistics businesses and operations in exchange for (i) cash consideration of $140.1 million, (ii) 9.7 million shares of Common Stock issued at the closing of the transaction, and (iii) the Deferred Cash Consideration Note in an aggregate principle amount of $111.3 million as of December 31, 2024. This amount is subject to purchase price adjustments as defined in the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement. This history impacts the comparability of our operational results from year to year. Additional information on these transactions can be found in Note 3 - Hi-Crush Transaction of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Public Company Expenses

As a result of the IPO, we incurred direct, incremental selling, general and administrative expenses as a result of being a publicly traded company, including, but not limited to, costs associated with hiring new personnel, implementation of compensation programs that are competitive with our public company peer group, including stock-based compensation, preparing quarterly reports to stockholders, tax return preparation, independent and internal auditor fees, investor relations activities, registrar and transfer agent fees, incremental director and officer liability insurance costs and independent director compensation. These direct, incremental selling, general and administrative expenses are not included in our results of operations prior to the IPO.

Income Taxes

Atlas Inc. is a corporation subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Although Atlas Predecessor is subject to margin tax in the State of Texas (at less than 1% of modified pre-tax earnings), it is and historically has been treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. federal, state and local income tax purposes, and as such generally is and was not subject to U.S. federal, state or local income taxes. Rather, the tax liability with respect to the taxable income of Atlas Predecessor is and was passed through to its owners. Accordingly, the financial data attributable to Atlas Predecessor contains no provision for U.S. federal income taxes or income taxes in any state or locality (other than margin tax in the State of Texas). Atlas Inc. is subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes at a blended statutory rate of approximately 22%.

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled pursuant to the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts more likely than not to be realized.

On March 13, 2023 (the closing date of the IPO), a corresponding deferred tax liability of approximately $27.5 million associated with the differences between the tax and book basis of the investment in Atlas LLC was recorded. The offset of the deferred tax liability was recorded to additional paid-in capital.

On October 2, 2023, the date on which the Company completed the Up-C Simplification, a corresponding deferred tax liability of approximately $64.0 million was recorded associated with the exchange of the redeemable noncontrolling interest in Old Atlas for shares of the Company's Common Stock. The offset of the deferred tax liability was recorded to additional paid-in capital.

Results of Operations

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Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared To Year Ended December 31, 2023

Product sales. Product sales increased by $47.3 million to $515.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $468.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. An increase in sales volume contributed a $379.8 million positive impact and a decrease in proppant prices between the periods contributed to a $345.6 million negative impact. There was $13.1 million in shortfall revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to no shortfall revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Service sales. Services sales, which includes freight for last-mile logistics services, increased by $394.7 million to $540.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $145.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in logistics revenue was due to higher sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense). Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) increased by $464.8 million to $725.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $260.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion) related to product sales increased by $130.9 million to $262.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $131.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to increased production as well as $13.4 million of the cost related to additional temporary loadout equipment associated with the mechanical fire at the Kermit facility.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) related to services increased by $333.9 million to $462.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $128.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to higher sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers during the period as well as increased production.

Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense. Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense increased by $58.9 million to $98.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $39.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was due to additional depreciable assets placed into service when compared to the prior period.

Selling, general and administrative expense. Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $57.6 million to $106.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $28.5 million of employee costs, including an increase of $15.0 million of stock- and unit-based compensation expense, $9.9 million of travel, sales and other corporate expenses associated with incremental costs incurred in conjunction with our acquisition of Hi-Crush, and $19.2 million of other acquisition related costs during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our selling, general and administrative expense includes the non-cash expense for stock-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees. For the year ended December 31, 2024, stock-based compensation expense was $22.4 million, as compared to $7.4 million of stock and unit-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets is $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the Hi-Crush Transaction. See Note 3 - Hi-Crush Transaction for more information. There was no amortization expense of acquired intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Loss on disposal of assets. Loss on disposal of assets is $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to $11.1 million disposal of certain assets associated with mechanical fire at the Kermit facility and the $8.6 million disposal from the damaged dredge asset. See Note 1 - Business and Organization - Operational Updates for more information. There was no loss on disposal of assets for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Insurance recovery (gain). Insurance recovery is $20.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to an insurance claim associated with the mechanical fire. See Note 1 - Business and Organization - Operational Updates for more information. There was no insurance recovery for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net increased by $30.9 million to $38.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven by the acquisition financing for the Hi-Crush Transaction, consisting of the ADDT Loan, Deferred Cash Consideration Note, and 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

Income tax expense. Income tax expense decreased by $15.6 million to $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in income before income taxes.

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Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared To Year Ended December 31, 2022

Product sales. Product sales increased by $59.7 million to $468.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $408.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. An increase in proppant prices between the periods contributed to a $27.9 million positive impact and an increase in sales volume contributed a $31.8 million positive impact.

Service sales. Services sales, which includes freight for last-mile logistics services, increased by $71.5 million to $145.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $74.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in logistics revenue was due to higher sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense). Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) increased by $61.5 million to $260.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $198.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion) related to product sales increased by $1.0 million to $131.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $130.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to higher sales volumes, which increased maintenance expense and mining costs.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) related to services increased by $60.5 million to $128.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $68.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to higher sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers during the period.

Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense. Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense increased by $12.3 million to $39.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $27.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was due to increased units of production depletion due to higher proppant production and additional depreciable assets placed into service when compared to the prior period.

Selling, general and administrative expense. Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $24.3 million to $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $24.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $10.7 million of employee costs, including an increase of $6.7 million of stock- and unit-based compensation expense, $8.3 million of travel, sales and other corporate expenses associated with increased opportunities to conduct commercial business development efforts, incremental costs incurred in conjunction with our transition to a publicly traded company, and broadening sales efforts due to our substantial growth in the logistics space, and $5.3 million for non-recurring transaction costs related to the Up-C Simplification and the refinancing of the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Our selling, general and administrative expense includes the non-cash expense for stock- and unit-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees. For the year ended December 31, 2023, unit-based compensation expense was $0.3 million and stock-based compensation expense was $7.1 million, as compared to $0.7 million of unit-based compensation expense and no stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net decreased by $8.1 million to $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven by an increase in interest income of $9.8 million related to interest earned on net IPO proceeds.

Income tax expense. Income tax expense increased by $29.5 million to $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to Atlas Inc. incurring U.S. federal income taxes subsequent to our IPO-related reorganization in March of 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity to date have been capital contributions from our owners, cash flows from operations, and borrowings under our previous term loan credit facilities, and our previous asset-based loan credit facilities. Going forward, we expect our primary sources of liquidity to be cash flows from operations, availability under our 2023 ABL Credit Facility as amended, borrowings under our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, or any other credit facility we enter into in the future and proceeds from any future issuances of debt or equity securities. We expect our primary use of capital will be used for the payment of any dividends to our stockholders and for investing in our business, specifically for acquisition of fit-for-purpose equipment for our trucking fleet used in our logistics platform, and power-related growth capital expenditures following the completion of the Moser Acquisition. In addition, we have routine facility upgrades and additional ancillary capital expenditures associated with, among other things, contractual obligations and working capital obligations.

As of December 31, 2024, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of $46.4 million, $54.8 million of availability under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, and $80.0 million of DDT Loan. Our cash and cash equivalents totaled $71.7 million.

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Cash Flow

The following table summarizes our cash flow for the periods indicated:

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared To The Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $256.5 million and $299.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease was primarily attributable to increased cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) of $464.8 million, offset by increased revenues of $442.0 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $512.7 million and $365.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase is primarily attributable to $153.4 million spent on the Hi-Crush Transaction as well as capital spending at the Kermit facilities, Monahans facility, OnCore distributed mining network, Dune Express, and logistics asset during the year ended December 31, 2024, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was $117.8 million and $194.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This decrease is primarily related to $303.4 million of initial IPO proceeds raised during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was offset by an increase of $238.5 million of net proceeds from borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared To The Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $299.0 million and $206.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was attributable to increased revenues of $131.2 million, offset by a $61.5 million increase in cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) and a $34.8 million increase in cash from changes in working capital primarily attributable to a decrease in our accounts receivable balance from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $365.5 million and $89.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to an increase in capital spending in connection with the Dune Express, plant capacity expansion at our Kermit location, and logistics assets during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was $194.6 million and net cash used in financing activities was $74.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase is primarily due to cash inflows of $303.4 million from net IPO proceeds during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was offset by an increase of cash outflows of $32.1 million of dividends and distributions during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Capital Requirements

Our primary growth and technology initiatives include continued acquisition of fit-for-purpose equipment for our trucking fleet. Outside of our growth and technology initiatives, our business is not presently capital intensive in nature and only requires the maintenance of our facilities. In addition to capital expenditures, we have certain contractual long-term capital requirements associated with our lease and royalty payments and debt. See Note 8 - Leases, Note 9 - Debt and Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our current level of maintenance capital expenditures is expected to remain within our cash on hand and internally generated cash flow.

We intend to fund our capital requirements through our primary sources of liquidity, which include cash on hand and cash flows from operations and, if needed, availability under our 2023 ABL Credit Facility and borrowings under our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility.

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Debt Agreements

Deferred Cash Consideration Note

In accordance with the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement, the Company issued the Deferred Cash Consideration Note in favor of the Hi-Crush Stockholders in the aggregate principal amount of $111.3 million, as of December 31, 2024. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note was part of the consideration transferred and valued at fair value at the acquisition date, which is subject to purchase price adjustments as defined in the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement and payable in cash or in kind, at Atlas LLC’s election. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note will mature on January 31, 2026 and bears interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum if paid in cash, or 7.00% per annum if paid in kind. Interest on the Deferred Cash Consideration Note is payable quarterly in arrears beginning March 29, 2024 through maturity. Interest expense associated with the Deferred Cash Consideration Note was $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Deferred Cash Consideration Note included $4.6 million of debt discount and approximately $0.1 million deferred financing costs. The discount and deferred financing costs are a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs were approximately $2.0 million in total for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Atlas LLC’s obligations under the Deferred Cash Consideration Note are secured by certain of the assets acquired in connection with the Hi-Crush Transaction. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note is also unconditionally guaranteed by Atlas LLC on an unsecured basis.

2023 Term Loan Credit Facility

On July 31, 2023, Atlas LLC entered into the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement with Stonebriar, as administrative agent and initial lender, pursuant to which Stonebriar extended Atlas LLC a term loan credit facility comprised of a $180.0 million Initial Term Loan that was made on July 31, 2023 and commitments to provide up to $100.0 million of DDT Loan.

The Initial Term Loan is payable in 84 consecutive monthly installments and a final payment of the remaining outstanding principal balance at maturity. The Initial Term Loan has a final maturity date of July 31, 2030 (the “Maturity Date”) and bears interest at a rate equal to 9.50% per annum. Interest expense associated with the Initial Term Loan was $17.1 million and $7.1 million for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs was $1.3 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Each DDT Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility will be payable in equal monthly installments, with the monthly installments comprising 80% of the DDT Loan and a final payment of the remaining 20% of the outstanding principal balance due at maturity, unless earlier prepaid. The DDT Loan will bear interest at a rate equal to the applicable Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as of each Delayed Draw Funding Date (each as defined in the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement) plus 5.95% per annum. All monthly installments with respect to the Initial Term Loan and the DDT Loan payable on or prior to January 1, 2025 will be interest only.

On November 8, 2024, the Company drew down $20.0 million of the available $100.0 million from Stonebriar under the DDT Loan with interest (computed on the basis of a 365-day year for the actual number of days elapsed) on the unpaid principal amount hereof from and including the date hereof until paid in full at the rate per annum equal to 10.58%. This DDT Loan shall be payable in 69 consecutive monthly installments commencing on December 1, 2024 and continuing on each Payment Day up to and including August 1, 2030 and then a final installment also payable on August 1, 2030. The Company had interest expense of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The DDT Loan included de minimis financing costs.

At any time prior to the Maturity Date, Atlas LLC may redeem loans outstanding under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility, in whole or in part, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount being prepaid (the “Prepayment Amount”) plus a prepayment fee. The prepayment fee is equal to 8% of the Prepayment Amount for any prepayment that occurs on or prior to December 31, 2024, 4% of the Prepayment Amount for any prepayment that occurs after December 31, 2024 but on or prior to December 31, 2025, 3% of the Prepayment Amount for any prepayment that occurs after December 31, 2025 but on or prior to December 31, 2026 and 2% of the Prepayment Amount for any prepayment that occurs thereafter. Upon the maturity of the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility, the entire unpaid principal amount of the loans outstanding thereunder, together with interest, fees and other amounts payable in connection with the facility, will be immediately due and payable without further notice or demand.

Dividends and distributions to equity holders are permitted to be made pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets described in the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions set forth in the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement, including the requirements that (a) no Event of Default (as defined under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing and (b) Atlas LLC maintains at least $30.0 million of Liquidity (as defined under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement) pro forma for the Restricted Payment (as defined under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement).

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The 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility includes certain non-financial covenants, including but not limited to restrictions on incurring additional debt and certain distributions. The 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility is subject to a maximum 4.0 to 1.0 Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement) financial covenant. Such financial covenant is tested as of the last day of each fiscal quarter.

Proceeds from the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility were used to repay outstanding indebtedness under our previous 2021 Term Loan Credit Facility with Stonebriar, to repay obligations outstanding under certain equipment lease arrangements with Stonebriar and for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2024, Atlas LLC was in compliance with the covenants of the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility.

The 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries. The 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis by Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

First Amendment to the 2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2024, the Company, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into the Term Loan Amendment.

The Term Loan Amendment provided the ADDT Loan in the aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million with interest (computed on the basis of a 365-day year for the actual number of days elapsed) on the unpaid principal amount thereof from and including the date of the amendment until paid in full at the rate per annum equal to 10.86%. The ADDT Loan is payable in 76 consecutive monthly installments of combined principal and interest each in the amount of $2.7 million commencing April 1, 2024 and continuing up to and including August 1, 2030. There was interest expense of $13.0 million the year ended December 31, 2024.

The ADDT Loan included $1.5 million of debt discount and $0.5 million in deferred financing costs. The discount and deferred financing costs are a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs were $0.4 million in total for the year ended December 31, 2024.

2023 ABL Credit Facility

On February 22, 2023, Atlas LLC, certain of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, Bank of America, N.A., as agent, and certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders (the “2023 ABL Lenders”) entered into the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement pursuant to which the ABL Lenders provide revolving credit financing to the Company in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million, with Availability (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) thereunder subject to a “Borrowing Base” as described in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. The 2023 ABL Credit Facility includes a letter of credit sub-facility, which permits issuances of letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $25.0 million. The scheduled maturity date of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility is February 22, 2028; provided that the 2023 ABL Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2027 if any amount of the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility that has a maturity date less than 91 days prior to February 22, 2028 is outstanding on June 30, 2027.

Atlas LLC may also request swingline loans under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $7.5 million. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Atlas LLC had no outstanding swingline loans under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility bear interest, at Atlas LLC’s option, at either a base rate or Term SOFR (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as applicable, plus an applicable margin based on average availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Term SOFR loans bear interest at Term SOFR for the applicable interest period plus an applicable margin, which ranges from 1.50% to 2.00% per annum based on average availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Base rate loans bear interest at the applicable base rate, plus an applicable margin, which ranges from 0.50% to 1.00% per annum based on average availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, Atlas LLC is required to pay a commitment fee which ranges from 0.375% per annum to 0.500% per annum with respect to the unutilized commitments under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, based on the average utilization of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility. Atlas LLC is also required to pay customary letter of credit fees, to the extent that one or more letter of credit is outstanding. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of interest expense, unutilized commitment fees and other fees under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, classified as interest expense.

The Borrowing Base was initially set at $75.0 million and the amount of available credit changes every month, depending on the amount of eligible accounts receivable and inventory we have available to serve as collateral. With the ABL Amendment, discussed below, the Borrowing Base increased to $125.0 million. The Borrowing Base components are subject to customary reserves and eligibility criteria.

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On March 5, 2024 and November 12, 2024, the Company drew down $50.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. There was interest expense of $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The draw included $0.3 million in debt issuance costs and $0.3 million in deferred financing costs. These costs are recorded under other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement. Interest expense associated with the amortization of these costs was $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, Atlas LLC had $70.0 million in outstanding borrowings and $0.2 million in outstanding letters of credit under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, the Borrowing Base was $125.0 million and Availability was $54.8 million.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility requires that if Availability is less than the greater of (i) 12.50% of the Borrowing Base and (ii) $7.5 million, Atlas LLC must maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 while a Covenant Trigger Period (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is in effect.

Under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement, Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets set forth therein and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions described therein, including that (i) no Event of Default (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing, and (ii) no loans and no more than $7.5 million in letters of credit that have not been cash collateralized are outstanding, and liquidity exceeds $30.0 million at all times during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution; provided that if any loans are outstanding or outstanding letters of credit exceed $7.5 million and no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, then Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions if, (i) Availability (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is higher than the greater of (a) $12 million and (b) 20% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period, or if (ii) (a) Availability is higher than the greater of (x) $9 million and (y) 15% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distributions as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period and (b) the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as calculated on a pro forma basis, is greater than 1.00 to 1.00, as provided under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Additionally, Atlas LLC may make additional payments of dividends and distributions in qualified equity interests and may make Permitted Tax Distributions (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement).

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries.

First Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2024, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into the ABL Amendment, among Atlas LLC, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and the ABL Agent, which amends the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement.

The ABL Amendment increased the revolving credit commitment to $125.0 million. The existing lenders increased their commitment by $25.0 million which resulted in a debt modification under ASC 470, “Debt.” The ABL Amendment also added a new lender with a $25.0 million commitment, thus creating a new debt arrangement under ASC 470, “Debt.” The deferred financing costs and debt issuance cost will be amortized on a prospective basis over the term of the agreement. The maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement was extended from February 22, 2028 to the earliest of (a) February 26, 2029; (b) the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date for any portion of the Term Loan Debt; or (c) any date on which the aggregate Commitments terminate hereunder.

The ABL Amendment requires that if Availability is less than the greater of (i) 12.50% of the Borrowing Base and (ii) $12.5 million, Atlas LLC must maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 while a Covenant Trigger Period (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is in effect.

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Under the ABL Amendment, Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets set forth therein and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions described therein, including that (i) no Event of Default (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing, and (ii) no loans and no more than $7.5 million in letters of credit that have not been cash collateralized are outstanding, and liquidity exceeds $30.0 million at all times during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution; provided that if any loans are outstanding or outstanding letters of credit exceed $7.5 million and no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, then Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions if, (i) Specified Availability (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is higher than the greater of (a) $20.0 million and (b) 20% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period, or if (ii) (a) Specified Availability is higher than the greater of (x) $15.0 million and (y) 15% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distributions as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period and (b) the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as calculated on a pro forma basis, is greater than 1.00 to 1.00, as provided under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Additionally, Atlas LLC may make additional payments of dividends and distributions in qualified equity interests and may make Permitted Tax Distributions (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement).

2021 Term Loan Credit Facility

Prior to entering into the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility, the Company had borrowings and accrued interest of $133.4 million under the 2021 Term Loan Credit Facility. On July 31, 2023, the Company entered into the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility. Proceeds from the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility were used to repay $133.4 million of 2021 Term Loan Credit Facility principal and accrued interest, repay $42.8 million of finance lease liabilities as well as acquire $39.5 million of finance lease assets associated with certain equipment lease arrangements with Stonebriar.

Other Indebtedness

The Company has other indebtedness of $4.1 million of equipment finance notes as of December 31, 2024. There was de minimis interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. These equipment finance notes have terms ending in January 2025 through December 2029 and interest rates ranging from 1.99% to 8.45%. There was no other Indebtedness and associated interest expense as of year ended December 31, 2023.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We currently have no material off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of judgments and estimates. Our critical accounting policies are described below to provide a better understanding of how we develop our assumptions and judgments about future events and related estimates and how they can impact our Financial Statements. A critical accounting estimate is one that requires our most difficult, subjective or complex estimates and assessments and is fundamental to our results of operations.

We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable according to the current facts and circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

We prepare our Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP, which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the Financial Statements and accompanying footnotes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting estimates, which require management’s most subjective and complex judgments.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Including Depreciation and Depletion

In order to calculate depreciation of our fixed assets, other than plant facilities and mine development costs, we use the best estimated useful lives at the time the asset is placed into service.

Mining property and development costs, including plant facilities directly associated with mining properties, are amortized using the units of production method on estimated measures of tons of in-place reserves. The impact to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis. Drilling and related costs are capitalized for deposits where proven and probable reserves exist. These activities are directed at obtaining additional information on the deposit or converting non-reserve minerals to proven and probable reserves, with the benefit being realized over a period greater than one year. At a minimum, we will assess the useful lives and residual values of all long-lived assets on an annual basis to determine if adjustments are required. The actual reserve life may differ from the assumptions we have made about the estimated reserve life.

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We evaluate long‑lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such a review should indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the Company will reduce the carrying amount of such assets to fair value.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Prior to December 31, 2024, we were an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS ACT definition, which allowed us to have an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act. We became a large accelerated filer as of December 31, 2024 and are consequently no longer an emerging growth company as of that date and for purposes of filing this Annual Report. Therefore, we are no longer able to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards available to emerging growth companies and we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards as of the effective dates for public companies. All new accounting pronouncements recently adopted are discussed in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the accompanying Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of any business we acquire to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values, including quoted market prices, the carrying value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities and valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows, relief-from-royalty method, with or without method, or multi-period excess earnings method. We engage third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination of identifiable long-lived assets, identifiable intangible assets, as well as any contingent consideration that provides for additional consideration to be paid to the seller if certain future conditions are met. These estimates are reviewed during the 12-month measurement period and adjusted as soon as the necessary information becomes available but no later than one year from the acquisition date. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. The purchase price in the Hi-Crush Transaction included a holdback, which was measured at fair value. The holdback was subject to changes from estimated to actual net working capital amounts and other customary purchase price adjustments. This amount was paid as of the year ended December 31, 2024. For further discussion on our recently completed acquisition of Hi-Crush, see Note 3 - Hi-Crush Transaction, to the accompanying Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Valuation of Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

We assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. We determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value after considering qualitative, market and other factors. If it is necessary to perform the quantitative assessment to determine if our goodwill is impaired, the fair value is determined using significant unobservable inputs, or level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in the current period in an amount equal to the excess.

The expected future cash flows used for impairment reviews and related fair value calculations are based on subjective, judgmental assessments of projected revenue growth, pricing, gross profit rates, SG&A rates, working capital fluctuations, capital expenditures, discount rates and terminal growth rates. The acquired definite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. For further discussion on our recently completed acquisition, see Note 4 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets, to the accompanying Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our Financial Statements for further discussion regarding recently issued accounting standards.

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