Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corp (BAH) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, and Part II, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, which provides additional information on comparisons of fiscal 2022 and 2021.

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Introductory Note — Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Our fiscal year ends March 31 and, unless otherwise noted, references to years or fiscal are for fiscal years ended March 31. See “— Results of Operations.”

Overview

Trusted to transform missions with the power of tomorrow’s technologies, Booz Allen advances the nation’s most critical civil, defense, and national security priorities. Our ability to deliver value to our clients has always been, and continues to be, a product of the strong character, expertise and tremendous passion of our people. Our approximately 31,900 employees work to solve hard problems by making clients' missions their own, combining decades of consulting and domain expertise with functional expertise in areas such as analytics, digital solutions, engineering, and cyber, all fostered by a culture of innovation that extends to all reaches of the Company.

Through our dedication to our clients' missions, and a commitment to evolving our business to address their needs, we have longstanding relationships with our clients, the longest of which is more than 80 years. We support critical missions for a diverse base of federal government clients, including nearly all of the U.S. government's cabinet-level departments, as well as for commercial clients, both domestically and internationally. We support our federal government clients by helping them tackle their most complex and pressing challenges such as protecting soldiers in combat and supporting their families, advancing cyber capabilities, keeping our national infrastructure secure, enabling and enhancing digital services, transforming the healthcare system, and improving government efficiency to achieve better outcomes. We serve commercial clients across industries including financial services, health and life sciences, energy, and technology.

Financial and Other Highlights

During fiscal 2023, the Company generated year over year revenue growth and increased client staff headcount. Revenue increased 10.7% from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 primarily driven by headcount growth, higher staff utilization compared to the prior year period, and the impact of acquisitions.

Operating income decreased 34.8% to $446.8 million in fiscal 2023 from $685.2 million in fiscal 2022, which reflects a decrease in operating margin to 4.8% from 8.2% in the comparable year. Margins were impacted by a $350.0 million reserve associated with the Department of Justice’s investigation of the Company (see Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements for further information). Margin results reflect strong contract-level performance coupled with ongoing cost management efforts, offset by higher unallowable spending and inflationary pressure for the full fiscal year period.

The Company also incurred incremental legal costs during fiscal 2023 and 2022 in response to the U.S. Department of Justice investigation and matters which purport to relate to the investigation, a portion of which was offset by the receipt of insurance reimbursements. We expect to incur additional costs in the future. Based on the information currently available, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the expected long-term incremental legal costs or amounts that may be reimbursed associated with this investigation and these related matters.

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Non-GAAP Measures

We publicly disclose certain non-GAAP financial measurements, including Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share, or Adjusted Diluted EPS, because management uses these measures for business planning purposes, including to manage our business against internal projected results of operations and measure our performance. We view Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted Diluted EPS as measures of our core operating business, which exclude the impact of the items detailed below, as these items are generally not operational in nature. These non-GAAP measures also provide another basis for comparing period to period results by excluding potential differences caused by non-operational and unusual or non-recurring items. In addition, we use Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses because it provides management useful information about the Company's operating performance by excluding the impact of costs that are not indicative of the level of productivity of our client staff headcount and our overall direct labor, which management believes provides useful information to our investors about our core operations. We also utilize and discuss Free Cash Flow because management uses this measure for business planning purposes, measuring the cash generating ability of the operating business, and measuring liquidity generally. We present these supplemental measures because we believe that these measures provide investors and securities analysts with important supplemental information with which to evaluate our performance, long-term earnings potential, or liquidity, as applicable, and to enable them to assess our performance on the same basis as management. These supplemental performance measurements may vary from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures by other companies in our industry. Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted EPS, and Free Cash Flow are not recognized measurements under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, and when analyzing our performance or liquidity, as applicable, investors should (i) evaluate each adjustment in our reconciliation of revenue to Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, operating income to Adjusted Operating Income, net income to Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share, and net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow, (ii) use Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted Diluted EPS in addition to, and not as an alternative to, revenue, operating income, net income or diluted EPS, as measures of operating results, each as defined under GAAP and (iii) use Free Cash Flow in addition to, and not as an alternative to, net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity, each as defined under GAAP. We have defined the aforementioned non-GAAP measures as follows:

•“Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses” represents revenue less billable expenses. We use Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses because it provides management useful information about the Company's operating performance by excluding the impact of costs that are not indicative of the level of productivity of our client staff headcount and our overall direct labor, which management believes provides useful information to our investors about our core operations.

•“Adjusted Operating Income” represents operating income before acquisition and divestiture costs, financing transaction costs, supplemental employee benefits due to COVID-19, significant acquisition amortization, the reserve associated with the U.S. Department of Justice investigation disclosed in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, and restructuring costs. We prepare Adjusted Operating Income to eliminate the impact of items we do not consider indicative of ongoing operating performance due to their inherent unusual, extraordinary, or non-recurring nature or because they result from an event of a similar nature.

•“Adjusted EBITDA” represents net income attributable to common stockholders before income taxes, net interest and other expense and depreciation and amortization and before certain other items, including acquisition and divestiture costs, financing transaction costs, the reserve associated with the U.S. Department of Justice investigation disclosed in Note 20 to the consolidated statements, supplemental employee benefits due to COVID-19, and restructuring costs. “Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue” is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. “Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses” is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses. The Company prepares Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses to eliminate the impact of items it does not consider indicative of ongoing operating performance due to their inherent unusual, extraordinary or non-recurring nature or because they result from an event of a similar nature.

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•“Adjusted Net Income” represents net income attributable to common stockholders before: (i) acquisition and divestiture costs, (ii) financing transaction costs, (iii) supplemental employee benefits due to COVID-19, (iv) significant acquisition amortization, (v) the reserve associated with the U.S. Department of Justice investigation disclosed in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, (vi) restructuring costs, (vii) gain associated with equity method investment activity, (viii) gain associated with divestitures or deconsolidation, (ix) research and development tax credits, (x) release of income tax reserves, (xi) loss on debt extinguishment, (xii) remeasurement of deferred tax assets/liabilities, and (xiii) amortization or write-off of debt issuance costs and debt discount, in each case net of the tax effect where appropriate calculated using an assumed effective tax rate. We prepare Adjusted Net Income to eliminate the impact of items, net of tax, we do not consider indicative of ongoing operating performance due to their inherent unusual, extraordinary, or non-recurring nature or because they result from an event of a similar nature. We view net income excluding the impact of the re-measurement of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities as an important indicator of performance consistent with the manner in which management measures and forecasts the Company's performance and the way in which management is incentivized to perform.

•“Adjusted Diluted EPS” represents diluted EPS calculated using Adjusted Net Income as opposed to net income. Additionally, Adjusted Diluted EPS does not contemplate any adjustments to net income as required under the two-class method as disclosed in the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements.

•“Free Cash Flow” represents the net cash generated from operating activities less the impact of purchases of property, equipment, and software.

Below is a reconciliation of Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Revenue, Excluding Billable Expenses, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted EPS, and Free Cash Flow to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

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(a)Represents costs associated with the acquisition efforts of the Company related to transactions for which the Company has entered into a letter of intent to acquire a controlling financial interest in the target entity, as well as the divestiture costs incurred in divesting a portion of our business. Acquisition and divestiture costs primarily include costs associated with (i) buy-side and sell-side due diligence activities, (ii) compensation expenses associated with employee retention, and (iii) legal and advisory fees, primarily associated with the acquisitions of Liberty IT Solutions, LLC (“Liberty”) and Tracepoint Holdings, LLC (“Tracepoint”) in fiscal 2022, and the acquisition of EverWatch Corp. (“EverWatch”) and the divestitures of our management consulting business serving the Middle East and North Africa (“MENA”) and our Managed Threat Services business (“MTS”) in fiscal 2023. See Note 5, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” to the consolidated financial statements for further information.

(b)Reflects expenses associated with debt financing activities incurred during the second quarter of fiscal 2023 and first quarter of fiscal 2022.

(c)Represents the supplemental contribution to employees' dependent care FSA accounts in response to COVID-19.

(d)Amortization expense associated with acquired intangibles from significant acquisitions. Significant acquisitions include acquisitions which the Company considers to be beyond the scope of our normal operations. Significant acquisition amortization includes amortization expense associated with the acquisition of Liberty in the second quarter of fiscal 2022 and EverWatch in the third quarter of fiscal 2023.

(e)Reserve associated with the U.S. Department of Justice's investigation of the Company. See Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements for further information.

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(f)Represents restructuring charges of $8.3 million incurred during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, net of approximately $4.2 million of revenue recognized on recoverable expenses, associated with severance costs of a restructuring plan to reduce certain executive administrative personnel costs.

(g)Reflects the combination of Interest expense and Other income (expense), net from the consolidated statement of operations.

(h)Represents (i) a gain in the second quarter of fiscal 2022 associated with the Company's previously held equity method investment in Tracepoint and (ii) a gain in the third quarter of fiscal 2022 associated with the divestiture of a controlling financial interest in SnapAttack.

(i)Represents the gain recognized on the divestitures of the Company's MENA business in the second quarter of fiscal 2023, its MTS business in the third quarter of fiscal 2023, and the gain on the deconsolidation of an artificial intelligence software platform business in the third quarter of fiscal 2023.

(j)Reflects tax credits, net of reserves for uncertain tax positions, recognized in fiscal 2021 related to an increase in research and development credits available for fiscal years 2016 to 2020.

(k)Release of pre-acquisition income tax reserves assumed by the Company in connection with the Carlyle Acquisition.

(l)Reflects the loss on debt extinguishment resulting from the fiscal 2021 redemption of Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.'s 5.125% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”), including $9.0 million of the premium paid at redemption, and write-off of the unamortized debt issuance cost.

(m)Reflects the income tax benefit associated with tax losses generated during fiscal 2021 as a result of a change in certain tax methods of accounting. The Company intends to carry these losses back to fiscal 2016 and subsequent periods under the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act and has re-measured the fiscal 2021 loss accordingly.

(n)Reflects the tax effect of adjustments at an assumed effective tax rate of 26%, which approximates the blended federal and state tax rates, and consistently excludes the impact of other tax credits and incentive benefits realized. The tax effect of certain discrete items is calculated specifically and may vary from the general 26% rate. The tax effect also includes the indirect effects of uncertainty around the application of Section 174 of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

(o)Excludes adjustments of approximately $2.1 million, $3.1 million, and $3.5 million of net earnings for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, associated with the application of the two-class method for computing diluted earnings per share.

Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations have been, and we expect them to continue to be, affected by the following factors, which may cause our future results of operations to differ from our historical results of operations discussed under “—Results of Operations.”

Business Environment and Key Trends in Our Markets

We believe that the following trends and developments in the U.S. government services industry and our markets may influence our future results of operations:

•uncertainty around the timing, extent, nature and effect of Congressional and other U.S. government actions to approve funding of the U.S. government, address budgetary constraints, including caps on the discretionary budget for defense and non-defense departments and agencies, as established by the Bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011 (“BCA”) and subsequently adjusted by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, and address the ability of Congress to determine how to allocate the available budget authority and pass appropriations bills to fund both U.S. government departments and agencies that are, and those that are not, subject to the caps;

•budget deficits and the growing U.S. national debt increasing pressure on the U.S. government to reduce federal spending across all federal agencies together with associated uncertainty about the size and timing of those reductions;

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•cost-cutting and efficiency initiatives, current and future budget restrictions, continued implementation of Congressionally mandated automatic spending cuts, and other efforts to reduce U.S. government spending could cause clients to reduce or delay funding for orders for services or invest appropriated funds on a less consistent or rapid basis or not at all, particularly when considering long-term initiatives and in light of current uncertainty around Congressional efforts to craft a long-term agreement on the U.S. government's ability to incur indebtedness in excess of its current limits, and generally in the current political environment, there is a risk that clients will not issue task orders in sufficient volume to reach current contract ceilings, alter historical patterns of contract awards, including the typical increase in the award of task orders or completion of other contract actions by the U.S. government in the period before the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year on September 30, delay requests for new proposals and contract awards, rely on short-term extensions and funding of current contracts, or reduce staffing levels and hours of operation;

•delays in the completion of future U.S. government’s budget processes, which have in the past and could in the future delay procurement of the products, services, and solutions we provide;

•changes in the relative mix of overall U.S. government spending and areas of spending growth, with lower spending on homeland security, intelligence, defense-related programs as certain overseas operations end, and continued increased spending on cybersecurity, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), advanced analytics, technology integration, and healthcare, including as a result of the presidential and administration transition;

•the extent, nature and effect of disease outbreaks, pandemics and widespread health epidemics, such as COVID-19, including the impact on federal budgets, current and pending procurements, supply chains, demand for services, deployment and productivity of our employees and the economic and societal impact of a pandemic, and the expected continued volatility in billable expenses;

•increased inflationary pressure that could impact the cost of doing business and/or reduce customer buying power;

•risks related to a possible recession and volatility or instability of the global financial system, including bank failures and the resulting impact on counterparties and business conditions generally;

•legislative and regulatory changes to limitations on the amount of allowable executive compensation permitted under flexibly priced contracts following implementation of interim rules adopted by federal agencies pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, which substantially further reduce the amount of allowable executive compensation under these contracts and extend these limitations to a larger segment of our executives and our entire contract base;

•efforts by the U.S. government to address organizational conflicts of interest and related issues and the impact of those efforts on us and our competitors;

•increased audit, review, investigation, and general scrutiny by U.S. government agencies of government contractors' performance under U.S. government contracts and compliance with the terms of those contracts and applicable laws;

•the federal focus on refining the definition of “inherently governmental” work, including proposals to limit contractor access to sensitive or classified information and work assignments, which will continue to drive pockets of insourcing in various agencies, particularly in the intelligence market;

•negative publicity and increased scrutiny of government contractors in general, including us, relating to U.S. government expenditures for contractor services and incidents involving the mishandling of sensitive or classified information;

•U.S. government agencies awarding contracts on a technically acceptable/lowest cost basis, which could have a negative impact on our ability to win certain contracts;

•increased competition from other government contractors and market entrants seeking to take advantage of certain of the trends identified above, and an industry trend towards consolidation, which may result in the emergence of companies that are better able to compete against us;

•cost cutting and efficiency and effectiveness efforts by U.S. civilian agencies with a focus on increased use of performance measurement, “program integrity” efforts to reduce waste, fraud and abuse in entitlement programs, and renewed focus on improving procurement practices for and interagency use of IT services, including through the use of cloud based options and data center consolidation;

•restrictions by the U.S. government on the ability of federal agencies to use lead system integrators, in response to cost, schedule, and performance problems with large defense acquisition programs where contractors were performing the lead system integrator role;

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•increasingly complex requirements and enforcement and reporting landscapes of the Department of Defense and the U.S. intelligence community, including cybersecurity, managing federal health care cost growth, competition, and focus on reforming existing government regulation of various sectors of the economy, such as financial regulation and healthcare; and

•increasing small business regulations across the Department of Defense and civilian agency clients continue to gain traction, agencies are required to meet high small business set aside targets, and large business prime contractors are required to subcontract in accordance with considerable small business participation goals necessary for contract award.

Sources of Revenue

Substantially all of our revenue is derived from services provided under contracts and task orders with the U.S. government, primarily by our client staff and, to a lesser extent, our subcontractors. Funding for our contracts and task orders is generally linked to trends in budgets and spending across various U.S. government agencies and departments. We provide services under a large portfolio of contracts and contract vehicles to a broad client base, and we believe that our diversified contract and client base lessens potential volatility in our business; however, a reduction in the amount of services that we are contracted to provide to the U.S. government or any of our significant U.S. government clients could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In particular, the Department of Defense is one of our significant clients, and the BCA originally required nine automatic spending cuts (referred to as “sequestration”) of $109 billion annually from 2013 to 2021, half of which was intended to come from defense programs, though less than $1 billion has been cut for defense programs per year under the BCA. Mandatory sequestrations under the BCA were subsequently extended by the Bipartisan Budget Acts of 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2019, the Military Retired Pay Restoration Act, the CARES Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The extension of the mandatory sequestration applies an 8.3% reduction in defense spending in each year from 2021 through 2031. This could result in a commensurate reduction in the amount of services that we are contracted to provide to the Department of Defense and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and given the uncertainty of when and how these automatic reductions required by the BCA may return and/or be applied, we are unable to predict the nature or magnitude of the potential adverse effect.

Contract Types

We generate revenue under the following three basic types of contracts:

•Cost-Reimbursable Contracts. Cost-reimbursable contracts provide for the payment of allowable costs incurred during performance of the contract, up to a ceiling based on the amount that has been funded, plus a fixed fee or award fee. As we increase or decrease our spending on allowable costs, our revenue generated on cost-reimbursable contracts will increase, up to the ceiling and funded amounts, or decrease, respectively. We generate revenue under two general types of cost-reimbursable contracts: cost-plus-fixed-fee and cost-plus-award-fee, both of which reimburse allowable costs and provide for a fee. The fee under each type of cost-reimbursable contract is generally payable upon completion of services in accordance with the terms of the contract. Cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts offer no opportunity for payment beyond the fixed fee. Cost-plus-award-fee contracts also provide for an award fee that varies within specified limits based upon the client’s assessment of our performance against a predetermined set of criteria, such as targets for factors like cost, quality, schedule, and performance.

•Time-and-Materials Contracts. Under contracts in this category, we are paid a fixed hourly rate for each direct labor hour expended, and we are reimbursed for billable material costs and billable out-of-pocket expenses inclusive of allocable indirect costs. We assume the financial risk on time-and-materials contracts because our costs of performance may exceed negotiated hourly rates. To the extent our actual direct labor, including allocated indirect costs, and associated billable expenses decrease or increase in relation to the fixed hourly billing rates provided in the contract, we will generate more or less profit, respectively, or could incur a loss.

•Fixed-Price Contracts. Under a fixed-price contract, we agree to perform the specified work for a predetermined price. To the extent our actual direct and allocated indirect costs decrease or increase from the estimates upon which the price was negotiated, we will generate more or less profit, respectively, or could incur a loss. Some fixed-price contracts have a performance-based component, pursuant to which we can earn incentive payments or incur financial penalties based on our performance. Fixed-price level of effort contracts require us to provide a specified level of effort (i.e., labor hours), over a stated period of time, for a fixed price.

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The amount of risk and potential reward varies under each type of contract. Under cost-reimbursable contracts, there is limited financial risk, because we are reimbursed for all allowable costs up to a ceiling. However, profit margins on this type of contract tend to be lower than on time-and-materials and fixed-price contracts. Under time-and-materials contracts, we are reimbursed for the hours worked using the predetermined hourly rates for each labor category. In addition, we are typically reimbursed for other contract direct costs and expenses at cost. We assume financial risk on time-and-materials contracts because our labor costs may exceed the negotiated billing rates. Profit margins on well-managed time-and-materials contracts tend to be higher than profit margins on cost-reimbursable contracts as long as we are able to staff those contracts with people who have an appropriate skill set. Under fixed-price contracts, we are required to deliver the objectives under the contract for a predetermined price. Compared to time-and-materials and cost-reimbursable contracts, fixed-price contracts generally offer higher profit margin opportunities because we receive the full benefit of any cost savings but generally involve greater financial risk because we bear the impact of any cost overruns. In the aggregate, the contract type mix in our revenue for any given period will affect that period's profitability. Changes in contract type as a result of re-competes and new business could influence the percentage/mix in unanticipated ways.

The table below presents the percentage of total revenue for each type of contract:

Contract Diversity and Revenue Mix

We provide services to our clients through a large number of single award contracts, contract vehicles, and multiple award contract vehicles. Most of our revenue is generated under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity, or IDIQ, contract vehicles, which include multiple award government wide acquisition contract vehicles, or GWACs, and General Services Administration Multiple Award Schedule Contracts, or GSA schedules, and certain single award contracts. GWACs and GSA schedules are available to all U.S. government agencies. Any number of contractors typically competes under multiple award IDIQ contract vehicles for task orders to provide particular services, and we earn revenue under these contract vehicles only to the extent that we are successful in the bidding process for task orders. No single task order under any IDIQ contract represented more than 3.0% of our revenue in fiscal 2023. No single definite contract accounted for more than 2.5% of our revenue in fiscal 2023.

We generate revenue under our contracts and task orders through our provision of services as both a prime contractor and subcontractor, as well as from the provision of services by subcontractors under contracts and task orders for which we act as the prime contractor. For fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, 95%, 94%, and 93%, respectively, of our revenue was generated by contracts and task orders for which we served as a prime contractor; 5%, 6%, and 7%, respectively, of our revenue was generated by contracts and task orders for which we served as a subcontractor; and 25%, 24%, and 25%, respectively, of our revenue was generated by services provided by our subcontractors. The mix of these types of revenue affects our operating margin. Substantially all of our operating margin is derived from direct client staff labor as the portion of our operating margin derived from fees we earn on services provided by our subcontractors is not significant. We view growth in direct client staff labor as the primary driver of earnings growth. Direct client staff labor growth is driven by client staff headcount growth, after attrition, and total backlog growth.

Our People

Revenue from our contracts is derived from services delivered by client staff and, to a lesser extent, from our subcontractors. Our ability to hire, retain, and deploy talent with skills appropriately aligned with client needs is critical to our ability to grow our revenue. We continuously evaluate whether our talent base is properly sized and appropriately compensated, and contains an optimal mix of skills to be cost competitive and meet the rapidly evolving needs of our clients. We seek to achieve that result through recruitment and management of capacity and compensation. As of March 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we employed approximately 31,900, 29,300, and 27,700 people, respectively, of which approximately 29,100, 26,300, and 24,800, respectively, were client staff.

Contract Backlog

We define backlog to include the following three components:

•Funded Backlog. Funded backlog represents the revenue value of orders for services under existing contracts for which funding is appropriated or otherwise authorized less revenue previously recognized on these contracts.

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•Unfunded Backlog. Unfunded backlog represents the revenue value of orders (including optional orders) for services under existing contracts for which funding has not been appropriated or otherwise authorized.

•Priced Options. Priced contract options represent 100% of the revenue value of all future contract option periods under existing contracts that may be exercised at our clients’ option and for which funding has not been appropriated or otherwise authorized.

Our backlog does not include contracts that have been awarded but are currently under protest and also does not include any task orders under IDIQ contracts, except to the extent that task orders have been awarded to us under those contracts.

The following table summarizes the value of our contract backlog at the respective dates presented:

(1) Backlog presented as of March 31, 2023 includes backlog acquired from the Company's acquisition of EverWatch Corp. made during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Total backlog acquired from EverWatch Corp. was approximately $282 million as of March 31, 2023

Our total backlog consists of remaining performance obligations, certain orders under contracts for which the period of performance has expired, and unexercised option period and other unexercised optional orders. As of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, the Company had $7.9 billion and $7.4 billion of remaining performance obligations, respectively, and we expect to recognize approximately 75% of the remaining performance obligations as of March 31, 2023 as revenue over the next 12 months, and approximately 85% over the next 24 months. The remainder is expected to be recognized thereafter. However, given the uncertainties discussed below, as well as the risks described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors”, we can give no assurance that we will be able to convert our backlog into revenue in any particular period, if at all. Our backlog includes orders under contracts that in some cases extend for several years. The U.S. Congress generally appropriates funds for our clients on a yearly basis, even though their contracts with us may call for performance that is expected to take a number of years to complete. As a result, contracts typically are only partially funded at any point during their term and all or some of the work to be performed under the contracts may remain unfunded unless and until the U.S. Congress makes subsequent appropriations and the procuring agency allocates funding to the contract.

We view growth in total backlog and client staff headcount as the two key measures of our potential business growth. Growing and deploying client staff is the primary means by which we are able to achieve profitable revenue growth. To the extent that we are able to hire additional client staff and deploy them against funded backlog, we generally recognize increased revenue. Total backlog increased by 6.7% from March 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 and increased by 21.7% from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Additions to funded backlog during fiscal 2023 and 2022 totaled $10.2 billion and $8.6 billion respectively, as a result of the conversion of unfunded backlog to funded backlog, the award of new contracts and task orders under which funding was appropriated, and the exercise and subsequent funding of priced options. We report internally on our backlog on a monthly basis and review backlog upon occurrence of certain events to determine if any adjustments are necessary.

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We cannot predict with any certainty the portion of our backlog that we expect to recognize as revenue in any future period and we cannot guarantee that we will recognize any revenue from our backlog. The primary risks that could affect our ability to recognize such revenue on a timely basis or at all are: program schedule changes, contract modifications, and our ability to assimilate and deploy new client staff against funded backlog; cost-cutting initiatives and other efforts to reduce U.S. government spending, which could reduce or delay funding for orders for services; and delayed funding of our contracts due to delays in the completion of the U.S. government's budgeting process and the use of continuing resolutions by the U.S. government to fund its operations. The amount of our funded backlog is also subject to change, due to, among other factors: changes in congressional appropriations that reflect changes in U.S. government policies or priorities resulting from various military, political, economic, or international developments; changes in the use of U.S. government contracting vehicles, and the provisions therein used to procure our services and adjustments to the scope of services, or cancellation of contracts, by the U.S. government at any time. In our recent experience, none of the following additional risks have had a material negative effect on our ability to realize revenue from our funded backlog: the unilateral right of the U.S. government to cancel multi-year contracts and related orders or to terminate existing contracts for convenience or default; in the case of unfunded backlog, the potential that funding will not be made available; and, in the case of priced options, the risk that our clients will not exercise their options.

In addition, contract backlog includes orders under contracts for which the period of performance has expired, and we may not recognize revenue on the funded backlog that includes such orders due to, among other reasons, the tardy submission of invoices by our subcontractors and the expiration of the relevant appropriated funding in accordance with a predetermined expiration date such as the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year. The revenue value of orders included in contract backlog that has not been recognized as revenue due to period of performance expirations has not exceeded approximately 5.1% of total backlog as of March 31, 2023 and any of the four preceding fiscal quarters.

We expect to recognize revenue from a substantial portion of funded backlog as of March 31, 2023 within the next twelve months. However, given the uncertainties discussed above, as well as the risks described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” we can give no assurance that we will be able to convert our backlog into revenue in any particular period, if at all.

Operating Costs and Expenses

Costs associated with compensation and related expenses for our people are the most significant component of our operating costs and expenses. The principal factors that affect our costs are additional people as we grow our business and are awarded new contracts, task orders, and additional work under our existing contracts, and the hiring of people with specific skill sets and security clearances as required by our additional work.

Our most significant operating costs and expenses are described below.

•Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue includes direct labor, related employee benefits, and overhead. Overhead consists of indirect costs, including indirect labor relating to infrastructure, management and administration, and other expenses.

•Billable Expenses. Billable expenses include direct subcontractor expenses, travel expenses, and other expenses incurred to perform on contracts.

•General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses include indirect labor of executive management and corporate administrative functions, marketing and bid and proposal costs, and other discretionary spending.

•Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization includes the depreciation of computers, leasehold improvements, furniture and other equipment, and the amortization of internally developed software, as well as third-party software that we use internally, and of identifiable long-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives.

Seasonality

The U.S. government's fiscal year ends on September 30 of each year. While not certain, it is not uncommon for U.S. government agencies to award extra tasks or complete other contract actions in the weeks before the end of its fiscal year in order to avoid the loss of unexpended fiscal year funds. In addition, we also have historically experienced higher bid and proposal costs in the months leading up to the U.S. government's fiscal year end as we pursue new contract opportunities being awarded shortly after the U.S. government fiscal year end as new opportunities are expected to have funding appropriated in the U.S. government's subsequent fiscal year. We may continue to experience this seasonality in future periods, and our future periods may be affected by it. While not certain, changes in the government's funding and spending patterns have altered historical seasonality trends, supporting our approach to managing the business on an annual basis.

Seasonality is just one of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, which may affect our results in any period. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

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Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the consolidated financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates and assumptions have been prepared on the basis of the most current reasonably available information. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our significant accounting policies, including the critical policies and practices listed below, are more fully described and discussed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. We consider the following accounting policies to be critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations because these policies require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments on the part of our management in their application, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Revenue Recognition and Cost Estimation

Our revenues from contracts with customers (clients) are derived from offerings that include consulting, analytics, digital solutions, engineering, and cyber services, substantially with the U.S. government and its agencies, and to a lesser extent, subcontractors. We also serve foreign governments, as well as domestic and international commercial clients. We perform under various types of contracts, which include cost-reimbursable-plus-fee contracts, time-and-materials contracts, and fixed-price contracts.

We consider a contract with a customer to exist under Topic 606 when there is approval and commitment from us and the customer, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. We will also consider whether two or more contracts entered into with the same customer should be combined and accounted for as a single contract. Furthermore, in certain transactions with commercial clients and with the U.S. government, we may commence providing services prior to receiving a formal approval from the customer. In these situations, we will consider the factors noted above, the risks associated with commencing the work, and legal enforceability in determining whether a contract with the customer exists under Topic 606.

Customer contracts are often modified to change the scope, price, specifications or other terms within the existing arrangement. Contract modifications are evaluated by management to determine whether the modification should be accounted for as part of the original performance obligation(s) or as a separate contract. If the modification adds distinct goods or services and increases the contract value proportionate to the stand-alone selling price of the additional goods or services, it will be accounted for as a separate contract. Generally, our contract modifications do not include goods or services which are distinct, and therefore are accounted for as part of the original performance obligation(s) with any impact on transaction price or estimated costs at completion being recorded as through a cumulative catch-up adjustment to revenue.

We evaluate each service deliverable contracted with the customer to determine whether it represents promises to transfer distinct goods or services. Under Topic 606, these are referred to as performance obligations. One or more service deliverables often represent a single performance obligation. This evaluation requires significant judgment and the impact of combining or separating performance obligations may change the time over which revenue from the contract is recognized. Our contracts generally provide a set of integrated or highly interrelated tasks or services and are therefore accounted for as a single performance obligation. However, in cases where we provide more than one distinct good or service within a customer contract, the contract is separated into individual performance obligations which are accounted for discretely.

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Contracts with the U.S. government are generally subject to the FAR and are priced based on estimated or actual costs of providing the goods or services. We derive a majority of our revenue from contracts awarded through a competitive bidding process. Pricing for non-U.S. government agencies and commercial customers is based on discrete negotiations with each customer. Certain of our contracts contain award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that may increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts generally are awarded upon achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and may be based upon customer discretion. Management estimates variable consideration as the most likely amount that we expect to achieve based on our assessment of the variable fee provisions within the contract, prior experience with similar contracts or clients, and management’s evaluation of the performance on such contracts. We may perform work under a contract that has not been fully funded if the work has been authorized by the management and the customer to proceed. We evaluate unfunded amounts as variable consideration in estimating the transaction price. We include the estimated variable consideration in our transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur upon the ultimate settlement of the variable fee provision. In the limited number of situations where our contracts with customers contain more than one performance obligation, we allocate the transaction price of a contract between the performance obligations in the proportion to their respective stand-alone selling prices. We generally estimate the stand-alone selling price of performance obligations based on an expected cost-plus margin approach as allowed under Topic 606. Our U.S. government contracts generally contain FAR provisions that enable the customer to terminate a contract for default or for the convenience of the U.S. government.

We recognize revenue for each performance obligation identified within our customer contracts when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised goods or services. Revenue may either be recognized over time or at a point in time. We generally recognize revenue over time as our contracts typically involve a continuous transfer of control to the customer. A continuous transfer of control under contracts with the U.S. government and its agencies is evidenced by clauses which require us to be paid for costs incurred plus a reasonable margin in the event that the customer unilaterally terminates the contract for convenience. For contracts where we recognize revenue over time, a contract cost-based input method is generally used to measure progress towards satisfaction of the underlying performance obligation(s). Contract costs include direct costs such as materials, labor and subcontract costs, as well as indirect costs identifiable with, or allocable to, a specific contract that are expensed as incurred. We do not incur material incremental costs to acquire or fulfill contracts. Under a contract cost-based input method, revenue is recognized based on the proportion of contract costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected to be incurred upon completion of the underlying performance obligation. We generally include both funded and unfunded portions of customer contracts in this estimation process.

For interim financial reporting periods, contract revenue attributable to indirect costs is recognized based upon agreed-upon annual forward-pricing rates established with the U.S. government at the start of each fiscal year. Forward pricing rates are estimated and agreed upon between us and the U.S. government and represent indirect contract costs required to execute and administer contract obligations. The impact of any agreed-upon changes, or changes in the estimated annual forward-pricing rates, are recorded in the interim financial reporting period when such changes are identified. These changes relate to the interim financial reporting period differences between the actual indirect costs incurred and allocated to customer contracts compared to the estimated amounts allocated to contracts using the estimated annual forward-pricing rates established with the U.S. government.

On certain contracts, principally time-and-materials and cost-reimbursable-plus-fee contracts, revenue is recognized using the right-to-invoice practical expedient as we are contractually able to invoice the customer based on the control transferred. However, we did not elect to use the practical expedient which would allow us to exclude contracts recognized using the right-to-invoice practical expedient from the remaining performance obligations disclosed below. Additionally, for stand-ready performance obligations to provide services under fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognized over time using a straight-line measure of progress as the control of the services is provided to the customer ratably over the term of the contract. If a contract does not meet the criteria for recognition of revenue over time, we recognize revenue at the point in time when control of the good or service is transferred to the customer. Determining a measure of progress towards the satisfaction of performance obligations requires management to make judgments that may affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Many of our contracts recognize revenue under a contract cost-based input method and require an Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) process, which management uses to review and monitor the progress towards the completion of our performance obligations. Under this process, management considers various inputs and assumptions related to the EAC, including, but not limited to, progress towards completion, labor costs and productivity, material and subcontractor costs, and identified risks. Estimating the total cost at completion of performance obligations is subjective and requires management to make assumptions about future activity and cost drivers under the contract. Changes in these estimates can occur for a variety of reasons and, if significant, may impact the profitability of our contracts. Changes in estimates related to contracts accounted for under the EAC process are recognized in the period when such changes are made on a cumulative catch-up basis. If the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on a contract, we recognize the total loss at the time it is identified. For fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, the aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates was not material.

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Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of exercised contracts for which work has not yet been performed, irrespective of whether funding has or has not been authorized and appropriated as of the date of exercise. Remaining performance obligations do not include negotiated but unexercised options or the unfunded value of expired contracts.

Business Combinations

The accounting for the Company's business combinations consists of allocating the purchase price to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values, with the excess recorded as goodwill. Certain fair value measurements include inputs that are unobservable, requiring management to make judgments and estimates that can be affected by contract performance and other factors that may cause final amounts to differ materially from original estimates. We have up to one year from the acquisition date to use additional information obtained to adjust the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities which may result in changes to the recorded values with an offsetting adjustment to goodwill.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Impairment

We test goodwill and trade name for impairment at least annually as of January 1 of each year and more frequently if interim indicators of impairment exist. We perform our impairment testing of goodwill at the reporting level. As our business is highly integrated and all of our components have similar economic characteristics, we conclude that we have one reporting unit at the consolidated entity level, which is the same as our single operating segment. We test goodwill for impairment using the quantitative method (primarily based on market capitalization). We test the trade name for impairment using the relief from royalty method that requires management to make significant amount of judgments and estimates in the valuation. We do not consider goodwill, trade name, or any other amortizable intangible assets at risk of impairment. A 10% change in our enterprise value would not result in a goodwill or trade name impairment.

Amortizable intangible assets are tested for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change indicating that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. A significant amount of management judgment is required to determine if an event representing an impairment indicator has occurred during the year, including but not limited to: a decline in forecasted cash flows; a sustained, material decline in the stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in the business climate or economy; or unanticipated competition. An adverse change in any of these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of other intangible assets.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023, March 31, 2022, and March 31, 2021, the Company did not record any impairment of goodwill and intangible assets.

Accounting for Income Taxes

Provisions for federal, state, and foreign income taxes are calculated from the income reported on our consolidated financial statements based on current tax law and also include the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those previously used in determining deferred tax assets and liabilities. Such provisions differ from the amounts currently receivable or payable because certain items of income and expense are recognized in different time periods for purposes of preparing consolidated financial statements than for income tax purposes.

Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and evaluating tax positions. We establish reserves for uncertain tax positions when, despite the belief that our tax positions are supportable, there remains uncertainty in a tax position taken in our previously filed income tax returns. For tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we record the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. To the extent we prevail in matters for which accruals have been established or are required to pay amounts in excess of reserves, our effective tax rate in a given consolidated financial statement period may be materially impacted.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets assumes that we will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to realize the value of these assets. If we are unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in these jurisdictions, a valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that the value of the deferred tax assets is not realizable.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for information related to our adoption of new accounting standards and for information on our anticipated adoption of recently issued accounting standards.

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Segment Reporting

We report operating results and financial data in one operating and reportable segment. We manage our business as a single profit center in order to promote collaboration, provide comprehensive functional service offerings across our entire client base, and provide incentives to employees based on the success of the organization as a whole. Although certain information regarding served markets and functional capabilities is discussed for purposes of promoting an understanding of our complex business, we manage our business and allocate resources at the consolidated level of a single operating segment.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes of the Company include its subsidiaries, and the joint ventures and partnerships over which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in entities that it does not control if it is otherwise able to exert significant influence over the entities' operating and financial policies.

The Company’s fiscal year ends on March 31 and unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal year or fiscal are for fiscal years ended March 31. The accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the Company’s results of operations for fiscal 2023, fiscal 2022, and fiscal 2021.

Certain amounts reported in the Company's prior year consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth items from our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated:

NM - Not meaningful

Fiscal 2023 Compared to Fiscal 2022

Revenue

Revenue increased to $9,258.9 million from $8,363.7 million, or a 10.7% increase, primarily driven by headcount growth, as well as higher staff utilization compared to the prior year period. The increase in revenue also includes approximately $62.9 million of contributions related to the Company’s acquisition of EverWatch in the third quarter of fiscal 2023.

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Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased to $4,304.8 million from $3,899.6 million, or a 10.4% increase, and remained relatively flat as a percentage of revenue at 46.5% and 46.6% for fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. This increase was primarily due to an increase in salaries and salary-related benefits of $349.0 million, driven by increased headcount (including the impact of acquisitions) and annual base salary increases. Incentive and stock-based compensation also increased $35.6 million over the prior year.

Billable Expenses

Billable expenses increased to $2,808.9 million from $2,474.2 million, or a 13.5% increase, and increased as a percentage of revenue to 30.3% from 29.6%. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in the use of subcontractors driven by client demand and timing of client needs as well as increases in expenses from contracts that require the Company to incur other direct expenses and travel on behalf of clients as compared to the prior year.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $1,532.9 million from $1,159.0 million, or a 32.3% increase, and increased as a percentage of revenue to 16.6% from 13.9%. For fiscal 2023, general and administrative expenses were impacted by a $350.0 million reserve associated with the U.S. Department of Justice’s investigation of the Company (see Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements for further information). In addition, other business expenses and professional fees increased by $55.6 million and salaries and salary related benefits increased by $23.8 million, driven by annual base salary increases. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of approximately $54.8 million in acquisition costs over the prior year period.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $165.5 million from $145.7 million, or a 13.5% increase, primarily due to increases in intangible amortization related to the acquisitions in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2023.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased to $119.9 million from $92.4 million, or a 29.8% increase, primarily due to an overall increase in interest rates.

Other (Income) Expense, net

Other (income) expense, net increased to a $41.0 million net other income from $11.2 million in the prior year period primarily due to the following:

•A $31.2 million pre-tax gain recognized in the second quarter of fiscal 2023 associated with the divestiture of the Company's MENA business;

•An increase of $9.6 million in interest income primarily due to an overall increase in interest rates;

•A pre-tax gain of $8.9 million recognized in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 from the de-consolidation of a business;

•A $4.6 million pre-tax gain recognized in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 associated with the divestiture of the Company's MTS business;

•$3.4 million in fees related to the Company's debt refinancing in the second quarter of fiscal 2023;

•A $5.7 million gain from the Company's remeasurement of its previously held equity method investment in Tracepoint in the second quarter of fiscal 2022, not present in the current year; and

•A net gain of $7.1 million associated with the divestiture of a controlling financial interest in SnapAttack in the third quarter of fiscal 2022, not present in the current fiscal year.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased to $96.7 million from $137.5 million. The effective tax rate increased to 26.3% in fiscal 2023 from 22.8% in fiscal 2022. The increase in our effective tax rate from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 was primarily a result of a decrease in pre-tax income and an increase in nondeductible expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2023, our total liquidity was $1.4 billion, consisting of $404.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and $998.7 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility. In the opinion of management, we will be able to meet our liquidity and cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances, and available borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility. If these resources need to be augmented, additional cash requirements would likely be financed through the issuance of debt or equity securities.

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The following table presents selected financial information for the periods presented:

From time to time we evaluate alternative uses for excess cash resources once our operating cash flow and required debt servicing needs have been met. Some of the possible uses of our remaining excess cash at any point in time may include funding strategic acquisitions, further investment in our business, and returning value to shareholders through share repurchases, quarterly dividends, and special dividends. While the timing and financial magnitude of these possible actions are currently indeterminable, the Company expects to be able to manage and adjust its capital structure in the future to meet its liquidity needs.

Historically, we have been able to generate sufficient cash to fund our operations, mandatory debt and interest payments, capital expenditures, and discretionary funding needs. However, due to fluctuations in cash flows, including as a result of the trends and developments described above under “—Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations” relating to U.S. government shutdowns, U.S. government cost-cutting, reductions or delays in the U.S. government appropriations and spending process and other budgetary matters, it may be necessary from time-to-time in the future to borrow under our Senior Credit Facility to meet cash demands. While the timing and financial magnitude of these possible actions are currently indeterminable, we expect to be able to manage and adjust our capital structure to meet our liquidity needs. Our expected liquidity and capital structure may also be impacted by discretionary investments and acquisitions that we could pursue. We anticipate that cash provided by operating activities, existing cash and cash equivalents, and borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for the next twelve months, which primarily include:

•operating expenses, including salaries;

•working capital requirements to fund both organic and inorganic growth of our business;

•capital expenditures which primarily relate to the purchase of computers, business systems, furniture and leasehold improvements to support our operations;

•the on-going maintenance around all financial management systems;

•commitments and other discretionary investments;

•debt service requirements for borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility and interest payments for the Senior Notes; and

•cash taxes to be paid.

Our ability to fund our operating needs depends, in part, on our ability to continue to generate positive cash flows from operations or, if necessary, raise cash in the capital markets. In addition, from time to time we evaluate conditions to opportunistically access the financing markets to secure additional debt capital resources and improve the terms of our indebtedness.

On October 14, 2022, the Company acquired EverWatch Corp. (“EverWatch”) for approximately $445.1 million, net of post-closing adjustments, and also incurred transaction costs as part of the acquisition. As a result of the transaction, EverWatch became a wholly owned subsidiary of Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. EverWatch is a leading provider of advanced solutions to the defense and intelligence communities. See Note 5, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the acquisition of EverWatch.

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Cash Flows

Cash received from clients, either from the payment of invoices for work performed or for advances in excess of costs incurred, is our primary source of cash. We generally do not begin work on contracts until funding is appropriated by the client. Billing timetables and payment terms on our contracts vary based on a number of factors, including whether the contract type is cost-reimbursable, time-and-materials, or fixed-price. We generally bill and collect cash more frequently under cost-reimbursable and time-and-materials contracts, as we are authorized to bill as the costs are incurred or work is performed. In contrast, we may be limited to bill certain fixed-price contracts only when specified milestones, including deliveries, are achieved. In addition, a number of our contracts may provide for performance-based payments, which allow us to bill and collect cash prior to completing the work.

Accounts receivable is the principal component of our working capital and is generally driven by revenue growth with other short-term fluctuations related to the payment practices of our clients. Our accounts receivable reflects amounts billed to our clients as of each balance sheet date. Our clients generally pay our invoices within 30 days of the invoice date, although we experience a longer billing and collection cycle with our global commercial customers. At any month-end, we also include in accounts receivable the revenue that was recognized in the preceding month, which is generally billed early in the following month. Finally, we include in accounts receivable amounts related to revenue accrued in excess of amounts billed, primarily on our fixed-price and cost-reimbursable-plus-award-fee contracts. The total amount of our accounts receivable can vary significantly over time, but is generally sensitive to revenue levels and customer mix.

Operating Cash Flow

Net cash provided by operations is primarily affected by the overall profitability of our contracts, our ability to invoice and collect cash from clients in a timely manner, our ability to manage our vendor payments, and the timing of cash paid for income taxes. Continued uncertainty in global economic conditions, including any potential impact of the U.S. government’s failure to raise the debt ceiling, may also affect our business as customers and suppliers may decide to downsize, defer, or cancel contracts, which could negatively affect the operating cash flows. Net cash provided by operations was $602.8 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $736.5 million in fiscal 2022, or an 18.2% decrease. Collections were in line with revenue growth but were primarily offset by additional tax payments made in accordance with newly effective U.S. research and development capitalization rules (Section 174), higher interest expense and higher disbursements to fund investments in our people and business.

Beginning in fiscal 2023, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminates the option to deduct research and development expenditures immediately in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to amortize such expenditures over five years. This provision negatively impacted our fiscal 2023 cash from operations, but had an offsetting impact on the deferred tax asset. This change in deduction methodology is the primary driver of the increase in net cash taxes paid referenced in the paragraph above. Prospectively, the future impact of this provision will depend on if and when this provision is deferred, modified, or repealed by Congress, including if retroactively, any guidance issued by the Treasury Department regarding the identification of appropriate costs for capitalization, and the amount of future research and development expenses paid or incurred (among other factors). While the largest impact will be to fiscal 2023 cash from operations, the impact would continue over the five year amortization period, but would decrease over the period and is expected to be immaterial in year six.

Investing Cash Flow

Net cash used in investing activities was $468.0 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $867.7 million in the prior year. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the Company’s lower acquisition and divestiture activity in fiscal 2023 as compared to fiscal 2022. In fiscal 2022, the Company completed the acquisitions of Liberty and Tracepoint. In fiscal 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of EverWatch, as well as the divestitures of its MENA strategy consulting and MTS businesses.

Financing Cash Flow

Net cash used in financing activities was $425.9 million in fiscal 2023 compared to $163.8 million in the prior year. The increase in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the following:

•A decrease in net proceeds associated with the Company’s debt refinancing transactions year over year:

◦Fiscal 2023 - $414.8 million was received from the Company’s September 2022 debt refinancing, partially offset by a $379.3 million repayment

◦Fiscal 2022 - $493.7 million was received from the issuance of the 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029;

•An increase in dividends paid of $26.7 million as compared to the prior year, partially offset by;

•A decrease in share repurchases of $195.0 million,

•A decrease of $14.5 million in payments on the Company's Term Loans

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Dividends and Share Repurchases

The Company paid $1.76 in dividends per share to shareholders of record in fiscal 2023. On May 26, 2023, the Company announced a regular quarterly cash dividend in the amount of $0.47 per share. The quarterly dividend is payable on June 30, 2023 to stockholders of record on June 15, 2023.

The following table summarizes the cash distributions recognized in the consolidated statement of cash flows:

(1) Amounts represent recurring dividends that were declared and paid for during each quarter of fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

On December 12, 2011, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, which was most recently increased to $2,560.0 million on July 27, 2022. The Company may repurchase shares pursuant to the program by means of open market repurchases, directly negotiated repurchases or through agents acting pursuant to negotiated repurchase agreements. During fiscal 2023 and 2022, the Company purchased 2.1 million and 4.7 million shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, respectively, for an aggregate of $196.2 million and $389.9 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $855.9 million remaining under the repurchase program.

Any determination to pursue one or more of the above alternative uses for excess cash is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend upon various factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity requirements, restrictions that may be imposed by applicable law, our contracts, and our Credit Agreement, as amended, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.

Indebtedness

Our debt totaled $2.8 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and 2022. Our debt bears interest at specified rates (see Note 10, “Debt,” to our consolidated financial statements).

On September 7, 2022 (the “Ninth Amendment Effective Date”), Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (“Booz Allen Hamilton”), Booz Allen Hamilton Investor Corporation (“Investor”), and certain wholly owned subsidiaries of Booz Allen Hamilton, entered into the Ninth Amendment (the “Ninth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement dated as of July 31, 2012, as amended (the “Existing Credit Agreement” and, as amended, the “Credit Agreement”), with certain institutional lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Issuing Lender, Refinancing Revolver Lender, New Refinancing Tranche A Term Lender and 2022 Supplemental Tranche A Lender. As of March 31, 2023, the Credit Agreement provided Booz Allen Hamilton with a $1,629.4 million Term Loan A (“New Term Loan A”) and a $1,000.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), with a sub-limit for letters of credit of $200.0 million (collectively, the “Senior Credit Facility”). Booz Allen Hamilton’s obligations and the guarantors’ guarantees under the Credit Agreement were secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets (including capital stock of subsidiaries) of Booz Allen Hamilton, Investor and the subsidiary guarantors, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Credit Agreement and related documentation; such security was released in connection with Booz Allen Hamilton obtaining investment grade ratings from both Moody's and S&P.

Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment, (i) $1,000.0 million of revolving commitments outstanding under the Existing Credit Agreement were refinanced by a new tranche of revolving commitments (the “New Revolving Commitments” and the revolving credit loans made thereunder, the “New Revolving Loans”) in an aggregate amount of $1,000.0 million, with a sublimit for letters of credit of $200.0 million and (ii) approximately $1,225.3 million of Term Loan A loans (the “Existing Term Loan A Loans”) and $379.3 million of Term Loan B loans (the “Existing Term Loan B Loans”) outstanding under the Existing Credit Agreement were refinanced by a new tranche of Term Loan A loans in an aggregate amount, along with additional new tranche A term loans advanced by certain lenders, totaling $1,650.0 million. The majority of the proceeds of the New Term Loan A were used to prepay in full all of the Existing Term Loan A Loans and Existing Term Loan B Loans.

The Ninth Amendment extended the maturity of the New Term Loan A and the New Revolving Commitments to September 7, 2027. Voluntary prepayments of the New Term Loan A and the New Revolving Loans are permitted at any time, in minimum principal amounts, without premium or penalty.

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The New Term Loan A amortizes in consecutive quarterly installments in an amount equal to (i) on the last business day of each full fiscal quarter that begins after the Ninth Amendment Effective Date but on or before the two year anniversary of the Ninth Amendment Effective Date, 0.625% of the stated principal amount of the New Term Loan A and (ii) on the last business day of each full fiscal quarter that begins after the two year anniversary of the Ninth Amendment Effective Date but before the five year anniversary of the Ninth Amendment Effective Date, 1.25% of the stated principal amount of the New Term Loan A. The remaining balance of the New Term Loan A will be payable upon maturity.

The rate at which the New Term Loan A and the New Revolving Loans bear interest will be based either on Term SOFR (subject to a 0.10% adjustment and a floor of zero) for the applicable interest period or a base rate (equal to the highest of (i) the administrative agent’s prime corporate rate, (ii) the overnight federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) three-month Term SOFR (subject to a 0.10% adjustment and a floor of zero) plus 1.00%), in each case plus an applicable margin, payable at the end of the applicable interest period and in any event at least quarterly. The applicable margin for the New Term Loan A and the New Revolving Loans ranges from 1.00% to 2.00% for Term SOFR loans and zero to 1.00% for base rate loans, in each case based on the lower of (i) the applicable rate per annum determined pursuant to a consolidated total net leverage ratio grid and (ii) the applicable rate per annum determined pursuant to a ratings grid. Unused New Revolving Commitments are subject to a quarterly fee ranging from 0.10% to 0.35% based on the lower of (i) the applicable fee rate per annum determined pursuant to a consolidated total net leverage ratio grid and (ii) the applicable fee rate per annum determined pursuant to a ratings grid. Booz Allen Hamilton has also agreed to pay customary letter of credit and agency fees.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants. In addition, Booz Allen Hamilton is required to meet a financial covenant at each quarter end based on a consolidated net total leverage ratio. As of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, Booz Allen Hamilton was in compliance with all financial covenants associated with its debt and debt-like instruments. In connection with Booz Allen Hamilton obtaining investment grade ratings from both Moody's and S&P, activities restricted by certain negative covenants are expected to be permitted subject to pro forma compliance with the financial covenant and no event of default having occurred and continuing.

The following table summarizes interest payments made on the Company’s term loans:

Borrowings under the New Term Loan A, and if used, the Revolving Credit Facility, incur interest at a variable rate. As of March 31, 2023, Booz Allen Hamilton had interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $700.0 million (which includes $550.0 million of active and $150.0 million of forward-starting hedges). These instruments hedge the variability of cash outflows for interest payments on the New Term Loan A and the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company's objectives in using cash flow hedges are to reduce volatility due to interest rate movements and to add stability to interest expense (see Note 11, “Derivatives,” in our consolidated financial statements).

Booz Allen Hamilton also has agreed to pay customary letter of credit and agency fees. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, Booz Allen Hamilton was contingently liable under open standby letters of credit and bank guarantees issued by its banks in favor of third parties that totaled $6.1 million and $8.4 million, respectively. These letters of credit and bank guarantees primarily support insurance and bid and performance obligations. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $1.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of these instruments reduced our available borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. The remainder is guaranteed under a separate $7.5 million facility of which $2.7 million was available to the Company at March 31, 2023. In fiscal 2022, the remainder was guaranteed under a separate $20.0 million facility of which $12.6 million was available to the Company at March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, we had $998.7 million of capacity available for additional borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

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The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants. The negative covenants include limitations on the following, in each case subject to certain exceptions: (i) indebtedness and liens; (ii) mergers, consolidations or amalgamations, liquidations, wind-ups or dissolutions, and disposition of all or substantially all assets; (iii) dispositions of property; (iv) restricted payments; (v) investments; (vi) transactions with affiliates; (vii) change in fiscal periods; (viii) negative pledges; (ix) restrictive agreements; (x) line of business; and (xi) speculative hedging. The events of default include the following, in each case subject to certain exceptions: (a) failure to make required payments under the Senior Credit Facility; (b) material breaches of representations or warranties under the Senior Credit Facility; (c) failure to observe covenants or agreements under the Senior Credit Facility; (d) failure to pay or default under certain other material indebtedness; (e) bankruptcy or insolvency; (f) certain Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA, events; (g) certain material judgments; (h) actual or asserted invalidity of the Guarantee and Collateral Agreements or the other security documents or failure of the guarantees or perfected liens thereunder; and (i) a change of control. In addition, we are required to meet certain financial covenants at each quarter end, namely Consolidated Net Total Leverage and Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratios. As of March 31, 2023, we were compliant with these covenants.

The total outstanding debt balance is recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs of $17.2 million and $21.6 million as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On August 24, 2020, Booz Allen Hamilton issued $700 million aggregate principal amount of its Senior Notes under an Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2020, among Booz Allen Hamilton, certain subsidiaries of Booz Allen Hamilton, as guarantors (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), and Wilmington Trust, National Association as trustee (the “Trustee”), as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2020, among Booz Allen Hamilton, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Trustee. A portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the Senior Notes was used to redeem in full $350 million aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2017 Senior Notes at a redemption price of 102.56% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to (but excluding) the redemption date, and to pay all fees and expenses related to the foregoing. Booz Allen Hamilton intends to use the remaining net proceeds from the sale of the Senior Notes for working capital and other general corporate purposes (see Note 10, “Debt,” in our consolidated financial statements). For fiscal 2023 and 2022, total interest payments of $47.1 million and $37.9 million were made for the Senior Notes, respectively.

Borrowings under the New Term Loan A and, if used, the Revolving Credit Facility, incur interest at a variable rate. In accordance with our risk management strategy between April 6, 2017 and April 4, 2019, Booz Allen Hamilton executed a series of interest rate swaps. As of March 31, 2023, we had interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $700.0 million. These instruments hedge the variability of cash outflows for interest payments on the floating portion of our debt. The Company's objectives in using cash flow hedges are to reduce volatility due to interest rate movements and to add stability to interest expense (see Note 11, “Derivatives,” in our consolidated financial statements).

Capital Structure and Resources

Our stockholders’ equity amounted to $992.0 million as of March 31, 2023, a decrease of $54.7 million compared to stockholders’ equity of $1,046.7 million as of March 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to $224.5 million in treasury stock resulting from the repurchase of shares of our Class A Common Stock and $235.4 million in aggregate quarterly dividend payments, partially offset by net income of $271.2 million and stock-based compensation expense of $80.3 million.

Capital Expenditures

Since we do not own any of our facilities, our capital expenditure requirements primarily relate to the purchase of computers, management systems, furniture, and leasehold improvements to support our operations. Direct facility and equipment costs billed to clients are not treated as capital expenses. Our capital expenditures for fiscal 2023 and 2022 were $76.1 million and $80.0 million, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies

We are subject to a number of reviews, investigations, claims, lawsuits, and other uncertainties related to our business. For a discussion of these items, refer to Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements.

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