ALKAMI TECHNOLOGY, INC. (ALKT) FY 2024 MD&A

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Refer to “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this report to the “Company,” “Alkami,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Alkami Technology, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries taken as a whole.

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, can be found under Item 7 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.

Overview

Alkami is a cloud-based digital banking solutions provider. We inspire and empower community, regional and super-regional financial institutions (“FIs”) to compete with large, technologically advanced and well-resourced banks in the United States. Our solution, the Alkami Digital Banking Platform, allows FIs to onboard and engage new users, accelerate revenues and meaningfully improve operational efficiency, all with the support of a proprietary, true cloud-based, multi-tenant architecture. We cultivate deep relationships with our clients through long-term, subscription-based contractual arrangements, aligning our growth with our clients’ success and generating an attractive unit economic model.

Alkami was founded to help level the playing field for FIs. Since then, our vision has been to create a platform that combines premium technology and fintech solutions in one integrated ecosystem, delivered as a software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) solution and providing our clients’ customers with a single point of access to all things digital. We have invested significant resources to build a technology stack that prioritized innovation velocity and speed-to-market given the importance of product depth and functionality in winning and retaining clients. In October 2020, we acquired ACH Alert, LLC (“ACH Alert”) to pursue adjacent product opportunities, such as fraud prevention and to expand our addressable market. In September 2021, we acquired MK Decisioning Systems, LLC (“MK”), a technology platform for digital account opening, credit card and loan origination solutions. In April 2022, we acquired Segmint, Inc. (“Segmint”), a leading cloud-based financial data analytics and transaction data cleansing provider.

During 2024, we established a new subsidiary in India to support potential future operational needs. As of December 31, 2024, this entity had immaterial operations and did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial results. We will continue to assess the impact of this entity as operations evolve.

Our domain expertise in retail and business banking has enabled us to develop a suite of products tailored to address key challenges faced by FIs. Due to our architecture, adding products through our single code base is fast, simple and cost-effective. The key differentiators of the Alkami Digital Banking Platform include:

•User experience: Personalized and seamless digital experience across user interaction points, including desktop, mobile, chat and SMS, establishing durable connections between FIs and their customers.

•Integrations: Scalability and extensibility driven by more than 300 real-time integrations to back-office systems and third-party fintech solutions as of December 31, 2024, including core systems, payment cards, mortgages, bill pay, electronic documents, money movement, personal financial management and account opening.

•Deep data capabilities: Data synchronized and stored from back-office systems and third-party fintech solutions and synthesized into meaningful insights, targeted content, and other areas of monetization.

The Alkami Digital Banking Platform offers an end-to-end set of digital banking products. Our typical relationship with an FI begins with a set of core functional components, which can extend over time to include a rounded suite of products across account opening, marketing, data insights, card experience, money movement, customer service, business banking, financial wellness, security and fraud protection and extensibility.

We primarily go to market through an internal sales force. Given the long-term nature of our Alkami Digital Banking Platform contracts, a typical sales cycle can range from approximately three to 12 months, with the subsequent implementation timeframe generally ranging from six to 12 months depending on the depth of integration.

We derive our Alkami Digital Banking Platform revenues almost entirely from multi-year contracts that are based on an average contract life of approximately 70 months as of December 31, 2024. We predominantly employ a per-registered-user pricing model, with incremental fees above certain contractual client minimum commitments for each licensed solution. In these cases, our pricing is tiered, with per-registered-user discounts applied as clients achieve higher levels of customer penetration, incentivizing our clients to internally market and promote digital engagement.

To support our growth and capitalize on our market opportunity, we have increased our operating expenses across all aspects of our business. In research and development, we continue to focus on innovation and bringing novel capabilities to our platform, extending our product depth. Similarly, we continue to expand our sales and marketing organization focusing on new client wins, cross-selling opportunities and client

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renewals.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our total revenues were $333.8 million, $264.8 million, and $204.3 million, respectively, representing a growth rate of 26.1% from 2023 to 2024 and 29.6% from 2022 to 2023. SaaS subscription revenues, as further described below, represented 95.6%, 95.3%, and 95.2% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We incurred net losses of $40.8 million, $62.9 million, and $58.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, largely due to significant continued investment in sales, marketing, product development and post-sales client activities.

Recent Developments

Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to its Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 29, 2022, which, among other things, extended the maturity date of the revolving commitment, increased the amount of the revolving loan commitment, increased the according feature, and modified certain existing covenants. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.

Secondary Offering of Common Stock. On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and entities affiliated with General Atlantic, L.P., S3 Ventures Fund III, L.P., George B. Kaiser and Brian R. Smith (collectively, the “Selling Stockholders”), relating to an underwritten secondary offering of an aggregate of 5.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Pursuant to the underwriting agreement, the Selling Stockholders sold all 5.0 million shares of common stock. This offering closed on August 12, 2024. On November 6, 2024, the Company entered into a subsequent underwriting agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Selling Stockholders relating to an underwritten secondary offering of an aggregate of 7.5 million shares of common stock. This offering closed on November 8, 2024. Pursuant to the underwriting agreement, the Selling Stockholders sold all 7.5 million shares of common stock. The Company did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholders for either offering.

Acquisition of MANTL. On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Fin Technologies, Inc. dba MANTL. MANTL provides onboarding and account opening solutions that allow financial institutions to acquire commercial, business, and retail customers through a variety of channels for many deposit account types. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company has agreed to acquire MANTL for approximately $380 million, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The Company is evaluating various financing options to meet the net cash requirements of the acquisition, which may include utilizing cash and marketable securities, drawing on its credit facility, or leveraging its universal shelf registration to issue equity securities, equity-linked securities, or debt instruments. See Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2025 for additional information.

Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. In connection with the acquisition of MANTL, on February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a Third Amendment to the its Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 29, 2022, which, among other things, extended the maturity date of the revolving commitment, increased the amount of the revolving loan commitment, permits certain convertible indebtedness and equity derivative transactions, subject to certain restrictions, and modified certain covenants. See Note 17 to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Factors Affecting our Operating Results

Growing our FI Client Base. A key part of our strategy is to grow our FI client base. As of December 31, 2024, we served 272 FIs through the Alkami Digital Banking Platform and over 750 clients when including unique clients only subscribing to one or a combination of ACH Alert, MK or Segmint products. Each of our digital banking client wins is a competitive takeaway, and as such, our historical ability to grow our client base has been a function of product depth, technological excellence and a sales and marketing function able to match our solutions with the strategic objectives of our clients. Our future success will significantly depend on our ability to continue to grow our FI client base through competitive wins.

Deepening Client Customer Penetration. We primarily generate revenues through a per-registered-user pricing model. Once we onboard a client, our ability to help drive incremental client customer digital adoption translates to additional revenues with very limited additional spend. Our FI clients are incentivized to market and encourage digital account sign-up based on identifiable improvement in customer engagement, as well as discounts received based on certain levels of customer penetration. We expect to continue to support digital adoption by client customers through continued investments in new products and platform enhancements. Our future success will depend on our ability to continue to deepen client customer penetration.

Expanding our Product Suite. Product depth is a key determinant in winning new clients. In a replacement market, we win based on our ability to bring a product suite to market that is superior to the incumbent, as well as to our broader competition. Of equal importance is the ability to cohesively deliver a deep product suite with as little friction as possible to the client customer. The depth of our product suite is a function of technology and platform partnerships. Our platform model with more than 300 integrations as of December 31, 2024 enables us to deliver thousands of configurations aligned with the digital platform strategies adopted by our clients. We expect our future success in winning new clients to be partially driven by our ability to continue to develop and deliver new, innovative products to FI clients in a timely manner. Furthermore, expanding our product suite expands our Revenue per Registered User (“RPU”) potential. For additional information regarding RPU, see “Key Business Metrics.”

Client Renewals. Our model and the stability of our revenue base is, in part, driven by our ability to renew our clients. In addition to extending existing relationships, renewals provide an opportunity to grow minimum contract value, as over the course of a contract term our clients often grow, or their needs evolve. Client renewals are also an important lever in driving our long-term gross margin targets, as we generally achieve

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approximately 70% gross margin upon renewal. We had 42 client renewals in the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect client renewals to continue to play a key role in our future success.

Continued Leadership in Innovation. Our ability to maintain a differentiated platform and offering is dependent upon our pace of innovation. Our single code base, built on a multi-tenant infrastructure and combined with continuous software delivery enables us to bring new, innovative products to market quickly and positions us with what we believe is market-leading breadth in terms of product offerings and feature sets. We remain committed to investing in our platform, notably through our research and development spend, which was 28.8% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our future success will depend on our continued leadership in innovation.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Our client relationships are predominantly based on multi-year contracts for the Alkami Digital Banking Platform that have had an average contract life of approximately 70 months as of December 31, 2024. We derive the majority of our revenues from SaaS subscription services charged for the use of our digital banking solution. Subscription services are recognized over time on a ratable basis over the client agreement term beginning on the date our solution is made available to our client. The promised consideration may include fixed or variable amounts. Our clients with enterprise license contracts are invoiced on an agreed upon monthly rate throughout the contract term, which may include fixed monthly or annual rate escalations. Fixed dollar or percentage escalations that are not based on registered users are considered part of the fixed transaction price and recognized on a straight-line basis over the SaaS subscription period evenly. The majority of our client contracts are based on registered users, which we invoice monthly a contractual minimum fee for each licensed solution. In addition, we invoice monthly an additional subscription fee for the number of registered users using each solution and the number of bill-pay and certain other transactions those registered users conduct through our digital banking platform in excess of their contractual client minimum commitments. Our pricing is tiered, with per-registered-user discounts applied as clients achieve higher levels of customer penetration, incentivizing our clients to internally market our products and promote digital engagement. Variable consideration earned for subscription fees in excess of contractual minimums is recognized as revenues in the month of actual usage. SaaS subscription services also include annual and monthly charges for maintenance and support services, which are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term.

We receive implementation and other upfront fees for the implementation, configuration and integration of our digital banking platform. We typically invoice these services as a fixed price per contract. These fees are not distinct from the underlying licensed SaaS subscription services. As a result, we recognize the resulting revenues on a straight-line basis over the client’s initial agreement term for our licensed SaaS solutions, commencing upon launch.

Occasionally, our clients request custom development and other professional services, which we provide. These are generally one-time requests and involve unique, non-standard features, functions, conversions, or integrations that are intended to enhance or modify their licensed SaaS solutions. We recognize revenues at the point in time the services are transferred to the client.

The following disaggregates our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 by major source:

See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

Cost of revenues is comprised primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, including employee benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, travel and related costs for employees supporting our SaaS subscription, implementation and other services. This includes the costs of our implementation, client support and development personnel responsible for maintaining and releasing updates to our platform, as well as third-party cloud-based hosting services. Cost of revenues also includes the direct costs of bill-pay services and other third-party intellectual property included in our solutions, depreciation, and the amortization of acquired technology.

We capitalize certain personnel costs directly related to the implementation of our solutions to the extent those costs are recoverable from future revenues. We amortize the costs for an implementation once revenue recognition commences. The amortization period is typically five to seven years, which represents the expected period of client benefit. Other costs not directly recoverable from future revenues are expensed in the period incurred.

We intend to continue to increase our investments in our implementation, client support teams and technology infrastructure to serve our clients and support our growth. We expect cost of revenues to continue to grow in absolute dollars as we grow our business, but to vary as a percentage of revenues from period to period as a function of the utilization of implementation and support personnel and the extent to which we

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recognize fees from bill-pay services and other third-party functionality integrated into our solutions. Our gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was 58.9%, 54.4%, and 53.0%, respectively.

The major components of cost of revenues are represented in the following table as percentages of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively:

Operating Expenses

Research and Development. Research and development costs consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our engineering, information technology and product employees, including salaries, bonuses, other incentive-related compensation, employee benefits and stock-based compensation. In addition, we also include third-party contractor expenses, software development and testing tools, allocated corporate expenses and other expenses related to developing new solutions and upgrading and enhancing existing solutions. We expect research and development costs to increase as we expand our platform with new features and functionality, as well as enhance the existing Alkami Digital Banking Platform.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs of our sales, marketing and our client success employees, including salaries, bonuses, commissions, other incentive-related compensation, employee benefits and stock-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include travel and related costs, outside consulting fees and marketing programs, including lead generation, costs of our annual client conference, advertising, trade shows and other event expenses. We expect sales and marketing expenses will continue to increase as we expand our direct sales teams to pursue our market opportunity.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our executive, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, security and compliance and other administrative employees, including salaries, bonuses, commissions, other incentive-related compensation, employee benefits and stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include accounting, auditing and legal professional services fees, secondary offering costs, travel and other unallocated corporate-related expenses, such as the cost of our facilities, employee relations, corporate telecommunication and software. We expect that general and administrative expenses will continue to increase as we scale our business and as we incur costs associated with being a publicly traded company, including legal, audit, business insurance and consulting fees.

Acquisition-Related Expenses, net. Acquisition-related expenses, net, include acquisition-related expenses primarily related to accrual of deferred compensation, legal, consulting and professional fees. In addition, these expenses are inclusive of any gain or loss on revaluation of contingent consideration.

Amortization of Acquired Intangibles. Amortization of acquired intangibles represents the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with our business acquisitions, which are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets.

Non-operating Income (Expense)

Non-operating income (expense) consists primarily of interest income from our cash balances, interest expense from borrowings under our revolving line of credit, amortization of deferred debt costs, unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities and realized gains on sales of marketable securities.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and state tax expense. As a result of our valuation allowance, provision for income taxes consists primarily of state income taxes and deferred taxes related to the tax amortization of acquired goodwill.

Results of Operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this filing. The following table presents our selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

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(1) Includes stock-based compensation expenses as follows:

The following table presents our reconciliation of GAAP net loss to adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated.

(1) Pursuant to the requirements of the Fourth Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2020, by and among the Company and the investors listed therein, the Company incurred secondary offering costs on behalf of the Selling Stockholders related to the offerings closed on August 12, 2024 and November 8, 2024.

(2) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered an alternative to GAAP net loss as a measure of operating performance or as a measure of liquidity. For additional information regarding adjusted EBITDA, see “Key Business Metrics.”

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Key Business Metrics

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered an alternative to GAAP net loss as a measure of operating performance or as a measure of liquidity. We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss before provision (benefit) for income taxes; (gain) loss on financial instruments; interest (income) expense, net; depreciation and amortization; stock-based compensation expense; secondary offering costs; acquisition-related expenses, net; and loss on extinguishment of debt. We believe adjusted EBITDA provides investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations.

Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR). We calculate ARR by aggregating annualized recurring revenue related to SaaS subscription services recognized in the last month of the reporting period, as well as the next 12 months of expected implementation services revenues in the last month of the reporting period. We believe ARR provides important information about our future revenue potential, our ability to acquire new clients, and our ability to maintain and expand our relationship with existing clients.

Registered Users. We define a registered user as an individual or business related to an account holder of an FI client on our digital banking platform who has registered to use one or more of our solutions and has current access to use those solutions as of the last day of the reporting period presented. We price our digital banking platform based on the number of registered users, so as the number of registered users of our digital banking platform increases, our ARR grows. We believe growth in the number of registered users provides important information about our ability to expand market adoption of our digital banking platform and its associated software products, and therefore to grow revenues over time.

Revenue per Registered User (RPU). We calculate RPU by dividing ARR as of the last day of the reporting period by the number of registered users as of the last day of the reporting period. We believe RPU provides important information about our ability to grow the number of software products adopted by new clients over time, as well as our ability to expand the number of software products that our existing clients add to their contracts with us over time.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenues

Revenues increased $69.0 million, or 26.1%, for 2024 compared to 2023. The increase in revenues was primarily due to registered user growth of 2.5 million, comprised of 1.3 million in registered user growth from existing clients and 1.2 million in registered users from new clients implemented through our digital banking platform (contractual minimums). In addition, increased revenues were due to RPU growth of 7.1%. RPU growth was primarily driven by cross-sell activity to existing clients and higher average RPU of new clients implemented on our digital banking platform compared to aggregate RPU. The average RPU of users from new clients implemented on our digital platform in the last year of $21.70 is 21.8% higher than the aggregate RPU as of December 31, 2024.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues increased $16.5 million, or 13.7%, for 2024 compared to 2023, generating a gross margin of 58.9% for 2024 compared to a gross margin of 54.4% for 2023. The increase in cost of revenues was primarily driven by $14.6 million in higher costs of our third-party partners where we resell their solutions as part of the digital platform, and a $0.6 million increase in personnel-related costs (which includes a decrease in stock-based compensation of $0.2 million) resulting from headcount increases supporting our growth in the following teams: client implementation, site reliability engineering and client support, as well as higher miscellaneous other costs of $1.7 million. These expenses were partially offset by a decrease in hosting costs of $0.4 million.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased $11.6 million, or 13.6%, for 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to a $5.8 million increase in personnel-related costs (which includes stock-based compensation of $1.3 million) resulting primarily from headcount growth, $5.4 million in higher consulting costs, $1.1 million in higher hosting costs, and higher miscellaneous other costs of $0.7 million. These expenses were partially offset by an increase of $1.4 million in capitalized development costs.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses increased $11.2 million, or 23.1%, for 2024 compared to 2023. The increase was primarily due to an $8.6 million increase in personnel-related costs (which includes stock-based compensation of $1.8 million) resulting primarily from headcount growth in our sales and marketing teams. In addition, we incurred $1.7 million in higher consulting costs, and $1.0 million in higher travel costs for our sales team. These expenses are partially offset by lower miscellaneous other costs of $0.1 million.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased $10.8 million, or 14.7%, for 2024 compared to 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $6.5 million increase in personnel-costs (which includes stock-based compensation of $5.3 million) resulting primarily from headcount growth, higher audit and consulting fees of $2.4 million, higher software costs of $1.7 million, and $1.3 million of secondary offering costs. These expenses are partially offset by $1.1 million lower miscellaneous other costs.

Acquisition-Related Expenses, Net

Acquisition-related expenses, net was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Amortization of Acquired Intangibles

Amortization of acquired intangibles was $1.4 million for both of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Non-Operating Income (Expense)

Non-operating income increased $3.3 million for 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in net interest income and a reduction in loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.4 million, partially offset by a $0.5 million reduction in gain on financial instruments related to marketable securities.

Provision for Income Taxes

The Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.3 million and less than $0.1 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of (0.8)% and (0.1)% for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As a result of our valuation allowance, provision for income taxes consists primarily of current state income taxes and deferred taxes related to the tax amortization of acquired goodwill.

The difference in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023 is primarily the result of increased current state tax expense in 2024 as compared to 2023.

Our effective tax rate differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of the valuation allowance against the Company’s deferred tax assets.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had $115.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, and an accumulated deficit of $476.2 million. Our net losses have been driven by our investments in developing our digital banking platform, expanding our sales, marketing and implementation organizations, and scaling our administrative functions to support our rapid growth.

We have financed our operations primarily through cash generated from the sale of SaaS subscription services. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including revenue growth and costs incurred to support client usage and growth in our client base, increased research and development expenses to support the growth of our business and related infrastructure, increased general and administrative expenses associated with being a publicly traded company, investments in office facilities and other capital expenditure requirements and any potential future acquisitions or other strategic transactions.

We believe that our existing cash resources, including our Amended Credit Agreement, will be sufficient to finance our continued operations, growth strategy, planned capital expenditures and the additional expenses we expect to incur as a public company for the short term (at least the next 12 months) and longer term (beyond the next 12 months). We may, from time to time, seek to raise additional capital to support our growth. Any equity financing we may undertake could be dilutive to our existing stockholders, and any additional debt financing we may undertake could require debt service and financial and operational requirements that could adversely affect our business.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $18.6 million, which consisted of a net loss of $40.8 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $69.2 million, and net cash outflows from the change in net operating assets and liabilities of $9.8 million. The non-cash charges were primarily comprised of depreciation and amortization expense of $10.5 million, stock-based compensation expense of $59.4 million, and other net activity of $0.3 million, partially offset by accrued interest on marketable securities of $1.1 million. The net cash outflows from the change in our net operating assets and liabilities were primarily due to an $8.6 million increase in deferred costs, $4.0 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, and a $3.2 million increase in accounts receivable, partially offset by a $3.3 million increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and a $2.7 million increase in deferred revenues.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $17.5 million, which consisted of a net loss of $62.9 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $58.2 million and net cash outflows from the change in net operating assets and liabilities of $12.8 million. The non-cash charges were primarily comprised of depreciation and amortization expense of $10.6 million and stock-based compensation expense of $51.2 million, partially offset by accrued interest on marketable securities of $3.2 million, and other net activity of $0.4 million. The net cash outflows from the change in our net operating assets and liabilities were primarily due to an $7.7 million increase in deferred costs and a $9.3 million increase in accounts receivable, partially offset by a $3.6 million increase in deferred revenues, a $0.4 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, and a $0.1 million increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $23.0 million, primarily consisting of $71.3 million in proceeds from sales, maturities, and redemptions of marketable securities, partially offset by $40.4 million for the purchase of marketable securities, $6.7 million related to capitalized software development costs, and capital expenditures related to updates for computer and other equipment of $1.2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by investing activities was $33.9 million, primarily consisting of $181.0 million in proceeds from sales, maturities, and redemptions of marketable securities, partially offset by $140.8 million for the purchase of marketable securities, $5.2 million related to capitalized software development costs, and capital expenditures related to updates for computer and other equipment of $1.1 million.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $11.8 million, which was primarily due to proceeds of $20.2 million from stock option exercises to purchase 2.6 million shares of common stock and proceeds from issuances under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) of $4.7 million, partially offset by payments for taxes related to net settlement of equity awards of $12.8 million and debt issuance costs of $0.4 million.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $87.8 million, which was primarily due to $85.0 million of principal payments on term debt, payments for taxes related to net settlement of equity awards of $16.0 million, payment of an acquisition related holdback of $3.6 million and debt issuance costs paid of $0.3 million, partially offset by proceeds of $13.0 million from the exercise of stock options to purchase 2.2 million shares of our common stock and proceeds from issuances under the ESPP of $4.1 million.

Amended Credit Agreement

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Company’s Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 29, 2022 (as amended, the “Amended Credit Agreement”), with Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company, as administrative agent, and other lenders party thereto. The Second Amendment, among other things, (i) extended the maturity date of the revolving commitment (“Revolving Facility”) from April 29, 2026 to April 29, 2027, (ii) increased the amount of the Revolving Facility commitment by $65.0 million, for a total Revolving Facility of $125.0 million, (iii) increased the accordion feature from $50.0 million to $100.0 million, (iv) modified certain existing covenants, including increasing the minimum trailing four quarters free cash flow requirement to $(25.0) million, and (v) for any fiscal quarter ending after the financial covenant trigger date (which was extended to April 28, 2026 or such earlier date as designated by the Company) (the “Financial Covenant Trigger Date”), replaced compliance with a fixed charge coverage ratio with compliance with a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.0x. Revolving Facility loans under the Amended Credit Agreement may be voluntarily prepaid and re-borrowed. The Amended Credit Agreement previously provided for a term loan, which was fully repaid in December 2023 and cannot be re-borrowed. The Company has no outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2024 related to the Amended Credit Agreement.

Obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Company’s subsidiaries and secured by all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries pursuant to an Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement. The Company has a standby letter of credit in the amount of $0.3 million, which serves as security under the lease relating to the Company’s office space that expires in 2033.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants. Before the Financial Covenant Trigger Date, the following covenants are applicable: (i) an annual recurring revenue growth covenant requiring the loan parties to have recurring revenues in any four consecutive fiscal quarter period in an amount that is 10% greater than the recurring revenues for the corresponding four consecutive quarter period in the previous year; and (ii) a liquidity (defined as the aggregate amount of cash in bank accounts subject to a control agreement plus availability under the Revolving Facility) covenant, requiring the loan parties to have liquidity, tested on the last day of each calendar month, of $20.0 million or more. After the Financial Covenant Trigger Date, the existing annual recurring revenue growth and liquidity financial covenants are no longer applicable, and the following covenants take effect: (i) a consolidated total leverage ratio requiring the ratio, as calculated at the last day of such fiscal quarter for the period of 12 consecutive months then ending, to be less than 3.50:1.00; and (ii) a consolidated interest coverage ratio requiring the ratio, for any fiscal quarter ending as calculated at the last day of such fiscal quarter for the period of 12 consecutive months then ending, to be more than 3.00:1.00.

The Second Amendment revised the free cash flow covenant, as calculated at the last day of each fiscal quarter for the period of 12 consecutive months then ending, requiring free cash flow to be not less than $(25.0) million for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024 and each fiscal quarter ending thereafter.

The Amended Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default, which if they occur, could result in the termination of commitments under the Amended Credit Agreement, the declaration that all outstanding loans are immediately due and payable in whole or in part, and the requirement to maintain cash collateral deposits in respect of outstanding letters of credit. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2024.

Total interest expense, including commitment fees and unused line fees, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $0.5 million, $7.4 million and $3.9 million, respectively. In conjunction with closing the Amended Credit Agreement in 2022, First Amendment in 2023, and Second Amendment in 2024, we incurred issuance costs of $0.9 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, which were deferred and were scheduled to be amortized over the remaining term of the agreement. Unamortized debt issuance costs totaled $0.5 million, $0.3 million, and $0.7 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. Amortization expense totaled $0.2 million, $0.4 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The Company believes it has sufficient liquidity to fund its operations and meet its short-term and long-term obligations. The Company's material future obligations include the contractual and purchase commitments described below.

We have material future purchase commitments for services which are legally binding and that specify all significant terms including price and/or quantity. Total future commitments for these obligations over the next five years is $95.2 million. Of this amount, $38.4 million is due within the next 12 months. Refer to Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Additionally, we have operating leases for real estate and equipment that include future minimum payments with initial terms of one year or more. Total future operating lease payments at December 31, 2024 are $25.7 million. Within the next 12 months, operating lease payments are

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expected to be $2.7 million. Refer to Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, we must make decisions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. In reaching such decisions, we apply judgments based on our understanding and analysis of relevant circumstances, historical experience, and actuarial valuations. Actual amounts could differ from those estimated at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared.

Our most significant accounting policies, including Revenue Recognition and Business Combinations, are described in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Some of those significant accounting policies require us to make difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, or estimates. An accounting estimate is considered to be critical if it meets both of the following criteria: (i) the estimate requires assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate is made, and (ii) different estimates reasonably could have been used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period may have a material impact on the presentation of our financial condition, changes in financial condition, or results of operations. Our most critical accounting estimates include the following:

Revenue Recognition

We derive the majority of our revenues from SaaS subscription services charged for the use of our digital banking solutions. SaaS subscription services are generally recognized as revenues over the term of the contract as a series of distinct SaaS services bundled into a single performance obligation. Clients are typically charged a one-time, upfront implementation fee and recurring annual and monthly access fees for the use of our digital banking solution. Implementation and integration of the digital banking platform is complex, and we have determined that the one-time, upfront services are not distinct. In determining whether implementation services are distinct from subscription services, we considered various factors including the significant level of integration, interdependency, and interrelation between the implementation and subscription service, as well as the inability of the clients’ personnel or other service providers to perform significant portions of the services. As a result, we defer any arrangement fees for implementation services and recognize such amounts over time on a ratable basis as one performance obligation with the underlying subscription revenue commencing when the client goes live on the platform, which corresponds with the date the client obtains access to our digital banking solution and begins to benefit from the service.

Our performance obligation for the SaaS series of services includes standing ready over the term of the contract to provide access to all the clients’ customers and process any transactions initiated by those customers. We invoice clients each month for the contracted minimum number of registered users with an additional amount for registered users in excess of those minimums. We recognize variable consideration related to registered user counts in excess of the contractual minimum amounts each month. SaaS subscription revenues also include annual and monthly charges for maintenance and support services, which are recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription term.

During the term of the contract, clients may purchase additional professional services to modify or enhance their licensed SaaS solutions. These services are distinct performance obligations recognized when control of the enhancement is transferred to the client.

Business Combinations

Our acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method of business combinations accounting. We recognize the consideration transferred (i.e., purchase price) in a business combination as well as the acquired business’ identifiable assets, liabilities, and any non-controlling interests at their acquisition date fair value. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities, and non-controlling interest, is recorded as goodwill in our consolidated financial statements. Several valuation methods may be used to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We use our best estimates and assumptions to assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Determining the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment as different types of intangible assets will have different useful lives and certain assets may even be considered to have indefinite useful lives. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances are initially recorded in connection with a business combination as of the acquisition date. We continue to collect information and reevaluate these estimates and assumptions quarterly and record any adjustments to our preliminary estimates to goodwill; provided that we are within the measurement period. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage outside appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination of identifiable intangible assets and any other significant assets or liabilities. We adjust the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, up to one year after the acquisition closing date as we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed.

For acquisitions involving additional consideration to be transferred to the selling parties in the event certain future events occur or conditions are met (“contingent consideration”), we recognize the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration as part of the consideration transferred in exchange for the business combination. Contingent consideration meeting the criteria to be classified as equity in the consolidated balance sheets is not remeasured, and its subsequent settlement is recorded within stockholders’ equity (deficit). Contingent consideration classified as a liability is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved, with any changes in fair value recognized in our consolidated statements of operations.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and future application of accounting standards.