JONES LANG LASALLE INC (JLL)
SIC breadcrumb: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate > Real Estate > SIC 6531 Real Estate Agents & Managers (For Others)
SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1037976. Latest filing source: 0001037976-26-000037.
Informational only. Descriptive public-record data — not a rating, forecast, or investment advice. See Disclaimer.
At a glance
- Revenue
- 26,115,600,000 USD verified
- Net income
- 792,100,000 USD verified
- Assets
- 17,801,100,000 USD verified
- Net margin
- 3.03% computed
- Operating margin
- 4.20% computed
- Revenue YoY
- +11.45% computed
- ROE
- 10.56% computed
Peer & cluster context
Peer percentile fingerprint
Percentile = share of the N covered peers reporting that ratio whose value is lower (ties counted half); computed among grepcent-covered companies in SIC industry 6531 Real Estate Agents & Managers (For Others), not the whole market. A higher percentile means a higher value of the ratio, not a better company. Ratios with fewer than 8 reporting peers are omitted. Latest reported values per company; fiscal periods may differ. Descriptive arithmetic - not a score, rating, or ranking.
Selected Fundamentals
| Metric | Value | Unit | FY | Filed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 26,115,600,000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |
| Net income | 792,100,000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |
| Assets | 17,801,100,000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-19 |
Financials
Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-19. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001037976.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.
| Metric | 2013 | 2014 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 5,429,603,000 | 14,453,200,000 | 16,318,400,000 | 17,983,200,000 | 16,589,900,000 | 19,367,000,000 | 20,862,100,000 | 20,760,800,000 | 23,432,900,000 | 26,115,600,000 | |
| Net income | 386,063,000 | 276,400,000 | 484,500,000 | 535,300,000 | 402,500,000 | 961,600,000 | 654,500,000 | 225,400,000 | 546,800,000 | 792,100,000 | |
| Operating income | 465,664,000 | 545,900,000 | 706,900,000 | 715,400,000 | 559,100,000 | 1,043,500,000 | 868,100,000 | 576,500,000 | 868,100,000 | 1,098,000,000 | |
| Diluted EPS | 8.52 | 6.03 | 10.54 | 10.87 | 7.70 | 18.47 | 13.27 | 4.67 | 11.30 | 16.40 | |
| Operating cash flow | 498,861,000 | 798,700,000 | 604,100,000 | 483,800,000 | 1,114,700,000 | 972,400,000 | 199,900,000 | 575,800,000 | 785,300,000 | 1,194,100,000 | |
| Share buybacks | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100,000,000 | 343,300,000 | 601,200,000 | 61,600,000 | 80,700,000 | 211,500,000 | |||
| Assets | 4,597,353,000 | 5,075,336,000 | 10,025,500,000 | 13,672,600,000 | 14,316,500,000 | 15,505,000,000 | 15,593,700,000 | 16,064,800,000 | 16,763,800,000 | 17,801,100,000 | |
| Liabilities | 2,406,544,000 | 2,652,767,000 | 6,291,000,000 | 8,459,300,000 | 8,698,700,000 | 9,083,800,000 | 9,444,200,000 | 9,654,900,000 | 9,868,700,000 | 10,178,100,000 | |
| Stockholders' equity | 2,179,669,000 | 2,386,797,000 | 3,691,500,000 | 5,118,100,000 | 5,520,800,000 | 6,184,900,000 | 6,020,900,000 | 6,293,800,000 | 6,771,500,000 | 7,502,800,000 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 152,726,000 | 250,413,000 | 480,900,000 | 451,900,000 | 574,300,000 | 593,700,000 | 519,300,000 | 410,000,000 | 416,300,000 | 599,100,000 |
Ratios
| Metric | 2013 | 2014 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net margin | 7.11% | 1.91% | 2.97% | 2.98% | 2.43% | 4.97% | 3.14% | 1.09% | 2.33% | 3.03% | |
| Operating margin | 8.58% | 3.78% | 4.33% | 3.98% | 3.37% | 5.39% | 4.16% | 2.78% | 3.70% | 4.20% | |
| Return on equity | 16.17% | 13.12% | 10.46% | 7.29% | 15.55% | 10.87% | 3.58% | 8.08% | 10.56% | ||
| Return on assets | 7.61% | 4.83% | 3.92% | 2.81% | 6.20% | 4.20% | 1.40% | 3.26% | 4.45% | ||
| Liabilities / equity | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.58 | 1.47 | 1.57 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.36 | |
| Current ratio | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.11 |
Industry Peer Context
Net margin peer context
Operating margin peer context
ROE peer context
ROA peer context
Financial Charts
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: Revenues. Source concepts: us-gaap:Revenues.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: NetIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: OperatingIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock. Source concepts: us-gaap:PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: Assets. Source concepts: us-gaap:Assets.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: Liabilities. Source concepts: us-gaap:Liabilities.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: StockholdersEquity. Source concepts: us-gaap:StockholdersEquity.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001037976-26-000037; filed 2026-02-19. Concept: CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue. Source concepts: us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue.
As-reported value updates
Quarterly
Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-07-30. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001037976.json.
| Quarter | End Date | Revenue | Net Income | Diluted EPS | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-Q3 | 2022-09-30 | 2.88 | reported discrete quarter | ||
| 2023-Q1 | 2023-03-31 | -0.19 | reported discrete quarter | ||
| 2023-Q2 | 2023-06-30 | 0.05 | reported discrete quarter | ||
| 2023-Q3 | 2023-09-30 | 5,111,400,000 | 59,300,000 | 1.23 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q4 | 2023-12-31 | 5,881,400,000 | 172,400,000 | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | |
| 2024-Q1 | 2024-03-31 | 5,124,500,000 | 65,600,000 | 1.37 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q2 | 2024-06-30 | 5,628,700,000 | 84,500,000 | 1.75 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q3 | 2024-09-30 | 5,868,800,000 | 154,800,000 | 3.20 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q4 | 2024-12-31 | 6,810,900,000 | 241,900,000 | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | |
| 2025-Q1 | 2025-03-31 | 5,746,400,000 | 57,500,000 | 1.14 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q2 | 2025-06-30 | 6,250,100,000 | 110,500,000 | 2.32 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q3 | 2025-09-30 | 6,510,400,000 | 222,400,000 | 4.61 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q4 | 2025-12-31 | 7,608,700,000 | 401,800,000 | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD | |
| 2026-Q1 | 2026-03-31 | 6,386,500,000 | 159,400,000 | 3.33 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2026-Q2 | 2026-06-30 | 6,927,900,000 | 214,300,000 | 4.59 | reported discrete quarter |
Quarterly Charts
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001037976-26-000152; filed 2026-07-30. Concept: Revenues. Source concepts: us-gaap:Revenues.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001037976-26-000152; filed 2026-07-30. Concept: ProfitLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:ProfitLoss.
Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001037976-26-000152; filed 2026-07-30. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.
Business
Read JLL's verbatim Item 1 Business section from its latest 10-K: Business.
Risk Factors
Read JLL's verbatim Item 1A Risk Factors from its latest 10-K: Risk Factors.
Latest quarter (10-Q)
Latest 10-Q source: 0001037976-26-000152.
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and our audited Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, which are included in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC and also available on our website (www.jll.com). You should also refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following discussion and analysis contains certain forward-looking statements generally identified by the words anticipates, believes, estimates, expects, forecasts, plans, intends and other similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause JLL's actual results, performance, achievements, plans and objectives to be materially different from any future results, performance, achievements, plans and objectives expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. See the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements included within this section for further information.
We present our quarterly Management's Discussion and Analysis in the following sections:
(1)A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates;
(2)Certain items affecting the comparability of results and certain market and other risks we face;
(3)The results of our operations, first on a consolidated basis and then for each of our business segments; and
(4)Liquidity and capital resources.
SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
An understanding of our accounting policies is necessary for a complete analysis of our results, financial position, liquidity and trends. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a complete summary of our significant accounting policies.
The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make certain critical accounting estimates and judgments that impact (i) the stated amount of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and (iii) the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These accounting estimates are based on management's judgment. We consider them to be critical because of their significance to the financial statements and the possibility that future events may differ from current judgments or that the use of different assumptions could result in materially different estimates. We review these estimates on a periodic basis to ensure reasonableness. Although actual amounts likely differ from such estimated amounts, we believe such differences are not likely to be material.
A discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q can be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There have been no material changes to these critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2026.
ITEMS AFFECTING COMPARABILITY
Macroeconomic Conditions
Our results of operations and the variability of these results are significantly influenced by (i) macroeconomic trends, (ii) the geopolitical environment, (iii) the global and regional real estate markets and (iv) the financial and credit markets. These macroeconomic and other conditions have had, and we expect will continue to have, a significant impact on the variability of our results of operations.
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Acquisitions and Dispositions
The timing of acquisitions and dispositions may impact the comparability of our results on a year-over-year basis. Our results include incremental revenues and expenses following the completion date of an acquisition. Relating to dispositions, comparable results will include the revenues and expenses of recent dispositions and results may also include gains (losses) on the disposition. In addition, there is generally an initial adverse impact on net income from an acquisition as a result of pre-acquisition due diligence expenditures, transaction/deal costs and post-acquisition integration costs, such as fees from third-party advisors engaged to assist with onboarding and process alignment, retention and severance expense, early lease termination costs and other integration expenses. For dispositions, we may also incur such incremental costs during the disposition process and these costs could have an adverse impact on net income.
Transaction-Based Revenues and Equity Earnings
Transaction-based revenues are impacted by the size and timing of our clients' transactions. Such revenues include investment sales and other capital markets activities, agency and tenant representation leasing transactions, incentive fees, and other services/offerings, which increase the variability of the revenue we earn. Specifically for Investment Management, the magnitude and timing of recognition of incentive fees are driven by one or a combination of the following: changes in valuations of the underlying investments, dispositions of managed assets and the contractual measurement periods with clients. The timing and the magnitude of transaction-based revenues can vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter and also vary geographically.
Equity earnings may vary substantially from period to period for a variety of reasons, including as a result of (i) valuation increases (decreases) on investments reported at fair value, (ii) gains (losses) on asset dispositions and (iii) impairment charges. The timing of recognition of these items may impact comparability between quarters, in any one year or compared to a prior year.
The comparability of these items can be seen in Note 4, Business Segments, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and is discussed further in Segment Operating Results included herein.
Foreign Currency
We conduct business using a variety of currencies, but we report our results in U.S. dollars. As a result, the volatility of currencies against the U.S. dollar may positively or negatively impact our results. This volatility can make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of the reported U.S. dollar results of operations, because such results may indicate a growth or decline rate that might not have been consistent with the real underlying growth or decline rates in the local operations. Consequently, we provide information about the impact of foreign currencies in the period-to-period comparisons of the reported results of operations in our discussion and analysis of financial condition in the Results of Operations section below.
Seasonality
Historically, we have reported a relatively smaller revenue and profit in the first quarter with both measures increasing each of the following three quarters. This is a result of a general focus in the real estate industry on completing or documenting transactions by calendar year end and the fact that certain expenses are constant through the year. Our seasonality excludes the recognition of investment-generated performance fees and realized and unrealized investment equity earnings and losses. Specifically, we recognize incentive fees when assets are sold or as a result of valuation increases in the portfolio, the timing of which may not be predictable or recurring. In addition, investment equity gains and losses are primarily dependent on valuations of underlying investments, and the direction and magnitude of changes to such valuations are not predictable. Non-variable operating expenses, which we treat as expenses when incurred during the year, are relatively constant on a quarterly basis.
A significant portion of our Compensation and benefits expense is from incentive compensation plans, which we generally accrue throughout the year based on progress toward annual performance targets. This quarterly estimation can result in significant fluctuations in quarterly Compensation and benefits expense from period to period. Consequently, the results for the periods ended June 30, 2026, and 2025, are not fully indicative of the results we expect to realize for the full fiscal year.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Definitions
•Assets under management data for Investment Management is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag.
•n.m.: not meaningful, typically represented by a percentage change of greater than 1,000%, favorable or unfavorable.
•We define "Resilient" revenue as (i) Workplace Management, Project Management, Property Management and Software and Technology Solutions, within Real Estate Management Services, (ii) Value and Risk Advisory, and Loan Servicing, within Capital Markets Services and (iii) Advisory fees, within Investment Management. In addition, we define "Advisory" revenue (previously referred to as "Transactional") as (i) Portfolio Services and Other, within Real Estate Management Services, (ii) Leasing Advisory, (iii) Investment Sales, Debt/Equity Advisory and Other, within Capital Markets Services and (iv) Incentive and transaction fees, within Investment Management.
•Gross contract costs represent certain costs associated with client-dedicated employees and third-party vendors and subcontractors and are directly or indirectly reimbursed through the fees we receive. These costs are presented on a gross basis in Operating expenses (with the corresponding fees in Revenue).
Consolidated Operating Results
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Change in | % Change in Local Currency | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ($ in millions) | 2026 | 2025 | U.S. dollars | ||||||||
| Real Estate Management Services | $ | 5,368.4 | 4,949.9 | 418.5 | 8 | % | 8 | % | |||
| Leasing Advisory | 836.9 | 676.8 | 160.1 | 24 | 24 | ||||||
| Capital Markets Services | 620.2 | 520.3 | 99.9 | 19 | 19 | ||||||
| Investment Management | 102.4 | 103.1 | (0.7) | (1) | 1 | ||||||
| Revenue | $ | 6,927.9 | 6,250.1 | 677.8 | 11 | % | 10 | % | |||
| Platform compensation and benefits | $ | 1,633.4 | 1,427.2 | 206.2 | 14 | % | 14 | % | |||
| Platform operating, administrative and other expenses | 346.4 | 349.7 | (3.3) | (1) | (1) | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 57.2 | 67.7 | (10.5) | (16) | (16) | ||||||
| Total platform operating expenses | 2,037.0 | 1,844.6 | 192.4 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| Gross contract costs | 4,574.3 | 4,186.8 | 387.5 | 9 | 9 | ||||||
| Restructuring and acquisition charges | 25.7 | 21.3 | 4.4 | 21 | 20 | ||||||
| Total operating expenses | $ | 6,637.0 | 6,052.7 | 584.3 | 10 | % | 9 | % | |||
| Operating income | $ | 290.9 | 197.4 | 93.5 | 47 | % | 49 | % | |||
| Equity losses | $ | (2.2) | (27.4) | 25.2 | 92 | % | 92 | % | |||
| Net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity | $ | (10.3) | (4.2) | (6.1) | (145) | % | (143) | % | |||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 386.3 | 291.7 | 94.6 | 32 | % | 33 | % |
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Consolidated Operating Results (continued)
[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]
Latest 10-K MD&A (excerpt)
Latest 10-K Item 7 source: 0001037976-26-000037. The complete FY 2025 MD&A is published at /company/JLL/mda/fy2025/.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis contains certain forward-looking statements generally identified by the words: anticipates, believes, estimates, expects, forecasts, plans, intends and other similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, achievements, plans, and objectives to be materially different from any future results, performance, achievements, plans, and objectives expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. See the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements after Part IV, Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
We present our Management's Discussion and Analysis in the following sections:
(1) A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates;
(2) Certain items affecting the comparability of results;
(3) Certain market and other risks we face;
(4) The results of our operations, first on a consolidated basis and then for each of our business segments; and
(5) Liquidity and capital resources.
In this Item, we discuss results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the comparison between these years. Discussions of results for the year ended December 31, 2023 and comparisons between 2024 and 2023 results can be found in Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
An understanding of our accounting policies is necessary for a complete analysis of our results, financial position, liquidity and trends. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make certain critical accounting estimates and judgments that impact (i) the stated amount of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and (iii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These accounting estimates are based on management's judgment. We consider them to be critical because of their significance to the financial statements and the possibility future events may differ from current judgments, or that the use of different assumptions could result in materially different estimates. We review these estimates on a periodic basis to ensure reasonableness. Although actual amounts may differ from such estimated amounts, we believe such differences are not likely to be material. For additional detail regarding our critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8.
Revenue Recognition
We earn revenue from the following services (segments are bolded).
•Real Estate Management Services
◦Workplace Management
◦Project Management
◦Property Management
◦Portfolio Services and Other
•Leasing Advisory
◦Leasing
◦Advisory, Consulting and Other
•Capital Markets Services
◦Investment Sales, Debt/Equity Advisory and Other
◦Loan Servicing
◦Value and Risk Advisory
•Investment Management
•Software and Technology Solutions
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Our services are generally earned and billed in the form of transaction commissions, advisory and management fees, and incentive fees. Some of the contractual terms related to the services we provide, and thus the revenue we recognize, can be complex, requiring us to make judgments about our performance obligations and the timing and extent of revenue to recognize. In addition, a significant portion of our revenue represents the reimbursement of costs we incur on behalf of clients.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Consistent with the services nature of the businesses we have acquired, the largest asset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is goodwill. We do not amortize goodwill; instead, we evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
In addition, we may record intangible assets as a result of acquisitions, which are primarily composed of customer relationships, management contracts and customer backlog, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. We generally use the income approach to determine fair value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions primarily include discount rates, terminal growth rates, forecasts of revenue, operating income and capital expenditures. The discount rates reflect the risk factors, from the perspective of a market participant, associated with forecasts of cash flows. In addition, we establish an intangible upon closing on the sale of a mortgage loan we originated, concurrent with the retention of its servicing rights and amortize the intangible over the estimated period net servicing income is projected to be received.
Although we believe our intangible asset estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from those estimates due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the determination of the fair value of the identified intangible assets acquired. Judgment is also required in determining the useful life of a finite-lived intangible asset. We evaluate our identified intangibles for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
Investments
Substantially all of our investments are grouped within one of the following two categories.
First, we invest in certain real estate ventures that primarily own and operate commercial real estate, historically through co-investments in funds that Investment Management establishes in the ordinary course of business for its clients. These investments include non-controlling ownership interests generally ranging from less than 1% to 10% of the respective ventures. We account for these investments at fair value or under the equity method of accounting.
Second, we invest in proptech funds and early to mid-stage companies through the JLL Spark Global Ventures Funds. We account for a majority of these investments at fair value. Certain investments are accounted for under the measurement alternative, defined as cost minus impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.
Where applicable, we estimate fair value of our investments using the net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) our investees provide. Critical inputs to NAV estimates include fund financial statements, valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates and asset-specific market borrowing rates. In circumstances where the NAV provided by the investee has a reporting date different than ours or when the NAV is not calculated consistent with U.S. GAAP measurement principles, we adjust the NAV accordingly.
For investments in proptech companies, we primarily estimate the fair value based on the per-share pricing. Subsequent funding rounds or changes in the companies' business strategy/outlook are indicators of a change in fair value. The fair value of certain investments is estimated using significant unobservable inputs which requires judgment due to the absence of market data. In determining the estimated fair value of these investments, we utilize appropriate valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analyses, scorecard method, Black-Scholes models and other methods as appropriate. Key inputs include projected cash flows, discount rates, peer group multiples and volatility.
For all investments reported at fair value, other than such investments where the measurement alternative has been elected, our investment is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and
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the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. Investments for which the measurement alternative has been elected are remeasured if a qualifying observable price change occurs. We reflect these fair value adjustments as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income within Equity earnings/losses.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect those temporary differences to be recovered or settled. We recognize into income the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period including the enactment date.
Because of the global and cross-border nature of our business, our corporate tax position is complex. We generally provide for taxes in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate based on local tax regulations and rules. Such taxes are provided on pre-tax earnings and include the provision for taxes on substantively all differences between financial statement amounts and amounts used in tax returns, excluding certain non-deductible items and permanent differences.
Our global effective tax rate is sensitive to the complexity of our operations as well as to changes in the mix of our geographic profitability. We evaluate our estimated effective tax rate on a quarterly basis to reflect forecast changes in our geographic mix of income and legislative actions on statutory tax rates.
Based on our historical experience and future business plans, we do not expect to repatriate our foreign source earnings to the U.S. As of December 31, 2025, we have therefore not provided for withholding tax, dividend distribution tax, capital gains taxes, or other taxes which could arise upon such distribution. We believe our policy of permanently reinvesting earnings of foreign subsidiaries does not significantly impact our liquidity.
We have established valuation allowances against deferred tax assets where expected future taxable income does not support their realization on a more-likely-than-not basis. We formally assess the likelihood of being able to utilize current tax losses in the future on a country-by-country basis, commensurate with the determination of each quarter’s income tax provision. We establish or increase valuation allowances upon specific indications the carrying value of a tax asset may not be recoverable. Alternatively, we reduce valuation allowances upon (i) specific indications the carrying value of the related tax asset is more-likely-than-not recoverable or (ii) the implementation of tax planning strategies which allow an asset we previously determined to be not realizable to be viewed as realizable.
Estimations and judgments relevant to the determination of tax expense, assets, and liabilities require analysis of the tax environment and the future profitability, for tax purposes, of local statutory legal entities rather than business segments. Our statutory legal entity structure generally does not mirror the way we organize, manage and report our business operations. For example, the same legal entity may include Capital Markets Ser
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MD&A history
Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. Each year's full verbatim text is on its own sub-page.