FIRST INDUSTRIAL REALTY TRUST INC (FR) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the sections of this Form 10-K titled "Forward-Looking Statements" and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Summary of 2023

Our operating results were solid in 2023. Our year end in-service occupancy was 95.5%, 330 basis points lower than our in-service occupancy at December 31, 2022, reflecting the impact of completed developments in lease-up entering our in-service portfolio. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we grew cash rental rates by 58.3% on new and renewal leasing, establishing a new annual company record for this metric. At December 31, 2023, we had six projects comprising 1.9 million square feet of GLA under development with an estimated investment of $284.8 million. Additionally, we continue to position ourselves for future development activity by acquiring land located in our target markets with an emphasis on supply constrained coastal markets.

In 2023, we completed the following significant real estate activities:

•We acquired four industrial properties comprised of approximately 0.2 million square feet of GLA located in our Houston and Southern California markets for an aggregate purchase price of $43.9 million, excluding transaction costs. These properties were 100% leased at December 31, 2023.

•We acquired approximately 239.2 acres of land for development located in our Central Florida, Nashville, Philadelphia, South Florida and Southern California markets for an aggregate purchase price of $80.6 million, excluding transaction costs.

•We placed in-service 13 industrial properties comprising approximately 2.8 million square feet of GLA located in our Central Florida, Chicago, Denver, Nashville, Philadelphia, Seattle and South Florida markets at an estimated total cost of $354.9 million. These properties were 45% leased at December 31, 2023.

•We commenced speculative development of four industrial buildings comprised of 0.8 million square feet of GLA in our Central Florida, Philadelphia, South Florida and Southern California markets.

•We sold 11 industrial properties comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA and two land parcels for gross proceeds of $125.3 million.

•Our Joint Venture sold approximately 31 acres of land located in Phoenix for gross proceeds of $50 million. Our pro-rata share of the gain was $17.3 million and we recognized an incentive fee of $7.1 million. These amounts exclude our partner's 6% share in the Joint Venture that we consolidate and report in our financial statements as Noncontrolling Interest.

We completed the following financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023:

•We declared an annual cash dividend of $1.28 per common share or Unit, an increase of 8.5% from 2022.

•At December 31, 2023, we had $449.8 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility and cash and cash equivalents was $42.9 million, after excluding our Joint Venture minority partner's share of cash and cash equivalents that we consolidate and report in our financial statements.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Our net income was $285.8 million and $381.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The tables below summarize our revenues, property expenses and depreciation and other amortization by various categories for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Same store properties are properties owned prior to January 1, 2022 and held as an in-service property through December 31, 2023 and developments and redevelopments that were placed in service prior to January 1, 2022. Properties which are at least 75% occupied at acquisition are placed in service, unless we anticipate the tenants to move out within the first two years of ownership. Acquisitions that are less than 75% occupied at the date of acquisition, developments and redevelopments are placed in service as they reach the earlier of (a) stabilized occupancy (defined as 90% occupied), or (b) one year subsequent to acquisition or development/redevelopment construction completion. Acquired properties with occupancy greater than 75% at acquisition, but with tenants that we anticipate will move out within two years of ownership, will be placed in service upon the earlier of reaching 90% occupancy or twelve months after move out. Properties are moved from the same store classification to the redevelopment classification when capital expenditures for a project are estimated to exceed 25% of the undepreciated gross book value of the property. Acquired properties are properties that were acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021 and held as an operating property through December 31, 2023. Sold properties are properties that were sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. (Re)Developments include developments and redevelopments that were not: (a) substantially complete 12 months prior to January 1, 2022; or (b) stabilized prior to January 1, 2022. Other revenues are derived from the operations of properties not placed in service under one of the categories discussed above, the operations of our maintenance company, interest income and other miscellaneous revenues. Other property expenses are derived from the operations of properties not placed in service under one of the categories discussed above, the operations of our maintenance company, vacant land expenses and other miscellaneous regional expenses.

Our future financial condition and results of operations, including rental revenues, may be impacted by the future acquisition, (re)development and sale of properties. Our future revenues and expenses may vary materially from historical rates.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the average occupancy rates of our same store properties were 97.4% and 98.0%, respectively.

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Revenues from same store properties increased $35.5 million primarily due to increases in rental rates and tenant recoveries, offset by a slight decrease in occupancy. Revenues from acquired properties increased $5.4 million due to the 15 industrial properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021 totaling approximately 0.6 million square feet of GLA. Revenues from sold properties decreased $12.0 million due to the 20 industrial properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021 totaling approximately 3.2 million square feet of GLA. Revenues from (re)developments increased $36.0 million due to an increase in occupancy and tenant recoveries. Revenues from other increased $9.2 million due to joint venture fees, legal settlement proceeds, interest income earned on cash balances, revenues from income-producing land parcels for which our ultimate intent, for the majority of the land parcels, is to redevelop or develop in the future and revenues related to acquisitions that were not yet stabilized at December 31, 2021 and therefore are not yet included in the same store pool.

Property expenses include real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management, utilities, insurance and other property related expenses. Property expenses from same store properties increased $8.0 million primarily due to increases in real estate tax expense and insurance expense. Property expenses from acquired properties increased $1.2 million due to properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021. Property expenses from sold properties decreased $2.8 million due to properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. Property expenses from (re)developments increased $13.4 million primarily due to the substantial completion of developments. Property expenses from other increased $2.2 million primarily due to an increase in real estate tax expense related to land parcels purchased in 2022 and 2023 and an increase in certain miscellaneous expenses.

General and administrative expense increased by $3.1 million, or 9.3%, due to an increase in compensation and other professional costs.

Joint Venture development services expense increased by $2.8 million, or 303.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily relates to expenses paid to a third party to assist with the development of properties in the Joint Venture.

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Depreciation and other amortization from same store properties remained relatively unchanged. Depreciation and other amortization from acquired properties increased $1.8 million due to properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021. Depreciation and other amortization from sold properties decreased $3.1 million due to properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. Depreciation and other amortization from (re)developments increased $14.3 million primarily due to an increase in depreciation and amortization related to completed developments. Depreciation from corporate furniture, fixtures and equipment and other increased $1.2 million primarily due to depreciation and amortization related to properties acquired that were not yet stabilized at December 31, 2021 and therefore are not yet included in the same store pool.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $95.7 million of gain on sale of real estate related to the sale of eleven industrial properties comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA and two land parcels. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $128.3 million of gain on sale of real estate related to the sale of nine industrial properties comprising approximately 2.2 million square feet of GLA and one land parcel.

Interest expense increased $25.3 million, or 51.7%, primarily due to an increase in the weighted average interest rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 (4.05%) as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 (3.41%), an increase in the weighted average debt balance outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023 ($2,175.0 million) as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 ($1,917.4 million) and a decrease in capitalized interest of $2.5 million caused by a decrease in development projects eligible for capitalization during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Amortization of debt issuance costs increased $0.4 million, or 13.8%, primarily due to debt issuance costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the issuance of a $300.0 million term loan.

Equity in income of joint venture decreased $82.7 million, or 72.0%, due to a decrease in our pro-rata share of gain from the sale of real estate by the Joint Venture and incentive fees related to the Joint Venture, partially offset by an increase in rental and interest income we earned from the Joint Venture. These amounts include our partner's 6% interest in the Joint Venture that we consolidate and report within our financial statements.

Income tax expense decreased $14.7 million, or 62.8%, primarily due to decreases in our share of taxable gains and incentive fees from the Joint Venture, partially offset by an increase in our share of equity in income from the Joint Venture related to increases in rental and interest income recognized by the Joint Venture.

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Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021

A discussion of changes in our results of operations between 2022 and 2021 can be found in "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021" of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies

A critical accounting policy is one that involves an estimate or assumption that is subjective and requires management judgment about the effect of a matter that is inherently uncertain and material to an entity's financial condition and results of operations. Of the significant accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we believe the following policies relate to the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:

•Acquisitions of Real Estate Assets: We allocate the purchase price of acquired real estate, including real estate acquired as a portfolio, based upon the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which generally consists of land, buildings, tenant improvements, construction in progress, leasing commissions and deferred lease intangible assets and liabilities. The purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The determination of fair value includes the use of significant assumptions such as land comparables, discount rates, terminal capitalization rates and market rent assumptions. Acquired above and below market lease intangibles are valued based on the present value of the difference between prevailing market rental rates and the in-place rental rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above market leases or the remaining term of the lease plus the term of any below market fixed rate renewal options for below market leases. The purchase price is further allocated to in-place lease values based on an estimate of the lease revenue received during a reasonable lease-up period as if the property was vacant on the date of acquisition.

•Impairment of Real Estate Assets: We review the carrying value of our long-lived real estate assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The judgments regarding the existence of indicators of impairment are based on the operating performance, market conditions, as well as our ability to hold and our intent with regard to each property. The judgments regarding whether the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable are based on estimates of future undiscounted cash flows from properties which include estimates of future operating performance and market conditions. If any real estate investment is considered permanently impaired, a loss is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the property to its estimated fair value. The impairment assessment and fair value measurement requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to the timing and amounts of cash flow projections, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow Activity

The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the Operating Partnership for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Changes in cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the prior year are described as follows:

Operating Activities: Cash provided by operating activities decreased $106.1 million, primarily due to the following:

•decrease in distributions from our Joint Venture of $110.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to funds received from a sale of real estate from our Joint Venture;

•increase of $25.3 million in interest expense; and

•decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses, other liabilities, rents received in advance and security deposits due to timing of cash payments; offset by:

◦increase in net operating income from same store properties, acquired properties and recently developed properties of $54.3 million, offset by a decrease in net operating income due to the disposition of real estate of $9.2 million; and

◦decrease of $14.7 million in income tax provision.

Investing Activities: Cash used in investing activities decreased $250.8 million, primarily due to the following:

•decrease of $334.7 million related to the acquisition, development and investment in real estate attributable to fewer acquisitions and a reduction in expenditures related to developments under construction during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022; and

•decrease of $4.3 million in escrow deposits; offset by:

◦decrease of $55.0 million in net proceeds received from the disposition of real estate in 2023 as compared to 2022; and

◦decrease of $36.1 million in net distributions from our Joint Venture in 2023 as compared to 2022.

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Financing Activities: Cash used in financing activities was $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $304.5 million provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease of cash provided by financing activities of $332.3 million, primarily due to the following:

•decrease of $465.0 million in proceeds from refinancing the expiring $260.0 million unsecured term loan with a $425.0 million unsecured term loan in 2022 and $300.0 million related to the new unsecured term loan we entered into in 2022;

•increase in dividend and unit distributions of $14.0 million due to the Company increasing the dividend rate in 2023 as well as an increase in common shares and Units outstanding;

•decrease of $12.8 million related to net proceeds from the issuance of 218,230 shares of the Company's common stock under our ATM in 2022; and

•increase in distributions to noncontrolling interests of $7.1 million in 2023 as compared to 2022; offset by:

◦increase in net borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility of $92.0 million in 2023 as compared to 2022;

◦decrease in repayments of mortgage loans payable of $69.1 million in 2023 compared to 2022; and

◦decrease in debt issuance costs of $5.1 million related to the $425.0 million unsecured term loan refinancing and $300.0 million unsecured term loan issuance.

Material Cash Requirements

At December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents were $42.9 million, after excluding our Joint Venture partner's share of cash and cash equivalents that we consolidate and report in our financial statements. We also had $449.8 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023.

We have considered our short-term (through December 31, 2024) liquidity needs and the adequacy of our estimated cash flow from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs. We believe that our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund normal recurring expenses, property acquisitions, developments, renovations, expansions and other nonrecurring capital improvements, debt service requirements, the minimum distributions required to maintain the Company's REIT qualification under the Code and distributions approved by the Company's Board of Directors. We anticipate that these needs will be met with cash flows provided by operating activities as well as the disposition of select assets. These needs may also be met by the issuance of other debt or equity securities, subject to market conditions or borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility.

We expect to meet long-term (after December 31, 2024) liquidity requirements such as property acquisitions, developments, scheduled debt maturities, major renovations, expansions and other nonrecurring capital improvements through long-term unsecured and secured indebtedness, the disposition of select assets and the issuance of additional equity or debt securities, subject to market conditions.

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We believe that we were in compliance with our financial covenants as of December 31, 2023, and we anticipate that we will be able to operate in compliance with our financial covenants in 2024. However, these financial covenants are complex and there can be no assurance that these provisions would not be interpreted by our lenders and noteholders in a manner that could impose and cause us to incur material costs and our access to borrowings on our Unsecured Credit Facility may be limited if we fail to meet any of these covenants. Total debt, exclusive of unamortized debt issuance costs and unamortized discounts, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is detailed below.

(A) These loans have a fixed interest rate.

(B) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $200.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 1.81% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in February 2026.

(C) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $425.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 3.64% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in September 2027.

(D) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $300.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 4.88% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in December 2025 ($150.0 million notional) and August 2027 ($150.0 million notional). Weighted average maturity reflected in the table above assumes we extended the maturity pursuant to two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions.

(E) The interest rate is a variable rate based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.775% and a facility fee of 15 basis points. Our balance under our Unsecured Credit Facility changes depending on our cash needs and the interest rate and facility fee are each subject to adjustment based on our leverage and investment grade rating. Weighted average maturity reflected in the table above assumes we extended the maturity pursuant to two, six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. As of February 14, 2024, we had approximately $409.9 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility.

As of December 31, 2023, our senior unsecured notes have been assigned credit ratings from Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings of BBB/Stable, Baa2/Stable and BBB/Stable, respectively. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization. In the event of a downgrade, we believe we would continue to have access to sufficient capital; however, our cost of borrowing would increase and our ability to access certain financial markets may be limited.

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Our other material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2023 include an estimate of remaining payments on the completion of development projects under construction for the Company of $113.8 million which includes all costs necessary to place the properties into service. In addition, the remaining estimated equity that the Company will need to contribute to complete the development projects in our Joint Venture is approximately $7.9 million. The majority of the construction costs and our proportionate share of equity contributions to the Joint Venture need to be funded in one year or less.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At December 31, 2023, we had letters of credit and performance bonds outstanding amounting to $20.7 million in the aggregate. The letters of credit and performance bonds are not reflected as liabilities on our balance sheet. We have no other off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operation or liquidity and capital resources.

Environmental

We paid approximately $0.7 million and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to environmental expenditures. We estimate 2024 expenditures of approximately $2.1 million which has been accrued at December 31, 2023. We estimate that the aggregate expenditures which need to be expended in 2024 and beyond with regard to currently identified environmental issues will not exceed approximately $5.5 million which has been accrued at December 31, 2023.

Inflation

Prior to 2021, inflation had been low and had a minimal impact on the operating performance of our industrial properties in our markets of operation; however, inflation significantly increased in 2021 and 2022 and, while it moderated in 2023, it could increase in the future. Many of our leases contain provisions designed to mitigate the adverse impact of inflation, including contractual rent escalations and requirements for tenants to pay their proportionate share of property operating expenses, including common area expenses, utilities, insurance, and real estate taxes, and certain capital expenditures related to the maintenance of our properties, thereby reducing our exposure to increases in property operating expenses resulting from inflation. However, under our leases we typically have exposure to increases in non-reimbursable property operating expenses, including expenses incurred related to vacant premises. In addition, we believe that some of the existing rental rates under our leases subject to renewal are below current market rates for comparable space and that upon renewal or re-leasing, such rates may be increased to be consistent with, or closer to, current market rates, which may also offset our exposure to inflationary expense pressures related to our leased properties. We also have exposure to inflation with respect to our development portfolio, as increases in materials and other costs related to our development activities make it more expensive to develop properties. With respect to our outstanding indebtedness, we periodically evaluate our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, and may continue to enter into derivatives that mitigate, but do not eliminate, the impact of changes in interest rates on our Unsecured Credit Facility.

Market Risk

The following discussion about our risk-management activities includes "forward-looking statements" that involve risk and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Our business subjects us to market risk from interest rates, as described below.

Interest Rate Risk

The following analysis presents the hypothetical gain or loss in earnings, cash flows or fair value of the financial instruments and derivative instruments which are held by us at December 31, 2023 that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. While this analysis may have some use as a benchmark, it should not be viewed as a forecast.

In the normal course of business, we also face risks that are either non-financial or non-quantifiable. Such risks principally include credit risk and legal risk and are not represented in the following analysis.

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At December 31, 2023, $1,933.5 million or 86.6% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was fixed rate debt. As of the same date, $299.0 million or 13.4% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was variable rate debt. At December 31, 2022, $1,933.8 million or 93.1% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was fixed rate debt. As of the same date, $143.0 million or 6.9% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was variable rate debt. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fixed rate debt amounts include variable rate debt that has been effectively swapped to a fixed rate through the use of derivative instruments with an aggregate notional amount outstanding of $925.0 million that mitigate our exposure to our Unsecured Term Loans' variable interest rates, which are currently based on SOFR. The use of derivative financial instruments allows us to manage risks of increases in interest rates with respect to the effect these fluctuations would have on our earnings and cash flows. We designated all of the swaps related to our Unsecured Term Loans as cash flow hedges. Currently, we do not enter into financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. See Material Cash Requirements for further details on the derivative instruments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the estimated fair value of our debt was approximately $2,135.7 million and $1,945.4 million, respectively, based on our estimate of the then-current market interest rates.

For fixed rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt, but not our earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for variable rate debt, changes in the base interest rate used to calculate the all-in interest rate generally do not impact the fair value of the debt, but would affect our future earnings and cash flows. The interest rate risk and changes in fair market value of fixed rate debt generally do not have a significant impact on us until we are required to refinance such debt. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the maturity dates of our various fixed rate debt.

Our variable rate debt is subject to risk based upon prevailing market interest rates. If the SOFR and LIBOR rates relevant to our variable rate debt were to have increased 10%, we estimate that our interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 would have increased by approximately $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, based on our average outstanding floating-rate debt during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, if weighted average interest rates on our fixed rate debt were to have increased by 10% due to refinancing, interest expense would have increased by approximately $7.5 million and $5.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Supplemental Earnings Measure

Investors in and industry analysts following the real estate industry utilize funds from operations ("FFO") and net operating income ("NOI") as supplemental operating performance measures of an equity REIT. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time through depreciation. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry analysts and investors prefer to supplement operating results that use historical cost accounting with measures such as FFO and NOI, among others. We provide information related to FFO and same store NOI ("SS NOI") both because such industry analysts are interested in such information, and because our management believes FFO and SS NOI are important performance measures. FFO and SS NOI are factors used by management in measuring our performance, including for purposes of determining the compensation of our executive officers under our 2023 incentive compensation plan.

Neither FFO nor SS NOI should be considered as a substitute for net income, or any other measures derived in accordance with GAAP. Neither FFO nor SS NOI represents cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and neither should be considered as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity, nor is either indicative of funds available for our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.

Funds From Operations

The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT") has recognized and defined for the real estate industry a supplemental measure of REIT operating performance, FFO, that excludes historical cost depreciation, among other items, from net income determined in accordance with GAAP. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure. FFO is calculated by us in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of NAREIT and therefore may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.

Management believes that the use of FFO available to common stockholders and participating securities, combined with net income (which remains the primary measure of performance), improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among the investing public and makes comparisons of REIT operating results more meaningful. Management believes that, by excluding gains or losses related to sales of real estate assets, real estate asset depreciation and amortization and impairment of real estate, investors and analysts are able to identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the core of a REIT's activity and use these operating results for assistance in comparing these operating results between periods or to those of different companies.

The following table shows a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders and participating securities to the calculation of FFO available to common stockholders and participating securities as follows:

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Same Store Net Operating Income

SS NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure that provides a measure of rental operations and, as calculated by us, that does not factor in joint venture fees, depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, joint venture development services expense, interest expense, equity in income and loss from joint ventures, income tax benefit and provision and gains and losses on the sale of real estate. We define SS NOI as revenues minus property expenses such as real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management, utilities, insurance and other expenses, minus the NOI of properties that are not same store properties and minus the impact of straight-line rent, the amortization of above/below market leases and lease termination fees. As so defined, SS NOI may not be comparable to same store net operating income or similar measures reported by other REITs that define same store properties or NOI differently. The major factors influencing SS NOI are occupancy levels, rental rate increases or decreases and tenant recoveries increases or decreases. Our success depends largely upon our ability to lease space and to recover the operating costs associated with those leases from our tenants.

The following table shows a reconciliation of the same store revenues and property expenses disclosed in the results of operations (and reconciled to revenues and expenses reflected on the statements of operations) to SS NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Subsequent Events

From January 1, 2024 to February 14, 2024, we sold five industrial buildings and one land parcel for a sales price of approximately $33.0 million, excluding transaction costs.