CABOT CORP (CBT) FY 2024 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. This preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical to the financial statements if (i) the estimate is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and if (ii) different estimates and assumptions were used, the results could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and the application of our policies. We base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. We believe the following critical accounting estimates are the most significant to understanding our consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Tax Assets

We have established valuation allowances against a variety of deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards, capital loss carryforwards, foreign tax credits, and other income tax credits. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets quarterly and recognize a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets are not realizable. This assessment is completed on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis and relies on the weight of all positive and negative evidence available. Cumulative pre-tax losses for a three-year period are considered significant objective negative evidence that some or all of our deferred tax assets may not be realizable. Cumulative reported pre-tax income is considered objectively verifiable positive evidence of our ability to generate positive pretax income in the future.

In accordance with U.S. GAAP, when there is a recent history of pre-tax losses, there is little weight placed on forecasts for purposes of assessing the recoverability of our deferred tax assets. Judgment is required when considering the relative impact of positive and negative evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent that it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence is necessary to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. We consider the availability of objectively verifiable evidence, such as positive recent core operating results after adjusting for nonrecurring items in determining our ability to utilize deferred tax assets. We use systematic and logical methods to estimate when deferred tax liabilities will reverse and generate taxable income and when deferred tax assets will reverse and generate tax deductions. Assumptions, judgment, and estimates are required when estimating future income and scheduling the reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the exercise is inherently complex and subjective.

Refer to Note A and Note R of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for description of our policies related to income taxes.

Contingencies

We have recorded a significant reserve for respirator liability claims. Our current estimate of the cost of our share of pending and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time, including the number and nature of the remaining claims. Developments that could affect our estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, including potential settlements of groups of claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received or changes in our assessment of the viability of these claims, (vi) trial and appellate outcomes, (vii) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (viii) the financial viability of the parties that contribute to the payment of respirator claims, (ix) exhaustion or changes in the recoverability of the insurance coverage maintained by certain of the parties that contribute to the settlement of respirator claims, or a change in the availability of the indemnity provided by a former owner of the business, (x) changes in the allocation of costs among the various parties paying legal and settlement costs, and (xi) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate our share of liability are no longer reasonable. We cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on our current estimate of our share of liability for these existing and future claims. Because reserves are limited to amounts that are probable and estimable as of a relevant measurement date, and there is inherent difficulty in projecting the impact of potential developments on our share of liability for these existing and future claims, it is reasonably possible that the liabilities for existing and future claims could change in the near term and that change could be material. Refer to Note A and Note T of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for description of our policies related to contingencies.

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Goodwill Impairment

Goodwill is comprised of the purchase price of business acquisitions in excess of the fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing annually, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value.

Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves applying significant assumptions including discount rates and forecasted results for the applicable reporting unit, including earnings before interest and tax (“EBIT”), market multiples and growth rates. These assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. We engage third-party valuation specialists as needed to develop the assumptions used in the calculation and the evaluation of goodwill balances. Refer to Note A and Note G of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our policies related to goodwill.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to the discussion in Note B of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

Cabot is organized into two reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals. The Company’s former Purification Solutions business was a separate reportable segment prior to divestiture in the second quarter of fiscal 2022. Cabot is also organized for operational purposes into three geographic regions: the Americas; EMEA; and Asia Pacific. The discussions of our results of operations for the periods presented reflect these structures.

Our analysis of financial condition and operating results should be read with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Unless a calendar year is specified, all references to years in this discussion are to our fiscal years ended September 30.

This section discusses our fiscal 2024 and 2023 results of operations and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2024 and 2023. For the discussions of our fiscal 2022 results and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, refer to our discussions under the headings “Results of Operations” and “Cash Flows and Liquidity” in Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, which was filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2023.

Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

When discussing our results of operations, we use several terms as described below.

The term “product mix” refers to the mix of types and grades of products sold or the mix of geographic regions where products are sold, and the positive or negative impact this has on the revenue or profitability of the business and/or segment.

Our discussion under the heading “(Provision) Benefit for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate” includes a discussion and reconciliation of our “effective tax rate” and our “operating tax rate” for the periods presented, as well as management’s projection of our operating tax rate range for the next fiscal year. Our operating tax rate is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered as an alternative to our effective tax rate, the most comparable GAAP financial measure. The operating tax rate excludes income tax (expense) benefit on certain items and discrete tax items. The income tax (expense) benefit on certain items is determined using the applicable rates in the taxing jurisdictions in which the certain items occurred and includes both current and deferred income tax (expense) benefit based on the nature of the certain items. Discrete tax items include, but are not limited to, changes in valuation allowance, uncertain tax positions, and other tax items, such as the tax impact of legislative changes and tax accruals on historic earnings due to changes in indefinite reinvestment assertions. Our definition of the operating tax rate may not be comparable to the definition used by other companies. Management believes that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful supplemental information because it helps our investors compare our tax rate year to year on a consistent basis and to understand what our tax rate on current operations would be without the impact of these items.

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Our discussion under the heading “Fiscal 2024 versus Fiscal 2023—By Business Segment” includes a discussion of Total segment EBIT, which is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings from affiliated companies less certain items and other unallocated items. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer, uses segment EBIT to evaluate the operating results of each segment and to allocate resources to the segments. We believe Total segment EBIT, which reflects the sum of EBIT from our reportable segments, provides useful supplemental information for our investors as it is an important indicator of our operational strength and performance, allows investors to see our results through the eyes of management, and provides context for our discussion of individual business segment performance. Total segment EBIT should not be considered an alternative for Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of Total segment EBIT to Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies is provided under the heading “Fiscal 2024 versus Fiscal 2023—By Business Segment”. Investors should consider the limitations associated with this non-GAAP measure, including the potential lack of comparability of this measure from one company to another.

In calculating Total segment EBIT, we exclude from our Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (i) items of expense and income that management does not consider representative of our fundamental on-going segment results, which we refer to as “certain items”, and (ii) items that, because they are not controlled by the business segments and primarily benefit corporate objectives, are not allocated to our business segments, such as interest expense and other corporate costs, which include unallocated corporate overhead expenses such as certain corporate salaries and headquarter expenses, plus costs related to special projects and initiatives, which we refer to as “other unallocated items”. Management believes excluding the items identified as certain items facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period by eliminating differences that would not otherwise be apparent on a GAAP basis and also facilitates an evaluation of our operating performance without the impact of these costs or benefits. The items of income and expense that we have excluded from Total segment EBIT, as applicable, but that are included in our GAAP Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, as applicable, are described below.

•
Argentina controlled currency devaluation loss related to the foreign exchange loss from government-controlled currency devaluations on our net monetary assets denominated in the Argentine peso and investment losses related to the utilization of government bond programs established for the settlement of certain foreign payables.

•
Global restructuring activities, which include costs or benefits associated with cost reduction initiatives or plant closures and are primarily related to (i) employee termination costs, (ii) asset impairment charges associated with restructuring actions, (iii) costs to close facilities, including environmental costs and contract termination penalties, and (iv) gains realized on the sale of land or equipment associated with restructured plants or locations.

•
Legal and environmental matters and reserves, which consist of costs or benefits for matters typically related to former businesses or that are otherwise incurred outside of the ordinary course of business.

•
Acquisition and integration-related charges, which include transaction costs, redundant costs incurred during the period of integration, and costs associated with transitioning certain management and business processes to Cabot’s processes.

•
Asset impairment charges, which primarily include charges associated with an impairment of goodwill, other long-lived assets or assets held for sale.

•
Charges related to the divestiture of our Purification Solutions business, which include accelerated costs associated with the change in control and employee incentive compensation.

•
Benefit from the settlement of a royalty arrangement entered into in connection with the divestiture of our former Specialty Fluids business.

•
Gains (losses) on sale of a business.

•
Employee benefit plan settlements, which consist of either charges or benefits associated with the termination of a pension plan or the transfer of a pension plan to a multi-employer plan.

•
Gain associated with the bargain purchase of a business.

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Drivers of Demand and Key Factors Affecting Profitability

Drivers of demand and key factors affecting our profitability differ by segment. In Reinforcement Materials, longer term demand is driven primarily by: i) the number of vehicle miles driven globally; ii) the number of original equipment and replacement tires produced; iii) the number of automotive builds; and iv) changes in supply chain inventory levels to adapt to end-market demand and other market dynamics. Over the past several years, operating results have been driven by a number of factors, including: i) increases or decreases in our sales volumes driven by changes in production levels for tires or industrial rubber products and the level at which we service that demand; ii) changes in raw material costs and our ability to adjust the sales price for our products commensurate with changes in raw material costs; iii) changes in pricing and product mix, which includes customer pricing as well as the mix of products sold or the region in which they are sold; iv) global and regional capacity utilization for carbon black; v) fixed cost savings achieved through restructuring and other cost saving activities; vi) the growth of our volumes and market position in emerging economies; vii) capacity management and technology investments, including the impact of energy utilization and yield improvement technologies at our manufacturing facilities; viii) royalties and technology payments related to our patented elastomer composites technology that is used in tire applications; and ix) changes in energy prices associated with our energy center sales and the cost of utilities.

In Performance Chemicals, longer term demand is driven primarily by the construction and infrastructure, automotive, including sales into batteries for electric vehicles, electronics, inkjet printing, and consumer products industries. In recent years, operating results in Performance Chemicals have been driven by: i) increases or decreases in sales volumes to the industries previously noted; ii) changes in pricing and product mix, which includes customer pricing as well as the mix of products sold or the region in which they are sold; iii) our ability to deliver differentiated products that drive enhanced performance in customers’ applications; iv) our ability to obtain value pricing for this differentiation; v) the cost of new capacity; vi) changes in selling prices relative to variations in the cost of raw materials; vii) the adoption of new products for use in our customers’ applications; and viii) changes in supply chain inventory levels to adapt to end-market demand and other market dynamics.

Overview of Results for Fiscal 2024

During fiscal 2024, Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies increased compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher earnings in both our Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segments.

Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2023—Consolidated

Net Sales and Other Operating Revenues and Gross Profit

Net sales and other operating revenues increased by $63 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The increase in net sales and other operating revenues was driven by higher volumes in both the Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segments ($148 million combined), partially offset by unfavorable pricing and product mix in both segments ($48 million combined), the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation in both segments ($22 million combined) and lower by-product revenue in both segments ($5 million combined). The higher volumes were due to higher volumes in Asia Pacific and EMEA in Reinforcement Materials and higher volumes in Performance Chemicals as volumes reconnected to underlying demand drivers in key end markets. The unfavorable pricing in both segments was primarily due to lower raw material costs that are generally passed through to our customers.

Gross profit increased by $121 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher earnings in both our Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segments as volumes and unit margins, net of costs, in both segments improved.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

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Selling and administrative expenses increased by $30 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the incentive compensation expense.

Research and Technical Expenses

Research and technical expenses increased by $6 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the incentive compensation expense.

Loss on Sale of Business

The loss on sale of business associated with the sale of the Purification Solutions business is described in Note D of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest and Dividend Income

Interest and dividend income in fiscal 2024 increased by $1 million as compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher interest rates and the currency mix of deposit balances.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased by $9 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to lower average short-term borrowings, partially offset by higher interest rates.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense increased during fiscal 2024 by $20 million as compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher foreign currency losses in Argentina, including the impact of the government devaluation of the currency that occurred during the first quarter of fiscal 2024.

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(Provision) Benefit for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate

(1)
Refer to the reconciliation of computed tax expense at the federal statutory rate to the Provision (benefit) for income taxes in Note R of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2)
Non-GAAP tax adjustments made to arrive at the operating tax provision include the income tax (expense) benefit on certain items and discrete tax items, as further described above under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

For the year ended September 30, 2024, the (Provision) benefit for income taxes was a $111 million expense compared to a $28 million benefit for fiscal 2023. Included in the (provision) benefit for income taxes for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is a tax benefit of $24 million and $152 million, respectively, related to a partial valuation allowance release on the Company’s U.S. net deferred tax assets. Our income taxes are affected by the mix of earnings in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, and the presence of valuation allowances in certain tax jurisdictions.

For fiscal 2025, we expect our Operating tax rate to be in the range of 27% to 29%. We are not providing a forward-looking reconciliation of the operating tax rate range with an effective tax rate range because, without unreasonable effort, we are unable to predict with reasonable certainty the matters we would allocate to “certain items,” including unusual gains and losses, costs associated with future restructurings, acquisition-related expenses and litigation outcomes. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could have a material impact on the effective tax rate in future periods.

Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies and Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax

Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, increased by $1 million in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher profitability at our equity affiliate in Venezuela.

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, increased by $5 million in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to increase earnings of our joint ventures in China and the Czech Republic.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Cabot Corporation

In fiscal 2024 and 2023, we reported net income attributable to Cabot Corporation of $380 million ($6.72 earnings per diluted common share) and $445 million ($7.73 earnings per diluted common share), respectively. The decrease in fiscal 2024 was primarily due to a lower partial release of the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets ($128 million) and higher losses from government-controlled currency devaluations in Argentina ($26 million), partially offset by higher earnings in both our Reinforcement Material and Performance Chemicals segments ($94 million combined).

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Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2023—By Business Segment

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, pre-tax certain items, other unallocated items and Total segment EBIT for fiscal 2024 and 2023 are set forth in the table below. The details of certain items and other unallocated items are shown below and in Note V of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In fiscal 2024, Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies increased by $78 million. The increase was primarily driven by higher earnings in both our Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segment ($94 combined) and higher General unallocated income ($20 million), partially offset by higher expenses from Argentina controlled currency devaluation and other losses ($36 million).

Certain Items:

Details of the certain items for fiscal 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

An explanation of these items of expense and income is included in our discussion under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

Other Unallocated Items:

A discussion of items that we refer to as “other unallocated items” can be found under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”. The balances of unallocated corporate costs are primarily comprised of expenditures related to managing a public company that are not allocated to the segments and corporate business development costs related to ongoing corporate projects. The balances of General unallocated income (expense) consist of gains (losses) arising from foreign currency transactions, net of other foreign currency risk management activities, interest and dividend income, and the profit or loss related to the corporate adjustment for unearned revenue and unrealized holdings gains (losses) for investments. This does not include items of income or expense from the items that are separately treated as Certain items.

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In fiscal 2024, Total other unallocated items expense decreased by $14 million as compared to fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher General unallocated income partially offset by higher Unallocated corporate costs. General unallocated income (expense) was increased by $20 million of income primarily due to less foreign currency operating losses in Argentina in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The foreign currency losses from government devaluations in Argentina are treated as a certain item and are not included in General unallocated income (expense). Unallocated corporate costs increased by $14 million primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expense.

Reinforcement Materials

Sales and EBIT for Reinforcement Materials for fiscal 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

In fiscal 2024, sales in Reinforcement Materials increased by $47 million compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher volumes ($79 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($17 million) and unfavorable pricing and product mix ($13 million). The higher volumes were primarily in Asia Pacific and EMEA. The unfavorable pricing was primarily due to lower raw material costs that are generally passed through to our customers. EBIT in Reinforcement Materials increased by $55 million compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was driven by higher volumes ($28 million) and higher unit margins, net of higher costs ($25 million). The higher volumes were primarily in Asia Pacific and EMEA. The higher unit margins, net of higher costs, were primarily driven by favorable pricing and product mix in our 2023 and 2024 calendar year customer agreements, and higher costs were primarily driven by higher selling and administrative costs.

Performance Chemicals

Sales and EBIT for Performance Chemicals for fiscal 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

In fiscal 2024, sales in Performance Chemicals increased by $25 million compared to the same period of fiscal 2023. The increase was driven by higher volumes ($69 million), partially offset by unfavorable pricing and product mix ($36 million) and the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($5 million). The higher volumes were primarily due to demand recovery in key end markets as the customer destocking that occurred in fiscal 2023 did not reoccur in fiscal 2024.The less favorable pricing was primarily due to lower raw material costs that are generally passed through to our customers.

EBIT in Performance Chemicals increased by $39 million compared to fiscal 2023 due to higher volumes ($35 million) and higher unit margins, net of higher costs ($11 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation ($6 million). The higher volumes were primarily due to demand recovery in key end markets as the customer destocking that occurred in fiscal 2023 did not reoccur in fiscal 2024. The higher unit margins, net of higher costs, were primarily due to higher unit margins from a more favorable product mix with higher sales into the automotive and electronics end markets. Higher costs were primarily driven by higher maintenance and turnaround costs.

Fiscal 2025 Outlook

Looking forward to fiscal 2025, we remain focused on our strategy of Creating for Tomorrow, advancing several strategic initiatives, generating strong cash flows, continuing our disciplined approach to capital allocation, and remain committed to our investment grade credit rating. We expect continued EBIT growth in Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals with higher volumes in both segments and higher margins in Reinforcement Materials.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our liquidity position, as measured by cash and cash equivalents plus borrowing availability, increased by $137 million during fiscal 2024, primarily due to lower outstanding revolving credit and commercial paper balances at the end of the period. As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $223 million and borrowing availability under our revolving credit agreements of $1.2 billion.

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We have access to borrowings under the following two credit agreements:

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$1 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “U.S. Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Citibank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which matures in August 2027. The U.S. Credit Agreement supports our issuance of commercial paper, and borrowings under it may be used for working capital, letters of credit and other general corporate purposes.

•
€300 million unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Euro Credit Agreement”, and together with the U.S. Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), with PNC Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which matures in August 2027. Borrowings under the Euro Credit Agreement may be used for the repatriation of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the United States, the repayment of indebtedness of our foreign subsidiaries owing to us or any of our subsidiaries and for working capital and general corporate purposes.

As of September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with the debt covenants under the Credit Agreements, which, with limited exceptions, require us to comply on a quarterly basis with a leverage test requiring the ratio of consolidated net debt to consolidated EBITDA not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00. Consolidated net debt is defined as consolidated debt offset by the lesser of (i) unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and (ii) $150 million.

A significant portion of our business occurs outside the U.S. and our cash generation does not always align geographically with our cash needs. The vast majority of our cash and cash equivalent holdings tend to be held outside the U.S. We generally use a combination of U.S. earnings, repatriation of certain foreign earnings, commercial paper issuances and borrowings under our U.S. Credit Agreement to meet our U.S. cash needs. With the exception of Argentina, which has currency controls that prevent the distribution of cash, we are generally able to move cash throughout the Company through our cash pooling structures, intercompany accounts and/or distributions, as needed. Although we repatriate certain foreign earnings, cash held by foreign subsidiaries is generally considered permanently reinvested and is used to finance the subsidiaries’ operational activities and future investments. We usually reduce our commercial paper balance and, if applicable, borrowings under our Credit Agreements, at quarter-end using cash derived from customer collections, including the utilization of customer supply chain financing programs, settlement of intercompany balances and short-term intercompany loans. If additional funds are needed in the U.S., we expect to be able to repatriate cash, including cash from China, while paying any withholding or other taxes. Changes in regulations and tax laws in the U.S. or foreign countries could restrict our ability to transfer funds or impose material costs on such transfers.

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had $113 million and $120 million, respectively, of borrowings outstanding under the Euro Credit Agreement and no outstanding borrowings under the U.S. Credit Agreement at either date. There was $45 million and $172 million of commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We anticipate sufficient liquidity from (i) cash on hand; (ii) cash flows from operating activities; and (iii) cash available from the Credit Agreements and our commercial paper program to meet our operational and capital investment needs and financial obligations for both the next twelve months and the foreseeable future. The liquidity we derive from cash flows from operations is, to a large degree, predicated on our ability to collect our receivables in a timely manner, the cost of our raw materials, and our ability to manage inventory levels.

The following discussion of the changes in our cash balance refers to the various sections of our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities, which consists of net income adjusted for the various non-cash items included in income, changes in working capital and changes in certain other balance sheet accounts, totaled $692 million in fiscal 2024. Operating activities provided $595 million of cash in fiscal 2023.

Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2024 was driven by business earnings excluding the non-cash impacts of depreciation and amortization of $151 million, plus a decrease in net working capital of $57 million. The decrease in net working capital was largely driven by a decrease in inventories from lower cost of raw materials and an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable from increased sales volumes.

Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2023 was driven by business earnings excluding the non-cash impacts of depreciation and amortization of $144 million, plus a decrease in net working capital of $97 million. The decrease in net working capital was largely driven by a decrease in accounts receivable due to lower customer prices from lower cost of raw materials and decreased sales volumes and a decrease in inventories, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses driven by lower cost of raw materials.

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Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Investing activities consumed $235 million of cash in fiscal 2024 compared to $214 million in fiscal 2023. In fiscal 2024, the use of cash by investing activities primarily consisted of $241 million of capital expenditures for sustaining and compliance capital projects at our operating facilities as well as growth-related capital, including capacity expansion projects.

In fiscal 2023, the use of cash by investing activities primarily consisted of $244 million of capital expenditures for sustaining and compliance capital projects at our operating facilities as well as growth-related capital, including a capacity expansion project in Performance Chemicals, partially offset by proceeds from insurance settlements of $12 million, proceeds from the sale of land of $7 million, and proceeds from the sale of our Purification Solutions business of $6 million.

Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 are expected to be between $250 million and $300 million. Our planned capital spending program for fiscal 2025 is primarily for sustaining, compliance and improvement capital projects at our operating facilities as well as capacity expansion capital expenditures.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Financing activities consumed $415 million of cash in fiscal 2024 compared to $403 million consumed in fiscal 2023. The cash consumed by financing activities in fiscal 2024 primarily consisted of repurchases of common stock of $172 million, net repayments of commercial paper of $127 million, dividend payments to stockholders of $93 million, dividend payments to noncontrolling interests of $27 million, and net repayments of long-term debt of $12 million under our Euro Credit Agreement, which includes repayments of $26 million partially offset by proceeds of $14 million. These payments were partially offset by proceeds from the sales of common stock of $20 million from stock option exercises.

The cash consumed by financing activities in fiscal 2023 primarily consisted of net repayments of long-term debt of $6 million, which consisted of repayments of $90 million partially offset by proceeds of $84 million, net repayments of commercial paper of $149 million, net repayments of credit facility borrowings of $24 million, dividend payments to stockholders of $88 million, repurchases of common stock of $98 million and dividend payments to noncontrolling interests of $42 million.

Our long-term total debt, of which $8 million is current, matures at various times as presented in Note I of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The weighted-average interest rate on our fixed rate long-term debt was 4.29% as of September 30, 2024.

Share Repurchases

In fiscal 2018, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to an additional ten million shares of common stock. In fiscal 2024, we repurchased approximately 1.7 million shares of common stock on the open market for $159 million. In fiscal 2023, we repurchased approximately 1.3 million shares of common stock on the open market for $91 million. Additionally, during fiscal 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 0.2 million and 0.1 million, respectively, shares of our common stock associated with employee tax obligations on stock-based compensation awards for $13 million and $7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, we had approximately 1.3 million shares available for repurchase under the Board of Directors’ share repurchase authorization.

Dividend Payments

In fiscal 2024 and 2023, we paid cash dividends on our common stock of $1.66 and $1.54 per share, respectively. These cash dividend payments totaled $93 million and $88 million in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Employee Benefit Plans

As of September 30, 2024, we had a consolidated pension obligation, net of the fair value of plan assets, of $26 million, primarily associated with postretirement benefit plan liabilities.

In fiscal 2024, we made cash contributions totaling $4 million to our defined benefit pension plans. In fiscal 2025, we expect to make cash contributions of $5 million to our defined benefit pension plans.

The $25 million of unfunded postretirement benefit plan liabilities is comprised of $13 million for our U.S. and $12 million for our foreign postretirement benefit plans. These postretirement benefit plans provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Typical of such plans, our postretirement plans are unfunded and, therefore, have no plan assets. We fund these plans as claims or insurance premiums come due. In fiscal 2024, we paid postretirement benefits of $4 million. For fiscal 2025, our benefit payments for our postretirement plans are expected to be $3 million.

In fiscal 2023, we commenced the plan termination process for the Cabot Carbon Limited Pension Plan and Carbon Plastics Pension Plan and expect to complete this process in fiscal 2025.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our long-term contractual obligations.

(1)
Lease liabilities include interest.

Purchase Commitments

We have entered into long-term, volume-based purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials and natural gas with various key suppliers for all of our business segments. Under certain of these agreements the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price we pay changes as market prices change. For purposes of the table above, current purchase prices have been used to quantify total commitments. We have also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $31 million as of September 30, 2024, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years.

Leases

We have entered into various leases as the lessee, primarily related to certain transportation vehicles, warehouse facilities, office space, and machinery and equipment. These leases have remaining lease terms between one and fifteen years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to fifteen years or options to terminate the leases. Our land leases have remaining lease terms up to seventy-eight years.