Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. (HRTG) FY 2024 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We are a super-regional property and casualty insurance holding company that primarily provides personal and commercial residential insurance products across our multi-state footprint. We provide personal residential insurance in Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia and commercial residential insurance in Florida, New Jersey, and New York. We provide personal residential insurance in Florida and South Carolina on both an admitted and non-admitted basis and in California on a non-admitted basis. As a vertically integrated insurer, we control or manage substantially all aspects of risk management, underwriting, claims processing and adjusting, actuarial rate making and reserving, customer service, and distribution. Our financial strength ratings are important to us in establishing our competitive position and can impact our ability to write policies.

Recent Developments

Economic and Market Factors

We continue to monitor the effects of general changes in economic and market conditions on our business. As a result of general inflationary pressures, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, increased cost of materials and labor needed for repairs and to otherwise remediate claims throughout all states in which we conduct business. Additionally, we anticipate continued rising costs and constrained availability of catastrophe reinsurance. We mitigate these conditions by continued exposure management, implementation of increased rates and the use of inflation guard, which ensures appropriate replacement cost values for our business to reflect the inflationary impact on costs to repair properties. Use of inflation guard impacts both premium and total insured value of properties.

Supplemental Information

The Supplemental Information table below demonstrates progress on our initiatives by providing policy count, premiums-in-force, and total insured value for Florida and all other states as of December 31, 2024 and comparing those metrics to December 31, 2023. One of our strategies had been to reduce personal lines exposure in Florida, given historical abusive claims practices. Since 2022, several legislative changes have been implemented to positively impact the Florida property insurance market by curtailing assignment of benefits and litigated claims abuses. The positive impact of the legislative changes is reflected in our loss trends. As such, we anticipate writing more organic personal lines business in Florida. Coupled with more adequate rates, we are pursuing a strategy of controlled growth in Florida. We have selectively opened personal lines markets across our footprint for new business.

Florida policies-in-force declined from the prior year by 12.8% while Florida premiums-in-force increased 1.8%, and Florida total insured value ("TIV") was slightly down. The increase in Florida premiums-in-force was driven by organic growth of our commercial residential and surplus lines business as well as higher rates across our footprint which

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was partly offset by a premium reduction associated with fewer Florida personal lines policies. Use of inflation guard also bolstered premiums-in-force. The Florida TIV remained relatively flat as the reduction associated with personal lines policies was offset by the strategic growth of our commercial residential portfolio, as well as use of inflation guard across the book of business. Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, the policy count for markets outside of Florida decreased 14.0% due to underwriting actions and intentional exposure management, resulting in a TIV decrease of 7.6% while premiums-in-force increased by 9.8% due to rating actions.

Strategic Profitability Initiatives

Over the past three years the Company has focused on three main strategic initiatives aimed at achieving consistent long-term quarterly earnings and driving shareholder value including:

•Generating underwriting profit through rate adequacy and more selective underwriting.

•Allocating capital to products and geographies that maximize long-term returns.

•Maintaining a balanced and diversified portfolio.

Notable Achievements of Our Strategic Profitability Initiatives Since Launch in 2022

•12 consecutive quarters of achieving in-force premium growth.

•Reduced policies in force by nearly 30.0%; reduced TIV by 10.3%, and increased in-force premium by nearly 12.0%.

•Reduced exposures in over concentrated areas and in geographies where adequate rates were not achieved.

•Grew the commercial portfolio in-force premium by nearly 100%.

•Achieved rate adequacy in over 90% of our served markets.

•Launched E&S in several states that has now grown to over $46 million of in-force premium.

Strategic Initiatives for 2025

•Re-open profitable geographies and allocate capital to sustain profits and margin.

•Persistent underwriting discipline and focus on rate adequacy.

•Continued data driven analytics to drive exposure management.

Reinsurance Commutation

As further described in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 13, Reserve for Unpaid Losses, to the condensed consolidated financial statements, our 2017 reinsurance agreement with the FHCF required a commutation no later than 60 months after the end of the contract year. As part of this process, Heritage and FHCF terminated the 2017 reinsurance agreement and agreed on the amount that the FHCF would pay to the Company to settle all outstanding losses owed under the agreement related to losses from Hurricane Irma. As such, this commutation process resulted in a final determination of and payment for known, unknown or unreported claims relating to Hurricane Irma. Social inflation and the litigated claims environment in the State of Florida, which affected Hurricane Irma claims, could result in adverse development of these claims, which creates uncertainty as to the ultimate cost to settle all of the remaining Hurricane Irma claims. Accordingly, the final amount paid by the FHCF could vary from the Company’s future estimation of losses to be recovered from the FHCF. As such, should further re-estimations to Hurricane Irma losses increase the Company's expected loss reserves, all the increase will be retained by the Company. The commutation process was finalized and binding for both parties upon completion which occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and the final payment by the FHCF was received by the Company in September 2023.

Trends

Inflation, Underwriting and Pricing

We continue to address rising reinsurance and loss costs in the property insurance sector through continued implementation of increased rates and inflation guard factors resulting in an increase in the average premium per policy of 22.3% at December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year. The increase in average premium includes rate changes, inclusion of inflation in premiums as described below, and changes in the mix of business written. We experienced intentional growth of our commercial residential business during 2024 and this line of business generates significantly higher average premium per policy. New rates, which are subject to approval by our regulators, become effective when a policy is written or renewed, and the premium is earned pro rata over the policy period of one year. As a result of this

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timing, it can take up to twenty-four months for the complete impact of a rate change to be fully earned in our financial statements. For that reason, we account for inflation in our rate indications and filings with our regulators.

We invest in data analytics, using software and experienced personnel, to continuously evaluate our underwriting criteria and manage exposure to catastrophe and other losses. Our retention has remained steadily in the range of 90% despite the rate increases we have implemented, in large part due to a challenging property insurance market in many of the regions in which we operate. Weather losses and a higher cost of reinsurance have impacted these markets. While we believe our rates are generally competitive with private market insurers operating in our space, we are focused on managing exposure and achieving rate adequacy throughout our book of business.

We continue to experience rising inflation in the form of increased labor and material costs, which drive up claim costs throughout all states in which we conduct business. Our Florida personal lines market was seeing claim costs impacted by litigated claims, which substantially increases loss costs thereby driving up rates for the insurance buying public. Our response to this phenomenon was a combination of raising rates and reducing exposure. In recent years, legislative changes have been made in Florida which we believe are making progress toward reducing losses from abusive claim reporting practices. The special legislative session of December 2022 included a number of additional provisions aimed at driving down claims abuses and stabilizing the Florida property insurance market. The positive impact of this legislation, coupled with rate adequacy and disciplined underwriting, has resulted in the selective re-opening of counties for new personal lines business in Florida.

Our industry had experienced significantly higher reinsurance costs and more constrained availability for catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance in recent years. For the 2024 hurricane season, the supply of catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance for the Company was ample and pricing and terms have begun to moderate. We are managing exposure by writing new business only in geographies for which rates are adequate, non-renewing unprofitable business in compliance with regulatory requirements, and maintaining our strict underwriting requirements. We have improved the geographic distribution of our business, which is becoming more rate adequate.

Key Components of our Results of Operations

Revenue

Gross premiums written represent, with respect to a period, the sum of direct premiums written (premiums from policies written during the period, net of any midterm cancellations and renewals of voluntary policies) and assumed premiums written (primarily premiums from state fair plan policies), in each case prior to ceding premiums to reinsurers.

Gross premiums earned represent the total premiums earned during a period from policies written. Premiums associated with new and renewal policies are earned ratably over the twelve-month term of the policy and premiums associated with assumed policies are earned ratably over the remaining term of the policy.

Ceded premiums represent the cost of our reinsurance during a period. We recognize the cost of our reinsurance program ratably over term of the arrangement, which is typically twelve months. Our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance generally commences on June 1 and runs through May 31 of the following year. Our net quota share treaty commences on December 31. Our other reinsurance programs may be purchased on a calendar or fiscal year basis.

Net premiums earned reflect gross premiums earned less ceded premiums during the period.

Net investment income represents interest earned on fixed maturity securities, short term securities and other investments, dividends on equity securities.

Net realized and unrealized gains or losses represent gains or losses on investment sales and unrealized gains or losses on equity securities.

Other revenue includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property in Clearwater, Florida, and all policy and pay-plan fees. Our regulators have approved a policy fee on each policy written for certain states; to the extent these fees are not subject to refund, the Company recognizes the income immediately when collected. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay premiums in more than one installment and record the fees as income when collected.

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) reflect losses paid, expenses paid to resolve claims, such as fees paid to adjusters, attorneys and investigators, and changes in our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period, in each case net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of resolving all reported claims plus all losses we incurred related to insured

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events that we assume have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to us (which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”). We estimate our reserves for unpaid losses using individual case-based estimates for reported claims and actuarial estimates for IBNR losses. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on our evolving claims experience, new information obtained and industry development trends. If our unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are considered deficient or redundant, we increase or decrease the liability in the period in which we identify the difference and reflect the change in our current period results of operations.

Policy acquisition costs (“PAC”) consist of: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We recognize policy acquisition costs ratably over the term of the underlying policy. We earn ceding commissions on our net quota share reinsurance contract and certain other reinsurance contracts, which are reported as a reduction to policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. Refer to Note 11 “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10K. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

General and administrative expenses (“G&A”) include compensation and related benefits, professional fees, office lease and related expenses, information system expenses, corporate insurance, and other general and administrative costs. As noted above, a certain portion of our ceding commissions are allocated to general and administrative expenses.

Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state corporate level income taxes. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the quarterly tax provision are updated with additional information throughout the year and updated with actual amounts in the fourth quarter. The effective tax rate can vary from the 25.9% statutory federal and state blended rate depending on the amount of pretax income in proportion to permanent tax differences as well as state tax apportionment. The 2023 effective tax rate was favorably impacted by the release of valuation allowance associated with the operations of our captive reinsurer, Osprey.

Ratios

Ceded premium ratio represents ceded premiums earned as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net loss ratio represents net losses and LAE as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Net expense ratio represents PAC and G&A expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned. Ceding commission income is reported as a reduction of policy acquisition costs and G&A expenses.

Net combined ratio represents the sum of the net loss and expense ratio. The net combined ratio is a key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance industry. A net combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results.

Overview of 2024 Financial Results

In the following section, we discuss our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please Refer to Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on March 13, 2024.

The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations that follows provides information that will assist the reader in understanding our consolidated financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from year to year, including certain key performance indicators such as net combined ratio, ceded premium ratio, net expense ratio and net loss ratio, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting principles, policies and estimates affect our consolidated financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

•Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $61.5 million or $2.01 per diluted share, compared to a net income of $45.3 million or $1.73 diluted loss per share in the prior year. The increase was driven mostly by the positive impact of rate actions, underwriting actions, and exposure management undertaken during 2022, 2023 and 2024, partly offset by higher operating expenses and income taxes, as described below.

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•Gross premiums written of $1.43 billion, an improvement of 6.7% from $1.34 billion in the prior year, driven primarily by rate actions taken in all states, which was partly offset by a personal lines policy count reduction driven by exposure management. Growth in the commercial lines business offset the decline in personal lines policies. Additionally, rate increases continued to meaningfully benefit written premiums throughout the book of business and use of inflation guard, which ensures appropriate property values, resulted in higher premium. While we expect underwriting discipline and exposure management to continue, the specific intentional targeted exposure management of the last several years is expected to level out going forward as we continue our controlled growth strategy, which includes strategically growing the personal lines policy count.

•Gross premiums earned of $1.4 billion, an improvement of 6.2% from $1.3 billion in the prior year, reflecting higher gross premiums written over the last twelve months driven by a higher average premium per policy as described above.

•Net premiums earned of $767.9 million, an improvement of 10.1% from $697.2 million in the prior year, reflecting the higher gross earned premium outpacing the increase in ceded premiums for the year.

•Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred of $447.0 million, up 4.9% from $426.1 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from higher catastrophe losses, partly offset by lower weather and attritional losses as described below. Additionally, we experienced $25.4 million of adverse prior year development compared to $1.6 million of favorable prior year development in 2023. The adverse development was driven largely by development of Hurricane Irma claims. The net unfavorable loss development stemmed primarily from losses associated with Hurricane Irma, for which the losses were fully retained.

•Ceded premium ratio of 45.4%, a 1.9 point improvement over the prior year of 47.3%, driven by growth in gross premiums earned, which grew at a faster rate than the growth in ceded premiums.

•Net loss ratio of 58.2%, a 2.9 point improvement over the prior year of 61.1%, driven by the benefit of higher net premiums earned as described above, which exceeded the impact of higher losses and loss adjustments expenses incurred, as described above.

•Net expense ratio of 36.0%, up 0.8 points from the prior year amount of 35.2%, as growth in policy acquisition costs outpaced growth in net earned premium. The increase in policy acquisition costs is associated with the increase in gross premiums written as well as lower ceding commission associated with the net quota share reinsurance program as described below.

•Net combined ratio of 94.2%, a 2.1 point improvement from 96.3% in the prior year, primarily driven by lower net loss ratio, partly offset by a higher net expense ratio as described above.

•Effective tax rate was 25.6    % compared to 12.9% in the prior year. The effective tax rate for 2024 was slightly lower than the statutory rate. The effective tax rate for 2023 benefited from a $6.4 million reduction in the valuation allowance against our Osprey net deferred tax assets that had been established in the prior year, as operating income at Osprey for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in sufficient positive evidence to release the valuation allowance on the Osprey net deferred assets. The effective tax rate can also vary driven by the impact of permanent differences in relation to the pre-tax income or loss each year.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years indicated:

Total revenue

Total revenue was $817.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 11.1% compared to $735.5 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from higher net premiums earned and net investment income as described below.

Gross premiums written

Gross premiums written were $1.4 billion, up 6.7% year-over-year from $1.3 billion, reflecting a strategic and substantial increase in Florida commercial residential lines business and a higher average premium per policy throughout the book of business, partly offset by intentional targeted exposure management resulting in premium reductions of personal lines business in most states. We experienced premiums written growth of 7.4% in Florida driven by growth of the commercial residential portfolio, which offset a reduction of premium written for the Florida personal lines portfolio. Premiums written outside of Florida grew 5.0% driven by growth of the California E&S business and rate actions in other states, which was partly offset by a reduction related to exposure management.

Intentional targeted exposure management was a key component of management's strategic profitability initiatives over the last several years, which were implemented to achieve consistent long-term quarterly earnings and drive shareholder value. While we expect underwriting discipline and exposure management to continue, the rate of specific intentional targeted exposure management of the last several years is expected to stabilize going forward as we continue our strategy of controlled growth in 2025.

Premiums-in-force were $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2024, representing a 5.7% increase from the prior year due to continued proactive underwriting action and rate increases across the entire portfolio and strategic growth in our

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commercial residential product, despite a policy count reduction of over 60,000, driven by an intentional reduction in our personal lines policy count. Concurrently, TIV decreased by 5.8%.

Gross premiums earned

Gross premiums earned were $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 6.2% compared to $1.3 billion in the prior year, reflecting higher gross premiums written over the last twelve months driven by a higher average premium per policy, use of inflation guard, and organic growth of the commercial residential business.

Ceded premiums

Ceded premiums were $638.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 1.9% compared to $626.5 million in the prior year. The increase is primarily attributable to reinstatement premium of approximately$30.0 million associated with Hurricanes Ian and Milton and a higher cost of catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance, partly offset by a lower cost for our net quota share reinsurance associated with cession and associated premium volume changes. To the extent the ultimate losses for Hurricanes Ian or Milton grow, additional reinstatement premiums may be incurred depending upon the amount of additional reinsurance limit utilized.

The reduction in the net quota share reinsurance cost is associated with program changes coupled with lower premium on policies eligible for this program; the California E&S business, which has grown, does not participate in the net quota share reinsurance program. Ceding commission income associated with the net quota share reinsurance program also decreased, which drove up policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned were $767.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 10.1% compared to $697.2 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from higher gross premiums earned outpacing higher ceded premiums as described above.

Net investment income

Net investment income, inclusive of realized investment gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, was $35.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 45.0% compared to $24.8 million in the prior year. The increase is primarily due to higher yields on cash and invested assets associated with higher interest rates, coupled with higher balances of cash and invested assets.

Total operating expenses

Total operating expenses were $723.4 million, up 7.6% from $672.3 million in the prior year. As described below, the increase in operating expenses was driven by higher losses and loss adjustment expenses and higher policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE)

Losses and LAE were $447.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 4.9% compared to $426.1 million in the prior year. The increase primarily stems from higher catastrophe losses and adverse development, which was partly offset by lower weather and attritional losses compared to the prior year. Net current accident year weather losses were $146.7 million, up $37.5 million from $109.2 million in the prior year. Current year catastrophe losses were $104.6 million compared to catastrophe weather losses of $48.3 million in the prior year. Other weather losses were $42.1 million compared to $60.9 million in the prior year. Attritional losses were lower, primarily associated with the reduction in personal lines policy count and related underwriting criteria enhancements, which improved the book of business.

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For the year 2024, we experienced $25.4 million of adverse prior year development compared to $1.6 million of favorable development for the year 2023. The 2024 net unfavorable loss development stemmed primarily from losses associated with Hurricane Irma, for which the losses were fully retained.

Policy acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs were $191.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 14.1% compared to $167.6 million in the prior year. The increase is primarily driven by higher acquisition costs associated with the growth in gross premiums written and lower ceding commission earned on the net quota share reinsurance contract, the income of which offsets, or reduces, other policy acquisition costs. The reduction in ceding commission income is due to less written premium associated with the net quota share reinsurance program.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $85.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 9.5% compared to $77.8 million in the prior year. The increase was driven by a reduction in ceding commission income, as described above, for which a portion is allocated to general and administrative expenses, as well as amortization of software and other costs that can no longer be capitalized, associated with the implementation of a new claims system, higher insurance costs, and installation of the new telephone system.

Impairment of Other Intangibles

We evaluate other intangible assets for impairment at least on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of other intangible assets may exceed their implied fair value. We had no impairments for any other intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024. In December 2023, we impaired approximately $0.8 million of other intangibles associated with our construction division due to management changes to its operations. Note 3 "Intangible Assets, net" of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more detail on impairment of our goodwill in 2022.

Net income

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $61.5 million, an improvement of 35.8% from net income of $45.3 million in the prior year. The improvement in net income is attributable to the positive result of rate actions, underwriting discipline, and exposure management undertaken during the last several years. These and other actions resulted in growth of 10.1% in net premiums earned and a 45.0% increase in net investment income, inclusive of investment gains and losses, as described above. An increase of 4.9% in net losses and LAE, a 14.1% increase in policy acquisition costs as well as a 9.5% increase in general and administrative costs partially offset higher total revenue compared to the prior year. As described above, a higher effective tax rate diluted the benefit of these items on an after tax basis.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense was $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a reduction from the prior year by 2.5% as a result of a decrease in interest rates on our variable rate debt.

Provision for income taxes

The provision for income taxes was $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 25.6%, which is slightly lower than the statutory rate, compared to 12.9% in the prior year. The effective tax rate for 2023 was lower than the statutory rate driven by a $6.4 million reduction in the valuation allowance against our Osprey net deferred tax assets

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that had been established in the prior year, as operating income at Osprey for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in full use of Osprey operating losses. The effective tax rate can also vary driven by the impact of permanent differences in relation to the pre-tax income or loss each year.

Net combined ratio

The net combined ratio was 94.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024, a 2.1 point improvement from 96.3% in the prior year. The improvement stems primarily from a significantly lower net loss and LAE ratio, as described below.

Ceded premium ratio

The ceded premium ratio was 45.4% for the year ended December 31, 2024, a 1.9 point improvement from 47.3% to the prior year, reflecting the growth in gross premiums earned outpacing the growth in ceded premiums earned as described above.

Net loss and LAE ratio

The net loss and LAE ratio was 58.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024, a 2.9 point improvement from 61.1% in the prior year, primarily driven by the benefit of higher net premiums earned exceeding the impact of higher losses and LAE compared to the prior year

Net expense ratio

The net expense ratio was 36.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024, up 0.8 points from 35.2% in the prior year primarily driven by higher acquisition costs caused by the growth in gross premiums written as well as less ceding commission income as described above.

Financial Condition – December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023

Cash and Cash Equivalents

At December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents decreased by $11.0 million to $452.7 million from $463.6 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to the use of cash for payment of hurricane claims, partly offset by recoveries from reinsurers on Hurricanes Ian and Milton. Additionally, excess cash previously held in short term funds was used for the purchase of fixed income securities to lock in higher interest rates.

Fixed Maturity Securities

At December 31, 2024, fixed income securities increased by $94.0 million to $655.5 million from $560.7 million at December 31, 2023. The increase relates to investing in fixed income securities to lock in interest rates as well as from a reduction in unrealized losses as interest rates have declined since the fourth quarter of 2023.

Reinsurance Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Claims

At December 31, 2024, reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid claims increased by $257.8 million to $740.2 million from $482.4 million at December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to reinsurance recoverable for losses associated with Hurricanes Ian and Milton.

Deferred Policy Acquisition costs, net

At December 31, 2024, deferred policy acquisition costs decreased by $6.1 million to $63.2 million from $69.3 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease is driven primarily by lower deferred costs such as a reduction in agent

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commissions for certain geographies and lower premium taxes associated with written premium growth in states with lower premium tax.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

At December 31, 2024, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses increased by $196.7 million to $1.0 billion from $846.0 at December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to gross losses related to Hurricanes Helene and Milton which struck Florida in the third and fourth quarters of 2024.

Unearned Premiums

At December 31, 2024, unearned premiums increased by $26.8 million to $702.7 million from $675.9 million at December 31, 2023, driven by higher gross premiums written during the year ended December 31, 2024. Premiums written are recorded as revenue on a daily pro rata basis over the contract period of the related in force policies. For any portion of premiums not earned at the end of the reporting period, the Company records an unearned premium liability; accordingly, growth in gross written premium drove the increase in unearned premiums.

Reinsurance Payable

At December 31, 2024, reinsurance payable increased by $67.2 million to $227.1 million from $159.8 million at December 31, 2023. The increase is driven by the June 1, 2024 inception of our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program, net of deposit premium payments made to date, of which fewer advance premium deposits were required by our reinsurers for the 2024 program.

Total Shareholders’ Equity

At December 31, 2024, total shareholders’ equity increased by $70.5 million to $290.8 million from $220.3 million at December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to net income of $61.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, coupled with a reduction in unrealized losses, from $35.3 million at December 31, 2023 to $28.6 million at December 31, 2024, as a result of lower interest rates during the period, which reduced the amount of unrealized losses on our fixed income securities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity include cash flows generated from operations, our cash, cash equivalents, our marketable securities balances and borrowings available under our credit facilities. As of December 31, 2024, we held $452.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and $663.4 million in investments, compared to $463.6 million in cash and $569.4 million in investments as of December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents was primarily driven by cash used for payment of claims, inclusive of catastrophe claims from 2024 hurricanes, net of reinsurance recoveries, as well as timing of reinsurance premium payments. The increase in investments was driven by re-investment of proceeds from investment maturities and short term funds to secure a higher yield given expectations of interest rate declines. Additionally, unrealized losses on our fixed income securities declined as interest rates stabilized.

We generally hold substantial cash balances to meet seasonal liquidity needs including amounts to pay quarterly reinsurance installments as well as meet the collateral requirements of Osprey, our captive reinsurance company, which is required to maintain a collateral trust account equal to the risk that it assumes from our insurance company affiliates.

We believe that our sources of liquidity are adequate to meet our cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.

We may continue to pursue the acquisition of complementary businesses and make strategic investments. We may increase capital expenditures consistent with our investment plans and anticipated growth strategy. Cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to fund such expenditures. As such, in addition to the use of our existing Credit Facilities, we may need to utilize additional debt to secure funds for such purposes.

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Statement of Cash Flows

The net increases (decreases) in cash and cash equivalents are summarized in the following table:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $87.1 million and $70.4 million, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by cash from operations including timing of receipt of reinsurance recoveries, and timing of cash flows associated with claim and reinsurance payments. The timing of reinsurance payments on the catastrophe excess of loss program were more accelerated for the 2023 program than the 2024 program.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $91.6 million compared to net cash provided by of $100.8 million in the prior year. The change relates primarily to the timing of investment maturities and use of proceeds and availability of cash to invest in longer duration fixed income securities during 2024 to lock in current interest rates.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $5.2 million, compared to net cash provided by of $14.5 million in the prior year. The change relates primarily to the proceeds received from a loan in the amount of $5.5 million to an insurance company subsidiary from the FHLB-DM in 2024 compared to net proceeds of $24.8 million in 2023 from an underwritten public offering.

Credit Facilities

The Company is party to a Credit Agreement by and among the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company from time to time party thereto as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”),and the administrative and collateral agents and other parties thereto (as amended from time to time, the “Credit Agreement”).

The Credit Agreement, as amended, provides for (1) a five-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $100 million (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (2) a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $50 million (inclusive of a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit equal to the unused amount of the revolving credit facility and a sublimit for swingline loans equal to the lesser of $25 million and the unused amount of the revolving credit facility) (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”).

Term Loan Facility. The principal amount of the Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments, which began with the close of the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2019, in an amount equal to $1.9 million per quarter, payable quarterly, decreasing to $875,000 per quarter commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2021, and increasing to $2.4 million per quarter commencing with the quarter ended December 31, 2022, with the remaining balance payable at maturity. The Term Loan Facility matures on July 28, 2026. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was $70.1 million and $79.6 million, respectively, in aggregate principal outstanding under the Term Loan Facility.

Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to $50 million inclusive of a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit equal to the unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility and a sublimit for swingline loans equal to the lesser of $25 million and the unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit facility was $10.0 million. During 2024, the Company secured letters of credit in aggregate of $24.4 million with a maturity date of March 16, 2025, which provided additional collateral for reinsurance contracts associated with Osprey Re and remained outstanding at December 31, 2024.

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At our option, borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at rates equal to either (1) a rate determined by reference to SOFR, plus an applicable margin (described below) and a credit adjustment spread equal to 0.10% or (2) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the “prime rate” of Regions Bank, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and (c) the adjusted term SOFR in effect on such day for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin (described below).

The applicable margin for loans under the Credit Facilities varies from 2.75% per annum to 3.25% per annum (for SOFR loans) and 1.75% to 2.25% per annum (for base rate loans) based on our consolidated leverage ratio ranging from 1.25-to-1 to greater than 2.25-to-1. Interest payments with respect to the Credit Facilities are required either on a quarterly basis (for base rate loans) or at the end of each interest period (for SOFR loans) or, if the duration of the applicable interest period exceeds three months, then every three months. As of December 31, 2024, the borrowings under the Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility accruing interest at a rate of 7.449% and 7.423% per annum, respectively.

In addition to paying interest on outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, which is determined by our consolidated leverage ratio.

We may prepay the loans under the Credit Facilities, in whole or in part, at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain conditions including minimum amounts and reimbursement of certain costs in the case of prepayments of SOFR loans. In addition, we are required to prepay the loan under the Term Loan Facility with the proceeds from certain financing transactions, involuntary dispositions or asset sales (subject, in the case of asset sales, to reinvestment rights).

All obligations under the Credit Facilities are or will be guaranteed by each existing and future direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiary of the Company, other than all of the Company’s current and future regulated insurance subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”).

The Company and the Guarantors are party to a Pledge and Security Agreement, (as amended from time to time the “Security Agreement”), in favor of a collateral agent. Pursuant to the Security Agreement, amounts borrowed under the Credit Facilities are secured on a first priority basis by a perfected security interest in substantially all of the present and future assets of the Company and each Guarantor (subject to certain exceptions), including all of the capital stock of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries, other than its regulated insurance subsidiaries.

The Credit Agreement contains, among other things, covenants, representations and warranties and events of default customary for facilities of this type. The Company is required to maintain, as of each fiscal quarter (1) a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 2.50 to 1.00, stepping down to 2.25 to 1.00 as of the second quarter of 2024 and 2.00 to 1.00 as of the second quarter of 2025, (2) a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1.00 and (3) a minimum consolidated net worth for the Company and its subsidiaries, which is required to be not less than $100 million plus 50% of positive quarterly net income (including its subsidiaries and regulated subsidiaries) plus the net cash proceeds of any equity transactions. Events of default include, among other events, (i) nonpayment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts; (ii) failure to perform or observe certain covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement; (iii) breach of any representation or warranty; (iv) cross-default to other indebtedness; (v) bankruptcy and insolvency defaults; (vi) monetary judgment defaults and material nonmonetary judgment defaults; (vii) customary ERISA defaults; (viii) a change of control of the Company; and (ix) failure to maintain specified catastrophe retentions in each of the Company’s regulated insurance subsidiaries.

Convertible Notes

On August 10, 2017, the Company and Heritage MGA, LLC (the “Notes Guarantor”) entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the initial purchaser party thereto (the “Initial Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, and the Initial Purchaser agreed to purchase, $136.8 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2037 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement transaction pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes, after deducting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, were approximately $120.5 million. The offering of the Convertible Notes was completed on August 16, 2017.

The Company issued the Convertible Notes under an Indenture (the “Convertible Note Indenture”), dated August 16, 2017, by and among the Company, as issuer, the Notes Guarantor, as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”).

The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.875% per year. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the

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Convertible Notes; equal in right of payment to the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness or other liabilities incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries other than the Notes Guarantor, which fully and unconditionally guarantee the Convertible Notes on a senior unsecured basis.

The Convertible Notes mature on August 1, 2037, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2037, other than during the period from, and including, February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2017, if the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter immediately preceding the calendar quarter in which the conversion occurs, is more than 130% of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes in effect on each applicable trading day; (2) during the ten consecutive business-day period following any five consecutive trading-day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes for each such trading day was less than 98% of the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on such date multiplied by the then-current conversion rate; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

During the period from and including February 1, 2022 to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 5, 2022, and on or after February 1, 2037 until the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding August 1, 2037, holders may surrender their Convertible Notes for conversion at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances.

The conversion rate for the Convertible Notes was initially 67.0264 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $14.92 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances and is subject to increase for holders that elect to convert their Convertible Notes in connection with certain corporate transactions (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture)) that occur prior to August 5, 2022.

Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture) (but not, at the Company’s election, a public acquirer change of control (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture), holders of the Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or a portion of their Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

At any time prior to February 1, 2037, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes, at the Company’s option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the Convertible Notes periodically. Holders of the Convertible Notes are able to cause the Company to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash on any of August 1, 2022, August 1, 2027 and August 1, 2032, in each case at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the relevant repurchase date.

The Convertible Note Indenture contains customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an Event of Default (as defined in the Convertible Note Indenture) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, all the Convertible Notes to be immediately due and payable. In the case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization (as set forth in the Convertible Note Indenture) with respect to the Company, 100% of the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on, the Convertible Notes automatically become immediately due and payable.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $885,000 principal amount of outstanding Convertible Notes, net of $21.1 million of Convertible Notes held by an insurance company subsidiary.

As discussed above, holders of the Convertible Notes issued by the Company had an optional put right, pursuant to the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, to require the Company to repurchase the aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes that are validly tendered. The Company received notice from the Depository for the Convertible Notes that, on July 29, 2022, $10.9 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes has been validly tendered in accordance with the terms of the indenture and the Company’s notice with respect to the optional put right of the Convertible Notes, and the Company has requested that the Trustee cancel the Convertible Notes tendered. The outstanding balance as of December 31, 2024 of non-affiliated Notes was $885,000. On August 1, 2022, the Company made payments

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for the principal amount of the Convertible Notes tendered and unpaid interest in the aggregate amounts of $10.9 million and $320,041, respectively. In November 2022, the Company drew $10.0 million from the Revolving Credit Facility to replenish the cash used to pay the $10.9 million for the purchase of the tendered Convertible Notes.

FHLB Loan Agreements

In December 2018, an insurance company subsidiary of the Company received a 3.094% fixed interest rate cash loan of $19.2 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB-AT”) Atlanta. On September 29, 2023, the Company restructured the December 2018 agreement to extend the maturity date to March 28, 2025, with a 5.109% fixed interest rate payable quarterly commencing on December 28, 2023. In connection with the initial loan agreement, the subsidiary became a member of the FHLB-AT. Membership in the FHLB-AT required an investment in FHLB-AT’s common stock which was purchased in December 2018 and valued at $1.4 million. Additionally, the transaction required certain other investments to be pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the collateralized securities was $23.9 million and the equity investment in FHLB-AT common stock was valued $1.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company made monthly interest payments as per the terms of the loan agreement of $994,742 and $723,771, respectively. The subsidiary is permitted to withdraw any portion of the pledged collateral over the minimum collateral requirement at any time, other than in the event of a default by the subsidiary. The proceeds from the loan were used to prepay the Company’s Senior Secured Notes due 2023.

In December 2018, another insurance company subsidiary became a member of the FHLB De Moines (“FHLB-DM”). Membership in the FHLB-DM required an investment in FHLB-DM’s common stock which was purchased in December 2018 and valued at $133,200. In January 2024, the insurance subsidiary of the Company received a 4.23% fixed interest rate cash loan of $5.5 million from the FHLB-DM. Additionally, the transaction required the acquired FHLB-DM common stock and certain other investments to be pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the collateralized securities was $6.7 million and the equity investment in FHLB-DM common stock was $295,500. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made monthly interest payments as per the terms of the loan agreement of approximately $58,294.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2024:

(1)Amounts represent principal and interest payments to debt obligations. Debt obligations are classified based on their stated maturity date. For further information on long-term debt, Refer to Note 14 “Long Term Debt” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The expected timing of payments of the obligations in the preceding table is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different due to changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.

Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management

Our investment results are subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to changes in the business, financial condition or results of operations of the entities in which we invest, as well as changes in general economic conditions and overall market conditions. We are also exposed to potential loss from various market risks, including changes in equity prices and interest rates.

In accordance with the SEC's Financial Reporting Release No 48, we performed sensitivity analysis, also referenced as the hypothetical analysis (refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk) to determine the effects that market risk exposures could have on the Company's future portfolio's earnings, fair value or cash

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flow as of December 31, 2024. Market risk represents the risk of changes in the fair value of financial instrument and consists of several components, including liquidity, basis and price risks.

The sensitivity analysis performed as of December 31, 2024 presents hypothetical losses in cash flows, earnings and fair values of market sensitive instruments which were held by as of the year ended December 31, 2024 and are sensitive to changes in interest rates. This risk management discussion and the estimated amounts generated from the following sensitivity analysis represent forward-looking statements of market risk assuming certain adverse market conditions occur. Actual results in the future may differ materially from these projected results due to actual developments in the global financial markets. The analysis methods used by us to assess and mitigate risk should not be considered projections of future events of losses.

Exposure to market risk is managed and monitored by senior management of the parent company and its subsidiaries along with a nationally recognized asset manager. The investment committee, appointed by our board of directors approves the overall investment strategy and has responsibility to ensure that the investment positions are consistent with that strategy with an acceptable level of risk. Management of risk may include buying or selling instruments or entering into offsetting positions.

Fixed Income Securities

We invest in interest rate sensitive securities, primarily debt securities. We consider the effect of interest rate movements on the fair value of our fixed maturities, short-term investments and certain of our other investments, and investment funds accounted for using the equity method which invest in fixed income securities (collectively, “Fixed Income Securities”) and the corresponding change in unrealized appreciation. As interest rates rise, the fair value of our Fixed Income Securities falls, and the converse is also true.

The Company’s invested assets at December 31, 2024 were $663.4 million, of which 98.8% was invested in fixed maturity and short-term investments, 0.3% in equity securities, and 0.9% in other investments. Because the primary purpose of the investment portfolio is to fund future claims payments, the Company employs a thoughtful investment philosophy that focuses on appropriate risk-adjusted returns. A significant majority of funds available for investment are deployed in a widely diversified portfolio of high quality, liquid, taxable U.S. government, tax-exempt and taxable U.S. municipal and taxable corporate and U.S. agency mortgage-backed bonds.

Effects of Inflation

General economic inflation has increased in recent quarters and may continue to remain at elevated levels for an extended period of time. The potential also exists, after a catastrophe loss or pandemic events like COVID-19, for the development of inflationary pressures in a local economy. This may have a material effect on the adequacy of our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, especially in longer-tailed lines of business, and on the market value of our investment portfolio through rising interest rates. The anticipated effects of inflation are considered in our pricing models, reserving processes and exposure management, across all lines of business and types of loss including natural catastrophe events. The actual effects of inflation on our results cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately settled and will vary by the specific type of inflation affecting our business.

The carrying value of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2024 was $663.4 million. The Company closely monitors the duration of its fixed maturity investments, and investment purchases and sales are executed with the objective of having adequate funds available to satisfy the Company’s insurance and debt obligations. The weighted average credit quality of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio, both including and excluding U.S. Treasury securities, was "A" at December 31, 2024 and “A+” at December 31, 2023. Below investment grade securities represented 0.01% of the total fixed maturity investment portfolio at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. The weighted average effective duration of fixed maturities and short-term securities was 3.06 (3.07 excluding short-term securities) at December 31, 2024 and 3.086 (3.16 excluding short-term securities) at December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following discussion and analysis presents the more significant factors that affected our financial conditions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and results of operations for each of the years then ended. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles of generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates.

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We consider accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and (ii) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimates in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. When we prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), we must make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts we report. Certain of these estimates result from judgments that can be subjective and complex. As a result of that subjectivity and complexity, and because we continuously evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on a variety of factors, actual results could materially differ from our estimates and assumptions if changes in one or more factors require us to make accounting adjustments.

Premiums. We recognize direct and assumed premiums written as revenue, net of ceded amounts, on a daily pro rata basis over the contract period of the related policies that are in force. For any portion of premiums not earned at the end of the reporting period, we record an unearned premium liability.

Premiums receivable represents amounts due from our policyholders for billed premiums and related policy fees. Our billing system is equity based such that policies are canceled if the unpaid premium exceeds the amount of premium earned. When we receive payments on amounts previously charged off, we credit bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment. Balances in premiums receivable and the associated allowance account are removed upon cancellation of the policy due to non-payment and returned agent commission. For December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded bad debt expense of approximately $51,500, $855,750 and $0, respectively.

When we receive premium payments from policyholders prior to the effective date of the related policy, we record an advance premium liability. On the policy effective date, we reduce the advance premium liability and record the premiums as described above.

Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves, represent the most significant accounting estimate inherent in the preparation of our financial statements. These reserves represent management’s best estimate of the amount we will ultimately pay for losses and loss adjustment expenses and we base the amount upon the application of various actuarial reserve estimation techniques as well as considering other material facts and circumstances known at the balance sheet date. We establish two categories of loss reserves as follows: Case reserves—When a claim is reported, we establish an initial estimate of the losses that will ultimately be paid on the reported claim. Our initial estimate for each claim is based upon the judgment of our claims professionals who are familiar with property and liability losses associated with the coverage offered by our policies. Then, our claims personnel perform an evaluation of the type of claim involved, the circumstances surrounding each claim and the policy provisions relating to the loss and adjust the reserve, as necessary. As claims mature, we increase or decrease the reserve estimates as deemed necessary by our claims department based upon additional information we receive regarding the loss, the results of on-site reviews and any other information we gather while reviewing the claims. IBNR reserves—Our IBNR reserves include true IBNR reserves plus “bulk” reserves. True IBNR reserves represent amounts related to claims for which a loss occurred on or before the date of the financial statements, but which have not yet been reported to us. Bulk reserves represent additional amounts that cannot be allocated to particular claims, but which are necessary to estimate ultimate losses on known claims. We estimate our IBNR reserves by projecting our ultimate losses using industry accepted actuarial methods and then deducting actual loss payments and case reserves from the projected ultimate losses. We review and adjust our IBNR reserves on a quarterly basis based on information available to us at the balance sheet date.

When we establish our reserves, we analyze various factors such as the evolving historical loss experience of the insurance industry as well as our experience, claims frequency and severity, our business mix, our claims processing procedures, legislative enactments, judicial decisions and legal developments in imposition of damages, and general economic conditions, including inflation. A change in any of these factors from the assumptions implicit in our estimates will cause our ultimate loss experience to be better or worse than indicated by our reserves, and the difference could be material. Due to the interaction of the foregoing factors, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any one specific factor in isolation, and an element of judgment is ultimately required. Due to the uncertain nature of any future projections, the ultimate amount we will pay for losses will be different from the reserves we record.

We determine our ultimate loss reserves by selecting an estimate within a relevant range of indications that we calculate using generally accepted actuarial techniques. Our selection of the point estimate is influenced by the analysis of our paid losses and incurred losses since inception.

Our external reserving actuaries evaluated the adequacy of our reserves as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that our reported loss reserves would meet the requirements of the insurance laws of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, be consistent with reserves computed in accordance with accepted loss reserving standards and

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principles, and make a reasonable provision for all unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense obligations under the terms of our contracts and agreements. In addition to $191.1 million of recorded case reserves, we recorded $851.6 million of IBNR reserves as of December 31, 2024 to achieve overall gross reserves of $1.04 billion. At December 31, 2024, ceded IBNR and net IBNR were $571.2 million and $280.4 million, respectively.

The process of establishing our reserves is complex and inherently imprecise, as it involves using judgment that is affected by many variables. We believe a reasonably likely change in almost any of the factors we evaluate as part of our loss reserve analysis could have an impact on our reported results, financial position and liquidity.

The following table quantifies the pro forma impact of hypothetical changes in our net loss reserves on our net income, stockholders’ equity, and liquidity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

(1)Estimated cash, cash equivalents and investments is intended to present a measure of future liquidity and consists of cash, cash equivalents, and investments, less the change in loss reserves, net of taxes.

Policy Acquisition Costs. We incur policy acquisition costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the production of new business. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following four items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We capitalize policy acquisition costs to the extent recoverable, then we amortize those costs over the contract period of the related policy. We also earn ceding commission on our quota share reinsurance contracts, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income, with any unearned ceding commission recognized as an offset to deferred policy acquisition costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and within the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements described in Note 11. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commissions earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

Our accounting policy is to allocate ceding commission income between policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses for financial reporting purposes based upon the proportion these costs bear to production of new business. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we earned ceding commission income of $50.3 million, $64.8 million and $61.9 million of which $37.8 million, $48.7 million and $46.5 million was allocable to policy acquisition costs.

Deferred taxes. At December 31, 2024, we assessed our deferred tax position and hold no valuation against our net deferred tax assets as there is sufficient evidence to support the recorded net deferred tax asset.

Provision for Premium Deficiency. At each reporting date, we determine whether we have a premium deficiency. A premium deficiency would result if the sum of our expected losses, deferred policy acquisition costs and policy maintenance costs (such as costs to store records and costs incurred to collect premiums and pay commissions) exceeded our related unearned premiums plus investment income. Should we determine that a premium deficiency exists, we would write off the unrecoverable portion of deferred policy acquisition costs. No accruals for premium deficiency were considered necessary as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Reinsurance. We follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss.

Our reinsurance agreements are prospective contracts. We record an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of our new reinsurance agreements. We amortize our prepaid reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period.

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In the event that we incur losses recoverable under our reinsurance program, we record amounts recoverable from our reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of our liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to our estimate of unpaid losses. In the event that we incur losses recoverable under the reinsurance program, the estimate of amounts recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid losses may change at any point in the future because of its relation to our reserves for unpaid losses.

We estimate uncollectible amounts receivable from reinsurers based on an assessment of factors including the creditworthiness of the reinsurers and the adequacy of collateral obtained, where applicable. We had no uncollectible amounts under our reinsurance program or bad debt expense related to reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

The Company describes the recent pronouncements that have had or may have a significant effect on its financial statements or on its disclosures. The Company does not discuss recent pronouncements that a) are not anticipated to have an impact on, or b) are unrelated to its financial condition, results of operations, or related disclosures. For accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, Refer to Note 1 “Basis of Presentation, Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Practices” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for further information.