FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC. (FORR) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We derive revenues from subscriptions to our Research products and services, licensing electronic “reprints” of our Research, performing consulting projects and advisory services, and hosting events. We offer contracts for our Research products as either multi-year contracts or annual contracts, which are typically payable in advance on an annual basis. Subscription products are recognized as revenue over the term of the contract. Accordingly, a substantial portion of our billings are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Reprints include an obligation to deliver a customer-selected research document and certain usage data provided through an on-line platform, which represents two performance obligations. We recognize revenue for the performance obligation for the data portion of the reprint ratably over the license term. We recognize revenue for the performance obligation for the research document at the time of providing access to the document. Billings for licensing of reprints are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Clients purchase consulting projects and advisory services independently and/or to supplement their access to our subscription-based products. Consulting project revenues, which are based upon fixed-fee agreements, are recognized as the services are provided. Advisory service revenues, such as speeches and advisory days, are recognized when the service is complete or the customer receives the agreed upon deliverable. Billings attributable to consulting projects and advisory services are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Events revenues consist of ticket and sponsorship sales for a Forrester-hosted event. Billings for events are also initially recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue upon completion of each event.

Our primary operating expenses consist of cost of services and fulfillment, selling and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses. Cost of services and fulfillment represents the costs associated with the production and delivery of our products and services, including salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for all personnel that produce and deliver our products and services, including all associated editorial, travel, and support services. Selling and marketing expenses include salaries, sales commissions, bonuses, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense, travel expenses, promotional costs, and other costs incurred in marketing and selling our products and services. General and administrative expenses include the costs of the technology, operations, finance, and human resources groups and our other administrative functions, including salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation expense. Overhead costs such as facilities, net of sublease income, and annual fees for cloud-based information technology systems are allocated to these categories according to the number of employees in each group.

Our key metrics focus on our contract value ("CV") products. We are focusing on CV products as these products are our most profitable products and historically our contracts for CV products have renewed at high rates (as measured by our client retention and wallet retention metrics). Our CV products make up essentially all of our research revenues, and research revenues as a percentage of total revenues increased from approximately 66% in 2022 to approximately 70% in 2023.

Effective for the fourth quarter of 2023, we made a minor modification to the calculation of CV based on the increasing percentage of multi-year contracts we are signing with clients, and to more closely align CV with the trends in the related bookings and revenue performance. Historically we have annualized the ratable revenue portion of our CV subscription products, while the entitlements included in the subscriptions (representing approximately 10% of the subscription) have been included in CV at their total value, as all entitlements in the contract were available for use during an annual period. The revised calculation annualizes the entitlements for contracts greater than one year. In addition, we update CV each year for the foreign currency rates used for internal planning purposes. We have updated our CV for our 2024 plan rates. For comparative purposes, we have recast our historical CV and Wallet Retention for both the currency rate update and the annualization of entitlements. We have included the recast CV and Wallet Retention metrics below for the period ended December 31, 2022, and we have also provided recast CV and Wallet Retention amounts dating back to the fourth quarter of 2021, on the investor relations section of our website.

Contract value, client retention, wallet retention, and number of clients are metrics that we believe are important to understanding our research business. We define these metrics as follows:

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Contract value (CV) — is defined as the value attributable to all of our recurring research-related contracts. Contract value is calculated as the annualized value of all contracts in effect at a specific point in time, without regard to how much revenue has already been recognized. Contract value primarily consists of subscription-based products for which revenue is recognized on a ratable basis, except for the entitlements embedded in our subscription products, such as event tickets and advisory sessions, for which the revenue is recognized when the item is delivered. Contract value also includes our reprint products, as these products are used throughout the year by our clients and are typically renewed.

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Client retention — represents the percentage of client companies (defined as all clients that buy a CV product) at the prior year measurement date that have active contracts at the current year measurement date.

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Wallet retention — represents a measure of the CV we have retained with clients over a twelve-month period, including increases or decreases in retained client CV during the period. Wallet retention is calculated on a percentage basis by dividing the annualized contract value of our current clients, who were also clients a year ago, by the total annualized contract value from a year ago.

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Clients — is calculated at the enterprise level as all clients that have an active CV contract.

Client retention and wallet retention are not necessarily indicative of the rate of future retention of our revenue base. A summary of our key metrics is as follows (dollars in millions):

Contract value during 2023 decreased by 4% compared to 2022 due to lower enrichment of retained customers and a decrease in client count. Client retention decreased by 1 percentage point and wallet retention decreased by 7 percentage points during 2023 compared to 2022. However, client retention was consistent compared to the prior quarter and wallet retention decreased by 2 percentage points to the prior quarter. The decrease in our retention rates and number of clients from the prior year period is primarily attributable to 1) macroeconomic conditions affecting our client base including a) funding and budget pressure on our smaller technology clients and the technology industry in general, and b) the uncertain economic conditions caused by inflation, increased interest rates, geopolitical turbulence, and the threat of recession during 2023, and 2) the ongoing transition of our client base to our Forrester Decisions product platform that was launched in August 2021. As of December 31, 2023 and January 1, 2024, approximately 62% and 66%, respectively, of our overall CV was in our Forrester Decisions product platform. In the longer term, we anticipate that approximately 80% of our CV will be in our Forrester Decisions product platform. The remaining approximate 20% of CV represents non-Forrester Decisions CV products, primarily reprints. The ongoing macroeconomic conditions and product transition are anticipated to pressure our key metrics through 2024.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including but not limited to, those related to our revenue recognition, goodwill, intangible and other long-lived assets, and income taxes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience, data available at the time the estimates are made, and various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We consider the following accounting estimates to be those that require the most subjective judgment or that involve uncertainty that could have a material impact on our financial statements. If actual results differ significantly from management’s estimates and projections, there could be a material effect on our financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition. We generate revenues from subscriptions to our Research products and services, licensing electronic reprints of our Research, performing consulting projects and advisory services, and hosting events. We execute contracts that govern the terms and conditions of each arrangement. Revenues are recognized when an approved contract with a customer exists, the fees, payment terms, and rights regarding the products or services to be transferred can be identified, it is probable we will collect substantially all of the consideration for the products and services expected to be provided, and we have transferred control of the products and services to the customer. We continually evaluate customers’ ability and intention to pay by reviewing factors including the customer’s payment history, our ability to mitigate credit risk, and experience selling to similarly situated customers. Although write-offs of customer receivables have not been significant during the last three years ($0.7 million, $0.7 million, and $0.3 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively), if our customers' financial condition were to deteriorate unexpectedly, we could experience a significant increase in our expense.

Our contracts may include either a single promise (referred to as a performance obligation) to transfer a product or service or a combination of multiple promises to transfer products or services. We evaluate the existence of multiple performance obligations within our products and services by using judgment to determine if: (1) the customer can benefit from each contractual promise on its own or together with other readily available resources; and (2) the transfer of each contractual promise is separately identifiable from other promises in a contract. When both criteria are met, each promise is accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Revenues from contracts that contain multiple products or services are allocated among the separate performance obligations on a relative basis according to their standalone selling prices. We obtain the

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standalone selling prices of our products and services based upon an analysis of standalone sales of these products and services. When there is an insufficient history of standalone sales, we use judgment to estimate the standalone selling price, taking into consideration available market conditions, factors used to set list prices, pricing of similar products, and internal pricing objectives. Standalone selling prices are typically analyzed and updated on an annual basis, or as business conditions change.

Consulting project revenues are recognized over time as the services are provided, based on an input method that calculates the total hours expended compared to the estimated hours required to satisfy the performance obligation. This method requires the use of judgement in determining the required number of hours to complete the project.

We are required to estimate the amount of prepaid performance obligations that will expire unused and recognize revenue for that estimate over the same period the related rights are exercised by our customers. This assessment requires judgment, including estimating the percentage of prepaid rights that will go unexercised and anticipating the impact that future changes to products, pricing, and customer engagement will have on actual expirations. We update the estimates used to recognize unexercised rights on a quarterly basis.

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Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Other Long-Lived Assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had $281.9 million of goodwill and intangible assets with finite lives recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

When acquiring a business, as of the acquisition date, we determine the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which may include a significant amount of intangible assets and goodwill. Goodwill is required to be assessed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that there may be an impairment. An impairment assessment requires evaluating the potential impairment at the reporting unit level using either a qualitative assessment, to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or a quantitative analysis, to determine and compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, or a combination of both. Judgment is required in determining the use of a qualitative or quantitative assessment, as well as in determining each reporting unit’s estimated fair value as it requires us to make estimates of market conditions and operational performance, including projected financial results, discount rates, control premium, and valuation multiples for key financial metrics.

Absent an event that indicates a specific impairment may exist, we have selected November 30th as the date to perform the annual goodwill impairment test. We completed the annual goodwill impairment testing as of November 30, 2023 utilizing a quantitative assessment to determine if the fair values of each of our reporting units was less than their respective carrying values and concluded that no impairments existed. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that goodwill is impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Intangible assets with finite lives as of December 31, 2023 consist of acquired customer relationships, acquired technology, and acquired trademarks and were valued according to the future cash flows they were estimated to produce or the estimated costs to replace the assets. These assigned values are amortized on a basis which best matches the periods in which the economic benefits are expected to be realized. Tangible assets with finite lives consist of property and equipment, which are depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Other long-lived assets consist primarily of operating lease right-of-use assets as described under Leases in the critical accounting policies and estimates footnote found in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

We continually evaluate whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the estimated remaining useful life of any of our intangible assets, tangible assets, or operating lease right-of-use assets may warrant revision, or that the carrying value of these assets may be impaired. To compute whether these assets have been impaired, we estimate the undiscounted future cash flows for the estimated remaining useful life of the assets and compare that to the carrying value. To the extent that the future cash flows are less than the carrying value, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value.

During 2023, we recorded $1.9 million of right-of-use asset impairments and accelerated amortization and $0.7 million of leasehold improvement impairments related to closing various offices. During 2022, we recorded $3.7 million of right-of-use asset impairments and $1.3 million of leasehold improvement impairments related to closing one floor of our offices located at 150 Spear Street, San Francisco, California.

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Income Taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, operating loss carryforwards (from acquisitions) and U.S. capital losses (through December 31, 2021). Such amounts are adjusted as appropriate to reflect changes in the tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred taxes to an amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed for some portion or

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all of a net deferred income tax asset. Judgment is required in considering the relative impact of negative and positive evidence. In arriving at these judgments, the weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we maintained a valuation allowance of $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively, primarily relating to foreign net operating loss carryforwards from an acquisition.

Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth our Consolidated Statements of Operations as a percentage of total revenues for the years noted.

2023 compared to 2022

Revenues

Research revenues are recognized as revenue primarily on a ratable basis over the term of the contracts, which are generally 12 or 24-month periods. Research revenues decreased 6% during 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the decrease in CV for the year, as discussed above. From a product perspective, the decrease in revenues was primarily due to a decline in revenue from our reprint product and our other smaller and discontinued products. In addition, revenue from our subscription research products was essentially consistent as revenue growth from the Forrester Decisions product was offset by declines in our legacy research products.

Consulting revenues decreased 23% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in revenues was due to a decrease in delivery of both advisory and consulting services due to lower client bookings due to 1) the macroeconomic environment and 2) based on our continued focus on contract value products, our policy change to only sell consulting to contract value clients, except in limited circumstances.

Events revenues decreased 8% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to a decrease in sponsorship revenues.

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Refer to the “Segment Results” section below for a discussion of revenue and expenses by segment.

Cost of Services and Fulfillment

Cost of services and fulfillment expenses decreased 9% in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to (1) a $10.2 million decrease in professional services costs primarily due to a decrease in contractor costs, outsourced expenses, and consulting fees, (2) a $7.7 million decrease in compensation and benefit costs due to a decrease in headcount, incentive bonus costs, and benefit costs (due to the introduction of the flexible vacation and personal paid time off policy in the United States), (3) a $1.0 million decrease in facilities costs due to a decrease in the number of facilities being leased, and (4) a $0.7 million decrease in software costs. These decreases were partially offset by a $0.6 million increase in stock compensation expense.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses decreased 8% in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to (1) an $11.9 million decrease in compensation and benefit costs due to a decrease in commissions expense, headcount, incentive bonus costs, and benefit costs (due to the introduction of the flexible vacation and personal paid time off policy in the United States), (2) a $1.1 million decrease in professional services costs primarily due to a decrease in consulting fees and advertising costs, and (3) a $0.9 million decrease in facilities costs due to a decrease in the number of facilities being leased.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased 1% in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was primarily due to (1) a $2.7 million increase in legal costs, due primarily to a legal settlement for a wage-related matter and related legal services, and (2) a $0.8 million increase in software costs. These increases were partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in compensation and benefit costs due to a decrease in incentive bonus costs, benefit costs (due to the introduction of the flexible vacation and personal paid time off policy in the United States), and capitalized salaries for internal-use software projects.

Depreciation

The fluctuation for depreciation expense was immaterial in 2023 compared to 2022.

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Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization expense decreased by $1.2 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to a decrease in the amortization of a trademark intangible asset. We expect amortization expense related to our intangible assets to be approximately $10.0 million for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Restructuring

In January 2023, we implemented a reduction in our workforce of approximately 4% across various geographies and functions to streamline operations. We recorded $4.3 million of severance and related costs for this action during the fourth quarter of 2022, and $0.6 million during the first quarter of 2023. We recorded a restructuring charge of $5.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 related to closing one floor of our offices in California, of which $3.7 million related to an impairment of a right-of-use asset and $1.3 million related to an impairment of leasehold improvements. During the first quarter of 2023, we recorded an incremental $0.4 million impairment to our California office. We also recorded a $0.6 million charge during the first quarter of 2023 for the write-off of a previously capitalized software project. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we incurred an additional impairment of $0.4 million to our California office. Essentially all of the severance and related costs for this plan were paid during 2023.

In May 2023, we implemented a reduction in our workforce of approximately 8% across various geographies and functions to better align our cost structure with our revised revenue outlook for the year, and to streamline our sales and consulting organizations to more efficiently go to market in support of driving contract value growth in the future. We recorded $7.5 million of severance and related costs for this action during the second quarter of 2023. In addition, we closed certain of our smaller offices both inside and outside the U.S. in order to reduce facility costs and better match our facilities to our hybrid work strategy. As a result of closing the offices, we recorded restructuring costs of $2.3 million, which included $1.3 million related to right-of-use asset impairments and accelerated amortization and $0.6 million related to impairments of leasehold improvements. We also incurred $0.7 million in contract termination costs. The remaining $1.3 million of the severance and related costs for this plan will be paid during 2024.

In February 2024, we implemented a reduction in force of approximately 3% of our workforce across various geographies and functions to better align our cost structure with our revenue outlook for 2024. Notification to affected persons commenced in December 2023 and was completed by the end of February 2024. Approximately $0.7 million of severance and related costs for this action were recorded during the fourth quarter of 2023. We expect a majority of the severance and related costs for this plan to be paid during 2024. See Note 15 - Subsequent Events, for additional details of this action.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest on our borrowings and in 2022 also included realized gains and losses on the related interest rate swap. Interest expense increased by $0.6 million in 2023 compared to 2022 due to an increase in the annualized interest rate on our borrowings, which was partially offset by lower average outstanding borrowings.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest income, gains and losses on foreign currency, and gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts. Other income (expense), net increased by $2.1 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest income due to higher interest rates in 2023.

Gains on Investments, Net

Gains on investments, net primarily represents our share of equity method investment gains and losses from our technology-related investment funds. The fluctuation for gains on investments, net was immaterial in 2023 compared to 2022.

Income Tax Expense

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The increase in the effective tax rate during 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to 1) the impact from the decline in income before taxes to $6.3 million in 2023 from $30.7 million in 2022 and 2) increased non-deductible stock compensation due primarily to the effect from the settlement of share-based awards in 2023.

Segment Results

We operate in three segments: Research, Consulting, and Events. These segments, which are also our reportable segments, are based on our management structure and how management uses financial information to evaluate performance and determine how to allocate resources. Our products and services are delivered through each segment as described below.

The Research segment includes the revenues from all of our research products as well as consulting revenues from advisory services (such as speeches and advisory days) delivered by our research organization. Research segment costs include the cost of the organizations responsible for developing and delivering these products in addition to the cost of the product management organization that is responsible for product pricing and packaging and the launch of new products.

The Consulting segment includes the revenues and the related costs of our project consulting organization. The project consulting organization delivers a majority of our project consulting revenue and certain advisory services.

The Events segment includes the revenues and the costs of the organization responsible for developing and hosting in-person and virtual events.

We evaluate reportable segment performance and allocate resources based on segment revenues and expenses. Segment expenses include the direct expenses of each segment organization and exclude selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, stock-based compensation expense, depreciation expense, adjustments to incentive bonus compensation from target amounts, amortization of intangible assets, restructuring and integration costs, interest and other income (expense), and gains on investments. The accounting policies used by the segments are the same as those used in the consolidated financial statements. We do not review or evaluate assets as part of segment performance. Accordingly, we do not identify or allocate assets by reportable segment.

Research segment revenues decreased 8% during 2023 compared to 2022. Research product revenues within this segment decreased 6% primarily due to the decrease in CV for the year, as discussed above. From a product perspective, the decrease in revenue was primarily due to a decline in revenue from our reprint product and our other smaller and discontinued products. In addition, revenue from our subscription research products was essentially consistent as revenue growth from the Forrester Decisions product was offset by declines in our legacy research products. Consulting product revenues within this segment decreased 31% primarily due to decreased delivery of consulting and advisory services by our research analysts due primarily to lower client bookings for these services.

Research segment expenses decreased 1% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a $2.0 million decrease in professional services primarily due to a decrease in contractor costs and consulting fees, partially offset by a $0.6 million increase in compensation and benefit costs primarily due to merit increases.

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Consulting segment revenues decreased 19% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to a decrease in delivery of consulting services due to lower client bookings due to 1) the macroeconomic environment and 2) based on our continued focus on contract value products, we have enacted a policy of only selling consulting to contract value clients, except in limited circumstances.

Consulting segment expenses decreased 21% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to (1) a $8.4 million decrease in professional services primarily due to a decrease in contractor costs, outsourced expenses, and consulting fees and (2) a $3.3 million decrease in compensation and benefit costs primarily due to a decrease in headcount and benefit costs.

Event segment revenues decreased 8% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in revenues was primarily due to a decrease in sponsorship revenues.

Event segment expenses decreased 6% during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a $1.1 million decrease in compensation and benefits costs primarily due to a decrease in headcount and benefit costs.

A detailed description and analysis of the fiscal year 2021 year-over-year changes can be found in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically financed our operations primarily through funds generated from operations. Research revenues, which constituted 70% of our revenues during 2023, are generally renewable and are typically payable in advance. We generated cash from operating activities of $21.7 million and $39.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The $17.8 million decrease in cash provided from operations during 2023 was primarily due to an $18.8 million decrease in net income.

During 2023, we used cash in investing activities of $36.8 million, which consisted of $31.3 million in net purchases of marketable investments and $5.5 million of purchases of property and equipment, primarily consisting of computer software. During 2022, we used cash in investing activities of $6.8 million, which consisted of $5.7 million of purchases of property and equipment, primarily consisting of computer software and equipment, and $1.4 million in net purchases of marketable investments.

During 2023, we used $18.3 million of cash from financing activities primarily due to $15.0 million of discretionary repayments of our revolving credit facility, $4.1 million for purchases of our common stock, and $2.7 million in taxes paid related to net share settlements of restricted stock units, partially offset by $3.5 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock-based incentive plans. During 2022, we used $38.9 million of cash from financing activities primarily due to $25.0 million of discretionary repayments of our revolving credit facility and $15.1 million for purchases of our common stock, partially offset by $1.2 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock-based incentive plans. As of December 31, 2023, our remaining stock repurchase authorization was approximately $70.9 million.

The Company has a credit facility that provides up to $150.0 million of revolving credit commitments. Amount outstanding under the credit facility was $35.0 million at December 31, 2023 and the facility expires in December of 2026. The credit facility permits the Company to increase the revolving credit commitments in an aggregate principal amount up to $50.0 million, subject to approval by the administrative agent and certain customary terms and conditions.

The credit facility contains certain customary restrictive loan covenants, including among others, financial covenants that apply a maximum leverage ratio, minimum interest coverage ratio, and maximum annual capital expenditures. The negative covenants limit, subject to various exceptions, our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create liens on assets, merge, consolidate, liquidate or dissolve any part of the company, sell assets, change fiscal year, or enter into certain transactions with affiliates and subsidiaries. We were in full compliance with the covenants as of December 31, 2023 and expect to continue to be in compliance through the next 12 months.

Additional future contractual cash obligations extending over the next 12 months and beyond primarily consist of operating lease payments. We lease office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements (refer to Note 5 – Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). The remaining duration of non-cancelable office space leases ranges from less than 1 year to 8 years. Remaining lease payments within one year, within two to three years, within four to five years, and after five years from December 31, 2023 are $16.0 million, $26.2 million, $8.6 million, and $6.0 million, respectively.

In addition to the contractual cash commitments included above, we have other payables and liabilities that may be legally enforceable but are not considered contractual commitments. See Note 13 – Certain Balance Sheet Accounts in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our payables and liabilities.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable investments of $124.5 million. This balance includes $75.8 million held outside of the U.S. If the cash outside of the U.S. is needed for operations in the U.S., we would be required to accrue and pay U.S. state taxes and may be required to pay withholding taxes to foreign jurisdictions to repatriate these funds.

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However, our intent is to permanently reinvest these funds outside of the U.S. and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate these funds for our U.S. operations. We believe that our current cash balance and cash flows from operations will satisfy working capital, financing activities, and capital expenditure requirements for the next twelve months and to meet our known long-term cash requirements.

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any significant unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.

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