AMERICOLD REALTY TRUST (COLD) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our expectation for future performance, liquidity and capital resources, that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences include those identified below and those described under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed on February 29, 2024, for a discussion of the comparative results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Management’s Overview

Americold Realty Trust, Inc. together with its subsidiaries (“ART”, “Americold”, the “Company”, “us” or “we”) is a Maryland corporation that operates as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company is a global leader in temperature-controlled storage, logistics, real estate and value-added services, and is focused on the ownership, operation, acquisition and development of temperature-controlled warehouses. The Company operates 239 warehouses globally, totaling approximately 1.4 billion cubic feet, with 195 in North America, 25 in Europe, 17 in Asia-Pacific, and 2 in South America as of December 31, 2024.

Our business includes three primary business segments: warehouse, transportation and third-party managed. We have minority interests in two joint ventures: SuperFrio Armazéns Gerais S.A. (“SuperFrio”), which operates 34 temperature-controlled warehouses in Brazil, and RSA Cold Holdings Limited (the “RSA joint venture”), which operates two temperature-controlled warehouses in Dubai.

Focus on Our Operational Effectiveness and Cost Structure

Our ongoing initiatives, some of which are detailed below, focus on streamlining business operations and reducing costs. This includes i) centralizing processes; ii) implementing operational standards; iii) adopting new technology; iv) enhancing health and safety programs; v) leveraging our networks’ purchasing power; and vi) fully integrating acquired assets and businesses. Such realignments have and will allow us to acquire new talent and strengthen our service offerings.

Additionally, as part of our initiatives to streamline our business processes and to reduce our cost structure, we have evaluated and exited less strategic and profitable markets or business lines, including the sale of certain warehouse assets, the exit of certain leased facilities, and the exit of certain managed warehouse agreements. Through our process of active portfolio management, we continue to evaluate our markets and offerings.

Other costs reduction initiatives

To reduce facility costs, we continue to invest in energy efficiency projects, including LED lighting, thermal and solar energy storage, motion-sensor technology, variable frequency drives, third party efficiency reviews, real-time energy consumption monitoring, rapid open and close doors, and alternative-power generation technologies. We have also fine-tuned our refrigeration systems, implemented rain water harvesting and energy management practices, as well as increased our participation in Power Demand Response programs with some of our power suppliers. These initiatives have allowed us to reduce our consumption of kilowatt hours and energy spend.

52

Table of Contents

Key Factors Affecting Our Business and Financial Results

Cybersecurity Incident

On April 26, 2023, the Company became aware of a cybersecurity incident impacting a certain number of our systems and partially impacting operations for a limited period of time (the “Cyber Incident”). The Company engaged an external cyber security expert to initiate responses to contain and remediate the incident, and conduct a forensic investigation. Actions taken included preventative measures such as shutting down certain operating systems, supplementing existing security monitoring with additional scanning and other protective measures. The Company also notified law enforcement and its customers, informing them of both the incident and management’s efforts to minimize its impact on the Company’s daily operations. Technology information systems were reintroduced in a controlled phased approach and all locations successfully resumed operations at pre-cyberattack levels by June 30, 2023.

As noted above, the Company engaged a leading cybersecurity defense firm that completed a forensic investigation of the incident and provided recommended actions in response to the findings. The Company has completed many of the recommended remediation activities and continues to enhance our policies and procedures meant to assess, identify, and effectively manage cybersecurity risks, threats, and incidents.

Incremental charges recorded in conjunction with remediation and response efforts associated with the Cyber Incident have been recorded net of insurance recoveries within “Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This amount was primarily comprised of incremental internal labor costs, professional fees, customer claims, and related insurance deductibles.

Project Orion

In February 2023, we announced our transformation program “Project Orion” designed to drive future growth and achieve our long-term strategic objectives, through investment in our technology systems and business processes across our global platform. The project includes the implementation of a new, best-in-class, cloud-based enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) software system. The primary goals of this project are to streamline standard processes, reduce manual work and incrementally improve our business analytics capabilities. Highlights of the project include implementing centralized customer billing operations, a global payroll and human capital management platform, next-generation warehouse maintenance capabilities, global procurement functionality and shared-service operations in certain international regions, among others. We expect the benefits of these initiatives to include revenue and margin improvements through pricing data and analytics and heightened customer contract governance, finance and human resources cost reductions, information technology (“IT”) applications and infrastructure rationalization, reduced employee turnover, working capital efficiency and reduced IT maintenance capital expenditures. The activities associated with Project Orion are expected to be substantially complete within three years from the project’s start date. Since inception, the Company has incurred $161.4 million of implementation costs related to Project Orion, including expenses reported in “Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and costs deferred in “Other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The unamortized balance of the Project Orion deferred costs were $80.5 million and $43.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company deployed the first phase of Project Orion. The implementation costs deferred within “Other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are now being amortized through “Selling, general, and administrative” expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The useful lives of the Company’s internal-use software and capitalized cloud computing implementation costs are generally

53

Table of Contents

three to five years. However, the useful lives of major information system installations, such as implementations of ERP systems and certain related software, are determined on an individual basis and may exceed five years depending on the estimated period of use. The Company has determined the useful life of the new ERP system to be ten years and is amortizing the costs associated with the ERP implementation on a straight line basis over such period. The amortization expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 related to the Project Orion ERP implementation was $4.2 million.

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased the 11 facilities in the Company’s lease portfolio that were previously accounted for as failed sale-leaseback financing obligations. Total cash outflows related to these purchases of $191.0 million are included within “Termination of sale-leaseback financing obligations” on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2024.

These purchases resulted in the recognition of a $115.1 million loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2024. These amounts are recognized within “Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets

During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company recorded $33.1 million of impairment charges within “Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations which is related to the anticipated exit of certain warehouse and transportation related operations.

Seasonality

We specialize in providing services to businesses within the food industry whose businesses are often seasonal or cyclical. On average the first and second quarter segment contributions, as defined below, are relatively consistent. On a portfolio-wide basis, physical occupancy rates are generally the lowest during May and June and gradually increase thereafter, due to annual harvests and our customers’ focus on building inventories for end-of-year holidays, which generally peak between mid-September and early December. The external temperature reaches annual peaks for a majority of our portfolio during the third and fourth quarter of the year resulting in increased power expenses.

To manage earnings volatility due to seasonality, we have implemented fixed commitment contracts with certain customers. These fixed commitment contracts obligate our customers to pay for guaranteed warehouse space to maintain required inventory levels, particularly during peak occupancy periods. Our diverse customer base also mitigates the impact of seasonality as peak demand for various products occurs at different times of the year (for example, demand for ice cream is typically highest in the summer while demand for frozen turkeys usually peaks in the late fall). Additionally, our southern hemisphere operations in Australia, New Zealand and South America complement the growing and harvesting cycles in North America and Europe, further balancing seasonality’s impact on our operations.

Foreign Currency Translation Impact on Our Operations

Our consolidated revenues and expenses are impacted by foreign currency fluctuations, which can significantly affect our results. However, revenues and expenses from our international operations are typically denominated in

54

Table of Contents

the local currency of the country in which they are derived, which partially mitigates the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.

Amounts presented in constant currency within our results of operations are calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the comparable prior year period to actual local currency results in the current period. While constant currency metrics are a non-GAAP calculation and do not represent actual results, the comparison allows the reader to understand the impact of operations excluding changes in foreign exchange rates. We provide reconciliations of these measures in the discussions of our comparative results of operations below. Our discussion of the drivers of our performance below are based upon U.S. GAAP.

Historically Significant Customer

For the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues, with revenues received of $264.2 million. The Company and this customer transitioned the management of this customer’s warehouses to a new third-party provider during the fourth quarter of 2022, and we are no longer serving this customer in the third-party managed segment. Of the revenues received from this customer, $255.2 million was offset by matching expenses included in our third-party managed cost of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

How We Assess the Performance of Our Business

Segment Contribution Net Operating Income (“NOI”)

We evaluate the performance of our primary business segments based on their NOI contribution to our overall results of operations which aligns with how our decision makers evaluate performance.

•Warehouse segment contribution NOI is calculated as warehouse segment revenues less its cost of operations (excluding any Depreciation and amortization; Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets; corporate-level Selling, general, and administrative; corporate-level Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net; Net (gain) loss from sale of real estate; and all components of Other income (expense).

•Warehouse rent and storage contribution NOI is calculated as warehouse rent and storage revenues less power and other facilities cost.

•Warehouse services operations NOI is calculated as warehouse services revenues less labor and other service costs.

•Transportation segment contribution NOI is calculated as transportation segment revenues less its cost of operations (excluding any Depreciation and amortization, Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets, corporate-level Selling, general, and administrative, corporate-level Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net and Net (gain) loss from sale of real estate) and all components of Other income (expense).

•Third-party Managed segment contribution NOI is calculated as third-party managed segment revenues less its cost of operations (excluding any Depreciation and amortization, Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets, corporate-level Selling, general, and administrative, corporate-level Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net and Net (gain) loss from sale of real estate) and all components of Other income (expense).

•Contribution NOI margin for each of these operations is calculated as the applicable contribution NOI measure divided by the applicable revenue measure.

55

Table of Contents

Segment NOI and NOI margin contribution metrics 0help investors understand revenues, costs, and earnings among service types. These NOI contribution measures are supplemental and are not measurements of financial performance under U.S. GAAP. We provide reconciliations of these measures to U.S. GAAP in the results of operations sections below.

Same Store Analysis

We believe that same store metrics are key performance indicators commonly used in the real estate industry. Evaluating the performance of our real estate portfolio on a same store basis allows investors to evaluate performance in a way that is consistent period to period. We define our “same store” population once annually at the beginning of the current calendar year. Our population includes properties owned or leased for the entirety of two comparable periods with at least twelve consecutive months of normalized operations prior to January 1 of the current calendar year. We define “normalized operations” as properties that have been open for operation or lease, after development, expansion, or significant modification (e.g., rehabilitation subsequent to a natural disaster). Acquired properties are included in the “same store” population if owned by us as of the first business day of the prior calendar year (e.g. January 1, 2023) and are still owned by us as of the end of the current reporting period, unless the property is under development. The “same store” pool is also adjusted to remove properties that are being exited (e.g. non-renewal of warehouse lease or held for sale to third parties), were sold, or entered development subsequent to the beginning of the current calendar year.

Beginning January of 2024, changes in ownership structure (e.g., purchase of a previously leased warehouse) will no longer result in a facility being excluded from the same store population, as management believes that actively managing its real estate is normal course of operations. Additionally, management will begin to classify new developments (both conventional and automated facilities) as a component of the same store pool once the facility is considered fully operational and both inbounding and outbounding product for at least twelve consecutive months prior to January 1 of the current calendar year. These changes reflect a better alignment of our disclosures with industry practices.

For all same store properties (as defined above), we calculate “same store contribution NOI”, “same store rent and storage contribution NOI”, “same store services contribution NOI”, and the related margins in the same manner as described above. To ensure comparability in our period-to-period operating results, we also calculate same store contribution NOI measures on a constant currency basis, removing the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations by using prior period exchange rates to translate current period results into US dollars. These metrics isolate the operating performance of a consistent set of properties and thus eliminates the effects of changes in portfolio composition and currency fluctuations.

The following table shows the number of same-store and non-same store warehouses in our portfolio as of December 31, 2024. The non-same store warehouse count in the table below includes the partial period impact of sites exited during the periods presented.

(1)The non-same store facility count consists of: 5 sites in the expansion and development phase, 2 facilities that we purchased in 2023, 2 facilities whose operations have ceased and the Company is evaluating alternative use including,

56

Table of Contents

third party lease or sale. As of December 31, 2024, there are 6 sites in the development and expansion phase that will be added to the non - same store pool when operations commence.

Same store financial metrics are not a measurement of financial performance under U.S. GAAP. In addition, other companies providing temperature-controlled warehouse storage and handling and other warehouse services may not define same store or calculate same store financial metrics in a manner consistent with our definitions and calculations. Same store financial measures should be considered as a supplement, but not as an alternative, to our results calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We provide reconciliations of these measures to U.S. GAAP in the discussions of our comparative results of operations below.

Physical Occupancy of our Warehouses

We define average physical occupied pallets as the average number of physically occupied pallets positions in our warehouses for the applicable period.

Physical occupancy percentage is calculated by dividing the average number of physically occupied pallets by the estimated average of total physical pallet positions in our warehouses, regardless of whether they are occupied, for the applicable period.

We estimate the number of physical pallet positions by taking into account actual racked space and by estimating unracked space on an as-if racked basis. We base this estimate on a formula utilizing the total cubic feet of each room within the warehouse that is unracked divided by the volume of an assumed rack space that is consistent with the characteristics of the relevant warehouse. On a warehouse by warehouse basis, rack space generally ranges from three to four feet depending upon the type of facility and the nature of the customer goods stored therein. The number of our pallet positions is reviewed and updated quarterly, taking into account changes in racking configurations and room utilization.

Economic Occupancy of our Warehouses

We define average economic occupied pallets as the sum of the average number of physically occupied pallets and otherwise contractually committed pallets for a given period, without duplication.

Economic occupancy percentage is calculated by dividing the average economic occupied pallets by the estimated average of total physical pallet positions in our warehouses, regardless of whether they are occupied, for the applicable period.

Economic occupancy is a key driver of our financial results. Historically, providers of temperature-controlled warehouse space have offered storage services to customers on an as-utilized, on-demand basis. We now aim to establish contracts with fixed storage commitments for new customer relationships and transition existing customers to such contracts in conjunction with contract renewals or changes in customer profiles. This strategy mitigates the impact of seasonal changes on physical occupancy and ensures our customers have the necessary space to support their business needs.

Throughput at our Warehouses

The level and nature of throughput at our warehouses significantly impacts our warehouse services revenues. Throughput refers to the volume of pallets entering and exiting our warehouses, with higher levels of throughput driving warehouse services revenues. The nature of throughput can be influenced by various factors including

57

Table of Contents

product turnover and shifts in consumer demand. Food manufacturers’ production levels are influenced by market conditions, consumer demand, labor availability, supply chain dynamics and consumer preferences, which all impact throughput.

Constant Currency Metrics

Our consolidated revenues and expenses are subject to variations outside our control that are caused by the net effect of foreign currency translation on revenues generated and expenses incurred by our operations outside the United States. As a result, in order to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying businesses performed excluding the effect of foreign currency fluctuations, we analyze our business performance based on certain constant currency reporting that represents current period results translated into U.S. dollars at the relevant average foreign exchange rates applicable in the comparable prior period. We believe that the presentation of constant currency results provides a measurement of our ongoing operations that is meaningful to investors because it excludes the impact of these foreign currency movements that we cannot control.

Constant currency results are not measurements of financial performance under U.S. GAAP, and our constant currency results should be considered as a supplement, but not as an alternative, to our results calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The constant currency performance measures should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We provide reconciliations of these measures in the discussions of our comparative results of operations below. Our discussion of the drivers of our performance below are based upon U.S. GAAP.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Warehouse

Rent, storage, and warehouse services. Our primary source of revenues are rent, storage, and warehouse services fees. Rent and storage revenues are related to the storage of frozen, perishable or other products in our warehouses. We also offer a wide array of value added services including: i) receipt, labeling and storage of goods, ii) customized order retrieval and packaging, iii) blast freezing and ripening, iv) government approved periodic inspections, fumigation, and other treatment services, and v) e-commerce fulfillment and many more.

Rent, storage, and warehouse services cost of operations consist of labor, power, other facilities costs, and other service costs.

Labor, the most significant part of warehouse expenses, covers wages, benefits, workers' compensation, and can vary due to factors like workforce size, customer needs, compensation levels, third-party labor usage, collective bargaining agreements, customer requirements, productivity, labor availability, government policies, medical insurance costs, safety programs, and discretionary bonuses.

The cost of power, also a significant cost of operations, fluctuates based on the price of power in the regions that our facilities operate and the required temperature zone or freezing required. We may, from time to time, hedge our exposure to changes in power prices through fixed rate agreements or, to the extent possible and appropriate, through rate escalations or power surcharge provisions within our customer contracts.

Other facilities costs include utilities other than power, property taxes and insurance, sanitation, repairs and maintenance, operating lease rent charges, security, and other related facilities costs.

58

Table of Contents

Other services costs include equipment costs, warehouse consumables (e.g. shrink-wrap), employee protective equipment, warehouse administration and other related services costs.

Transportation

Transportation services revenues is derived from fees charged for transportation of our customers products, often including fuel and capacity surcharges.

Transportation services cost of operations are primarily affected by third-party carrier costs, which are influenced by carrier factors like driver and equipment availability. In select markets, we use our drivers and assets, incurring costs like wages, fuel, tolls, insurance, and maintenance to operate these assets.

Third-Party Managed

Third-party managed services. Reimbursements that we receive for expenses incurred for warehouses that we manage on behalf of third party owners are recognized as third-party managed services revenues. We also earn management fees, incentive fees upon achieving negotiated performance and cost-savings results, or an applicable mark-up on costs.

Third-party managed services cost of operations, which are recognized on a pass through basis, primarily consist of labor charges similar to those described above as a component of warehouse costs of operations.

Consolidated Operating Expenses

Depreciation and amortization charges relate to the depreciation of buildings and equipment related improvements, leasehold improvements, material handling equipment, furniture, fixtures, and our computer equipment. Amortization relates primarily to intangible assets for customer relationships.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of non-warehouse related labor, administrative, business development, marketing, engineering, human resources, information technology (including amortization expenses associated with the implementation of Project Orion), performance and time based incentive compensation, communications, travel, professional fees, bad debt, training, and office supplies.

Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net consists of non-recurring or non-routine costs including acquisition related costs, costs related to Project Orion, litigation and settlement costs outside of the normal course of business, severance, terminated site operations costs, pension plan termination charges, and cyber incident related costs, net of insurance recoveries all of which are not representative of our normal course of operations.

Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets represents the impairment of goodwill, customer relationship intangibles, and other long-lived assets whose values are considered unrecoverable.

Net (gain) loss from sale of real estate represents gains or losses recognized from the sale of Company owned real estate.

Interest expense is associated with interest charged on unsecured revolving credit facilities, term loans, and notes.

Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments is representative of charges associated with prior debt extinguishments and modifications as well as the termination of derivative instruments.

59

Table of Contents

Loss from investments in partially owned entities is representative of our share of gains and losses associated with our minority ownership interests in joint ventures.

Impairment of related party loan receivable represents impairment charges associated with the loan issued to the Comfrio joint venture which is further described in Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loss on put option represents the fair value of put option associated with the Comfrio joint venture further described in Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other, net primarily includes foreign currency remeasurement, interest income, gains and losses on other asset disposals, certain legal settlements, gains recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 related to the removal of a certain net investment hedge designation, and other miscellaneous transactions.

60

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

Comparison of Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Warehouse Segment

The following table presents revenues, contribution (NOI), margins, and certain operating metrics for our global warehouse segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)The adjustments from our U.S. GAAP operating results to calculate our operating results on a constant currency basis are the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the comparable prior period.

(2)Includes real estate rent expense of $35.9 million and $37.5 million, on an actual basis, for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(3)Includes non-real estate rent expense (equipment lease and rentals) of $12.3 million and $14.3 million, on an actual basis, for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

On a constant currency basis, our warehouse segment revenues increased $58.8 million, or 2.5%, during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. This growth was driven by an increase

61

Table of Contents

of $55.8 million in our same store pool, and an increase of $2.9 million in our non-same store pool, both on a constant currency basis, due to factors further discussed below.

On a constant currency basis, our warehouse segment cost of operations decreased $31.2 million, or 1.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The cost of operations for our same store pool decreased $28.1 million, and decreased $3.1 million for our non-same store pool, both on a constant currency basis, due to factors further described below.

On a constant currency basis, warehouse segment NOI contribution increased $90.0 million, or 12.5%, during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year. The NOI for our same store pool increased $83.9 million, or 11.4%, and increased $6.1 million for our non-same store pool, both on a constant currency basis, due to factors further described below.

62

Table of Contents

Same Store and Non-Same Store Analysis

The following table presents revenues, contribution (NOI), margins, and certain operating metrics for our same store and non-same store for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)The adjustments from our U.S. GAAP operating results to calculate our operating results on a constant currency basis are the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the comparable prior period.

Same store rent and storage revenues decreased by $20.5 million on a constant currency basis, primarily due to a decrease in economic occupancy of 502 basis points. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in the constant currency same store rent and storage revenues per average economic occupied pallet of 4.4% during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in the prior year.

Same store services revenues increased $76.4 million on a constant currency basis, primarily due to pricing initiatives implemented during the latter half of 2023, improved revenue capture, and incremental value added services. Specifically, our constant currency same store services revenues per throughput pallet increased 9.8%

63

Table of Contents

during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in the prior year. This was partially offset by a decrease in throughput of 3.4%.

Same store costs of operations decreased by $28.1 million, on a constant currency basis, primarily driven by lower labor and other service costs. Such costs decreased as a result of lower throughput volume of 3.4% resulting in less overtime and contract labor, in addition to an increased focus on workforce performance and operational efficiencies. More specifically, the decline in other service costs included lower costs associated with supply purchases as well as lower customer claims reserve expense. This was partially offset by an increase in power and other variable facilities costs, primarily facility maintenance, due to ongoing inflationary pressures.

(1)The adjustments from our U.S. GAAP operating results to calculate our operating results on a constant currency basis are the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the comparable prior period.

64

Table of Contents

Transportation Segment

The following table presents the operating results of our transportation segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)The adjustments from our U.S. GAAP operating results to calculate our operating results on a constant currency basis are the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the comparable prior period.

On a constant currency basis, transportation revenues decreased $25.3 million, or 10.6%, compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower volumes associated with certain warehouses in the UK, the loss of a major customer in the United States that returned during the fourth quarter, and the softening of transportation demand in the general macro-environment.

On a constant currency basis, transportation cost of operations decreased $20.7 million, or 10.5%, compared to the prior year. The decrease was due to the same factors contributing to the decline in revenues mentioned above.

Third-Party Managed Segment

The following table presents the operating results of our third-party managed segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)The adjustments from our U.S. GAAP operating results to calculate our operating results on a constant currency basis are the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the comparable prior period.

65

Table of Contents

On a constant currency basis, third-party managed revenues decreased $1.7 million, or 4.1%, as compared to the same period in the prior year due to factors further discussed below.

On a constant currency basis, third-party managed cost of operations decreased $4.3 million, or 11.8%, as compared to the same period in the prior year due to factors further discussed below.

On a constant currency basis, third-party managed segment contribution (NOI) increased $2.6 million, or 43.8% as compared to the same period in the prior year. The improvement in margin is primarily due to customer pricing and operational improvements in Australia and certain North America locations. Additionally, the third party managed segment costs are largely passed to the consumer, thus the decline in overall costs aligns with the decline in segment revenues. Lastly, the Company ceased operations of a certain third party managed site during 2024, however, the impact of this exit was not significant.

Other Consolidated Operating Expenses

The following table presents consolidated operating expenses, excluding cost of operations, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense was $360.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $7.1 million, or 2.0%, compared to $353.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the impact of our recently completed expansion and development projects in our warehouse segment.

Selling, general, and administrative. Corporate-level selling, general, and administrative expenses were $255.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $28.3 million, or 12.5%, compared to $226.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by general increases in office administrative expenses, most notably data communications, information security related investments, and legal and professional fees, as well as the go live of Project Orion (Phase 1) during the second quarter of 2024, which resulted in higher software related expenses (primarily subscription and deferred costs amortization). Also, certain costs associated with resources diverted to Cyber incident recovery efforts during the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in lower selling, general, and administrative expenses compared to the current period. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, selling, general, and administrative expenses were 9.6% and 8.5% of total revenues, respectively.

66

Table of Contents

Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net. Corporate-level acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net expenses include the following:

Refer to Note 8 - Acquisition, Cyber Incident and Other, Net of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further description of the expenses listed above.

Project Orion expenses represent the non-capitalizable portion of our Project Orion costs. These costs have increased by $44.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to increased contract labor, professional fees, and other non-capitalizable implementation costs as Phase 1 of the project went live during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Acquisition and integration related costs increased $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to a $3.8 million earn out payment related to a prior acquisition.

Cyber incident related costs, net of insurance recoveries, decreased by $34.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a $10.0 million payment received during 2024 for business interruption insurance and a significant reduction in expenses related to the 2023 Cyber incident. Costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were comprised primarily of incremental internal labor costs, claim reserves, and professional and legal fees related to the 2023 Cyber incident further described in Note 1 - Description of the Business of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pension plan termination charges represent costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the termination of the Americold Retirement Income Plan. Refer to Note 1 - Description of the Business of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded impairment charges related to certain long-lived assets and intangible assets of $33.1 million primarily due to the anticipated exit of certain warehouse and transportation related operations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded goodwill impairment charges of $236.5 million in our European warehouse business as a result of our annual goodwill impairment evaluation process.

Gain from sale of real estate. The sale of real estate during the year ended December 31, 2024 included a $3.5 million gain related to the strategic sale of a facility in the United States. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $2.3 million gain from the sale of a facility in Canada.

67

Table of Contents

Other Income and Expense

The following table presents other income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Interest expense. Interest expense was $135.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $4.8 million, or 3.4%, compared to $140.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was driven by lower average revolver balances, higher capitalized interest attributable to an increased level of growth and development initiatives, and the Company’s purchase of 11 previously leased facilities accounted for as failed sale-leaseback transactions resulting in lower interest expense during the period. The decrease was partially offset by incremental interest on the $500.0 million Public Senior Unsecured Notes issued on September 12, 2024.

Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments. The Company purchased 11 facilities accounted for as failed sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting in a loss on debt extinguishment of $115.1 million. Additionally, the Company recognized a loss of $1.0 million and $2.5 million on the termination of derivative instruments during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which represents the amortization of fees paid for the interest rate swaps terminated during 2020. The amortization of these fees ended in August 2024.

Loss from investments in partially owned entities. We recorded a loss of $3.7 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, representing our ownership share of the net losses of our joint ventures, SuperFrio and RSA. The increase in the loss reported is primarily due to a higher net loss from Superfrio for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 due to lower occupancy rates and increased operating and interest expenses.

Impairment of related party loan receivable. In 2022, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Comfrio, a former joint venture, in which Comfrio borrowed $25.0 million from Americold at a 10% annual fixed interest rate. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company fully impaired the outstanding balance as the loan was deemed uncollectible.

Loss on put option. Loss on put option was $56.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which represents the loss we recognized when the exercise of the Comfrio put was deemed probable. See Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

68

Table of Contents

Other, net. The following table presents items included in other, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Other, net was a benefit of $27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $25.1 million compared to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This is primarily due to an $11.4 million gain related to the removal of hedge designation for the Company’s British pound revolver (of which $10.4 million was previously classified in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss”), in addition to an $8.4 million settlement related to a representations and warranty claim for a prior acquisition, both of which occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company was awarded a $10.0 million settlement as a plaintiff related to an ongoing lawsuit with a vendor previously engaged to perform automation related services at one of its facilities, which included $3.0 million related to lost profits for prior periods through December 31, 2023, which was recognized in Other, net as proceeds from litigation settlement.

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax. Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which represents amounts the Company recognized related to the Comfrio joint venture, which the Company acquired and subsequently sold in 2023. Refer to Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations for further information regarding the acquisition and disposition of the Comfrio portfolio.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8.4 million, which represents an increase of $6.1 million, compared to an income tax benefit from continuing operations of $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increased tax benefit primarily resulted from greater foreign losses generated from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2024. We also recorded $5.5 million tax expense during the year ended December 31, 2024 for valuation allowances created in certain foreign jurisdictions, compared to a $3.8 million valuation allowance the during year ended December 31, 2023.

69

Table of Contents

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use the following non-GAAP financial measures as supplemental performance measures of our business: NAREIT FFO, Core FFO, Adjusted FFO, NAREIT EBITDAre, Core EBITDA, and net debt to pro-forma Core EBITDA.

We calculate funds from operations, or FFO, in accordance with the standards established by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT. NAREIT defines FFO as net income or loss determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding extraordinary items as defined under U.S. GAAP and gains or losses from sales of previously depreciated operating real estate and other assets, plus specified non-cash items, such as real estate asset depreciation and amortization, impairment charge on real estate related assets, and our share of reconciling items for partially owned entities. We believe that FFO is helpful to investors as a supplemental performance measure because it excludes the effect of real estate related depreciation, amortization and gains or losses from sales of real estate, all of which are based on historical costs, which implicitly assumes that the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, FFO can facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and among other equity REITs.

We calculate core funds from operations, or Core FFO, as NAREIT FFO adjusted for the effects of Net (gain) loss on sale of non-real estate assets, Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net, Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets (excluding certain real estate assets), Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments, Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, Gain on legal settlement related to prior period operations, Gain on extinguishment of New Market Tax Credit Structure, Loss on deconsolidation of Chile Joint JV, Project Orion deferred costs amortization, Our share of reconciling items related to partially owned entities, Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, Impairment of related party loan receivable, Loss on put option, and Gain on sale of LATAM JV. We believe that Core FFO is helpful to investors as a supplemental performance measure because it excludes the effects of certain items which can create significant earnings volatility, but which do not directly relate to our core business operations. We believe Core FFO can facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods, while also providing a more meaningful predictor of future earnings potential.

However, because NAREIT FFO and Core FFO add back real estate depreciation and amortization and do not capture the level of maintenance capital expenditures necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, both of which have material economic impacts on our results from operations, we believe the usefulness of NAREIT FFO and Core FFO as a measure of our performance may be limited.

We calculate adjusted funds from operations, or Adjusted FFO, as Core FFO adjusted for the effects of Amortization of deferred financing costs and pension withdrawal liability, Amortization of below/above market leases, Non-real estate asset impairment, Straight-line rent adjustment, Deferred income tax benefit, Stock-based compensation expense, Non-real estate depreciation and amortization, Maintenance capital expenditures, and Our share of reconciling items related to partially owned entities. We believe that Adjusted FFO is helpful to investors as a meaningful supplemental comparative performance measure of our ability to make incremental capital investments in our business and to assess our ability to fund distribution requirements from our operating activities.

70

Table of Contents

FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are used by management, investors and industry analysts as supplemental measures of operating performance of equity REITs. FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO should be evaluated along with U.S. GAAP net income and net income per diluted share (the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures) in evaluating our operating performance. FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO do not represent net income or cash flows from operating activities in accordance with U.S. GAAP and are not indicative of our results of operations or cash flows from operating activities as disclosed in our Consolidated Statements of Operations included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO should be considered as supplements, but not alternatives, to our net income or cash flows from operating activities as indicators of our operating performance. Moreover, other REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition or may interpret the NAREIT definition differently than we do. Accordingly, our FFO may not be comparable to FFO as calculated by other REITs. In addition, there is no industry definition of Core FFO or Adjusted FFO and, as a result, other REITs may also calculate Core FFO or Adjusted FFO, or other similarly-captioned metrics, in a manner different than we do. The table below reconciles FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO to Net loss, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

71

Table of Contents

(1)Stock-based compensation expense excludes the stock compensation expense associated with employee awards granted in conjunction

with Project Orion, which are recognized within Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net.

(2)Maintenance capital expenditures include capital expenditures made to extend the life of, and provide future economic benefit from, our existing temperature-controlled warehouse network and its existing supporting personal property and information technology.

(3)During the year ended December 31, 2023, management excluded certain losses from discontinued operations from Core FFO

applicable to common stockholders, and Adjusted FFO applicable to common stockholders and included certain losses from discontinued operations for NAREIT FFO. For purposes of comparability using this same approach, the following adjusted historical results are recast as follows:

72

Table of Contents

We calculate NAREIT EBITDA for Real Estate, or EBITDAre, in accordance with the standards established by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, defined as, Net loss before Depreciation and amortization, Interest expense, Income tax benefit, Net (gain) loss from sale of real estate, and Adjustment to reflect share of EBITDAre of partially owned entities. EBITDAre is a measure commonly used in our industry, and we present EBITDAre to enhance investor understanding of our operating performance. We believe that EBITDAre provides investors and analysts with a measure of operating results unaffected by differences in capital structures, capital investment cycles and useful life of related assets among otherwise comparable companies.

We also calculate our Core EBITDA as EBITDAre further adjusted for Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net, Loss from investments in partially owned entities, Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets, Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, Stock-based compensation expense, Loss on debt extinguishment, modifications and termination of derivative instruments, Loss on other asset disposals, Gain on extinguishment of New Market Tax Credit Structure, Loss on deconsolidation of Chile Joint JV, Gain on legal settlement related to prior period operations, Project Orion deferred costs amortization, Reduction in EBITDAre from partially owned entities, Gain on sale of LATAM JV, Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, Impairment of related party loan receivable, and Loss on put option. We believe that the presentation of Core EBITDA provides a measurement of our operations that is meaningful to investors because it excludes the effects of certain items that are otherwise included in EBITDAre but which we do not believe are indicative of our core business operations. EBITDAre and Core EBITDA are not measurements of financial performance under U.S. GAAP, and our EBITDAre and Core EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. You should not consider our EBITDAre and Core EBITDA as alternatives to net income/loss or cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our calculations of EBITDAre and Core EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools, including:

•these measures do not reflect our historical or future cash requirements for maintenance capital expenditures or growth and expansion capital expenditures;

•these measures do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•these measures do not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our indebtedness;

•these measures do not reflect our tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes; and

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and these measures do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements.

We use EBITDAre and Core EBITDA as measures of our operating performance and not as measures of liquidity. The table below reconciles NAREIT EBITDAre and Core EBITDA to Net loss, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

73

Table of Contents

(1)Stock-based compensation expense excludes the stock compensation expense associated with employee awards granted in conjunction

with Project Orion, which are recognized within Acquisition, cyber incident, and other, net.

(2)During the year ended December 31, 2023, management included certain losses from discontinued operations in NAREIT EBITDAre. For purposes of comparability using this same approach, the following adjusted historical results recasted are as follows:

74

Table of Contents

(1)As of December 31, 2023, amount includes nine months of Core EBITDA from the Safeway acquisition prior to Americold’s ownership as well as the facility lease expense for sites that the Company previously incurred operating lease expense for but was subsequently purchased.

(2)Net debt to pro-forma Core EBITDA represents (i) our gross debt (defined as total debt plus discount and deferred financing costs) less cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash divided by (ii) pro-forma and/or Core EBITDA. If applicable, we calculate pro-forma Core EBITDA as Core EBITDA further adjusted for acquisitions. The pro-forma adjustment for acquisitions reflects the Core EBITDA for the period of time prior to acquisition. Our management believes that this ratio is useful because it provides investors with information regarding gross debt less cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, which could be used to repay debt, compared to our performance as measured using Core EBITDA.

75

Table of Contents

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We currently expect that our principal sources of funding for working capital, facility acquisitions, business combinations, expansions, maintenance and renovation of our properties, development projects, debt service and distributions to our stockholders will include:

•current cash balances;

•cash flows from operations;

•our Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility;

•our Current ATM Equity Program;

•public debt offerings under the Company’s Universal Shelf Registration Statement; and

•other forms of debt financings and equity offerings, including capital raises through joint ventures.

We expect that our funding sources as noted above are adequate and will continue to be adequate to meet our short-term liquidity requirements and capital commitments. These liquidity requirements and capital commitments include:

•operating activities and overall working capital;

•capital expenditures;

•capital contributions and investments in joint ventures;

•debt service obligations;

•quarterly stockholder distributions; and

•future development, expansion, and acquisition related activities.

Universal Shelf Registration Statement

On March 17, 2023, the Company and the Operating Partnership filed with the SEC an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-270664 and 333-270664-01) (as amended from time to time, the “Registration Statement”), registering an indeterminate amount of (i) the Company’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, (ii) the Company’s preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, (iii) depositary shares representing entitlement to all rights and preferences of fractions of the Company’s preferred shares of a specified series and represented by depositary receipts, (iv) warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock or preferred stock or depositary shares and (v) debt securities of the Operating Partnership, which may be fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company and certain subsidiaries. The Registration Statement was amended on September 3, 2024 to add certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Company as co-registrants to the Registration Statement, since each such co-registrant may be a guarantor of some or all of the debt securities of the Operating Partnership with respect to which offers and sales are registered under the Registration Statement.

At the Market (ATM) Equity Program

On March 17, 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement pursuant to which we could sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate sales price of $900.0 million of our common stock through an ATM Equity Program (the “Prior ATM Equity Program”). Sales of our common stock made pursuant to the Prior ATM Equity Program could be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on the NYSE, or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange, or as otherwise agreed between the applicable Agent and the Company. Sales could also be made on a forward basis pursuant to separate forward sale agreements.

76

Table of Contents

In August 2023, we sold 13,244,905 common shares under the Prior ATM Equity Program for net proceeds of $412.6 million. The net proceeds from sales of our common stock pursuant to the Prior ATM Equity Program were used to repay a portion of our revolver borrowings.

On November 9, 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement that was substantially identical to and replaced the prior equity distribution agreement, pursuant to which we may sell, from time to time, up to an additional $900.0 million of our common shares through our ATM Equity Program (the “Current ATM Equity Program”). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not sell any shares of our common stock under the Current ATM Equity Program.

Public Senior Unsecured Notes

On September 12, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.409% notes (the “Public Senior Unsecured Notes”) due September 12, 2034. The Public Senior Unsecured Notes were offered pursuant to the Registration Statement further described in Note 1 - Description of the Business to these Consolidated Financial Statements. The Public Senior Unsecured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by each of the Company, Americold Realty Operations, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and a limited partner of the Operating Partnership, and certain subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. The Public Senior Unsecured Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.409% per year, and interest is payable on March 12 and September 12 of each year, with the first payment occurring March 12, 2025. The proceeds from the issuance of the Public Senior Unsecured Notes were used to repay a portion of borrowings previously outstanding.

In connection with the issuance of the Public Senior Unsecured Notes, we incurred approximately $6.1 million of debt issuance costs. The unamortized balance of these costs are included in “Senior unsecured notes and term loans - net of deferred financing costs” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $6.0 million as of December 31, 2024. These costs are amortized through the maturity date as interest expense under the effective interest method.

The indenture governing the Public Senior Unsecured Notes and guarantees (which includes the base indenture, dated September 12, 2024, as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture, dated September 12, 2024, and which are together referred to herein as the "indenture") includes an optional redemption provision. Prior to June 12, 2034, the Public Senior Unsecured Notes may be redeemed at our option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the Public Senior Unsecured Notes being redeemed, or (ii) a make-whole premium calculated in accordance with the indenture. On or after June 12, 2034, the Public Senior Unsecured Notes may be redeemed at our option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Public Senior Unsecured Notes to be redeemed. In both cases, the prepayment amount must also include any unpaid interest accrued thereon to, but excluding, the redemption date.

Summarized financial information of the aforementioned guarantors associated with the Public Senior Unsecured Notes is included within the Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information section of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Security Interests in Customers’ Products

By operation of law and in accordance with our customer contracts (other than leases), we typically receive warehouseman’s liens on products held in our warehouses to secure customer payments. Such liens permit us to take control of the products and sell them to third parties in order to recover any monies receivable on a

77

Table of Contents

delinquent account, but such products may be perishable or otherwise not available to us for re-sale. Historically, in instances where we have warehouseman’s liens and our customer sought bankruptcy protection, we have been successful in receiving “critical vendor” status, which has allowed us to fully collect on our accounts receivable during the pendency of the bankruptcy proceeding.

Our bad debt expense was $7.6 million and $6.4 million primarily recognized within Rent, storage, and warehouse services cost of operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we maintained bad debt allowances of approximately $24.4 million and $21.6 million, respectively, which we believe to be adequate. The increase in bad debt expense is driven primarily by a slight increase in the aged accounts receivable.

Dividends and Distributions

We are required to distribute 90% of our taxable income (excluding capital gains) on an annual basis in order to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, we intend to make, but are not contractually bound to make, regular quarterly distributions to stockholders from cash flows from our operating activities. While historically we have satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to our stockholders, we may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of cash or other property. All such distributions are at the discretion of our Board of Directors. We consider market factors and our performance in addition to REIT requirements in determining distribution levels. We have distributed at least 100% of our taxable income annually since inception to minimize corporate-level federal income taxes. Amounts accumulated for distribution to stockholders are invested primarily in interest-bearing accounts, which are consistent with our intention to maintain our status as a REIT.

As a result of this distribution requirement, we cannot rely on retained earnings to fund our ongoing operations to the same extent that other companies which are not REITs can. We may need to continue to raise capital in the debt and equity markets to fund our working capital needs, as well as potential developments in new or existing properties, acquisitions or investments in existing or newly created joint ventures. In addition, we may be required to use borrowings under our revolving credit facility, if necessary, to meet REIT distribution requirements and maintain our REIT status.

78

Table of Contents

Outstanding Indebtedness

The following table summarizes our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2024:

(1)The total includes borrowings with a variable interest rate that have been effectively hedged through interest rate swaps.

(2)The effective interest rate presented includes the amortization of deferred financing costs and is based on the hedged rate for the $375.0 million TLA Tranche A-1, the C$250.0 million TLA Tranche A-2, and the $270.0 million TLA Tranche A-3. All other debt instruments are based on contractual rates.

The variable rate debt shown above bears interest at interest rates based on various SOFR, CORRA, BBSW, EURIBOR and BKBM rates, depending on the respective agreement governing the debt, including our global revolving credit facilities. As of December 31, 2024, our debt had a weighted average term to maturity of approximately 5.1 years, assuming exercise of extension options.

During the second quarter of 2024, the Company determined that its previous designation of £78.0 million of debt and accrued interest as a hedge of its net investment in the United Kingdom-based subsidiary did not qualify for hedge accounting, and the cumulative foreign exchange gain associated with this transaction of $10.4 million, previously classified within “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was recorded as a Gain from removal of hedge designation within “Other, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company has determined that the impacts of this adjustment are immaterial to the current and prior period interim and annual financial statements and disclosures. Furthermore, the Company fully paid off the balance of this revolving debt during the year ended December 31, 2024.

For further information regarding outstanding indebtedness, refer to Note 9 - Debt, Note 10 - Derivative Financial Instruments and Note 18 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit Ratings

Our capital structure and financial practices have earned us investment grade credit ratings from three nationally recognized credit rating agencies as follows:

79

Table of Contents

•BBB with a (Stable Outlook) from Fitch

•BBB with a (Positive Trend) outlook from DBRS Morningstar

•Baa3 with a (Stable Outlook) from Moody’s

These credit ratings are important to our ability to issue debt at favorable rates of interest, among other terms. Refer to our risk factor “Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our financing activity” herein this 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details regarding the potential impacts from changes in our credit ratings.

Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Repair and Maintenance Expenses

We utilize a strategic and preventative approach to maintenance capital expenditures and repair and maintenance expenses to maintain the high quality and operational efficiency of our warehouses and ensure that our warehouses meet the “mission-critical” role they serve in the cold chain.

Maintenance Capital Expenditures

Maintenance capital expenditures are capitalized investments made to extend the life of, and provide future economic benefit from, our existing temperature-controlled warehouse network and its existing supporting personal property and information technology systems. Examples of maintenance capital expenditures related to our existing temperature-controlled warehouse network include roof and refrigeration equipment replacement and upgrading our racking systems. Examples of maintenance capital expenditures related to personal property include expenditures on material handling equipment (e.g., fork lifts and pallet jacks) and related batteries. Examples of maintenance capital expenditures related to information technology include expenditures on existing servers, networking equipment and current software. Maintenance capital expenditures do not include acquisition costs contemplated when underwriting the purchase of a building or costs which are incurred to bring a building up to Americold’s operating standards.

The following table sets forth our maintenance capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

80

Table of Contents

Repair and Maintenance Expenses

We incur repair and maintenance expenses that include costs of normal maintenance and repairs and minor replacements that do not materially extend the life of the property or provide future economic benefits. Repair and maintenance expenses consist of expenses related to our existing temperature-controlled warehouse network and its existing supporting personal property and are reflected as operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Examples of repair and maintenance expenses related to our warehouse portfolio include ordinary repair and maintenance on roofs, racking, walls, doors, parking lots and refrigeration equipment. Examples of repair and maintenance expenses related to personal property include ordinary repair and maintenance expenses on material handling equipment (e.g., fork lifts and pallet jacks) and related batteries.

The following table sets forth our repair and maintenance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

External Growth, Expansion and Development Capital Expenditures

External growth expenditures represent asset acquisitions or business combinations. Expansion and development capital expenditures are investments made to support both our customers and our warehouse expansion and development initiatives. It also includes investments in enhancing our information technology platform. Examples of capital expenditures associated with expansion and development initiatives include funding of construction costs, increases to warehouse capacity and pallet positions, acquisitions of reusable incremental material handling equipment, and implementing energy efficiency projects, such as thermal energy storage, LED lighting, motion-sensor technology, variable frequency drives for our fans and compressors, rapid-close doors and alternative-power generation technologies. Examples of capital expenditures to enhance our information technology platform include the delivery of new systems and software and customer interface functionality.

Acquisitions & Dispositions

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the acquisitions of Safeway, Ormeau, and Comfrio (subsequently disposed during 2023). Refer to Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations of the Consolidated Financial Statements for details of the purchase price allocation for each acquisition.

Expansion and Development

The expansion and development expenditures (inclusive of capitalized interest, compensation, and travel expenses) for the year ended December 31, 2024 include $42.9 million related to our two fully-automated, build-to-suit development sites in Connecticut and Pennsylvania; $32.4 million related to our Kansas City, Missouri facility; $31.4 million related to the Allentown, Pennsylvania facility; $6.9 million related to our Russellville, Arkansas expansion; $6.4 million for our Dallas Ft. Worth expansion; $5.6 million related to our Sydney, Australia expansion; $1.9 million related to our Atlanta, Georgia Major Market Strategy - Phase 2; and

81

Table of Contents

$31.7 million of corporate initiatives and smaller customer driven growth projects, which are designed to reduce future spending over the course of time. This includes return on investment projects, conversion of leases to owned assets, and other cost-saving initiatives. Additionally, we incurred approximately $54.0 million for contemplated future expansion or development projects and $15.5 million for information technology related assets.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we capitalized interest of $17.6 million and compensation and travel expenses of $26.4 million related to our ongoing expansion and development projects, which is included in the summarized expansion and development expenditures listed above.

The expansion and development expenditures (inclusive of capitalized interest, compensation, and travel expenses) for the year ended December 31, 2023 include $25.0 million related to our two fully-automated, build-to-suit development sites in Connecticut and Pennsylvania; $20.0 million related to our Russellville, Arkansas expansion; $13.3 million related to our Spearwood, Australia expansion; $11.9 million related to our Atlanta, Georgia Major Market Strategy - Phase 2; $5.0 million related to the Allentown, Pennsylvania facility; and $17.3 million of corporate initiatives and smaller customer driven growth projects, which are designed to reduce future spending over the course of time. This includes return on investment projects, conversion of leases to owned assets, and other cost-saving initiatives. Additionally, we incurred approximately $33.7 million for contemplated future expansion or development projects and $10.2 million for information technology related assets.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we capitalized interest of $13.2 million and compensation and travel expenses of $17.5 million related to our ongoing expansion and development projects, which is included in the summarized expansion and development expenditures listed above.

The following table sets forth our acquisition, expansion and development capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Historical Cash Flows

The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below.

82

Table of Contents

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our net cash provided by operating activities was $411.9 million, an increase of $45.7 million, or 12.5%, compared to $366.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to higher warehouse segment contribution and improved collection of accounts receivable.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used for additions to property, buildings, and equipment was $309.5 million, reflecting investments in our various expansion and development projects and capitalized maintenance expenditures. Other investing activities included cash outflows of $13.0 million, primarily associated with loans and capital contributions to one of our partially owned entities. These cash outflows were partially offset by proceeds from the sale of real estate of $9.3 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used for additions to property, buildings, and equipment was $264.5 million, reflecting investments in our various expansion and development projects and capitalized maintenance expenditures. We also invested $65.8 million for the asset acquisitions of Safeway, Ormeau and Green Bay and $46.7 million for the acquisition of Comfrio. Additional cash outflows included $20.5 million, primarily associated with loans and capital contributions to partially owned entities. Finally, we incurred $4.6 million in selling costs related to the sale of Comfrio. These cash outflows were partially offset by $36.9 million in proceeds from the sale of our remaining equity interest to the LATAM JV partner and $8.1 million in proceeds from the sale of various assets.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash provided by financing activities consisted primarily of $827.2 million in proceeds from our revolving line of credit and $500.0 million in proceeds from our Public Senior Unsecured Notes offering, which were used to repay a portion of the borrowings outstanding under our revolving line of credit and to fund $6.0 million of issuance costs related to the offering. Cash used in financing activities consisted primarily of $942.2 million of repayments on our revolving line of credit, $252.1 million of dividend distributions, and $45.0 million of payments related to lease obligations. Lastly, the Company purchased 11 facilities in the Company’s lease portfolio that were previously accounted for as failed sale-leaseback financing obligations for $191.0 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by financing activities consisted primarily of $716.3 million in proceeds from our revolving line of credit and $412.6 million in proceeds from issuance of common stock under the Prior ATM Equity Program. Cash used in financing activities consisted primarily of $832.5 million of repayments on our revolving line of credit, $242.2 million of dividend distributions, and $57.1 million of payments related to lease obligations..

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our historical financial condition and results of operations for the periods described is based on our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and our unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements, each of which has been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these historical financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments in certain circumstances that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingencies as of

83

Table of Contents

the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate our assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. For discussion of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following critical accounting discussion pertains to accounting policies management believes are most critical to the portrayal of our historical financial condition and results of operations and that require significant, difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Other companies in similar businesses may use different estimation policies and methodologies, which may impact the comparability of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows to those of other companies.

Goodwill Impairment Evaluation

The Company evaluates the carrying value of goodwill each year as of October 1 and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company may use both qualitative and quantitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. For selected reporting units where we use the qualitative approach, we perform a qualitative evaluation of events and circumstances impacting the reporting unit to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Based on that qualitative evaluation, if we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no further evaluation is necessary. Otherwise, we perform a quantitative impairment test. Alternatively, the Company may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test.

When quantitatively evaluating whether goodwill of a reporting unit is impaired, the Company compares the fair value of its reporting units to its carrying amounts, including goodwill. The assumptions used in the quantitative impairment test are estimates and use Level 3 inputs. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using a methodology, or combination of methodologies, including a discounted cash flow analysis and/or a market-based valuation. The estimates of future cash flows are subject, but not limited to the following inputs and assumptions: revenue growth rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rate, and discount rates, which are affected by expectations about future market and economic conditions. The assumptions and inputs are based on risk-adjusted growth rates and discount factors accommodating multiple viewpoints that consider the full range of variability contemplated in the current and potential future economic situations. The market-based multiples approach assesses the financial performance and market values of other market-participant companies. If the estimated fair value of each of the reporting units exceeds the corresponding carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists. If the reporting unit carrying value exceeds the reporting unit fair value an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between fair value and carrying value, limited to the amount of goodwill in the reporting unit. As of October 1, 2024, our reporting units which had a goodwill balance included the following: North America warehouse, North America transportation, and Asia-Pacific warehouse. The results of our 2024 impairment test for our reporting units indicated that the estimated fair value of each of our reporting units was in excess of the corresponding carrying amount as of October 1, and no impairment of goodwill existed.

Goodwill Impairment in Prior Years

As of October 1, 2023, as a result of its annual evaluation, the Company determined its goodwill within the Europe warehouse reporting unit, a component of the warehouse operating segment, was fully impaired.

84

Table of Contents

Accordingly, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $236.5 million within Impairment of indefinite and long-lived assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. Factors that led to this conclusion included i) the impact of historic and sustained increases in inflation and interest rates on the reporting unit’s weighted average costs of capital which was beyond the Company’s control, ii) inability to achieve local operating results at historical underwritten values, and iii) increased tax rates applicable in the related European jurisdictions. The Company engaged the assistance of a third-party valuation firm to perform the goodwill quantitative impairment test, which included an assessment of the Europe Warehouse reporting unit’s fair value relative to the carrying value that was derived using the income approach. The assumptions used in the quantitative impairment test were estimates and used Level 3 inputs. The estimation of the net present value of future cash flows was based upon varying economic assumptions, including assumptions such as revenue growth rates, operating costs and margins, capital expenditures, tax rates, long-term growth rates and discount rates. Of these assumptions, the discount rates were the most subjective and/or complex. These assumptions were based on risk-adjusted discount factors accommodating viewpoints that consider the full range of variability contemplated in the current and potential future economic situations. There is no remaining goodwill related to the Europe warehouse reporting unit following this impairment.

In 2022, the Company strategically shifted its focus to the core warehouse portfolio, terminating and winding down business with one of the largest customers in the North America third-party managed reporting unit resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $3.2 million. There is no remaining goodwill related to the North America third-party managed reporting unit following this impairment, as the remaining business was immaterial.

Business Combinations

We describe our accounting policy for business combinations and related estimates in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, we have disclosed all business combinations completed during 2023 in Note 3 - Business Combinations, Asset Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

On September 12, 2024 we completed an underwritten public offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Operating Partnership’s 5.409% (the “Public Senior Unsecured Notes”) due September 12, 2034. Interest is payable on March 12 and September 12 of each year, with the first payment occurring March 12, 2025.

On the date of issuance of the Public Senior Unsecured Notes, each of the Company and Americold Realty Operations, Inc. (together, the “Parent Guarantors”), and each of Nova Cold Logistics, Americold Australian Holdings and Icecap Properties NZ Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors” and together with the Parent Guarantors, the “Initial Guarantors”), jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Operating Partnership’s obligations under the Public Senior Unsecured Notes, including the due and punctual payment of principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, the Public Senior Unsecured Notes.

The following table contains the summarized financial information of the Initial Guarantors and the operating partnership (collectively, the “Obligor Group”) on a combined basis after the elimination of intercompany

85

Table of Contents

balances and transactions between entities in the Obligor Group as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Separate Consolidated Financial Statements of the Operating Partnership have not been presented in accordance with Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X and Rule 12h-5 under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.

86

Table of Contents