Liberty Energy Inc. (LBRT)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties, including those described in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the Annual Report under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and in “Part II – Other Information, Item 1A. Risk Factors” included herein. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

Overview

The Company, together with its subsidiaries, is a leading integrated energy services and technology company, and one of the largest providers of innovative completions services and related technologies to onshore oil, natural gas, and enhanced geothermal exploration and production (“E&P”) companies. We offer customers completions services, which include hydraulic fracturing together with complementary services including wireline services, proppant delivery solutions, field gas processing and treating, compressed natural gas (“CNG”) delivery, data analytics, related goods (including our sand mine operations), and technologies to facilitate lower emission completions, thereby helping our customers reduce their emissions profile. We have grown from one active hydraulic fracturing fleet in December 2011 to approximately 40 active fleets as of June 30, 2026. We provide our services primarily in the major oil and gas shale basins in North America and in the Northern Territory of Australia.

We also own and operate LPI, providing advanced distributed power and energy storage solutions, serving the commercial and industrial, data center, energy and mining industries. LPI was formed with the initial focus on supporting Liberty’s transition towards our next generation digiFleets℠ and dual fuel fleets, by providing consistent and reliable power generation solutions and natural gas fueling services, which are critical to maintaining highly efficient well site operations. In January 2025, we announced LPI’s expansion into the distributed power business. On March 3, 2025, we completed the acquisition of IMG Energy Solutions (“the IMG Acquisition”), a leading developer of distributed power systems, for cash consideration of approximately $19.6 million, subject to normal closing adjustments and net of cash received. The IMG Acquisition augmented our portfolio with advanced engineering, design, and development capabilities for the development of power systems, enhanced software control systems, power marketing and utility interconnection experience, and operations and maintenance experience. During 2025, LPI was primarily focused on the planning and development of our power service platform to pursue projects supporting the power demand created by new data center development and other commercial and industrial applications. LPI is actively marketing its integrated power and fuel solutions offering, developing engineered solutions, and, as described in further detail below under "Liquidity and Capital Resources, ordering equipment and long-lead time items for these expected projects. LPI also expanded its natural gas fueling services to support larger scale distributed power installations.

We believe technical innovation and strong relationships with our customer and supplier bases distinguish us from our competitors and are the foundations of our business. We expect that E&P companies will continue to focus on technological innovation as completion complexity and fracture intensity of horizontal wells increases, particularly as customers are increasingly focused on reducing emissions from their completions operations. We remain proactive in developing innovative solutions to industry challenges, including developing: (i) our databases of U.S. unconventional wells to which we apply our proprietary multi-variable statistical analysis technologies to provide differential insight into fracture design optimization; (ii) our Liberty Quiet Fleet® design which significantly reduces noise levels compared to conventional hydraulic fracturing fleets; (iii) hydraulic fracturing fluid systems tailored to the specific reservoir properties in the basins in which we operate; (iv) our dual fuel dynamic gas blending (“DGB”) fleets that allow our engines to run diesel or a combination of diesel and natural gas, to optimize fuel use, reduce emissions and lower costs; (v) our digiFleets℠, comprising of digiFrac℠ and digiPrime℠ pumps and other complementary equipment, including power generation units (together “digiTechnologies℠”), our innovative, purpose-built electric and hybrid frac pumps that have approximately 25% lower CO2e emission profile than the Tier IV DGB; (vi) our wet sand handling technology and piped sand slurry solution which eliminate the need to dry sand, enabling the deployment of mobile mines nearer to wellsites; (vii) the launch of LPI to support the transition to our digiFleets as well as the transition to lower costs and emissions in the oilfield; and (viii) a suite of internally developed software solutions incorporating advanced analytics to support operations, maintenance and logistics management. In addition, our integrated supply chain includes proppant, chemicals, equipment, natural gas fueling services, logistics and integrated software which we believe promotes wellsite efficiency and leads to more pumping hours and higher productivity during completions services jobs to better service our customers.

LPI’s technology platform for distributed power generation includes (a) the ForteSM solution, which uses a modular, standardized construction approach for generation sites to reduce the risk of project execution, (b) the TempoSM power quality management system to manage high-amplitude, cyclical load variations associated with artificial intelligence workloads and (c)

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when a grid interconnection is requested by the customer and available, the ChorusSM solution to optimize power costs through the use of a mix of co-located generation and grid power.

In order to achieve our technological objectives, we carefully manage our liquidity and debt position to promote operational flexibility and invest in the business throughout the full commodity cycle in the regions we operate.

Recent Trends and Outlook

The current Middle East conflict with Iran has resulted in damage to regional energy infrastructure and continued uncertainty as to the availability of key energy export corridors. This disruption has increased focus on energy security and supply diversification and reinforced the strategic importance of North American oil and natural gas resources. This focus has the potential to grow international demand for North American petroleum products and LNG in the next several years.

North American frac activity improved modestly during the quarter following a gradual increase in producer activity. Despite these short-term improvements, larger U.S. and Canadian producers remain cautious regarding activity growth due to continued commodity price volatility and broader macroeconomic uncertainty.

Related to power markets, demand is being driven by continued AI data center development and broader industrial power requirements. As power projects increase in scale and complexity, customers are expected to seek infrastructure providers capable of delivering integrated solutions across power supply, site readiness, energy management, and long-term operations.

During the second quarter of 2026, the posted WTI price traded at an average of $95.65 per barrel (“Bbl”), as compared to the second quarter 2025 average of $64.57 per Bbl, and the first quarter of 2026 average of $72.74 per Bbl. In addition, during the second quarter of 2026, the Henry Hub price traded at an average of $2.95 per one million British thermal units (“MMBtu”), as compared to the second quarter of 2025 average of $3.19 per MMBtu, and the first quarter of 2026 average of $4.71 per MMBtu. Subsequent to June 30, 2026, the Henry Hub traded at an average of $2.99 per MMBtu and the WTI price traded at an average of $76.07 per Bbl through July 20, 2026. The average domestic onshore rig count for the United States and Canada was 688 rigs reported in the second quarter of 2026, up from the average in the second quarter 2025 of 686, and down from the first quarter of 2025 of 741, according to a report from Baker Hughes.

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Business Developments

Senior Convertible Notes Activity

In February 2026, we issued $770 million aggregate principal amount of 0% convertible senior notes due March 2031 (the “2031 Notes”), and in March 2026, we issued $525 million aggregate principal amount of 0% convertible senior notes due March 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). Net proceeds from the offerings of the 2031 Notes and the 2032 Notes were $746 million and $511.3 million, respectively, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by us. Additionally, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with respect to each of the 2031 Notes and the 2032 Notes with certain of the initial purchasers or their respective affiliates and certain other financial institutions at a cost of approximately $109.3 million and $77.2 million, respectively. For more information on the 2031 Notes and the 2032 Notes, see Note 7—Debt to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.

Supply Contracts for Power Generation Equipment

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, we entered into supply contracts with various global suppliers, including Bergen Engines AS and Wärtsilä North America, Inc., and on July 22, 2026, we entered into a supply contract with Caterpillar Inc. as described in “Part II – Other Information, Item 5. Other Information” for the purchase of power generation equipment, including engines and certain balance of plant equipment, for the Company’s prospective data center and other distributed power projects. For more information regarding these supply contracts, see below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2026, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

Revenue

Our revenue increased $146.1 million, or 14%, to $1.2 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2026 compared to $1.0 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The increase in revenue was predominantly driven by elevated activity levels and corresponding improvement in utilization.

Cost of Serv

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties, including those described in this Annual Report under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements. This section of this Annual Report generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. For discussion of year ended December 31, 2023, as well as the year ended 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our 2024 Annual Report.

Overview

The Company, together with its subsidiaries, is a leading integrated energy services and technology company, and one of the largest providers of innovative completions services and related technologies to onshore oil, natural gas, and enhanced geothermal exploration and production (“E&P”) companies. We offer customers completions services, which include hydraulic fracturing together with complementary services including wireline services, proppant delivery solutions, field gas processing and treating, compressed natural gas (“CNG”) delivery, data analytics, related goods (including our sand mine operations), and technologies to facilitate lower emission completions, thereby helping our customers reduce their emissions profile. We have grown from one active hydraulic fracturing fleet in December 2011 to approximately 40 active fleets as of December 31, 2025. We provide our services primarily in the major oil and gas shale basins in North America and in the Northern Territory of Australia.

We also own and operate Liberty Power Innovations LLC (“LPI”), providing advanced distributed power and energy storage solutions, serving the commercial and industrial, data center, energy and mining industries. LPI was formed with the initial focus on supporting Liberty’s transition towards our next generation digiFleets℠ and dual fuel fleets, by providing consistent and reliable power generation solutions and natural gas fueling services, which are critical to maintaining highly efficient well site operations. In January 2025, we announced LPI’s expansion into the distributed power business. On March 3, 2025, we completed the acquisition of IMG Energy Solutions (“the IMG Acquisition”), a leading developer of distributed power systems, for cash consideration of approximately $19.6 million, subject to normal closing adjustments and net of cash received. The IMG Acquisition augmented our portfolio with advanced engineering, design, and development capabilities for the development of power systems, enhanced software control systems, power marketing and utility interconnection experience, and operations and maintenance experience. During 2025, LPI was primarily focused on the planning and development of our power service platform to pursue projects supporting the power demand created by new data center development and other commercial and industrial applications. LPI is in the process of expanding market awareness of its integrated power and fuel solutions offering, developing engineered solutions, and ordering equipment and long-lead time items for these expected projects. LPI also expanded its natural gas fueling services to support larger scale distributed power installations.

We believe technical innovation and strong relationships with our customer and supplier bases distinguish us from our competitors and are the foundations of our business. We expect that E&P companies will continue to focus on technological innovation as completion complexity and fracture intensity of horizontal wells increases, particularly as customers are increasingly focused on reducing emissions from their completions operations. We remain proactive in developing innovative solutions to industry challenges, including developing: (i) our databases of U.S. unconventional wells to which we apply our proprietary multi-variable statistical analysis technologies to provide differential insight into fracture design optimization; (ii) our Liberty Quiet Fleet® design which significantly reduces noise levels compared to conventional hydraulic fracturing fleets; (iii) hydraulic fracturing fluid systems tailored to the specific reservoir properties in the basins in which we operate; (iv) our dual fuel dynamic gas blending (“DGB”) fleets that allow our engines to run diesel or a combination of diesel and natural gas, to optimize fuel use, reduce emissions and lower costs; (v) our digiFleets℠, comprising of digiFrac℠ and digiPrime℠ pumps and other complementary equipment, including power generation units (together “digiTechnologies℠”), our innovative, purpose-built electric and hybrid frac pumps that have approximately 25% lower CO2e emission profile than the Tier IV DGB; (vi) our wet sand handling technology and piped sand slurry solution which eliminate the need to dry sand, enabling the deployment of mobile mines nearer to wellsites; (vii) the launch of LPI to support the transition to our digiFleets as well as the transition to lower costs and emissions in the oilfield; and (viii) a suite of internally developed software solutions incorporating advanced analytics to support operations, maintenance and logistics management. In addition, our integrated supply chain includes proppant, chemicals, equipment, natural gas fueling services, logistics and integrated software which we believe promotes wellsite efficiency and leads to more pumping hours and higher productivity during completions services jobs to better service our customers.

LPI’s technology platform for distributed power generation includes (a) the ForteSM solution, which uses a modular, standardized construction approach for generation sites to reduce the risk of project execution, (b) the TempoSM power quality management system to manage high-amplitude, cyclical load variations associated with artificial intelligence workloads and (c)

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when a grid interconnection is requested by the customer and available, the ChorusSM solution to optimize power costs through the use of a mix of co-located generation and grid power.

In order to achieve our technological objectives, we carefully manage our liquidity and debt position to promote operational flexibility and invest in the business throughout the full commodity cycle in the regions we operate.

Recent Trends and Outlook

The convergence of AI-driven data center expansion, the onshoring of domestic manufacturing, and increased industrial electrification has created structural demand growth for power. Underinvestment in grid infrastructure, transmission constraints, and evolving commercial realities and utility reforms, driven in part by public concerns, have catalyzed broader market recognition of the inherent strategic value of distributed power solutions.

Within North American oil and gas markets, conditions appear to have stabilized after a protracted period of softening activity, as the industry has largely adjusted to OPEC+ supply concerns and tariff-related volatility experienced in 2025. Fourth quarter completions activity defied normal seasonal declines, surpassing expectations. Completions demand is projected to hold firm in 2026. We expect North American producers to respond to global oil and gas dynamics with flat oil production and modest growth in gas-directed activity. Global oil markets are currently balancing a structural oil surplus, elevated geopolitical risk, and an OPEC+ production pause, keeping oil prices largely rangebound. Natural gas markets are supported by significant expansion in LNG export capacity and multi-year growth in power consumption.

Industry fundamentals are expected to improve over time as supply-side dynamics gradually rebalance with completions demand. Recent pricing pressures on completions services, combined with the slowdown in activity, have driven an acceleration in equipment cannibalization and attrition, while underinvestment in next generation technology has limited the replacement of lost capacity. As the market recalibrated at the start of the year, fewer crews are available to meet any incremental completions demand.

E&Ps remain focused on harnessing efficiency gains and engineering solutions to lower the total cost per unit of energy, driving the bar higher for technologically superior services and operational success to achieve these results.

During the year 2025, the posted WTI price traded at an average of $65.45 per barrel (“Bbl”), as compared to the 2024 average of $76.63 per Bbl, and the 2023 average of $77.58 per Bbl. In addition, in the year ending December 31, 2025, the Henry Hub price traded at an average of $3.51 per one million British thermal units (“MMBtu”) as compared to the year ending December 31, 2024 and 2023 average of $2.19 and $2.53 per MMBtu, respectively. In addition, the average domestic onshore rig count for the United States and Canada was 709 rigs reported in the fourth quarter of 2025, down from the average in the fourth quarter of 2024 of 765, according to a report from Baker Hughes.

Acquisitions

On March 3, 2025, we completed the acquisition of IMG Energy Solutions (“the IMG Acquisition”), a leading developer of distributed power systems, for cash consideration of approximately $19.6 million, subject to normal closing adjustments and net of cash received. The IMG Acquisition brings integrated capabilities across engineering design and development, construction management, enhanced software and monitoring systems, operations and marketing. We believe the IMG Acquisition will strengthen LPI by incorporating IMG Energy Solutions’s advanced engineering designs, software control systems, utility interconnection experience and power marketing expertise.

Increase in Drilling Efficiency and Service Intensity of Completions

Over the past decade, E&P companies have focused on exploiting the vast resource potential available across many of North America’s unconventional resource plays through the application of horizontal drilling and completion technologies, including the use of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, in order to increase recovery of oil and natural gas. As E&P companies have improved drilling and completion techniques to maximize return and efficiency, we believe that well economics have improved, and unconventional oil and gas production is globally competitive. Liberty has been a significant partner with our customers in driving these continued improvements.

Improved drilling economics from horizontal drilling and greater rig efficiencies. According to Baker Hughes, as reported on January 23, 2026, horizontal rigs accounted for approximately 87% of all rigs drilling in the United States and Canada, up from 77% as of December 26, 2014. Over the past several years, North American E&P companies have benefited from improved drilling economics driven by technologies that reduce the number of days, and the cost, of drilling wells. North American drilling rigs have incorporated newer technologies, which allow them to drill rock more effectively and quickly, meaning each rig can drill more wells in a given period. These include improved drilling technologies and the incorporation of geosteering techniques which allow better placement of the wellbore. Drilling rigs have also incorporat

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