CoreCivic, Inc. (CXW) FY 2022 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or this Annual Report. In this Annual Report, we use the term, the "Company," "CoreCivic," "we," "us," and "our" to refer to CoreCivic, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless context indicates otherwise. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those described under "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" and included in other portions of this report.

OVERVIEW

We are a diversified government solutions company with the scale and experience needed to solve tough government challenges in flexible, cost-effective ways. Through three segments, CoreCivic Safety, CoreCivic Community, and CoreCivic Properties, we provide a broad range of solutions to government partners that serve the public good through corrections and detention management, a network of residential reentry centers to help address America's recidivism crisis, and government real estate solutions. We have been a flexible and dependable partner for government for 40 years. Our employees are driven by a deep sense of service, high standards of professionalism and a responsibility to help government better the public good.

As of December 31, 2022, through our CoreCivic Safety segment, we operated 44 correctional and detention facilities, 40 of which we owned, with a total design capacity of approximately 66,000 beds. Through our CoreCivic Community segment, we owned and operated 23 residential reentry centers with a total design capacity of approximately 5,000 beds. In addition, through our CoreCivic Properties segment, we owned 8 properties leased to government agencies, totaling 1.8 million square feet. We are the nation's largest owner of partnership correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and one of the largest prison operators in the United States. Our size and experience provide us with significant credibility with our current and prospective customers, and enable us to generate economies of scale in purchasing power for food services, health care and other supplies and services we offer to our government partners.

See "Part I, Item 1. Business – Overview" for a description of how we are organized.

Our Business

Through our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments, we are compensated for providing bed capacity and correctional, detention, and residential reentry services at a per diem rate based upon actual or minimum guaranteed occupancy levels. Federal, state, and local governments are constantly under budgetary constraints putting pressure on governments to control correctional budgets, including per diem rates our customers pay to us as well as pressure on appropriations for building new prison capacity.

The solutions we provide to our federal customers continue to be a significant component of our business. We provide an essential governmental service, and believe our ability to provide flexible solutions and fulfill emergent needs of our federal customers would be very difficult and costly to replicate in the public sector.

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On January 26, 2021, President Biden issued the Executive Order on Reforming Our Incarceration System to Eliminate the Use of Privately Operated Criminal Detention Facilities, or the Private Prison EO. The Private Prison EO directs the Attorney General to not renew United States Department of Justice, or DOJ, contracts with privately operated criminal detention facilities. Two agencies of the DOJ, the United States Federal Bureau of Prisons, or BOP, and the United States Marshals Service, or USMS, utilize our services. The BOP houses inmates who have been convicted, and the USMS is generally responsible for detainees who are awaiting trial. The BOP has experienced a steady decline in inmate populations over the last decade, a trend that has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our remaining prison contract with the BOP at the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility expired on November 30, 2022 and was not renewed. This contract accounted for 2% ($37.8 million) and 2% ($40.6 million) of our total revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We completed the sale of the McRae facility in August 2022 to the Georgia Building Authority, and entered into an agreement to lease the facility through November 2022 to allow us to fulfill our obligations to the BOP. The Private Prison EO only applies to agencies that are part of the DOJ, which includes the BOP and USMS. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, facilities are not covered by the Private Prison EO, as ICE is an agency of the Department of Homeland Security, or DHS, not the DOJ, although it is possible that the federal government could choose to take similar action on ICE facilities in the future. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, USMS and ICE accounted for 22% ($403.9 million) and 29% ($527.3 million), respectively, of our total revenue. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, USMS and ICE accounted for 23% ($433.6 million) and 30% ($552.2 million), respectively, of our total revenue.

Unlike the BOP, the USMS does not own detention capacity and relies on the private sector, along with various government agencies, for its detainee population. The USMS has been advised by the Office of the Deputy Attorney General not to renew existing contracts, or enter into new contracts for private detention facilities. During the second quarter of 2021, we had direct contracts with the USMS for up to 992 detainees at our 2016-bed Northeast Ohio Correctional Center and for up to approximately 96 detainees at our 664-bed Crossroads Correctional Center in Montana that expired and were not renewed. On May 28, 2021, we entered into a new three-year contract with Mahoning County, Ohio to utilize up to 990 beds at our Northeast Ohio Correctional Center. Mahoning County is responsible for County inmates and federal detainees, including USMS detainees, and the County is using the Northeast Ohio facility to address its population needs. During the third quarter of 2021, we entered into an amendment to the contract with the state of Montana to utilize all of the capacity at the Crossroads Correctional Center, including the space vacated by the USMS, and to extend the existing contract to June 30, 2023, with additional renewal options by mutual agreement through August 31, 2029. We had a direct contract with the USMS to care for detainees at our 600-bed West Tennessee Detention Facility that expired on September 30, 2021 and was not renewed. In addition, we had a direct contract with the USMS to care for detainees at our 1,033-bed Midwest Regional Reception Center (formerly known as the Leavenworth Detention Center) that expired on December 31, 2021 and was not renewed. We are actively marketing the West Tennessee Detention Center and the Midwest Regional Reception Center to other government agencies. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to reach agreements for the utilization of these facilities.

We currently have two detention facilities that have direct contracts with the USMS that expire in September 2023 and September 2025. The facility with the contract expiring in September 2023 services a substantial number of USMS detainees that we believe will be challenging to replace, and we intend to work with the USMS to enable it to continue to fulfill its mission. However, we can provide no assurance that this contract will be renewed or replaced upon expiration. It is too early to predict the outcome of the expiration of the contract scheduled to expire in September 2025, and future developments could occur prior to the scheduled expiration date.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic. As a result, in the first quarter of 2020, the federal government decided to deny entry at the United States southern border to asylum-seekers and anyone crossing the southern border without proper documentation or authority in an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19, a policy known as Title 42, continued by the Biden administration. This policy resulted in a reduction to the number of people ICE detained, including in our detention facilities. On April 1, 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, issued a Public Health Determination terminating Title 42 with an effective date of May 23, 2022. However, on April 25, 2022, a federal judge issued a temporary restraining order blocking the termination of Title 42, and on May 20, 2022, ruled that the Biden administration violated administrative law when it announced that it planned to cease Title 42. On November 15, 2022, another federal judge ruled that expulsions under Title 42 were a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, noting that Title 42 was an "arbitrary and capricious" violation of the Act, requiring the federal government to process all asylum seekers under applicable

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immigration law in effect prior to the implementation of Title 42. However, on December 19, 2022, the Supreme Court temporarily maintained Title 42, and on December 27, 2022, granted a temporary stay on the cessation of Title 42, while it considers an appeal by a group of states seeking to continue Title 42. If Title 42 is terminated, such action may result in an increase in the number of undocumented people permitted to enter the United States claiming asylum, and could result in an increase in the number of people apprehended and detained by ICE.

In February 2021, President Biden announced plans to allow certain migrants to pursue asylum in the United States while awaiting their proceedings in immigration courts, reversing a policy known as the Migrant Protection Protocols, or MPP, commonly referred to as the "Remain in Mexico Policy," enacted by the Trump administration. The MPP required asylum seekers to wait in Mexico during the pendency of their immigration court proceedings.

MPP, similar to Title 42, has been subject to legal challenges. On August 13, 2021, a federal court ordered the Biden administration to reinstate the MPP finding that terminating MPP would be illegal "until the Department of Homeland Security has the capacity and willingness to detain immigrants." On August 24, 2021, the Supreme Court refused to block implementation of that order. On October 29, 2021, Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro N. Mayorkas issued a memorandum asserting the termination of MPP, which was structured to be implemented if the decision reinstating MPP is vacated. The memorandum also provides that the Biden administration will continue to comply with the injunction requiring the reinstatement and enforcement of MPP until a final judicial decision, if any, to vacate such injunction is issued. In early December 2021, the DHS began the court-ordered re-implementation of the MPP, and on December 13, 2021, a federal appeals court rejected the Biden administration's attempts to terminate MPP. On December 29, 2021, the Biden administration appealed this decision to the Supreme Court. On April 26, 2022, the Supreme Court heard arguments on MPP, and on June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that immigration law gives the federal government the discretion to end MPP. The Supreme Court also indicated that lower courts must now determine whether issuing the memorandum asserting the termination of MPP complied with administrative law, although the Supreme Court found that the order was a proper agency action. On December 13, 2022, a federal judge in Texas ruled that the Biden administration's attempt to end MPP was invalid, stating the Biden administration did not follow the proper administrative procedure in ending the policy. The effect of the ruling remains unclear, as Mexico has not agreed to cooperate with the U.S. to reinstate such practices. The number of people apprehended by ICE could increase if the Biden administration prevails in its efforts to terminate MPP or the Mexican government declines to participate in such a practice.

Occupancy in our correctional, detention, and reentry facilities remains depressed, and continues to reflect the impact of COVID-19, including Title 42 and other occupancy restrictions placed by several of our government partners that remained in place during 2022 for most federal facilities. We cannot predict government responses to an increase in staff or residents testing positive for COVID-19 within public and private correctional, detention and reentry facilities, nor can we predict COVID-19 related restrictions on individuals, businesses, and services that disrupt the criminal justice system. Further, we cannot predict government policies on prosecutions and legal restrictions as a result of COVID-19 that affect the number of people placed in correctional, detention, and reentry facilities.

COVID-19 notwithstanding, we believe the long-term growth opportunities of our business remain attractive as government agencies consider their emergent needs (including capacity to help mitigate the spread of infectious disease), as well as the efficiency and offender programming opportunities we provide as flexible solutions to satisfy our partners' needs. We have also been in discussions with several state partners that have experienced challenges in staffing their public-sector facilities and are seeking solutions from the private sector. Further, although disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, several of our existing federal and state partners, as well as prospective state partners, have been experiencing growth in offender populations and overcrowded conditions, as well as an increase in violent crime. Governments are continuing to assess their need for correctional space in light of COVID-19, and several are continuing to consider alternative correctional capacity for their aged or inefficient infrastructure, or are seeking cost savings by utilizing the private sector, which could result in increased future demand for the solutions we provide. For example, in December 2021, the state of Arizona awarded us a new contract for up to 2,706 inmates at our 3,060-bed La Palma Correctional Center in Arizona, which commenced in April 2022. We are not aware of a larger prison contract awarded to the private sector by any state in over a decade. In August 2022, we completed the sale of the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility to the Georgia Building Authority in order to update its aged and inefficient public sector correctional infrastructure. We had a management contract with the BOP at this facility, which expired on November 30, 2022. In connection with the sale, we entered into an agreement to lease the McRae facility from the Georgia Building Authority through November 30, 2022 to allow us to fulfill our obligations to the BOP. The

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BOP transferred the BOP inmates to alternative federal capacity prior to expiration of the contract, and the McRae Correctional Facility converted to a facility owned and operated by the State of Georgia upon the termination of our lease with the Georgia Building Authority.

Governments continue to experience many significant spending demands, and competing budget priorities often impede our customers' ability to construct new prison beds of their own or update their older facilities, which we believe could result in further demand for private sector prison capacity solutions in the long-term. We believe the outsourcing of corrections and detention management services to private operators allows governments to manage increasing inmate populations while simultaneously controlling costs. We believe our customers discover that partnering with private operators to provide residential services to their offenders introduces competition to their correctional system, resulting in improvements to the quality and cost of services throughout their correctional system. Further, the use of facilities owned and managed by private operators allows governments to expand correctional capacity without incurring large capital commitments and allows them to avoid long-term pension obligations for their employees.

We also believe that having beds immediately available to our partners provides us with a distinct competitive advantage when bidding on new contracts. We believe the most significant opportunities for growth are in providing our government partners with available beds within facilities we currently own or that we will develop. Over the long-term, we would like to see meaningful utilization of our available capacity and better visibility from our customers into their potential future needs before we develop new correctional or detention capacity on a speculative basis. We will, however, respond to customer demand and may develop or expand correctional and detention facilities when we believe potential long-term returns justify the capital deployment. We also believe that owning the facilities in which we provide management services enables us to more rapidly replace business lost compared with managed-only facilities, since we can offer the same beds to new and existing customers and, with customer consent, may have more flexibility in moving our existing populations to facilities with available capacity. Our management contracts generally provide our customers with the right to terminate our management contracts at any time without cause.

We are actively engaged in marketing our available capacity as solutions to meet the needs of potential customers. Historically, we have been successful in identifying opportunities to utilize our inventory of available beds and the beds that we have constructed. For example, in the third quarter of 2020, we entered into a new contract under an IGSA between the city of Cushing, Oklahoma and the USMS, to utilize our 1,600-bed Cimarron Correctional Facility in Oklahoma. We had previously announced our intention to idle the Cimarron facility during the third quarter of 2020, predominantly due to a lower number of inmate populations from the state of Oklahoma resulting from COVID-19, combined with the consequential impact of COVID-19 on the State's budget. The new management contract commenced on September 15, 2020. In the second quarter of 2021, we entered into a new contract with Mahoning County, Ohio to utilize up to 990 beds at our Northeast Ohio Correctional Center, and in the third quarter of 2021, we entered into an amended contract with the state of Montana to utilize all of the capacity at our Crossroads Correctional Center, as previously discussed herein. Filling our available beds could provide substantial growth in revenues, cash flow, and earnings per share. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to fill our available beds. Our successes have been interrupted by capacity that has become available in both public-sector and private sector facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, as court systems were disrupted and governments reduced populations to maximize social distancing. However, we believe further opportunities could arise if inmate populations return to pre-pandemic levels, which could occur as the backlog of court cases suspended during the pandemic are processed and operations of criminal justice systems continue to return to pre-COVID-19 operations.

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We also offer our customers an attractive portfolio of correctional, detention, and reentry facilities that can be leased for various needs as an alternative to providing "turn-key" correctional, detention, and residential reentry bed space and services to our government partners. In September 2021, we announced that we had entered into a three-year lease agreement with the state of New Mexico at our 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center. We previously operated the Northwest New Mexico facility in our Safety segment under a contract with the state of New Mexico. The new lease agreement commenced on November 1, 2021 and includes extension options that could extend the term of the lease through October 31, 2041. We will retain responsibility for facility maintenance throughout the term of the lease. The lease of this facility, along with the lease of our 656-bed Southeast Correctional Complex to the Kentucky Department of Corrections, or KYDOC, originating in 2019, the lease of our 2,400-bed North Fork Correctional Facility to the Oklahoma Department of Corrections, or ODOC, originating in 2016 and the lease of our 2,560-bed California City Correctional Center to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation originating in 2013, exemplify our ability to react quickly to our partners' needs with innovative, flexible and cost-effective solutions. We previously operated these four correctional facilities for various state and federal partners. We intend to pursue additional opportunities to lease prison facilities to government and other third-party operators in need of correctional capacity.

In January 2018, we entered into a 20-year lease agreement with the Kansas Department of Corrections, or KDOC, for a 2,432-bed correctional facility to be constructed in Lansing, Kansas. This transaction represented the first development of a privately owned, build-to-suit correctional facility to be operated by a government agency through a long-term lease agreement. We commenced construction of the facility in the first quarter of 2018. In December 2019, the Lansing facility began accepting offenders into the 512-bed minimum security complex ahead of schedule, with the remaining 1,920-bed medium/maximum security complex completed in January 2020. The new facility replaced the Lansing Correctional Facility, Kansas' largest correctional complex for adult male inmates, originally constructed in 1863. We are responsible for facility maintenance throughout the 20-year term of the lease, at which time ownership will revert to the state of Kansas. We believe we can bring solutions like this to other government agencies in need of new correctional capacity.

We also remain steadfast in our efforts to contain costs. Approximately 59% of our operating expenses consist of salaries and benefits. The turnover rate for correctional officers for our company, and for the corrections industry in general, remains high, and staffing challenges have recently been exacerbated by labor shortages and wage pressures in the marketplace as further described under the heading "Results of Operations." We are making investments in systems and processes intended to help manage our workforce more efficiently and effectively, especially with respect to overtime and costs of turnover. We are also focused on workers' compensation and medical benefits costs for our employees due to continued rising healthcare costs throughout the country. Effectively managing these staffing costs requires a long-term strategy to control such costs, and we continue to dedicate resources to enhance our benefits and provide specialized training and career development opportunities to our staff in order to attract and retain quality personnel. Finally, we are evaluating potential cost savings opportunities in areas such as inmate medical expenses, utilities, and maintenance, among others. Through ongoing company-wide initiatives, we continue to focus on efforts to manage costs and improve operating efficiencies.

Through the combination of our operational initiatives to (i) provide valuable and critically needed services that could increase our revenues and increase the utilization of our available beds, (ii) deliver new bed capacity through new facility construction and expansion opportunities, (iii) expand our real estate-only solutions, (iv) grow the utilization of our community corrections facilities, (v) develop or acquire new business offerings that expand the range of solutions we provide to government partners and diversify our cash flows, and (vi) contain our operating expenses, we believe we will be able to maintain our competitive advantage and continue to diversify the range of services we provide to our customers at an attractive price, thereby producing value for our stockholders. As further explained under the heading "Liquidity and Capital Resources," through the revocation of our REIT election and revised capital allocation strategy, following our first priority of reducing debt, we expect to allocate a substantial portion of our free cash flow to returning capital to stockholders, further enhancing stockholder value.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The consolidated financial statements in this report are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. As such, we are required to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that we believe are reasonable based upon the information available. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. A summary of our significant accounting policies is described in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report. The significant accounting policies and estimates which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following:

Asset impairments. The primary risk we face for asset impairment charges is associated with facilities we own. As of December 31, 2022, we had $2.2 billion in property and equipment, including $195.6 million in long-lived assets at seven idled CoreCivic Safety correctional facilities. The carrying values of the seven idled facilities as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2022, we also had one idled non-core facility in our Safety segment containing 240 beds with a total net book value of $3.0 million, and two idled facilities in our Community segment, containing an aggregate of 450 beds with an aggregate net book value of $3.5 million, one of which was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022.

We incurred operating expenses at these idled facilities of approximately $9.7 million, $7.6 million, and $7.3 million during the period they were idle for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The amount for 2021 excludes $2.2 million of operating expenses incurred at our West Tennessee Detention Facility during the fourth quarter of 2021. The amount for 2022 excludes $3.5 million of operating expenses incurred at the West Tennessee Detention Facility and the Midwest Regional Reception Center (formerly known as the Leavenworth Detention Center) during the three months ended March 31, 2022. The West Tennessee facility was idled upon the expiration of a USMS contract on September 30, 2021, and the Midwest Regional Reception Center was idled upon the expiration of a USMS contract on December 31, 2021. We retained a certain staffing level at both facilities through the first three months of 2022 in order to quickly respond in the event we were able to enter into new contracts with government agencies promptly following the contract expirations. We also continued to incur expenses related to transportation services provided by staff at the Midwest Regional Reception Center during the first three months of 2022.

Pursuant to an agreement to sell our 60-bed Columbine Facility, in the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized an impairment charge of $0.7 million associated with this facility, based on its fair value less costs to sell.

We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying values of our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, when events suggest that an impairment may have occurred. Such events primarily include, but are not limited to, the termination of a management contract, a significant decrease in populations within a facility we own in our Safety and Community segments that we believe will be longer than short-term, and the expiration and non-renewal of lease agreements in our Properties segment.

We perform the impairment analyses for each of our idle facilities as well as any other properties with indicators of impairment. Our estimates of recoverability are based on projected undiscounted cash flows that are comparable to historical cash flows from management contracts or lease agreements at facilities similar to the idled facilities, including historical operations for the idled facilities when such facilities were operating. Our undiscounted cash flows factor in assumptions around when idle facilities will commence generating revenues based on our best estimates

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around contract negotiations and market conditions. Our impairment evaluations also take into consideration our historical experience in securing new management contracts to utilize correctional facilities that had been previously idled for substantial periods of time. Such previously idled correctional facilities are currently being operated under contracts that continue to generate cash flows resulting in the recoverability of the net book value of the previously idled facilities by material amounts. We also perform sensitivity analyses that consider reductions to such cash flows. Our sensitivity analyses include reductions in projected cash flows compared to historical cash flows generated by the respective facility as well as prolonged periods of vacancies.

We also evaluate on a quarterly basis market developments for the potential utilization of each of our idle facilities in order to identify events that may cause us to reconsider our most recent assumptions. Such events could include negotiations with a prospective customer for the utilization of an idle facility at terms significantly less favorable than those used in our most recent impairment analysis, or changes in legislation surrounding a particular facility that could impact our ability to care for certain types of populations at such facility, or a demolition or substantial renovation of a facility. Further, a substantial increase in the number of available beds at other facilities we own could lead to a deterioration in market conditions and cash flows that we might be able to obtain under a new contract at our idle facilities. Although they are not frequent, an unsolicited offer to purchase any of our idle facilities at amounts that are less than the carrying value could also cause us to reconsider the assumptions used in our most recent impairment analysis.

We can provide no assurance that we will be able to secure agreements to utilize our idle properties, or that we will not incur impairment charges in the future. By their nature, these estimates contain uncertainties with respect to the extent and timing of the respective cash flows due to potential delays or material changes to historical terms and conditions in contracts with prospective customers that could impact the estimate of cash flows. With respect to idle correctional facilities, we believe the long-term trends favor an increase in the utilization of our correctional facilities and management services. This belief is based on our experience in working with governmental agencies faced with significant budgetary challenges, which is a primary contributing factor to the lack of appropriated funding over the past decade to build new bed capacity by the federal and state governments with which we partner, as well as the extensively aged criminal justice infrastructure in the U.S. today. Due to a variety of factors, the lead time to negotiate contracts with our federal and state partners to utilize idle bed capacity at correctional facilities is generally lengthy.

Self-funded insurance reserves. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $49.7 million and $47.3 million, respectively, in accrued liabilities for employee health, workers' compensation, and automobile insurance claims. We are self-insured for employee health, workers' compensation, and automobile liability insurance claims. As such, our insurance expense is largely dependent on claims experience and our ability to control our claims. We have consistently accrued the estimated liability for employee health insurance claims based on our history of claims experience and the estimated time lag between the incident date and the date we pay the claims. We have accrued the estimated liability for workers' compensation claims based on an actuarial valuation of the outstanding liabilities using a combination of actuarial methods used to project ultimate losses, and our automobile insurance claims based on estimated development factors on claims incurred. The liability for employee health, workers' compensation, and automobile insurance includes estimates for both claims incurred and for claims incurred but not reported. In recent history, our methods for determining our exposure have remained consistent, and our historical trends have been appropriately factored into our estimates and reserves. As we obtain additional information and refine our methods regarding the assumptions and estimates we use to recognize liabilities incurred, we will adjust our reserves accordingly. Arriving at these estimates, however, requires a significant amount of subjective judgment by management, and as a result these estimates are uncertain, and our actual exposure may be different from our estimates. It is possible that future cash flows and results of operations could be materially affected by changes in our assumptions, new developments, or by the effectiveness of our strategies.

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Legal reserves. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $6.9 million and $6.8 million, respectively, in accrued liabilities under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Subtopic 450-20, "Loss Contingencies," related to certain claims and legal proceedings in which we are involved. We have accrued our best estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims, if estimable. In addition, we are subject to current and potential future claims and legal proceedings for which little or no accrual has been reflected because our current assessment of the potential exposure is nominal, or because we cannot reasonably estimate the amount of loss or range of loss, if any, that may result. These estimates have been developed in consultation with our General Counsel's office and, as appropriate, outside counsel handling these matters, and are based upon an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. It is possible that future cash flows and results of operations could be materially affected by changes in our assumptions, new developments, or by the effectiveness of our litigation and settlement strategies.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our results of operations are impacted by the number of correctional and detention facilities we operated, including 40 we owned and four owned by our government partners (CoreCivic Safety), the number of residential reentry centers we owned and operated (CoreCivic Community), the number of facilities we leased to other operators (CoreCivic Properties), and the facilities we owned that were not in operation. The following table sets forth the changes in the number of facilities operated for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net income attributable to common stockholders was $122.3 million, or $1.03 per diluted share, compared with a net loss attributable to common stockholders of $51.9 million, or $0.43 per diluted share, for the previous year. Financial results for 2022 reflected an $87.7 million gain on the sale of real estate assets, $8.1 million of expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions, $4.4 million of asset impairments, and $1.9 million associated with shareholder litigation expense. Collectively, these special items were partially offset by an income tax expense of $19.3 million associated with these special items.

Financial results for 2021 reflected $11.4 million of asset impairments, $56.3 million of expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions, and $54.3 million of charges related to the settlement agreement reached during April 2021 in connection with shareholder litigation, partially offset by a gain on the sale of real estate assets amounting to $38.8 million. Collectively, these special items were partially offset by an income tax benefit of $21.2 million associated with these special items. In addition, financial results for 2021 included an income tax charge of $138.0 million, including $114.2 million for income taxes associated with the change in corporate tax structure and other special tax items.

Our Current Operations

Our ongoing operations are organized into three principal business segments:

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CoreCivic Safety segment, consisting of the 44 correctional and detention facilities that are owned, or controlled via a long-term lease, and managed by CoreCivic, as well as those correctional and detention facilities owned by third parties but managed by CoreCivic. CoreCivic Safety also includes the operating results of our subsidiary that provides transportation services to governmental agencies, TransCor America, LLC, or TransCor.

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CoreCivic Community segment, consisting of the 23 residential reentry centers that are owned, or controlled via a long-term lease, and managed by CoreCivic. CoreCivic Community also includes the operating results of our electronic monitoring and case management service.

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CoreCivic Properties segment, consisting of the 8 real estate properties owned by CoreCivic and leased to government agencies.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our total segment net operating income, which we define as facility revenue (including interest income associated with finance leases) less operating expenses, was divided among our three business segments as follows:

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Facility Operations

A key performance indicator we use to measure the revenue and expenses associated with the operation of the correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities we own or manage is expressed in terms of a compensated man-day, which represents the revenue we generate and expenses we incur for one offender for one calendar day. Revenue and expenses per compensated man-day are computed by dividing facility revenue and expenses by the total number of compensated man-days during the period. A compensated man-day represents a calendar day for which we are paid for the occupancy of an offender. We believe the measurement is useful because we are compensated for operating and managing facilities at an offender per diem rate based upon actual or minimum guaranteed occupancy levels. We also measure our costs on a per compensated man-day basis, which is largely dependent upon the number of offenders we accommodate. Further, per compensated man-day measurements are also used to estimate our potential profitability based on certain occupancy levels relative to design capacity. Revenue and expenses per compensated man-day for all of the correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities placed into service that we owned or managed, exclusive of those held for lease, and for TransCor were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Revenue

Total revenue consists of management revenue we generate through CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community in the operation of correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities, as well as the revenue we generate from TransCor and our electronic monitoring and case management services. Total revenue also consists of lease revenue we generate through CoreCivic Properties from facilities we lease to government agencies. The following table reflects the components of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):

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The $6.1 million, or 0.3%, decrease in total management revenue was primarily a result of a decrease in revenue of approximately $71.1 million driven primarily by a decrease in the average daily compensated population from 2021 to 2022. The decrease in management revenue was partially offset by an increase in revenue of approximately $63.7 million driven primarily by an increase of 3.8% in average revenue per compensated man-day. The increase in average revenue per compensated man-day resulted from the effect of per diem increases at several of our facilities. We believe the impact of these per diem increases will provide further benefit to our operating margins as residential populations recover from the impact of COVID-19 and will help offset the wage and employee benefit increases we have been incurring, as further discussed hereinafter. Revenue generated from our electronic monitoring and case management services during 2022 increased $1.3 million (from $34.9 million during 2021 to $36.2 million during 2022).

Average daily compensated population decreased 2,167, or 4.0%, to 51,446 in 2022 compared to 53,613 in 2021. The decrease in average daily compensated population was a result of the contract terminations at our 600-bed West Tennessee Detention Facility effective September 30, 2021, at our 1,033-bed Midwest Regional Reception Center (formerly known as the Leavenworth Detention Center) effective December 31, 2021, and at the 1,030-bed managed-only Marion County Jail effective January 31, 2022, all as further described hereinafter. In addition, the decrease in average daily compensated population also resulted from the three-year lease agreement we entered into with the state of New Mexico under which the state of New Mexico began leasing our 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center on November 1, 2021. We previously operated the Northwest New Mexico facility in our Safety segment under a contract with the state of New Mexico. Further, a decrease in ICE populations at our La Palma Correctional Center was partially offset by an increase in state populations as the state of Arizona continued to ramp-up populations through most of 2022 pursuant to a new management contract that commenced in April 2022. The transition to the state residents from the state of Arizona was substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2022. These factors, which contributed, in the aggregate, to the decrease in average daily compensated population were partially offset by increases in other state populations as states continue to recover from COVID-19 and operations of criminal justice systems continue to return to pre-COVID-19 operations.

The solutions we provide to our federal customers, including primarily ICE, the USMS, and the BOP, continue to be a significant component of our business. The federal customers in our Safety and Community segments generated approximately 54% and 56% of our total revenue in 2022 and 2021, respectively, decreasing $56.0 million, or 5.3%, in 2022 from 2021.

The decision near the end of the first quarter of 2020 by the federal government to deny entry at the United States southern border to asylum-seekers and anyone crossing the southern border without proper documentation or authority in an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19, a policy known as Title 42, resulted in a reduction in people being apprehended and detained by ICE. The financial impact was somewhat mitigated by fixed monthly payments from ICE at certain of our facilities, to ensure ICE has adequate bed capacity in the event of a surge in the future. During 2021, revenue from ICE was $552.2 million compared to $542.0 million during 2020, and compared to $579.5 million during 2019, prior to the implementation of Title 42. During 2022, revenue from ICE was $527.3 million. Revenue from ICE declined from 2021 to 2022 as a result of a decrease in detainees at our La Palma facility, where we transitioned from an ICE population to a population of residents from the state of Arizona, pursuant to a new management contract that commenced in April 2022. The transfer process at our La Palma facility was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. During 2022, revenue from ICE at the La Palma facility was $33.2 million compared with $78.1 million during 2021. Upon full utilization of the new contract, we expect to generate approximately $75.0 million to $85.0 million in annualized revenue at the La Palma facility. On April 1, 2022, the CDC issued a Public Health Determination terminating Title 42 with an effective date of May 23, 2022. However, on April 25, 2022, a federal judge issued a temporary restraining order blocking the termination of Title 42, and on May 20, 2022, ruled that the Biden administration violated administrative law when it announced that it planned to cease Title 42. On November 15, 2022, another federal judge ruled that expulsions under Title 42 were a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, noting that Title 42 was an "arbitrary and capricious" violation of the Act, requiring the federal government to process all asylum seekers under applicable immigration law in effect prior to the implementation of Title 42. However, on December 19, 2022, the Supreme Court temporarily maintained Title 42, and on December 27, 2022, granted a temporary stay on the cessation of Title 42, while it considers an appeal by a group of states seeking to continue Title 42. If Title 42 is terminated, such action may result in an increase in the number of undocumented people permitted to enter the United States claiming asylum, and could result in an increase in the number of people apprehended and detained by ICE.

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The number of people apprehended by ICE could also increase if the federal government prevails over its attempt to reverse the MPP implemented by the Trump administration, or the Mexican government declines to participate in such a practice. As previously described, litigation over MPP is ongoing. On April 26, 2022, the Supreme Court heard arguments on MPP, and on June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled that immigration law gives the federal government the discretion to end the program. The Supreme Court also indicated that lower courts must now determine whether issuing the memorandum asserting the termination of MPP complied with administrative law, although the Supreme Court found that the order was a proper agency action. On December 13, 2022, a federal judge in Texas ruled that the Biden administration's attempt to end MPP was invalid, saying the administration did not follow the proper administrative procedure in ending the policy. The effect of the ruling remains unclear, as Mexico has not agreed to cooperate with the U.S. to reinstate such practices.

State revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate increased $67.1 million, or 11.1%, from 2021 to 2022. State revenues increased primarily as a result of the new management contract with the state of Arizona at our 3,060-bed La Palma Correctional Center for up to 2,706 inmates, as the state transferred inmate populations from public sector facilities into our La Palma facility. We began receiving inmates from the state of Arizona in April 2022 and the transfer process was substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2022. Before the new award, the La Palma facility supported the mission of ICE by caring for approximately 1,800 detainees. State revenues also increased because of an amended contract with the state of Montana to utilize all of the capacity at the Crossroads Correctional Center, including the space vacated by the USMS, as previously discussed herein. In addition, state revenues increased as a result of higher state inmate populations at other facilities, and from per diem increases under a number of our state contracts, as certain states have recognized the need to provide additional funding to address increases in the wages of our employees. The increase in state revenues was partially offset by the effect of the new lease agreement between us and the state of New Mexico at our Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center effective November 1, 2021. We previously operated the facility in our Safety segment under a contract with the state of New Mexico; however, as a result of our new lease agreement, the Northwest New Mexico facility is now a part of our Properties segment. Excluding state inmate populations at the Northwest New Mexico facility, average daily state inmate populations increased from 27,188 during 2021 to 28,367 during 2022.

Local revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate decreased $16.0 million, or 31.1%, from 2021 to 2022. The decrease in local revenue is primarily a result of the contract termination at the 1,030-bed managed-only Marion County Jail on January 31, 2022. This facility contributed $18.7 million to the reduction in local revenues from 2021 to 2022.

The $11.0 million, or 16.0%, decrease in lease revenue from 2022 to 2021 was primarily a result of the sale of three actively leased properties during the second quarter of 2021 and two actively leased properties during the third quarter of 2022, all as further described hereinafter. The decrease in lease revenue was partially offset by the lease revenue generated from the commencement of the lease of the 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center to the state of New Mexico effective November 1, 2021, which was previously operated as a facility in our Safety segment but is now part of our Properties segment.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses totaled $1,413.8 million and $1,337.1 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Operating expenses consist of those expenses incurred in the operation and management of correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities, as well as those expenses incurred in the operations of TransCor and our electronic monitoring and case management services. Operating expenses also consist of those expenses incurred in the operation of facilities we lease to third-party operators.

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Operating expenses incurred by CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community in connection with the operation and management of our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities, as well as those incurred in the operations of TransCor and our electronic monitoring and case management services, increased $81.0 million, or 6.1%, during 2022 compared with 2021. Operating expenses increased primarily as a result of wage and employee benefits increases and related incremental expenses resulting from labor shortages and wage pressures, as further described hereinafter. We achieved higher staffing levels and, during 2022, we incurred $20.2 million more in temporary incentives than in the prior year to attract and retain facility staff in this challenging labor market. We believe these investments in staffing are preparing us to manage the increased number of residents we anticipate at our facilities once the remaining occupancy restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are removed. We expect to continue to invest in staffing resources during 2023, which may result in additional compensation and incremental expenses. The benefits of our investments in staffing may not be realized immediately or at all. As the labor market improves, which we believe will take some additional time, we expect to reduce our reliance on these temporary incentives. Additionally, operating expenses increased as a result of expenses incurred as we transitioned inmate populations at our La Palma Correctional Center as a result of a new contract with the state of Arizona. The increase in operating expenses was net of employee retention credits available under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, amounting to $7.0 million, reflected in 2022. The increase in operating expenses was also partially offset by the contract terminations at our 600-bed West Tennessee Detention Facility effective September 30, 2021, at our 1,033-bed Midwest Regional Reception Center (formerly known as the Leavenworth Detention Center) effective December 31, 2021, and at the 1,030-bed managed-only Marion County Jail effective January 31, 2022. In addition, the increase in operating expenses was partially offset by the three-year lease agreement we entered into with the state of New Mexico at our 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center effective November 1, 2021. We previously operated the Northwest New Mexico facility in our Safety segment.

Total expenses per compensated man-day increased to $72.72 during 2022 from $65.67 during 2021. Fixed expenses per compensated man-day increased to $51.41 during 2022 from $47.51 during 2021. We have experienced labor shortages and wage pressures in many markets across the country, and have provided customary inflationary wage increases to remain competitive. Recruiting has been particularly challenging during the pandemic due to the front-line nature of the services we provide, and the shortage of nursing staff across the country has intensified as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a significant increase in registry nursing expenses. The challenges of recruiting and retaining staff, including nursing, has been and could continue to be exacerbated by actions taken or contemplated to be taken by government authorities intended to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 such as health and safety directives or other requirements that apply to us and our facilities. Further, we have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, incremental expenses to help ensure sufficient staffing levels under unique and challenging working conditions. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, we made investments and achieved higher staffing in 2022 and expect to continue to invest in increased staffing in 2023 to prepare us to manage the increased number of residents we anticipate at our facilities once the remaining occupancy restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are removed. Incremental expenses include, but may not be limited to, incentive payments to our front-line and field staff, temporary employee housing expenses and other travel related reimbursements, additional paid time off, off-cycle wage increases in certain markets to remain competitive, further increases in registry nursing expenses, as well as expenses to procure personal protective equipment and other supplies. The increase in fixed expenses per compensated man-day also resulted from leveraging our fixed expenses over lower compensated populations, as well as expenses incurred during the aforementioned transition of populations at our La Palma facility.

We continually monitor compensation levels very closely along with overall economic conditions and will adjust wage levels necessary to help ensure the long-term success of our business. Further, we continually evaluate the structure of our employee benefits package and training programs to ensure we are better able to attract and retain our employees. Salaries and benefits represent the most significant component of our operating expenses, representing approximately 59% of our total operating expenses during 2022 and 2021. As previously mentioned herein, recruiting and retaining staff has become particularly challenging in the current employment market for us and for the corrections and detention industry as a whole. An inability to attract and retain sufficient personnel could prevent us from caring for additional residential populations for government agencies in need of additional capacity due to an increase in inmate populations or an inability to adequately staff their facilities. An inability to attract and retain sufficient personnel in our existing facilities could also cause our government partners to assess liquidated damages, reduce our residential populations, or in extreme circumstances, cancel our contracts. We have also been subjected to increasing staff vacancy deductions as a result of the labor shortages, which are reflected as reductions to other management revenue. Estimating vacancy deduction amounts can be complex and subject to management judgment and

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estimations. Some of our government partners have granted waivers for vacancy deductions in recognition of the unique and challenging labor market, while others have discretionarily adjusted such deductions based on our extraordinary costs, efforts and incentive programs implemented to attract and retain staff.

Variable expenses per compensated man-day increased to $21.31 during 2022, from $18.16 during 2021. In addition to a high inflation rate applicable to all of our variable expenses, the increase in variable expenses per compensated man-day also resulted from an increase in registry nursing expenses of $15.4 million, or $0.86 per compensated man-day, due to the shortage of nursing staff across the country. In addition, we experienced an increase in travel expenses as we supported our staff who are temporarily deployed across the Company to help address the labor shortages we are experiencing in certain regions. Travel expenses increased $18.2 million, or $1.00 per compensated man-day from the prior year.

Operating expenses incurred by CoreCivic Properties in connection with facilities we lease to third-party operators decreased $4.5 million, or 24.6%, during 2022 when compared to 2021. The decrease in expenses in this segment was primarily a result of the sale of three actively leased properties during the second quarter of 2021 and two actively leased properties during the third quarter of 2022, all as further described hereinafter, partially offset by the operating expenses incurred as a result of the commencement of the lease of the 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center effective November 1, 2021, also as further described hereinafter.

Facility Management Contracts

We enter into facility management contracts to provide bed capacity and management services to governmental entities in our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments for terms typically ranging from three to five years, with additional renewal periods at the option of the contracting governmental agency. Accordingly, a substantial portion of our facility management contracts are scheduled to expire each year, notwithstanding contractual renewal options that a government agency may exercise. Although we generally expect these customers to exercise renewal options or negotiate new contracts with us, one or more of these contracts may not be renewed by the corresponding governmental agency. Further, our government partners can generally terminate our management contracts for non-appropriation of funds or for convenience.

Additionally, on January 26, 2021, President Biden issued the Private Prison EO. The Private Prison EO directs the Attorney General to not renew DOJ contracts with privately operated criminal detention facilities. Two agencies of the DOJ, the BOP and the USMS utilize our services. The BOP houses inmates who have been convicted, and the USMS is generally responsible for detainees who are awaiting trial. The BOP has experienced a steady decline in inmate populations over the last decade, a trend that has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our remaining prison contract with the BOP at the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility expired on November 30, 2022 and was not renewed. This contract accounted for 2% ($37.8 million) and 2% ($40.6 million) of our total revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We completed the sale of the McRae facility in August 2022 to the Georgia Building Authority, and entered into an agreement to lease the facility through November 2022 to allow us to fulfill our obligations to the BOP. The Private Prison EO only applies to agencies that are part of the DOJ, which includes the BOP and USMS. ICE facilities are not covered by the Private Prison EO, as ICE is an agency of the DHS, not the DOJ, although it is possible that the federal government could choose to take similar action on ICE facilities in the future. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, USMS and ICE accounted for 22% ($403.9 million) and 29% ($527.3 million), respectively, of our total revenue. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, USMS and ICE accounted for 23% ($433.6 million) and 30% ($552.2 million), respectively, of our total revenue.

Unlike the BOP, the USMS does not own detention capacity and relies on the private sector, along with various government agencies, for its detainee population. The USMS has been advised by the Office of the Deputy Attorney General not to renew existing contracts, or enter into new contracts for private detention facilities. We currently have two detention facilities that have direct contracts with the USMS that expire in September 2023 and September 2025. The facility with the contract expiring in September 2023 services a substantial number of USMS detainees that we believe will be challenging to replace, and we intend to work with the USMS to enable it to continue to fulfill its mission. However, we can provide no assurance that this contract will be renewed or replaced upon expiration. It is too early to predict the outcome of the expiration of the contract scheduled to expire in September 2025, and future developments could occur prior to the scheduled expiration date.

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On December 6, 2022, we received notice from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, or CDCR, of its intent to terminate the lease agreement for our 2,560-bed California City Correctional Center by March 31, 2024, due to the state's declining inmate population. The lease agreement is fully funded through the state of California's current fiscal year ending June 30, 2023. Funding for the lease of the facility for the 2024 fiscal year, beginning July 1, 2023, will be determined in the California legislature in the first half of 2023 as part of the annual budget process. As part of this process, we plan to engage with the state of California regarding the continued utilization of our California City facility by the CDCR. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in reaching an agreement for the utilization of the facility beyond June 30, 2023. Rental revenue generated from the CDCR at the California City facility was $34.0 million and $33.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Based on information available as of the date of this Annual Report, other than the previously mentioned lease agreement with the CDCR for our California City facility, we believe we will renew all other contracts with our government partners that have expired or are scheduled to expire within the next twelve months that could have a material adverse impact on our financial statements. We believe our renewal rate on existing contracts remains high due to a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, the constrained supply of available beds within the U.S. correctional system, our ownership of the majority of the beds we operate, and the cost effectiveness of the services we provide. However, we cannot assure that we will continue to achieve such renewal rates in the future.

CoreCivic Safety

CoreCivic Safety includes the operating results of the correctional and detention facilities that we operated during each period. Total revenue generated by CoreCivic Safety decreased $9.9 million, or 0.6%, from $1,694.0 million during 2021 to $1,684.0 million during 2022. CoreCivic Safety's facility net operating income decreased $86.6 million, or 18.9%, from $457.0 million during 2021 to $370.5 million during 2022. During 2022 and 2021, CoreCivic Safety generated 84.1% and 85.5%, respectively, of our total segment net operating income.

The following table displays the revenue and expenses per compensated man-day for CoreCivic Safety's correctional and detention facilities placed into service that we own and manage and for the facilities we manage but do not own, inclusive of the transportation services provided by TransCor:

The Private Prison EO could have a negative impact on our future results of operations and cash flows, to the extent we are unable to replace the cash flows with new management contracts like we did at our Northeast Ohio and Crossroads facilities, as previously described herein. We had direct contracts with the USMS to care for detainees at our 600-bed West Tennessee Detention Facility that expired on September 30, 2021 and was not renewed and at our 1,033-bed Midwest Regional Reception Center (formerly known as the Leavenworth Detention Center) that expired on December 31, 2021 and was not renewed. We are actively marketing the West Tennessee Detention Center and the Midwest Regional Reception Center to other government agencies. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to reach an agreement for the utilization of these facilities. During 2021, the contract with the USMS at our West Tennessee facility generated management revenue of $14.7 million, and the contract with the USMS at our Midwest Regional Reception Center generated management revenue of $36.4 million. We idled both the West

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Tennessee Detention Center and the Midwest Regional Reception Center upon expiration of the contracts with the USMS. However, we temporarily retained a certain staffing level at both facilities through the first three months of 2022 in the event that we were able to enter into new contracts with government agencies promptly following the contract expirations and to provide transportation services at the Midwest Regional Reception Center, which contributed to the increase in operating expenses per man-day in our Safety segment during 2022. During 2022, these two facilities experienced facility net operating losses aggregating $5.0 million, resulting in a total reduction to facility net operating income of $8.1 million at these two facilities as compared to 2021.

As previously described herein, we also had one prison contract with the BOP at our 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility, which expired in November 2022 and was not renewed. During 2022, this facility generated facility net operating income of $6.4 million. We entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with the Georgia Building Authority to purchase the McRae facility in July 2022 and completed the sale in August 2022. We leased the McRae Correctional Facility from the Georgia Building Authority through November 30, 2022 to allow us to fulfill our obligations to the BOP. We generated net sales proceeds of $129.7 million on the sale of the McRae facility, resulting in a net gain on the sale of $77.5 million, which we recognized in the third quarter of 2022.

Operating margins in the CoreCivic Safety segment have also been negatively impacted during 2022 by increased operating expenses per man-day, which was driven primarily by incremental staffing levels, higher wage rates, and increased registry nursing and other related expenses. As previously described herein, we have experienced labor shortages and wage pressures in many markets across the country, and have provided inflationary wage increases to remain competitive, including increases to most of our facility staff during July of the last three years since the COVID-19 pandemic started. Further, we have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, incremental expenses to help ensure sufficient staffing levels under unique and challenging working conditions, including but not limited to, shift incentive bonuses, recruiting and retention bonuses, temporary employee housing expenses and travel reimbursements, off-cycle wage increases, as well as relocation incentives. We expect to continue to invest in staffing resources during 2023, which may result in additional compensation and incremental expenses. During 2021, we operated at reduced staffing levels due to COVID-19 health and safety measures, including occupancy restrictions and labor shortages in many of our markets. Further, in an effort to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and at the direction of our government partners, we significantly reduced the level of movement within our facilities, enabling us to more efficiently manage our staffing. We have worked with our government partners and followed national and local health standards as we reinstated normal movement within our facilities. The negative impact on operating margins resulting from these factors was partially offset by a 3.9% increase in average revenue per compensated man-day during 2022 when compared to the prior year. The increase in average revenue per compensated man-day resulted from the effect of per diem increases at several of our facilities, as we have received per diem increases resulting from additional government appropriations funding to address increases in the wages of our employees.

In December 2021, we were awarded a new management contract from the state of Arizona for up to 2,706 inmates at our 3,060-bed La Palma Correctional Center in Arizona. The State closed an outdated public-sector prison and transferred the inmate populations from this prison and multiple other public-sector prisons to our La Palma facility. The transfer began in April 2022, and was substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2022. Before the new award, the La Palma facility supported the mission of ICE by caring for approximately 1,800 detainees. The new award expands and strengthens our relationship with the state of Arizona and we believe will maximize the utilization of our La Palma facility, while providing ICE with the ability to continue its mission under existing contracts at alternative facilities we own and operate in the same geographic region. The transition of population from ICE detainees to inmates from the state of Arizona resulted in the disruption of earnings and cash flows, and we expect this disruption will continue until the incremental staffing incentives incurred to help ensure a smooth transition stabilize. Upon full utilization of the new contract, we expect to generate approximately $75.0 million to $85.0 million in annualized revenue at the La Palma facility. However, because of the preparation to receive the Arizona inmates, including a reduction in the average daily population of ICE detainees at the facility, facility net operating income decreased $34.1 million during 2022 when compared with 2021.

Our managed-only contract for the 1,030-bed Marion County Jail in Indianapolis, Indiana terminated and operations transitioned to Marion County effective January 31, 2022. Marion County constructed a replacement facility that became fully operational in January 2022. During 2021, this facility generated facility net operating income of $3.9 million compared to a facility net operating loss of $0.1 million during the time the facility was active in 2022.

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On September 20, 2021, we entered into a three-year lease agreement with the state of New Mexico at our 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center. We previously operated the Northwest New Mexico facility in our Safety segment under a contract with the state of New Mexico. We transitioned facility operations to the New Mexico Corrections Department upon commencement of the new lease agreement on November 1, 2021. During the time the facility operated in our Safety segment during 2021, the Northwest New Mexico facility generated revenue of $9.2 million and incurred a facility net operating loss of $2.3 million. During 2022, this facility generated lease revenue of $3.2 million and facility net operating income of $1.3 million.

CoreCivic Community

CoreCivic Community includes the operating results of the residential reentry centers that we operated during each period, along with the operating results of our electronic monitoring and case management services. Total revenue generated by CoreCivic Community increased $3.8 million, or 3.8%, from $99.4 million during 2021 to $103.3 million during 2022. CoreCivic Community's facility net operating income decreased $0.6 million, or 3.2%, from $17.8 million during 2021 to $17.2 million during 2022. During 2022 and 2021, CoreCivic Community generated 3.9% and 3.3%, respectively, of our total segment net operating income.

The following table displays the revenue and expenses per compensated man-day for CoreCivic Community's residential reentry facilities placed into service that we own and manage, but exclusive of the electronic monitoring and case management services given that revenue is not generated on a per compensated man-day basis for these services:

Similar to our CoreCivic Safety segment, operating margins in our CoreCivic Community segment were negatively impacted during 2022 by increased operating expenses per man-day, which were driven primarily by higher wage rates and increased variable expenses, including most notably travel related expenses. The effect of the increased operating expenses was partially offset by an increase in average revenue per compensated man-day during 2022. Average revenue per compensated man-day increased primarily as a result of per diem increases at several of our facilities. Also, like our CoreCivic Safety segment, occupancy in our CoreCivic Community facilities continues to be negatively affected by COVID-19 and has not yet returned to pre-pandemic occupancy levels. Because facilities in our Community segment are typically smaller in size than those in our Safety segment, occupancy declines have a larger impact on operating margin per compensated man-day. Accordingly, modest changes in occupancy can have a notable impact in our Community segment.

Contributing to the improved average compensated occupancy in the CoreCivic Community segment during 2022 were the sales of our 120-bed Fox Facility and Training Center and our 90-bed Ulster Facility in the first quarter of 2022. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement for our Fox facility, which was sold in February 2022. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2021, we entered into a separate Purchase and Sale Agreement for our idled Ulster facility, which was sold in March 2022. The two facilities were located in Denver, Colorado and had recently been under-utilized by Denver County, and incurred facility net operating losses aggregating $0.5 million during 2021.

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CoreCivic Properties

CoreCivic Properties includes the operating results of the properties we leased to government agencies during each period. Total revenue generated by CoreCivic Properties decreased $11.1 million, or 16.0%, from $68.9 million during 2021 to $57.9 million during 2022. CoreCivic Properties' facility net operating income decreased $6.6 million, or 13.0%, from $50.8 million during 2021 to $44.2 million during 2022. The decreases in total revenue and facility net operating income in 2022 were primarily the result of the three actively leased properties we sold in the second quarter of 2021 and the two actively leased properties we sold in the third quarter of 2022, as further described hereinafter, partially offset by the revenue and net operating income generated by the new lease at our Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center. During 2022 and 2021, CoreCivic Properties generated 12.0% and 11.2%, respectively, of our total segment net operating income.

On May 28, 2021, we completed the sale of two leased properties, the 277,000 square foot Capital Commerce Center, primarily leased to an agency of the State of Florida in Tallahassee, Florida, and a 217,000 square foot warehouse property leased to the General Services Administration, or GSA, in Dayton, Ohio, in a single transaction to a third party for an aggregate price of $73.0 million, generating net proceeds of $46.2 million after the repayment of the debt related to the Capital Commerce Center and other transaction-related costs. In addition, on June 29, 2021, we completed the sale of a 541,000 square foot property leased to the GSA in Baltimore, Maryland to a third party for a price of $253.0 million, generating net proceeds of $76.4 million after the repayment of the debt related to the Baltimore property and other transaction-related costs. During our period of ownership in 2021, these three properties generated facility net operating income of $9.5 million. We recorded an aggregate net gain on the sales of these three properties of $38.9 million during the second quarter of 2021.

On September 20, 2021, we entered into a three-year lease agreement with the state of New Mexico at our 596-bed Northwest New Mexico Correctional Center. We previously operated the Northwest New Mexico facility in our Safety segment under a contract with the state of New Mexico. We transitioned facility operations to the New Mexico Corrections Department upon commencement of the new lease agreement on November 1, 2021. We will retain responsibility for facility maintenance throughout the term of the lease. The new lease agreement includes extension options that could extend the term of the lease through October 31, 2041. The average annual rent for the initial three-year lease term is $3.2 million, including annual rent of $4.2 million in the second and third years of the lease, with annual escalators thereafter.

On July 19, 2022, we sold the Stockton Female Community Corrections Facility and the Long Beach Community Corrections Center, both located in California, generating net sales proceeds of $10.9 million. During 2021, these two properties generated facility net operating income of $1.0 million. During our period of ownership in 2022, these two properties generated facility net operating income of $0.6 million. We reported an aggregate net gain on the sale of these two properties of $2.3 million during the third quarter of 2022.

During the third quarter of 2022, we began marketing for sale our Roth Hall Residential Reentry Center and the Walker Hall Residential Reentry Center, both of which are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Several third parties have expressed an interest in purchasing the properties, and we believe we will be able to sell these properties within the next twelve months and, therefore, have classified them as held for sale as of December 31, 2022. However, we have not yet reached a definitive agreement to sell the properties and can provide no assurance that we will complete the sale of either of these properties. The net book value of these properties is $5.8 million.

On December 6, 2022, we received notice from the CDCR of its intent to terminate the lease agreement for our 2,560-bed California City Correctional Center by March 31, 2024, due to the state's declining inmate population. The lease agreement is fully funded through the state of California's current fiscal year ending June 30, 2023. Funding for the lease of the facility for the 2024 fiscal year, beginning July 1, 2023, will be determined in the California legislature in the first half of 2023 as part of the annual budget process. As part of this process, we plan to engage with the state of California regarding the continued utilization of the California City facility by the CDCR. However, we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in reaching an agreement for the utilization of the facility beyond June 30, 2023. Rental revenue generated from the CDCR at the California City facility was $34.0 million and $33.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Facility net operating income at this facility was $27.9 million and $27.4 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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General and administrative expense

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, general and administrative expenses totaled $127.7 million and $135.8 million, respectively. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of corporate management salaries and benefits, professional fees, and other administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased from the prior year period primarily as a result of a decrease in corporate management salaries and benefits, which was largely related to lower incentive-based compensation.

Depreciation and Amortization

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, depreciation and amortization expense totaled $127.9 million and $134.7 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased due to certain information technology equipment becoming fully depreciated. In addition, the decrease in depreciation and amortization expense was due to the contract termination at the Marion County Jail and the sales of our Fox Facility and Training Center and our Ulster Facility, all of which occurred during the first quarter of 2022, and the sale of our McRae Correctional Facility in the third quarter of 2022.

Shareholder litigation expense

On April 16, 2021, we reached an agreement in principle to settle a purported securities class action lawsuit that was filed on August 23, 2016 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, or the District Court, captioned Grae v. Corrections Corporation of America et al. The monetary terms of the settlement included a payment of $56.0 million in return for a dismissal of the case with prejudice and a full release of all claims against all defendants. The settlement agreement, which was approved by the District Court on November 8, 2021, contains no admission of liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the defendants, including us. As a result of the settlement, we recognized an expense of $54.3 million during 2021, which was net of the remaining insurance available under the Company's policies. We paid the settlement amount in May 2021.

We were also named along with several of our directors in six derivative lawsuits which raise similar allegations to those raised in the Grae securities litigation. On June 17, 2022, we and derivative plaintiffs informed the District Court that the parties had reached an agreement as to the plaintiffs' attorneys' fees and expenses, including $1.9 million we expensed in 2022. The final settlement, which was approved by the District Court on December 2, 2022, also calls for us to adopt certain governance changes, which we are implementing.

Asset impairments

Pursuant to the agreement to sell the Oklahoma City Transitional Center in our Community segment, which closed in the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized an impairment charge of $3.5 million during the third quarter of 2022 associated with this facility, based on its estimated fair value less costs to sell. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized an impairment charge of $0.7 million pursuant to an agreement to sell the 60-bed Columbine Facility in Denver, Colorado. The Columbine Facility is an idle residential reentry facility in our Community segment.

Asset impairment charges during 2021 include $5.2 million for the impairment of pre-development activities recognized in the third quarter of 2021 in our Properties segment. The impairment was a result of lease terminations with the state of Alabama, as previously described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 18, 2022. Asset impairment charges during 2021 also include the impairment of $2.9 million for goodwill and other assets associated with the anticipated termination of a managed-only contract in our Safety segment recognized during the second quarter of 2021, $1.3 million for the impairment of real estate assets recognized during the first quarter of 2021 for a facility in our Properties segment that was sold during the second quarter of 2021, and $2.0 million recognized during the fourth quarter of 2021 for the impairment of real estate for a facility in our Community segment that was classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021.

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Interest expense, net

As discussed in more detail hereinafter, on May 12, 2022, we entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, or the New Bank Credit Facility, in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, consisting of a $100.0 million term loan, or the New Term Loan A, and a $250.0 million revolving credit facility, or the New Revolving Credit Facility. The New Bank Credit Facility replaced the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, or the Previous Bank Credit Facility, which was in an aggregate principal amount of $1.0 billion and consisted of a term loan with an original principal balance of $200.0 million, or the Previous Term Loan A, and a revolving credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $800.0 million, or the Previous Revolving Credit Facility. The New Bank Credit Facility extends the maturity to May 2026 from the April 2023 maturity under the Previous Bank Credit Facility. The New Bank Credit Facility and the Previous Bank Credit Facility are together referred to herein as the Bank Credit Facility.

Interest expense is reported net of interest income and capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Gross interest expense, net of capitalized interest, was $95.9 million and $95.5 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross interest expense was based on outstanding borrowings under our Bank Credit Facility, our Term Loan B (which we repaid in full in May 2022, as further described hereinafter), our outstanding senior unsecured notes, and our outstanding non-recourse mortgage notes, as well as the amortization of loan costs and unused facility fees. Interest expense during 2022 increased primarily as a result of the issuance of $675.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior unsecured notes in April and September 2021, which increased the average interest rate applicable to our outstanding debt, as further described hereinafter. However, the increase in gross interest expense was almost entirely offset by a decrease in the average outstanding balance on our Previous Revolving Credit Facility (which we repaid in full in the third quarter of 2021), the redemption and repurchase of an aggregate of $426.4 million of senior unsecured notes during 2021, the repayment of certain non-recourse mortgage notes during 2021, the repayment of $90.0 million of the then-outstanding balance of the Term Loan B during October 2021, the $124.1 million repayment of the remaining balance of the Term Loan B during May 2022, and the repurchase in the open market of $80.8 million principal amount of unsecured notes during 2022, all as further described hereinafter.

We benefited from relatively low interest rates on our Previous Bank Credit Facility, which was largely based on the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR. Based on our total leverage ratio, borrowings under our Previous Bank Credit Facility during most of 2021 were at the base rate plus a margin of 0.50% or at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.50%, and a commitment fee equal to 0.35% of the unfunded balance of the Previous Revolving Credit Facility. During the fourth quarter of 2021, based on a reduction in our total leverage ratio, borrowings under our Previous Bank Credit Facility decreased to a base rate plus a margin of 0.25% or LIBOR plus a margin of 1.25%, and a commitment fee equal to 0.30% of the unfunded balance of the Previous Revolving Credit Facility. Based on our current total leverage ratio, loans under our New Bank Credit Facility bear interest at a base rate plus a margin of 2.25% or at the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index, or BSBY, rate plus a margin of 3.25%, and a commitment fee equal to 0.45% of the unfunded balance of the New Revolving Credit Facility. Although we are exposed to rising interest rates, we have reduced our exposure to rising interest rates by paying down our variable rate debt. The only remaining variable rate debt we have is associated with our New Term Loan A, which had an outstanding balance of $96.3 million as of December 31, 2022, and our New Revolving Credit Facility, which was undrawn during 2022.

On May 19, 2022, we voluntarily repaid in full the debt outstanding under our Term Loan B, amounting to $124.1 million, and satisfied all of our outstanding obligations under the Term Loan B. We did not incur any prepayment penalties in connection with the repayment of the Term Loan B, which had a scheduled maturity of December 18, 2024. The prepayment was made in full with cash on hand. The Term Loan B bore interest at LIBOR plus 4.50%, with a 1.00% LIBOR floor (or, at our option, a base rate plus 3.50%).

The 2018 acquisition of the Capital Commerce Center located in Tallahassee, Florida was partially financed with a non-recourse mortgage note, or the Capital Commerce Note, which was fully secured by the Capital Commerce property. The Capital Commerce Note carried a fixed interest rate of 4.5%, required monthly principal and interest payments, and was scheduled to mature in January 2033. The Capital Commerce Note was fully repaid in connection with the sale of the Capital Commerce Center on May 28, 2021.

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In connection with the acquisition of the SSA-Baltimore office building in 2018, a wholly-owned unrestricted subsidiary of ours assumed $157.3 million of in-place financing. The assumed non-recourse mortgage note, or the SSA Baltimore Note, carried a fixed interest rate of 4.5% and required monthly principal and interest payments, with a balloon payment of $40.0 million due at maturity in February 2034. The SSA-Baltimore Note was fully secured by the SSA-Baltimore property. The SSA-Baltimore Note was fully repaid in connection with the sale of the SSA-Baltimore property on June 29, 2021.

On April 14, 2021, we completed an underwritten registered public offering of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior unsecured notes due 2026, or the Original 8.25% Senior Notes, which are guaranteed by our existing and future subsidiaries that guarantee the Bank Credit Facility. The Original 8.25% Senior Notes were priced at 99.0% of face value and as a result have an effective yield to maturity of 8.50%. We used a significant amount of the net proceeds from the offering of the Original 8.25% Senior Notes (i) to redeem all of our previous $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior unsecured notes, which were due in 2022, or the 5.0% Senior Notes, including the payment of the applicable "make-whole" redemption amount of $15.5 million and accrued interest, and (ii) to repurchase $149.0 million of our $350.0 million principal amount of 4.625% senior unsecured notes due 2023, or the 4.625% Senior Notes, at an aggregate purchase price of $151.2 million in privately negotiated transactions, reducing the outstanding balance of the 4.625% Senior Notes to $201.0 million. Following the April 2021 issuance of the original 8.25% Senior Notes, during the balance of 2021 we purchased an additional aggregate $27.3 million of our 4.625% Senior Notes at par in open market purchases, further reducing the outstanding balance of the 4.625% Senior Notes to $173.7 million. In addition, during 2022, we purchased an additional $19.9 million of the 4.625% Senior Notes at a weighted average purchase price approximately equal to par in open market purchases, reducing the outstanding balance of the 4.625% Senior Notes to $153.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The "make-whole" redemption amount paid in connection with the redemption of the 5.0% Senior Notes and the aggregate price paid for the 4.625% Senior Notes in excess of the principal amount of the notes repurchased resulted in charges of approximately $19.2 million during the second quarter of 2021, including costs associated with the repurchases and the proportionate write-off of existing debt issuance costs. The remaining net proceeds from the issuance of the Original 8.25% Senior Notes were used to pay down a portion of the amounts outstanding under the Previous Revolving Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.

On September 29, 2021, we completed an underwritten registered tack-on public offering of $225.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due 2026, or the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes, at an issue price of 102.25% of their aggregate principal amount, plus accrued interest from the April 14, 2021 issue date for the Original 8.25% Senior Notes, resulting in an effective yield to maturity of 7.65% for the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes. The Additional 8.25% Senior Notes and the Original 8.25% Senior Notes, together the 8.25% Senior Notes, constitute a single class of securities and have identical terms, other than issue date and issue price. The issuance of the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes increased the total aggregate principal amount of the 8.25% Senior Notes outstanding to $675.0 million. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes totaled approximately $225.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses and including the original issuance premium. We used the net proceeds from the offering of the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes to pay down our Previous Revolving Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes. During 2022, we purchased $60.9 million of the 8.25% Senior Notes at a weighted average purchase price approximately equal to par in open market purchases, reducing the outstanding balance of the 8.25% Senior Notes to $614.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

Gross interest income was $10.9 million and $10.0 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross interest income is earned on notes receivable, investments, cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Interest income also includes interest income associated with the 20-year finance receivable associated with the Lansing Correctional Facility lease to the KDOC, which commenced in January 2020, and amounted to $8.7 million and $8.8 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Total capitalized interest was $1.0 million and $0.4 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions

During 2022, we incurred charges of $1.3 million for the write-off of a pro-rata portion of the loan costs associated with the aforementioned open market purchases of the 4.625% Senior Notes and the 8.25% Senior Notes, net of discounts to the principal balance of notes purchased. Further, as previously described, during the second quarter of 2022, we incurred charges of $0.8 million for the write-off of a portion of the pre-existing loan costs associated with our Previous Bank Credit Facility, as well as $6.0 million associated with the write-off of the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount resulting from the prepayment of our Term Loan B.

Also, as previously described, during the second quarter of 2021, we completed the sales of three non-core actively leased properties in two separate transactions for a collective aggregate price of $326.0 million, generating total net proceeds of $122.6 million after the repayment of two non-recourse mortgage notes associated with two of the properties and other transaction-related costs. In connection with the sales, we incurred charges of $32.5 million associated with the prepayment of the two non-recourse mortgage notes and non-cash charges of $0.5 million associated with the write-off of existing debt issuance costs. Expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions during the second quarter of 2021 also included $19.2 million associated with the redemption of our $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.0% Senior Notes originally due in October 2022, as well as the aggregate price paid for our 4.625% Senior Notes in excess of the principal amount of the notes repurchased, costs associated with the repurchases, and the proportionate write-off of existing debt issuance costs. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we also reported a charge of $4.1 million for the pro-rata write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and the original issue discount associated with the repayment of $90.0 million of the outstanding balance of the Term Loan B in October 2021.

Gain on sale of real estate assets, net

Gain on sale of real estate assets, net during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily includes the gains on the sales of the McRae Correctional Facility in our Safety segment and the Stockton Female Community Corrections Facility and the Long Beach Community Corrections Center in our Properties segment, all of which were recorded in the third quarter of 2022, as previously described herein. Gain on sale of real estate assets, net during 2022 also includes gains related to the sales of certain other real estate properties, including two vacant land parcels.

Gain on sale of real estate assets, net during the year ended December 31, 2021, includes the gains on the sales of the Capital Commerce Center in Florida, a 217,000 square foot warehouse property in Dayton, Ohio, and a 541,000 square foot property in Baltimore Maryland, all of which were recorded in the second quarter of 2021, as previously described herein.

Income tax expense

On August 5, 2020, we announced that our BOD unanimously approved a plan to revoke our REIT election and become a taxable C Corporation, effective January 1, 2021. As a result, we are no longer required to operate under REIT rules, including the requirement to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our stockholders, which provides us with greater flexibility to use our free cash flow.

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We continued to operate as a REIT for the remainder of the 2020 tax year, and existing REIT requirements and limitations, including those established by our organizational documents, remained in place until January 1, 2021. Effective January 1, 2021, we became subject to federal and state income taxes on our taxable income at applicable tax rates, and are no longer entitled to a tax deduction for dividends paid. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our financial statements reflected an income tax expense of $43.0 million and $138.0 million, respectively. Income tax expense for 2022 included an income tax expense of $19.3 million associated with the gain on sale of real estate assets previously described, partially offset by an income tax benefit associated with shareholder litigation expenses, asset impairments, and expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions previously described. Income tax expense for 2021 included $114.2 million primarily resulting from the revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities due to the completion of all significant actions necessary to revoke our REIT election. No catch-up tax payments or penalties resulted from the revocation of our REIT election. Income tax expense related to operations for 2021 was partially offset by an income tax benefit of $21.2 million associated with the settlement agreement reached on April 16, 2021 in connection with the shareholder litigation, incremental expenses directly associated with COVID-19 (reflected in operating expenses), asset impairments, and expenses associated with debt repayments and refinancing transactions, net of an income tax expense associated with the gain on sale of real estate assets.

Our effective tax rate could fluctuate in the future based on changes in estimates of taxable income, the implementation of additional tax planning strategies, changes in federal or state tax rates or laws affecting tax credits available to us, changes in other tax laws, changes in estimates related to uncertain tax positions, or changes in state apportionment factors, as well as changes in the valuation allowance applied to our deferred tax assets that are based primarily on the amount of state net operating losses and tax credits that could expire unused.

Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020

Pursuant to Regulation S-K item 303, a detailed review of our performance for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to our performance for the year ended December 31, 2020 is set forth in "Part 2, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our principal capital requirements are for working capital, capital expenditures, and debt service payments, as well as outstanding commitments and contingencies, as further discussed in the notes to our financial statements. Effective January 1, 2021, we became subject to federal and state income taxes on our taxable income at applicable tax rates, and are no longer entitled to a tax deduction for dividends paid, which were available when we elected REIT status. However, we believe this conversion in corporate tax structure improves our overall credit profile and will lower our overall cost of capital, as we are able to allocate our free cash flow toward the repayment of debt, which may include the purchase of our outstanding debt in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such debt repurchases will depend upon prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual requirements, applicable securities laws requirements, and other factors. During 2021 and 2022, we repaid $581.2 million of debt, net of the change in cash. Following our first priority of utilizing free cash flow to reduce debt, we expect to allocate a substantial portion of our free cash flow to returning capital to our shareholders, which could include share repurchases and future dividends. Any future dividend is subject to the BOD's determinations as to the amount of distributions and the timing thereof, as well as limitations under the Company's debt covenants. We were not able to implement a meaningful share repurchase program under the REIT structure without increasing our debt because a substantial portion of our free cash flow was required to satisfy the distribution requirements under the REIT structure. On May 2, 2022, the BOD approved a share repurchase program to purchase up to $150.0 million of our common stock. On August 2, 2022, the BOD increased the authorization to repurchase under the share repurchase program by up to an additional $75.0 million of our common stock, which resulted in a total aggregate authorized amount to repurchase up to $225.0 million of our common stock. Repurchases of our outstanding common stock will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws and may be made at our discretion based on parameters set by our BOD from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. The share repurchase program has no time limit and does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of our common stock. The authorization for the share repurchase program may be terminated, suspended, increased or decreased by the BOD in its discretion at any time. Through December 31, 2022, we completed the repurchase of 6.6 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of $74.5 million, using cash on hand and cash provided by operations.

We will also pursue attractive growth opportunities, including new development opportunities in our Properties segment, to meet the need to modernize outdated correctional infrastructure across the country, and explore potential opportunities to expand the scope of non-residential correctional alternatives we provide in our Community segment that were not available under the REIT structure. As a REIT, we depended on the capital markets to provide resources we could deploy toward acquisition and development opportunities. This capital was not always available to us and came at an increasing cost. The revocation of our REIT election provides us with significantly more liquidity and financial flexibility, which enables us to reduce our reliance on the capital markets and enabled us to reduce the size of our Bank Credit Facility.

With the extensively aged criminal justice infrastructure in the U.S. today, we believe we can bring real estate and financing solutions to government agencies like we did in connection with the construction of the Lansing Correctional Facility that commenced operations in January 2020. We financed the construction of the Lansing Correctional Facility 100% with project specific financing, requiring no equity commitment from us. We believe we can also provide other real estate solutions to government agencies faced with extensively aged criminal justice infrastructure, including "turn-key" solutions like those we are providing to the state of Arizona in connection with the new contract that commenced during the second quarter of 2022 at our La Palma Correctional Center, as well as real estate only solutions to government agencies that need correctional capacity where they prefer to perform the operations. Most real estate only solutions would not require material capital expenditures if we have existing capacity. However, in the future we could incur capital expenditures to provide replacement capacity for government agencies that have extensively aged criminal justice infrastructure and are in need of new capacity.

In July 2022, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with the Georgia Building Authority to purchase the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility for a price of $130.0 million in order to update its aged and inefficient public sector correctional infrastructure. We completed the sale in August 2022. The sale of the McRae facility generated net sales proceeds of $129.7 million. We also sold two additional properties and a parcel of land during the third quarter of 2022 that generated net sales proceeds of approximately $15.6 million and, during the fourth quarter of 2022, we sold a property in our Community segment that generated net sales proceeds of approximately $0.9 million.

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During the first and second quarters of 2022 we completed the sales of two additional residential reentry facilities and a parcel of land that generated net sales proceeds of $10.8 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had three residential reentry facilities classified as held for sale, one of which is under a Purchase & Sale Agreement and is expected to be sold during the second quarter of 2023, with an aggregate net book value of $6.9 million. Any net proceeds generated from the sales of these facilities would provide additional liquidity to us for general corporate purposes, which may include making repurchases under our share repurchase plan and/or reducing our outstanding indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash on hand of $149.4 million, and $233.2 million available under our New Revolving Credit Facility. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we generated $153.6 million and $263.2 million, respectively, in cash through operating activities. We currently expect to be able to meet our cash expenditure requirements for the next year and beyond utilizing cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and availability under our New Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had no debt maturities until May 2023, when the remaining $153.8 million of the 4.625% Senior Notes was scheduled to mature. On December 22, 2022, we delivered an irrevocable notice to the trustee of the holders of the 4.625% Senior Notes that we elected to redeem in full the 4.625% Senior Notes that remained outstanding on February 1, 2023. The 4.625% Senior Notes were redeemed on February 1, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the outstanding 4.625% Senior Notes, which amounted to $153.8 million, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. We used a combination of cash on hand and available capacity under our New Revolving Credit Facility to fund the redemption. Following the redemption of the 4.625% Senior Notes, we have no debt maturities until 2026.

Our cash flow is subject to the receipt of sufficient funding of and timely payment by contracting governmental entities. If the appropriate governmental agency does not receive sufficient appropriations to cover its contractual obligations, it may terminate our contract or delay or reduce payment to us. Delays in payment from our major customers or the termination of contracts from our major customers could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and financial condition. Although our revenue has been negatively impacted by COVID-19, we have not experienced any unusual delays in payments from our major customers.

Debt

As of December 31, 2022, we had $153.8 million principal amount of unsecured notes outstanding with a fixed stated interest rate of 4.625% (which were redeemed in full on February 1, 2023, as previously noted herein), $250.0 million principal amount of unsecured notes outstanding with a fixed stated interest rate of 4.75%, and $614.1 million principal amount of unsecured notes outstanding with a fixed stated interest rate of 8.25%, or collectively, the Senior Notes. In addition, we had $150.4 million outstanding under the Kansas Notes with a fixed stated interest rate of 4.43% and $96.3 million outstanding under our New Term Loan A with a variable interest rate of 7.5%. We had $16.8 million of letters of credit outstanding under our New Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2022. There was no amount outstanding under our New Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, our total weighted average effective interest rate was 7.1%, while our total weighted average maturity was 4.9 years.

On May 12, 2022, we entered into the New Bank Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, consisting of the New Term Loan A with an original principal balance of $100.0 million and the New Revolving Credit Facility with a borrowing capacity of $250.0 million. The New Bank Credit Facility replaced the Previous Bank Credit Facility, which was in an aggregate principal amount of $1.0 billion and consisted of the Previous Term Loan A with an original principal balance of $200.0 million and the Previous Revolving Credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $800.0 million. The New Bank Credit Facility extends the maturity to May 2026 from the April 2023 maturity under the Previous Bank Credit Facility. The New Bank Credit Facility includes an option to increase the availability under the New Revolving Credit Facility and to request term loans from the lenders in an aggregate amount not to exceed the greater of (a) $200.0 million and (b) 50% of consolidated EBITDA for the most recently ended four-quarter period, subject to, among other things, the receipt of commitments for the increased amount. At our option, interest on outstanding borrowings under the New Bank Credit Facility is based on either a base rate plus a margin ranging from 1.75% to 3.5%, or at the BSBY rate plus a margin ranging from 2.75% to 4.5% based on our then-current total leverage ratio. The New Revolving Credit Facility includes a $25.0 million sublimit for swing line loans that enables us to borrow at the base rate from the Administrative Agent on same-day notice and also has a $100.0 million sublimit for the issuance of standby letters of credit.

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The New Bank Credit Facility requires us to meet certain financial covenants, including, without limitation, a total leverage ratio of not more than 4.50 to 1.00 (from 5.50 to 1.00 under the Previous Bank Credit Facility) for which we may net unrestricted cash and cash equivalents not exceeding $100.0 million when calculating, a secured leverage ratio of not more than 2.50 to 1.00 (from 3.25 to 1.00 under the Previous Bank Credit Facility) for which we may net unrestricted cash and cash equivalents not exceeding $100.0 million when calculating, and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.75 to 1.00 (unchanged from the Previous Bank Credit Facility). The New Bank Credit Facility is secured by a pledge of all of the capital stock (or other ownership interests) of our domestic restricted subsidiaries, 65% of the capital stock (or other ownership interests) of our "first-tier" foreign subsidiaries, all of our accounts receivable and those of our domestic restricted subsidiaries, and substantially all of our deposit accounts and those of our domestic restricted subsidiaries. In the event that (a) the consolidated total leverage equals or exceeds 4.00 to 1.00 or (b) we incur certain debt above a specified threshold, certain intangible assets and unencumbered real estate assets that meet a 50% loan-to-value requirement are required to be added as collateral. In addition, the New Bank Credit Facility contains certain covenants that, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional indebtedness, payment of dividends and other customary restricted payments, permitted investments, transactions with affiliates, asset sales, mergers and consolidations, liquidations, prepayments and modifications of other indebtedness, liens and other encumbrances and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. The New Bank Credit Facility is subject to certain cross-default provisions with terms of our other unsecured indebtedness, and is subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of a change of control.

Operating Activities

Our net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $153.6 million compared with $263.2 million in 2021. Cash provided by operating activities represents our net income (loss) plus depreciation and amortization, changes in various components of working capital, and various non-cash charges. The reduction in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from a decline in facility net operating income of $93.7 million, combined with negative fluctuations in working capital during 2022, compared with 2021.

Investing Activities

Our cash flow provided by investing activities was $73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily attributable to $157.7 million in net proceeds from the sale of assets, partially offset by capital expenditures for facility development and expansions of $23.1 million and $58.3 million for facility maintenance and information technology capital expenditures.

Our cash flow provided by investing activities was $238.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and was primarily attributable to $320.8 million in net proceeds from the sale of assets, partially offset by capital expenditures for facility development and expansions of $18.6 million and $62.3 million for facility maintenance and information technology capital expenditures.

Financing Activities

Cash flow used in financing activities was $375.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily attributable to debt repayments, including the aforementioned $167.5 million related to our Previous Term Loan A, $124.1 million related to our Term Loan B, and $80.6 million related to our 4.625% and 8.25% Senior Notes. In addition, our net cash flow used in financing activities was attributable to $15.1 million of scheduled principal repayments under our Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and our non-recourse mortgage note. Our net cash flow used in financing activities also included $79.9 million for the share repurchase program our BOD authorized during the second quarter of 2022, as well as the purchase and retirement of common stock that was issued in connection with equity-based compensation, and dividend payments on restricted stock units that became vested of $0.9 million. These payments were partially offset by the $100.0 million of proceeds from the aforementioned issuance of the New Term Loan A.

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Cash flow used in financing activities was $327.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and was primarily attributable to net repayments under our Revolving Credit Facility of $219.0 million. In addition, cash flow used in financing activities included $35.3 million of scheduled principal repayments under our Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and non-recourse mortgage notes, as well as $516.4 million for the aforementioned repayments of senior notes and our Term Loan B, $161.9 million for the repayment of non-recourse mortgage notes in connection with the aforementioned sale of assets, and $65.0 million for debt defeasance, issuance, and other refinancing and related costs. Cash flow used in financing activities also included $1.0 million of contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of a business acquired in 2019 and $1.6 million for the purchase and retirement of common stock that was issued in connection with equity-based compensation. These payments were partially offset by the $445.5 million of gross proceeds from the aforementioned issuance of the Original 8.25% Senior Notes that were issued in the second quarter of 2021 at a 99.0% discount of face value and the $230.1 million of gross proceeds from the aforementioned issuance of the Additional 8.25% Senior Notes that were issued in the third quarter of 2021 at a 102.25% premium of face value.

Supplemental Guarantor Information

All of the domestic subsidiaries of CoreCivic (as the parent corporation) that guarantee the Credit Agreements have provided full and unconditional guarantees of our Senior Notes. All of CoreCivic's subsidiaries guaranteeing the Senior Notes are 100% owned direct or indirect subsidiaries of CoreCivic, and the subsidiary guarantees are full and unconditional and are joint and several obligations of the guarantors.

As of December 31, 2022, neither CoreCivic nor any of its subsidiary guarantors had any material or significant restrictions on CoreCivic's ability to obtain funds from its subsidiaries by dividend or loan or to transfer assets from such subsidiaries.

The indentures governing our Senior Notes contain certain customary covenants that, subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, restrict CoreCivic's ability to, among other things, create or permit to exist certain liens and consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of CoreCivic's assets. In addition, if CoreCivic experiences specific kinds of changes in control, CoreCivic must offer to repurchase all or a portion of the Senior Notes. The offer price for the Senior Notes in connection with a change in control would be 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes repurchased plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on the notes repurchased to the date of purchase. The indenture related to our 8.25% Senior Notes additionally limits our ability to incur indebtedness, make restricted payments and investments and prepay certain indebtedness.

The following tables present summarized information for CoreCivic and the subsidiary guarantors, on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among CoreCivic and the subsidiary guarantors and (ii) equity in earnings from, and any investments in, any subsidiary that is a non-guarantor (in thousands).

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Funds from Operations

Funds From Operations, or FFO, is a widely accepted supplemental non-GAAP measure utilized to evaluate the operating performance of real estate companies. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, defines FFO as net income computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from sales of property and extraordinary items, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate and impairment of depreciable real estate and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect funds from operations on the same basis. We believe FFO is an important supplemental measure of our operating performance and believe it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITs and other real estate operating companies, many of which present FFO when reporting results.

We also present Normalized FFO as an additional supplemental measure as we believe it is more reflective of our core operating performance. We may make adjustments to FFO from time to time for certain other income and expenses that we consider non-recurring, infrequent or unusual, even though such items may require cash settlement, because such items do not reflect a necessary or ordinary component of our ongoing operations. Normalized FFO excludes the effects of such items.

FFO and Normalized FFO are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures of real estate companies' operating performance, which do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and therefore should not be considered an alternative for net income or as a measure of liquidity. Our method of calculating FFO and Normalized FFO may be different from methods used by other REITs and real estate operating companies and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such REITs and other real estate operating companies.

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Our reconciliation of net income to FFO and Normalized FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

Material Cash Requirements

The following table summarizes our material cash requirements related to borrowings, contracts and leases by the indicated period as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The cash obligations in the table above do not include future cash obligations for variable interest expense associated with our New Term Loan A or the balance outstanding on our New Revolving Credit Facility, if any, as projections would be based on future outstanding balances as well as future variable interest rates, and we are unable to make reliable estimates of either. Certain of our other ongoing construction projects are not currently under contract and thus are not included as a contractual obligation above as we may generally suspend or terminate such projects without substantial penalty. With respect to the South Texas Family Residential Center, the cash obligations included in the table above reflect the full contractual obligations of the lease of the site, excluding contingent payments, even though the lease agreement provides us with the ability to terminate if ICE terminates the amended IGSA associated with the facility.

We had $16.8 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2022 primarily to support our requirement to repay fees and claims under our self-insured workers' compensation plan in the event we do not repay the fees and claims due in accordance with the terms of the plan, and for a debt service reserve requirement under terms of the Kansas Notes. The letters of credit are renewable annually. We did not have any draws under these outstanding letters of credit during 2022, 2021, or 2020.

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INFLATION

Many of our contracts include provisions for inflationary indexing, which may mitigate an adverse impact of inflation on net income. However, a substantial increase in personnel costs, workers' compensation, utilities, food, and medical expenses could have an adverse impact on our results of operations in the future to the extent that these expenses increase at a faster pace than the per diem or fixed rates we receive for our management services. As previously described herein, we have experienced increases in personnel costs and expect the labor market to remain challenging, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. We outsource our food service operations to a third party. The contract with our outsourced food service vendor contains certain protections against increases in food costs.

SEASONALITY AND QUARTERLY RESULTS

Certain aspects of our business are subject to seasonal fluctuations. Because we are generally compensated for operating and managing correctional, detention, and reentry facilities at a per diem rate, our financial results are impacted by the number of calendar days in a fiscal quarter. Our fiscal year follows the calendar year and therefore, our daily profits for the third and fourth quarters include two more days than the first quarter (except in leap years) and one more day than the second quarter. Further, salaries and benefits represent the most significant component of operating expenses. Significant portions of our unemployment taxes are recognized during the first quarter, when base wage rates reset for unemployment tax purposes. Quarterly results are also affected by government funding initiatives, acquisitions, the timing of the opening of new facilities, or the commencement of new management contracts and related start-up expenses which may mitigate or exacerbate the impact of other seasonal influences. Because of seasonality factors, and other factors described herein, results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved for the full fiscal year.