Ramaco Resources, Inc. (METC)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in our Annual Report, as well as the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks and uncertainties that may be outside our control. We caution you that our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, particularly in the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and in our Annual Report and in this Quarterly Report under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.

Overview

We are an operator and developer of high-quality, low-cost metallurgical coal in southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia, and are exploring a coal, rare earth, and other critical minerals project in Wyoming. Our metallurgical coal development portfolio primarily includes the following properties: Elk Creek, Berwind, Knox Creek, and Maben. We believe each of these properties possesses geologic and logistical advantages that make our coal among the lowest delivered-cost U.S. metallurgical coal to our domestic customer base, North American blast furnace steel mills and coke plants, as well as to international metallurgical coal consumers. In mid-2025, we held a ribbon cutting and groundbreaking event at our rare earth element and other critical mineral exploration stage property near Sheridan, Wyoming (the “Brook Mine”). The Brook Mine is currently an exploration stage property with respect to its rare earth element and other critical mineral operations. The Brook Mine initially produced representative material to serve as feedstock for testing, with the goal of demonstrating the viability of processing rare earth elements and other critical minerals and establishing mineral reserves. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop the Brook Mine into a commercial scale mine, and there is no certainty that any part of the inferred mineral resources estimated will be converted into higher confidence mineral resources and eventually mineral reserves in the future. Contiguous to the Brook Mine, the Company operates a carbon research facility related to the production of advanced carbon products and materials from coal.

Our reportable segments, which are primarily based on the Company’s internal organizational structure and types of controlled mineral deposits, are its two operating segments—Metallurgical Coal and Rare Earths and Critical Minerals. Where applicable, prior period amounts have been recast to conform to this segment reporting structure, which was modified during the third quarter of 2025.

Metallurgical Coal Segment

Our primary source of revenue is the sale of metallurgical coal. We maintain 85 million reserve tons and an additional 1,337 million measured and indicated resource tons of high-quality metallurgical coal. Our plan is to continue the development of our existing properties and grow annual production over the next few years to possibly as much as seven million clean tons of metallurgical coal annually, subject to market conditions, permitting and additional capital deployment in the medium-term. We may also acquire additional coal reserves or infrastructure that contribute to our focus on long-term value creation, operational efficiency and lower costs.

The overall outlook of the metallurgical coal business is dependent on a variety of factors such as pricing, regulatory uncertainties, and global economic conditions. Coal consumption and production in the U.S. are driven by several market dynamics and trends including the U.S. and global economies, the U.S. dollar’s strength relative to other currencies and accelerating production cuts. Blast furnace steelmaking is more prevalent outside the U.S. compared to domestic steel production, which creates demand for exports of metallurgical coal, including demand growth in the Asia Pacific.

29

Table of Contents

Global metallurgical coal markets remained soft in the second quarter of 2026 due to constrained economic growth in some regions of the world and continued conflict overseas. Reduced global steel production and oversupply in the market have led to a reduction in the price steel producers are willing to pay for their metallurgical coal feedstock. Overall steel demand will likely remain weak in the near term; however, supply cuts have begun occurring for higher cost operations which is expected to positively impact pricing. Longer term, the Company believes that limited global investment in new coking coal production capacity, the industrialization of emerging economies, expansion of urbanization globally, and an eventual return to economic growth will support coking coal markets overall.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, we sold 1.9 million tons of coal and recognized $266.4 million of revenue. Of this amount, 29% of our revenue was from sales into North American markets, including Canada, and 71% of our revenue was from sales into export markets. During the same period of 2025, we sold 2.0 million tons of coal and recognized $287.6 million of revenue, of which 37% was from sales into North American markets, including Canada, and 63% was from sales into export markets. Sales into export markets, which often include index-based pricing, generally have greater exposure to variability in pricing from period to period. The Company’s exports have not been materially delayed or otherwise affected by recent severe weather events, dockworker labor disputes, global conflicts or recently enacted U.S. tariffs.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had outstanding performance obligations of approximately 0.7 million tons for contracts with fixed sales prices averaging $139 per ton, excluding freight, as well as 1.6 million tons for contracts with index-based pricing mechanisms. The Company expects to satisfy approximately 85% of these commitments in 2026 and 15% of these commitments in 2027. Refer to Note 9 of Part I, Item 1 for additional information.

The metallurgical coal markets are volatile in nature; therefore, the Company prioritizes managing its financial position and liquidity, while managing costs and capital expenditures and returning value to its shareholders.

In the first six months of 2026, our segment capital expenditures were $43.4 million, excluding capitalized interest of $0.5 million. In the first six months of 2025, our segment capital expenditures were $34.6 million, excluding capitalized interest of $0.7 million. The increase in capital expenditures was mainly attributable to the construction of a new rail loadout at our Maben complex and adding mining sections at our Berwind complex as part of our growth commitments in our low-vol portfolio.

​

The Company produced 1.9 million tons of coal during the first six months of 2026 compared to 2.0 million tons of coal in the corresponding period of 2025. The Company expects full-year production volumes in 2026 between 3.6 and 3.9 million tons with an ability to vary production dependent on market conditions.

​

Rare Earths and Critical Minerals Segment

​

Our ongoing business development efforts are focused on the timely and prudent advancement of our rare earth elements and other critical minerals property, the assessment of associated processing facilities to support the future production of rare earth element minerals and other critical minerals products, and coal-to-carbon based products.

The Company continues to move forward with its potential rare earth elements and other critical minerals deposit evaluation at the Brook Mine. The timeline for our rare earth elements and other critical minerals initiatives is subject to the completion of ongoing test work, engineering studies, and the continued updating of mine designs, as well as the receipt of all required federal, state, and local permits and licenses and compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Critical mineral production, including mill throughput and feed grades, is subject to further technical validation, including additional infill and step-out drilling, geological modeling, mine planning, and metallurgical testing. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop the Brook Mine into a commercial scale mine, and there is no certainty that any part of the inferred mineral resources estimated will be converted into higher confidence mineral resources and eventually mineral reserves in the future.

30

Table of Contents

In the first six months of 2026, our segment capital expenditures were $6.7 million, excluding capitalized interest of $0.3 million. In the first six months of 2025, our segment capital expenditures were $0.5 million. The increase in capital expenditures was attributable to the continued expansion of the Brook Mine project.

No revenues have been recognized from the Company’s Rare Earths and Critical Minerals segment to date.

Consolidated Results of Operations

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our results of operations and our present financial condition and contains forward-looking statements that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks and uncertainties that may be outside our control. We caution you that our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors,” all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.

Overview

We are a dual platform critical mineral company that is both an operator and developer of high-quality, low-cost metallurgical coal in southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia, and a developing producer of coal, rare earth and critical minerals in Wyoming. Our metallurgical coal development portfolio primarily includes the following properties: Elk Creek, Berwind, Knox Creek, and Maben. We believe each of these properties possesses geologic and logistical advantages that make our coal among the lowest delivered-cost U.S. metallurgical coal to our domestic customer base, North American blast furnace steel mills and coke plants, as well as to international metallurgical coal consumers. In mid-2025, we initiated development of our rare earth element and critical mineral operations near Sheridan, Wyoming (the “Brook Mine”). The Brook Mine initially produced representative ore material to serve as feedstock for testing, with the goal of demonstrating the viability of processing rare earth elements and critical minerals at a full-scale commercial facility and ultimately establishing mineral reserves and resources. Contiguous to the Brook Mine, the Company operates a carbon research facility related to the production of advanced carbon products and materials from coal.

85

Table of Contents

Our reportable segments, which are primarily based on the Company’s internal organizational structure and types of controlled mineral deposits, are its two operating segments—Metallurgical Coal and Rare Earths and Critical Minerals. Where applicable, prior period amounts have been recast to conform to this segment reporting structure, which was modified during the third quarter of 2025.

Metallurgical Coal Segment

Our primary source of revenue is the sale of metallurgical coal. We maintain 85 million reserve tons and 1,337 million measured and indicated resource tons of high-quality metallurgical coal. Our plan is to continue the development of our existing properties and grow annual production over the next few years to possibly as much as seven million clean tons of metallurgical coal annually, subject to market conditions, permitting and additional capital deployment in the medium-term. We may also acquire additional reserves or infrastructure that contribute to our focus on advantaged geology and lower costs.

The overall outlook of the metallurgical coal business is dependent on a variety of factors such as pricing, regulatory uncertainties, and global economic conditions. Coal consumption and production in the U.S. are driven by several market dynamics and trends including the U.S. and global economies, the U.S. dollar’s strength relative to other currencies and accelerating production cuts. Blast furnace steelmaking is more prevalent outside the U.S. compared to domestic steel production, which creates demand for exports of metallurgical coal, including demand growth in Asia Pacific.

Global metallurgical coal markets softened in 2024 and continued to do so in 2025 due to constrained economic growth in some regions of the world and continued conflict overseas. The global steel market experienced slower growth, especially in China, resulting in elevated levels of Chinese steel exports. These conditions have led steel companies to both cut back on their own production and to reduce the price they are willing to pay for their metallurgical coal feedstock. Overall steel demand will likely remain weak in the near term; however, supply cuts may occur for higher cost operations absent a significant upward movement in pricing. Longer term, the Company believes that limited global investment in new coking coal production capacity, the industrialization of emerging economies, expansion of urbanization globally, and an eventual return to economic growth will support coking coal markets overall.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold 3.8 million tons of coal and recognized $536.6 million of revenue. Of this amount, 37% of our revenue was from sales into North American markets, including Canada, and 63% of our revenue was from sales into export markets. During the same period of 2024, we sold 4.0 million tons of coal and recognized $666.3 million of revenue, of which 33% was from sales into North American markets, including Canada, and 67% was from sales into export markets. Sales into export markets, which often include index-based pricing, generally have greater exposure to variability in pricing from period to period. The Company’s exports have not been materially delayed or otherwise affected by recent severe weather events, dockworker labor disputes, or recently enacted U.S. tariffs.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding performance obligations of 1.1 million tons for contracts with fixed sales prices averaging $142 per ton, excluding freight, as well as 1.2 million tons for contracts with index-based pricing mechanisms. The Company expects to satisfy approximately 97% of the committed tons in 2026 and the remainder in 2027. Refer to Note 10—Revenues in Item 8, Part II for additional information.

The metallurgical coal markets are volatile in nature; therefore, the Company prioritizes managing its financial position and liquidity, while managing costs and capital expenditures and returning value to its shareholders.

In 2025, our segment capital expenditures were $60.5 million, excluding capitalized interest of $1.2 million. In 2024, our capital expenditures were $69.7 million, excluding capitalized interest of $1.5 million. The decrease in capital expenditures was due to lower spending in 2025 on the Company’s strategic growth projects, specifically at the Maben preparation plant.

The Company produced 3.8 million tons in 2025 compared to 3.7 million tons in 2024 as a result of the increase in capacity and completed development work.

86

Table of Contents

Rare Earths and Critical Minerals Segment

Our ongoing business development efforts are focused on the timely and prudent advancement of our rare earth elements and critical minerals operations, the establishment of associated processing facilities and the production of rare earth element minerals and coal-to-carbon based products and critical minerals products.

​

We plan to target the processing and production of a number of rare earth elements and critical minerals which include heavy magnetic rare earth elements, like terbium and dysprosium, and critical minerals, like gallium, germanium and scandium which are, from time to time subject to strict export licensing requirements and changing destination-specific restrictions (including export bans or restrictions to the United States) imposed by the Chinese government. These planned initiatives provide substantial growth opportunities in future periods.

​

In 2023, we announced the discovery of a major deposit of primary magnetic rare earth elements and critical minerals at our mine, the Brook Mine near Sheridan, Wyoming. The Brook Mine rare earth elements and critical minerals site has what we believe to be the largest unconventional deposit of rare earth elements and critical minerals discovered to date in the United States, as well as the first new rare earth elements mine in the United States in 70 years. We had a ribbon cutting and groundbreaking at the Brook Mine in July 2025 and the overall development of this mine and processing project is proceeding.

​

Since the July groundbreaking of the Brook Mine, we have rapidly moved to build on this momentum to transition into what we believe will be the nation’s first dual platform critical minerals company focused on both metallurgical coal and rare earth elements and critical minerals. In July 2025, the Fluor Corporation issued a Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) which noted both the technical and economic viability of the Brook Mine based on its findings and the product pricing information provided by the Company.

​

Contiguous to the Wyoming mine, we operate a carbon research facility called the iCAM Research Center which is related to the production of high value advanced carbon products and materials from coal. In connection with these activities, we hold a body of more than 70 intellectual property patents and pending applications, exclusive licensing agreements and various trademarks.

​

To support the expansion of our rare earth elements and critical minerals operations, we plan to actively engage with federal and state officials to expand the existing approved Brook Mine permit covering roughly 4,500 acres to include our entire approximately 15,800 acres of control. Our commercial processing facility will be similarly designed to increase its processing capacity and accommodate higher levels of production.

​

Before advancing to a full-scale commercial plant, we will test various processes at a pilot facility to be located at the Brook Mine site near our iCAM Research Center outside Sheridan. In addition, we received a $6.1 million matching grant from the Wyoming Energy Authority’s Energy Matching Fund to be applied toward development of the pilot facility.

​

Based on pilot testing results, we expect to proceed to engineering and designing the full commercial plant, with a construction period to be validated and updated upon the completion of a pre-feasibility study to be followed by a subsequent two-year shakedown period for the plant to be optimized to reach full steady-state capacity.

​

We will also continue advancing geological work to refine our understanding of the deposit, with targeted infill drilling to tighten spacing, enhance grade control, and improve resource classification. We are also engaged in expansion drilling outside the existing permit boundary and into deeper formations.

​

On September 17, 2025, we received a new geological TRS from Weir, updated from the March 2025 study. As a result, management has undertaken a revised mine plan designed around a higher cutoff concentration grade for the Brook Mine deposit. The Brook Mine represents a geologically unique rare earth elements deposit located along the northwestern margin of the Powder River Basin. Stratigraphy in the area is steeply dipping and intersected by multiple fault and fracture systems, which likely facilitated secondary mobilization and concentration of rare earth elements via

87

Table of Contents

fluid flow, enriching favorable coal and associated carbonaceous materials. Given these factors, similar rare earth element grades are not expected to be repeatable elsewhere within the Powder River Basin.

​

While current drilling and core sampling have focused within our initial 4,500-acre permitted area, we control and own all coal and other minerals on an additional roughly 11,500 acres of contiguous land. Historic lithologic and wireline logs suggest these areas share similar geologic characteristics. Multiple high-grade assay results near t

[Excerpt truncated for page length; the complete text is on the linked full-MD&A page.]