Chefs' Warehouse, Inc. (CHEF) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with information included in Item 8 of this report. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company”, “Chefs’ Warehouse”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to The Chefs’ Warehouse, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Overview and Recent Developments

Overview

We are a premier distributor of specialty foods in the leading culinary markets in the United States, the Middle East and Canada. We offer more than 70,000 SKUs, ranging from high-quality specialty foods and ingredients to basic ingredients and staples, produce and center-of-the-plate proteins. We serve more than 44,000 Core Customer locations, primarily located in our twenty-three geographic markets across the United States, the Middle East and Canada, and the majority of our customers are independent restaurants and fine dining establishments. Our Allen Brothers subsidiary sells certain of our center-of-the-plate products directly to consumers.

We believe several key differentiating factors of our business model have enabled us to execute our strategy consistently and profitably across our expanding customer base. These factors consist of a portfolio of distinctive and hard-to-find specialty food products, an extensive selection of center-of-the-plate proteins, a highly trained and motivated sales force, strong sourcing capabilities, a fully integrated warehouse management system, a highly sophisticated distribution and logistics platform and a focused, seasoned management team.

In recent years, our sales to existing and new customers have increased through the continued growth in demand for specialty food and center-of-the-plate products in general; increased market share driven by our large percentage of sophisticated and experienced sales professionals, our high-quality customer service and our extensive breadth and depth of product offerings, including, as a result of our acquisitions; the expansion of our existing distribution centers; our entry into new distribution centers, including the construction of new distribution centers in San Francisco, Toronto, Dallas, Los Angeles and Miami; and the import and sale of our proprietary brands. Through these efforts, we believe that we have been able to expand our customer base, enhance and diversify our product selections, broaden our geographic penetration and increase our market share.

Recent Major Acquisitions

On May 1, 2023, we acquired substantially all of the equity interests of Oakville Produce Partners, LLC (“GreenLeaf”), a leading produce and specialty food distributor in Northern California. The final purchase price was $88.2 million consisting of $72.2 million paid in cash at closing, $3.5 million paid upon settlement of a net working capital true-up, the issuance of a $10.0 million unsecured note and 75,008 shares of the Company’s common stock with an approximate value of $2.5 million based on the trading price of the Company’s common stock on the date of acquisition.

On March 20, 2023, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Hardie’s F&V, LLC (“Hardie’s”), a specialty produce distributor with operations in Texas. The final purchase price was approximately $41.4 million, consisting of $38.0 million paid in cash at closing, $0.6 million received upon settlement of a net working capital true-up and an earn-out liability valued at approximately $4.0 million as of the acquisition date. If earned, the earn-out liability could total up to $10.0 million over a two-year period.

On November 1, 2022, we acquired substantially all of the shares of Chef Middle East LLC (“CME”), a specialty food distributor with operations in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman. The final purchase price was approximately $116.5 million, consisting of $108.7 million paid in cash at closing, $0.2 million paid upon settlement of a net working capital true-up, and an earn-out liability valued at $7.6 million as of the date of acquisition. The earn-out liability was earned and paid in full during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 for a total of $10.0 million.

Our Growth Strategies and Outlook

We continue to invest in our people, facilities and technology in an effort to achieve the following objectives and maintain our premier position within the specialty foodservice distribution market:

•sales and service territory expansion;

•operational excellence and high customer service levels;

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•expanded purchasing programs and improved buying power;

•product innovation and new product category introduction;

•operational efficiencies through system enhancements; and

•operating expense reduction through the centralization of general and administrative functions.

Our growth has allowed us to improve upon our organization’s infrastructure, open new distribution facilities and pursue selective acquisitions. Over the last several years, we have increased our distribution capacity to approximately 3.0 million square feet in 52 distribution facilities as of February 14, 2024. Over the period from fiscal 2021 through fiscal 2023, we have invested significantly in acquisitions, infrastructure and management.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Due to our focus on menu-driven independent restaurants, fine dining establishments, country clubs, hotels, caterers, culinary schools, bakeries, patisseries, chocolateries, cruise lines, casinos and specialty food stores, our results of operations are materially impacted by the success of the food-away-from-home industry in the United States, Middle East and Canada, which is materially impacted by general economic conditions, weather, discretionary spending levels and consumer confidence. When economic conditions deteriorate, our customers’ businesses are negatively impacted as fewer people eat away-from-home and those who do spend less money. As economic conditions begin to improve, our customers’ businesses historically have likewise improved, which contributes to improvements in our business. Similarly, the direct-to-consumer business of our Allen Brothers subsidiary is significantly dependent on consumers’ discretionary spending habits, and weakness or uncertainty in the economy could lead to consumers buying less from Allen Brothers.

Volatile food costs may have a direct impact upon our profitability. Prolonged periods of product cost inflation may have a negative impact on our profit margins and results of operations to the extent we are unable to pass on all or a portion of such product cost increases to our customers. In addition, product cost inflation may negatively impact consumer discretionary spending decisions within our customers’ establishments, which could adversely impact our sales. Conversely, our profit levels may be negatively impacted during periods of product cost deflation even though our gross profit as a percentage of sales may remain relatively constant. However, some of our products, particularly certain of our center-of-the-plate protein items, are priced on a “cost plus” markup, which helps mitigate the negative impact of deflation.

Given our wide selection of product categories, as well as the continuous introduction of new products, we can experience shifts in product sales mix that have an impact on net sales and gross profit margins. This mix shift is most significantly impacted by the introduction of new categories of products in markets that we have more recently entered, the shift in product mix resulting from acquisitions, as well as the continued growth in item penetration on higher velocity items such as dairy products.

The foodservice distribution industry is fragmented but consolidating, and we have supplemented our internal growth through selective strategic acquisitions. We believe that the consolidation trends in the foodservice distribution industry will continue to present acquisition opportunities for us, which may allow us to grow our business at a faster pace than we would otherwise be able to grow the business organically.

Performance Indicators

In addition to evaluating our income from operations, our management team analyzes our performance based on net sales growth, gross profit and gross profit margin.

•Net sales growth. Our net sales growth is driven principally by changes in volume and, to a lesser degree, changes in price related to the impact of inflation in commodity prices and product mix. In particular, product cost inflation and deflation impacts our results of operations and, depending on the amount of inflation or deflation, such impact may be material. For example, inflation may increase the dollar value of our sales, and deflation may cause the dollar value of our sales to fall despite our unit sales remaining constant or growing.

•Gross profit and gross profit margin. Our gross profit and gross profit as a percentage of net sales, or gross profit margin, are driven principally by changes in volume and fluctuations in food and commodity prices and our ability to pass on any price increases to our customers in an inflationary environment and maintain or increase gross profit margin when our costs decline. Our gross profit margin is also a function of the product mix of our net sales in any period. Given our wide selection of product categories, as well as the continuous introduction of new products, we can experience shifts in product sales mix that have an impact on net sales and gross profit margins. This mix shift is most significantly impacted by the introduction of new categories of products in markets that we have more recently entered, impact of

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product mix from acquisitions, as well as the continued growth in item penetration on higher velocity items such as dairy products.

Key Financial Definitions

•Net sales: Net sales consist primarily of sales of specialty products, produce, center-of-the-plate proteins and other food products to independently-owned restaurants and other high-end foodservice customers, which we report net of certain group discounts and customer sales incentives. Net sales also include direct-to-consumer sales on our e-commerce platforms.

•Cost of sales: Cost of sales include the net purchase price paid for products sold, plus the cost of transportation necessary to bring the product to our distribution facilities and food processing costs. Food processing costs include, but are not limited, to direct labor and benefits, applicable overhead and depreciation of equipment and facilities used in food processing activities. Our cost of sales may not be comparable to other similar companies within our industry.

•Selling, general and administrative expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses include facilities costs, product shipping and handling costs, warehouse costs, and other selling, general and administrative costs.

•Other operating expenses: Other operating expenses includes expenses primarily related to changes in the fair value of the Company’s contingent earn-out liabilities, gains and losses on asset disposals, asset impairments and certain third-party deal costs incurred in connection with business acquisitions or financing arrangements.

•Interest expense: Interest and other expense consists primarily of interest on our outstanding indebtedness and, as applicable, the amortization or write-off of deferred financing fees.

Results of Operations

This discussion focuses on our fiscal 2023 results, compared with fiscal 2022 results. The discussion of our fiscal 2022 results, compared with fiscal 2021 results, can be found in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022.

Fiscal Year Ended December 29, 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 30, 2022

The fiscal year ended December 29, 2023 consisted of 52 weeks as compared to the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022, which consisted of 53 weeks.

Net Sales

Organic growth contributed $214.6 million, or 8.2%, to sales growth. The remaining growth of $605.7 million, or 23.2%, resulted from acquisitions. The incremental 53rd week of the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022 contributed approximately 2.0% to fiscal 2022. Organic case count increased approximately 9.5% in our specialty category. In addition, specialty unique customers and placements increased 12.9% and 12.1%, respectively, compared to the prior year. Pounds sold in our center-of-

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the-plate category increased 6.3% compared to the prior year. Estimated inflation was 3.0% in our specialty category and 2.7% in our center-of-the-plate category compared to fiscal 2022.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased primarily due to increased sales volumes. Gross profit margin increased approximately 7 basis points based on the volume mix between specialty and center-of-the-plate category sales. Gross profit margins decreased 57 basis points in the Company’s specialty category and decreased 57 basis points in the Company’s center-of-the-plate category compared to the prior year period. Overall, our gross margins were relatively consistent with the prior year period.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher depreciation and amortization and higher costs associated with compensation, including benefits and facilities costs to support sales growth. Our ratio of selling, general and administrative expenses to net sales increased by 70 basis points due to increased near-term costs associated with our investments in facilities and acquisitions.

Other Operating Expenses, Net

The decrease in other operating expenses relates primarily to non-cash charges of $3.1 million for changes in the fair value of our contingent earn-out liabilities in fiscal 2023 compared to non-cash charges of $8.5 million in the prior year period and a year over year decrease of $2.3 million primarily related to third-party deal costs incurred in connection with business acquisitions and financing arrangements. The decrease was partially offset by an impairment on customer relationship intangible assets of $1.8 million related to the loss of a significant Hardie’s customer post acquisition.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased primarily due to higher principal amounts of outstanding debt due to our 2028 convertible notes issued on December 13, 2022, our term loan refinancing on August 23, 2022, an increase in amounts drawn on our asset-based loan facility and higher rates of interest charged on the variable rate portion of our outstanding debt.

Provision for Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate in the current period increased primarily driven by current period for return-to-provision adjustments of approximately $2.1 million identified in the completion of our fiscal 2022 tax return and the impact of those adjustments on the fiscal 2023 annual effective tax rate.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We finance our day-to-day operations and growth primarily with cash flows from operations, borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities and other indebtedness, operating leases, trade payables and equity financing.

Indebtedness

The following table presents selected financial information on our indebtedness (in thousands):

As of December 29, 2023, we have various floating- and fixed-rate debt instruments with varying maturities for an aggregate principal amount of $713.4 million. We had outstanding letters of credit of approximately $30.1 million and $25.8 million at December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022, respectively. Substantially all of our assets are pledged as collateral to secure our borrowings under our credit facilities. See Note 9 “Debt Obligations” to our consolidated financial statements for a full description of our debt instruments.

Recent Significant Financing Transactions

On November 1, 2023, we announced a two-year share repurchase program in an amount up to $100.0 million targeting $25.0 million to $100.0 million of share repurchases by the end of fiscal 2025.

On July 7, 2023, we increased the aggregate commitments on our asset-based loan facility to $300.0 million.

On December 13, 2022, we issued $287.5 million aggregate principal amount of 2.375% Convertible Senior Notes (the “2028 Convertible Notes”). Concurrently with the issuance of the 2028 Convertible Notes, we exchanged or repurchased approximately $158.3 million principal amount of 1.875% Convertible Senior Notes ( the“2024 Convertible Notes”) for an aggregate consideration consisting of approximately $159.7 million in cash, which includes accrued interest on the 2024 Convertible Notes, and approximately 324,066 shares of the Company’s common stock. We incurred transaction costs of approximately $7.0 million which were capitalized as deferred financing fees to be amortized over the term of the 2028 Senior Notes.

On August 23, 2022, we refinanced our senior secured term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million maturing in August 2029, comprising of a refinancing of the then existing term loans balance of $167.4 million and an incremental borrowing of $132.6 million. We deferred lender and third-party fees of $10.9 million as debt issuance costs to be amortized over the term of the term loan. Arrangement and third-party transaction costs of $4.5 million were expensed as incurred.

On March 1, 2021, we issued $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2024 Convertible Senior Notes at a premium which were offered as an additional issuance of our $150.0 million Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 issued on November 22, 2019. Net proceeds were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under our 2022 tranche of senior secured term loans of $31.2 million and repay a portion of borrowings outstanding under our asset-based loan facility. We incurred transaction costs of approximately $1.4 million which were capitalized as deferred financing fees to be amortized over the term of the underlying debt.

Liquidity

The following table presents selected financial information on liquidity (in thousands):

(1)We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities.

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We believe our existing balances of cash and cash equivalents, working capital and the availability under our asset-based loan facility, are sufficient to satisfy our working capital needs, capital expenditures, debt service and other liquidity requirements associated with our current operations over the next twelve months.

Our capital expenditures, excluding cash paid for acquisitions, were approximately $57.4 million for fiscal 2023. We believe our capital expenditures, excluding cash paid for acquisitions, for fiscal 2024 will be approximately $35.0 million to $45.0 million.

Our long-term cash requirements include:

•Debt obligations: See Note 9 “Debt Obligations” to our consolidated financial statements for a full description of our debt instruments and the timing of expected future payments.

•Leases: See Note 11 “Leases” to our consolidated financial statements for details on our various lease arrangements and the timing of expected future payments.

•Self-insurance liabilities: We are self-insured for medical, auto and workers’ compensation claims. Claims in excess of certain levels are insured by external parties. See Note 16 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for further detail.

•Contingent earn-out liabilities: Certain acquisitions involve contingent consideration, typically payable if certain financial performance targets are obtained. See Note 4 “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for details on our contingent earn-out liabilities outstanding as of December 29, 2023.

Cash Flows

Our cash provided by operating activities is predominately driven by net sales to our customers. Our cash used in operating activities is primarily driven by our payments to suppliers for our inventory, employee compensation, payments to support our facilities, our distribution network, interest on our indebtedness, payments to tax authorities and other general corporate expenditures. Net cash provided by operations was $61.6 million for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2023 compared to $23.1 million for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to a reduction in working capital requirements as we returned to more moderate growth in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022. Fiscal 2022 working capital investment was unusually high due to the rapid recovery from the pandemic.

Net cash used in investing activities was $179.3 million in fiscal 2023 driven by $121.9 million in cash to fund acquisitions and $57.4 million in capital expenditures.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.0 million for fiscal 2023 driven primarily by $60.0 million of incremental borrowing on our asset-based loan facility, partially offset by payments made on debt obligations of $31.2 million, earn-out payments of $11.6 million, finance lease payments of $4.3 million, $2.1 million of shares surrendered to pay withholding taxes and $1.7 million of deferred financing costs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 29, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The SEC has defined critical accounting policies as those that are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, complex or subjective judgments or estimates. Based on this definition, we believe our critical accounting policies include the following: (i) determining our allowance for doubtful accounts, (ii) inventory valuation, with regard to determining inventory balance adjustments for excess and obsolete inventory, (iii) business combinations, (iv) valuing

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goodwill and intangible assets and (v) accounting for income taxes. For all financial statement periods presented, there have been no material modifications to the application of these critical accounting policies.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We analyze customer creditworthiness, accounts receivable balances, payment history, payment terms and historical bad debt levels when evaluating the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts. In instances where a reserve has been recorded for a particular customer, future sales to the customer are either conducted using cash-on-delivery terms or the account is closely monitored so that agreed-upon payments are received prior to orders being released. A failure to pay results in held or cancelled orders. We also estimate receivables that will ultimately be uncollectible based upon historical write-off experience. Management incorporates current macro-economic factors in existence as of the balance sheet date that may impact the food-away-from-home industry and/or its customers, and specifically, beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2020, the impact of the Pandemic. We may be required to increase or decrease our allowance for doubtful accounts due to various factors, including the overall economic environment and particular circumstances of individual customers. Our accounts receivable balance was $334.0 million and $260.2 million, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts of $21.4 million and $20.7 million, as of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022, respectively.

Inventory Valuation

We adjust our inventory balances for excess and obsolete inventories. These adjustments are primarily based upon customer demand, inventory age, specifically identified inventory items and overall economic conditions. A sudden and unexpected change in consumer preferences or change in overall economic conditions could result in a significant change to these adjustments that could require a corresponding charge to earnings. We actively manage our inventory levels as we seek to minimize the risk of loss and have consistently achieved a relatively high level of inventory turnover.

Business Combinations

We account for acquisitions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805 “Business Combinations.” Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their estimated fair values, as of the acquisition date. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including estimated useful life, may have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet and may materially impact the amount of depreciation and amortization expense recognized in periods subsequent to the acquisition. We determine the fair value of intangible assets using an income approach and, when appropriate, we engage a third party valuation firm. Generally, we utilize the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief from royalty method to determine the fair value of trade names. These valuation methods contain significant assumptions and estimates including forecasts of expected future cash flows and discount rates. Determining the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment, as different types of intangible assets will have different useful lives. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

We account for contingent consideration relating to business combinations as a liability and an increase to goodwill at the date of the acquisition and continually remeasure the liability at each balance sheet date by recording changes in the fair value through our consolidated statements of operations. We determine the fair value of contingent consideration based on future operating projections under various potential scenarios, including the use of Monte Carlo simulation models, and weight the probability of these outcomes. The ultimate settlement of contingent earn-out liabilities relating to business combinations may be for amounts which are materially different from the amounts initially recorded and may cause volatility in our results of operations.

Valuation of Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We are required to test goodwill for impairment at each of our reporting units annually, or more frequently when circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. We have elected to perform our annual tests for indications of goodwill impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year.

Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment. When analyzing whether to aggregate components into single reporting units, management considers whether each component has similar economic characteristics. We have evaluated the economic characteristics of our different geographic markets, including our recently acquired businesses, along with the similarity of the operations and margins, nature of the products, type of customer and methods of distribution of products and the regulatory environment in which we operate. As of December 29, 2023 we maintain four reporting units.

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In testing goodwill for impairment, we may elect to perform a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative analysis considers various factors including macroeconomic conditions, market conditions, industry trends, cost factors and financial performance, among others. If our qualitative assessment indicates that goodwill impairment is more likely than not, we proceed to perform a quantitative assessment to determine the fair value of the reporting unit.

When a quantitative analysis is required, we estimate the fair value of our reporting units using an income approach that incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow model that involves many management assumptions that are based upon future growth projections. Assumptions include estimates of future revenue based upon budget projections and growth rates. We develop estimates of future levels of gross and operating profits and projected capital expenditures. This methodology includes the use of estimated discount rates based upon industry and competitor analysis as well as other factors. A goodwill impairment loss, if any, would be recognized for the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value.

For the fiscal years ended December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022, the Company assessed the recoverability of goodwill using a qualitative analysis and determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units exceeded their respective carry values. Total goodwill as of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022 was $356.0 million and $287.1 million, respectively.

Intangible assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Cash flows expected to be generated by the related assets are estimated over the assets useful lives based on updated projections. If the evaluation indicates that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, the potential impairment is measured based on a projected discounted cash flow model.

During fiscal 2023, we incurred a customer relationships intangible asset impairment charge of $1.8 million, $1.3 million net of tax, related to the loss of a significant Hardie’s Fresh Foods customer post acquisition.

During fiscal 2021, we committed to a plan to shift our brand strategy to leverage the Allen Brothers brand in our New England region and determined the Cambridge trademark did not fit our long-term strategic objectives. As a result, we recognized a $0.6 million impairment charge, $0.4 million net of tax, to fully write-down the net book value of our Cambridge trademark.

There have been no other events or changes in circumstances during fiscal 2023 or 2022 indicating that the carrying value of our finite-lived intangible assets are not recoverable. Total finite-lived intangible assets as of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022 were $184.9 million and $155.7 million, respectively.

The assessment of the recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets contain uncertainties requiring management to make assumptions and to apply judgment to estimate economic factors and the profitability of future operations. Actual results could differ from these assumptions and projections, resulting in us revising our assumptions and, if required, recognizing an impairment loss.

Income Taxes

The determination of our provision for income taxes requires significant judgment, the use of estimates and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. Our provision for income taxes primarily reflects a combination of income earned and taxed in the various U.S. federal, state, and Middle East jurisdictions. Jurisdictional tax law changes, increases or decreases in permanent differences between book and tax items, accruals or adjustments of accruals for unrecognized tax benefits, and our change in the mix of earnings from these taxing jurisdictions all affect the overall effective tax rate.

We estimate our ability to recover deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise. This evaluation considers several factors, including recent results of operations, scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, future taxable income and tax planning strategies. As of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2022, we had valuation allowances of $2.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, relating to certain net operating losses that may not be realizable in the future based on taxable income forecasts and certain state net operating loss limitations.

Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting policies with our board of directors, and the board of directors has reviewed the above disclosure. Our consolidated financial statements contain other items that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above. These other items include our calculations for bonus accruals, depreciation and amortization. Changes in estimates and assumptions used in these and other items could have an effect on our consolidated financial statements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 “Operations and Basis of Presentation” to our consolidated financial statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements including the respective expected dates of adoption and expected effects on our consolidated financial statements.