NeuroPace Inc (NPCE) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations related to future events and our future financial performance that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements regarding our intentions, plans, objectives, expectations, forecasts and projections. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a medical device company focused on transforming the lives of people living with epilepsy by reducing or eliminating the occurrence of debilitating seizures. Our novel and differentiated RNS System is the first and only commercially available, brain-responsive neuromodulation system that delivers personalized, real-time treatment at the seizure source. By continuously monitoring and analyzing the brain’s electrical activity, recognizing patient-specific abnormal electrical patterns, and responding in real time with imperceptible electrical pulses to prevent seizures, our RNS System delivers the precise amount of therapy when and where it is needed and provides exceptional clinical outcomes with approximately three minutes of stimulation on average per day. Our RNS System is also the only commercially available device that records continuous brain activity data and allows clinicians to monitor patients not only in person, but also remotely, in order to make more informed treatment decisions, thus optimizing patient care. We believe the therapeutic advantages of our RNS System, combined with the insights obtained from our extensive brain data set, offer a significant leap forward in epilepsy treatment.

Our RNS System is currently indicated in the United States for use in adult epilepsy patients, meaning patients who are 18 years of age or older, with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. As of December 31, 2023, over 5,000 epilepsy patients have received our RNS System. We believe our compelling body of long-term clinical data, demonstrating continuous improvement in outcomes over time, will support the continued adoption of our RNS System among the approximately 575,000 adults in the United States with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We continue seeking indication expansion to, over time, more broadly reach the entire approximately 1.2 million drug-resistant epilepsy patients in the United States. In December 2023, we finished enrolling and implanting the requisite number of patients for FDA submission in our clinical trial to evaluate RNS System use in the generalized epilepsy population. We may additionally seek to expand our operations to reach the approximately 16.5 million drug-resistant epilepsy patients globally.

We received Premarket Approval, or PMA, from the FDA for our RNS System in late 2013 and began the commercial rollout of our RNS System in early 2014. We have historically marketed our RNS System in the United States through a direct sales organization primarily to the epileptologists and neurosurgeons who respectively prescribe and implant neuromodulation devices in the approximately 200 Level 4 CECs in the United States. We have established a significant account base at these CECs. While most drug-resistant epilepsy patients begin their care at physician offices or community hospitals, we estimate that approximately 24,000 adult drug-resistant focal epilepsy patients are treated in Level 4 CECs in the United States each year. We estimate that this patient pool represents an annual core market opportunity of approximately $1.1 billion for initial RNS System implants, and we expect that it will continue to grow as the number of Level 4 CECs and epileptologists increase, and as more patients are referred to these CECs.

Given the concentrated and underpenetrated nature of our target market, we believe that there is a significant opportunity to efficiently drive higher adoption and utilization within these centers, grow our account base, and expand our referral channel to increase the number of drug-resistant patients referred to Level 4 CECs. In 2023, we received FDA approval of a PMA-S, which updated the qualification criteria for centers and clinicians that may prescribe and implant the RNS System. This PMA-S allows us to expand our commercial efforts to target and be able to qualify approximately 1,800 additional epileptologists practicing outside of Level 4 CECs and the entire population of functional neurosurgeons. We plan to address this opportunity in a targeted manner with incremental expansion of our sales force.

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The implant procedure for our RNS System and the ongoing patient treatment provided by clinicians, including monitoring and programming, are reimbursed under well-established physician and hospital codes. In addition, we believe that our RNS System is currently the only neuromodulation system for epilepsy with reimbursement available for periodic in-person or remote review of brain activity data. Given the relatively young average age of our patient population, our payor mix has historically been more heavily weighted towards commercial payors. As of December 31, 2023, commercial payors have written positive coverage policies that address over 200 million covered lives in the United States. Medicare and Medicaid also routinely provide coverage for implantation of our RNS System and follow-up care. Based on our experience, less than 1% of potential RNS System patients have been unable to undergo an implant procedure with our RNS System due to lack of payor coverage. We believe the established, differentiated, and favorable reimbursement paradigm for our RNS System will continue to support its broad commercial adoption.

Our RNS System has an estimated average battery life of nearly eleven years, an increase from the previous model of the device. The sale of replacement neuromodulation devices provides a recurring revenue stream that is additive to the annual market opportunity for initial implants.

We currently manufacture our RNS System at and distribute our products from our approximately 53,000 square foot facility in Mountain View, California. This facility provides approximately 20,000 square feet of space for our production and distribution operations, including manufacturing, quality control and storage. We believe our existing facility will be sufficient to meet our current and near-term manufacturing needs.

Since our inception, we have generated significant losses. We have financed our operations primarily through sales of our products, issuance of equity securities, and debt financing. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $503.8 million, cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $66.5 million, and $57.0 million of outstanding term loans, net of debt discount and issuance costs.

We have invested heavily and expect to continue to invest in research and development and commercial activities. Our research and development activities include clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our RNS System, including in expanded indications, and to obtain, as well as retain, FDA approval. We intend to continue making significant investments in research and development, clinical studies and regulatory affairs to support ongoing and future regulatory submissions for retaining and expanding indications of our RNS System, including to patients with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy and adolescent patients, ages 12-17, support continuous improvements to our RNS System, and develop future products that address neurological disorders. We have also made significant investments in building our field commercial team and intend to make significant investments in sales and marketing efforts in the future, including initiatives to drive awareness and expand our referral channel to increase the number of drug-resistant epilepsy patients referred to CECs. We may in the future seek to acquire or invest in additional businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or enhance our products, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities, although we currently have no agreements or understandings with respect to any such acquisitions or investments. Because of these and other factors, we expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flows for the next several years. We may require additional funding to support operations and pay our obligations or may opportunistically seek to raise additional capital, which may include future equity or debt financings.

We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will allow us to continue our operations for at least the next 12 months.

Collaborations and Partnerships

DIXI Distribution Agreement

In August 2022, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement, or the Distribution Agreement, with DIXI Medical USA Corp., or DIXI Medical, pursuant to which we became the exclusive U.S. distributor of DIXI Medical’s product line beginning in October 2022. DIXI Medical is a subsidiary of a European company that pioneered the development of stereo electroencephalography, or Stereo EEG, electrodes and related products. These products are used in the epilepsy monitoring units, or EMUs, of comprehensive epilepsy centers to determine where epileptic seizures originate. In addition to providing us with an incremental revenue stream, the DIXI Medical

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partnership provides us with improved visibility of patients moving through the EMUs, many of whom may be candidates for our RNS System. This synergistic partnership leverages our field organization that is already calling on the same customers and supports our objective to engage earlier in the diagnostic and therapy selection process. DIXI Medical provides us with ongoing commercial support and supplies the DIXI Medical products we order.

Rapport Agreement

In November 2023, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Rapport Therapeutics, Inc., or Rapport, a clinical-stage biotechnology company, to leverage our data as well as our RNS System’s unique biomarker monitoring and data analysis capabilities. The collaboration evaluates biomarker changes in currently implanted RNS System patients that have enrolled in Rapport’s Phase 2a clinical trial of its product candidate. Pursuant to this agreement, we will provide information to Rapport that will help evaluate the impact of their product candidate on certain biomarkers of patients with focal onset seizures.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe there are several important factors that have impacted and that we expect will continue to impact our business and results of operations. These factors include:

Clinician, Hospital and Patient Awareness and Acceptance of Our RNS System

Our goal is to establish our RNS System as a standard of care for drug-resistant epilepsy. We intend to continue to promote awareness of our RNS System within existing and new accounts through additional investments in training and education of clinicians, epilepsy centers, hospitals and patients on the clinical benefits of our RNS System for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. In addition, we intend to publish additional clinical data in scientific journals and to continue presenting at medical conferences. We plan to continue building patient awareness through direct-to-patient marketing initiatives, which include advertising, social media and online education. We also intend to continue supporting patient and referring clinician outreach efforts to help increase the number of appropriate patients with drug-resistant epilepsy being treated at CECs, including by way of our expansion into the community setting. These efforts require significant investment by our marketing and sales organization.

Our Ability to Retain Our Experienced Commercial Team and Increase its Productivity

We have made significant investments in, and will continue to invest in, recruiting, training and retaining our experienced and specialized direct sales team, which includes Therapy Consultants and Field Clinical Engineers. Significant education and training is required for our team to achieve the level of technical competency with our products that is expected by clinicians and to gain experience building demand for our RNS System. Upon completion of initial training, our personnel typically require time in the field to grow their network of accounts, build relationships with clinicians and increase their productivity to the levels we expect. We believe successfully training, developing and retaining our Therapy Consultants and Field Clinical Engineers will be required to achieve growth. In addition, the loss of any productive sales personnel would have a negative impact on our ability to grow our business.

Competition

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid change from the introduction of new products and technologies and the marketing activities of industry participants. There are two primary treatment alternatives for adults with drug-resistant epilepsy: (i) an ablative or resective surgery; and (ii) implantation of a neuromodulation device. Within neuromodulation, we currently compete with two manufacturers of neuromodulation devices. These companies have longer operating histories, significantly greater resources and name recognition, and established relationships with physicians and hospitals that treat patients with epilepsy. In addition to competing for market share, we also compete against these companies for personnel, including qualified sales and other personnel that are necessary to grow our business.

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Leveraging Our Manufacturing Capacity to Further Improve Our Gross Margin

With our current operating model and infrastructure, we believe that we have the capacity to significantly increase our manufacturing production. If we grow our revenue and sell more RNS Systems, our fixed manufacturing costs will be spread over more units, which we believe will reduce our manufacturing costs on a per-unit basis and in turn improve our gross margin. In addition, we intend to continue investing in manufacturing efficiencies in order to reduce our overall manufacturing costs. However, other factors will continue to impact our gross margin such as the cost of materials, components and subassemblies, pricing, procedure mix, and geographic sales mix to the extent that we commercialize our RNS System outside of the United States.

Investing in Research and Development, Including Clinical Studies, to Expand Our Addressable Market

We intend to continue investing in clinical studies and existing and next generation technologies to further improve our RNS System and clinical outcomes, enhance the patient and provider experience and broaden the patient population that can be treated with our RNS System. In addition, we are continuing to leverage our extensive database of intracranial electroencephalogram, or iEEG, data and our advanced data analysis capabilities to equip clinicians with the data they need to establish optimal program settings for each patient.

While research and development and clinical studies are time consuming and costly, we believe that a pipeline of product enhancements and new products that improve efficacy, safety and ease of use is important for supporting increased adoption of our RNS System.

Change in Product Mix

We derive revenue from sales of our RNS System to hospital facilities both for initial RNS System implant procedures and for replacement procedures when our implanted devices reach end of service. We launched our current neurostimulator model in 2018. This device has an average battery life of nearly eleven years, an increase from the previous model of the device. We expect that the percentage of our revenue from replacement procedures may continue to decrease over the next few years as a result of the extended replacement cycle of the newer device. In addition, a change in procedure mix between initial and replacement procedures may have a negative impact on our gross margin. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we also began to derive revenue from sales of DIXI Medical products. A change in product mix between sales of our RNS System and DIXI Medical products would cause variability in our gross margin.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive most of our revenue from sales of our RNS System to hospital facilities that implant our RNS System. Our revenue fluctuates primarily based on the volume of procedures performed and the procedure mix between initial and replacement implants. Our revenue also has fluctuated and in the future will continue to fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter due to a variety of factors, including the success of our sales force in expanding adoption of our RNS System in new accounts and the number of physicians who are aware of and prescribe our RNS System.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we also derive revenue from sales of DIXI Medical products, primarily to our current customer base. Our revenue from the sale of DIXI Medical products will fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, including our ability to take market share from competitive Stereo EEG products. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, we also derive revenue from services provided to Rapport pursuant to our collaboration agreement with Rapport.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs related to materials, components and subassemblies, personnel-related expenses for our manufacturing and quality assurance employees, including stock-based compensation, manufacturing overhead and charges for excess, obsolete and non-sellable inventories. Overhead costs include the cost of quality assurance, testing, material procurement, inventory control, operations supervision and management personnel, an allocation of facilities and information technology expenses, including rent and utilities, and

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equipment depreciation. Cost of goods sold also includes certain direct costs such as those incurred for shipping our RNS System. We record adjustments to our inventory valuation for estimated excess, obsolete and non-sellable inventories based on assumptions about future demand, past usage, changes to manufacturing processes and overall market conditions. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, cost of goods sold also includes costs of procuring DIXI Medical products. We expect cost of goods sold to increase in absolute dollars as more of our RNS Systems and DIXI Medical products are sold.

We calculate gross margin as gross profit divided by revenue. Our gross margin has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, primarily by our manufacturing costs, pricing and product mix. Our gross margin may increase over the long term to the extent our production volume increases as our fixed manufacturing costs would be spread over a larger number of units, thereby reducing our per-unit manufacturing costs. We expect our gross margin will fluctuate from period to period, however, based upon the factors described above.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development costs and selling, general and administrative costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development activities primarily consist of engineering and research programs associated with our products under development and clinical studies. Research and development expenses include personnel-related costs for our research and development employees, including stock-based compensation, and expenses related to consulting services, clinical trials, regulatory activities, prototyping, testing, materials and supplies, and allocated overhead including facilities and information technology expenses. Our clinical trial expenses include costs associated with clinical trial design, clinical trial site development and study costs, data management costs, related travel expenses, the cost of products used for clinical activities, and costs associated with our regulatory compliance. We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. We expect our research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars as we continue to develop new product offerings and product enhancements and conduct studies for expanded indications for use.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our sales and marketing employees, including stock-based compensation and sales-based variable compensation, travel expenses, consulting, public relations costs, direct marketing, customer training, trade show and promotional expenses and allocated facility and information technology expenses, and for administrative personnel that support our general operations such as executive management and information technology, finance, accounting, customer services, human resources and legal personnel. We expense sales variable compensation when revenue related to the underlying sale is recognized. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include costs attributable to professional fees for legal, accounting and tax services, insurance and recruiting fees.

We intend to continue to increase our sales and marketing spending to support increased adoption of our RNS System. We expect our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars as we hire additional personnel and add programs in order to more fully penetrate the market opportunity. We expect our administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, will increase as we increase our headcount to support our growth. Additionally, we may incur increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services, compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, requirements, and director and officer insurance premiums. Our selling, general and administrative expenses may fluctuate from period to period as we continue to grow.

Interest Expense and Income

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense related to our term loan facility, including amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. Interest income is predominantly derived from investing surplus cash in money market funds and short-term marketable securities.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of gain and loss from short-term investments.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Revenue

Revenue increased by $19.9 million, or 44%, to $65.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $45.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in revenue was primarily due to an increase in the number of units sold for initial implant procedures as well as an increase in pricing, and the addition of sales of DIXI Medical products which began in the fourth quarter of 2022, partially offset by a decrease in units sold for replacement implant procedures in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue from sales of our RNS System for replacement procedures represented approximately 5% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to approximately 18% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Substantially all of our revenue, with the exception of less than $0.1 million, was generated from sales in the United States.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

Cost of goods sold increased by $4.3 million, or 33%, to $17.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $13.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the increase in the number of units sold for initial implant procedures and the costs associated with distribution of DIXI Medical products. Our gross margin increased from 71.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 73.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower fixed costs per unit as a result of increased production volume of the RNS System, partially offset by the lower gross margin from distribution of DIXI Medical products.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased by $1.2 million, or 5%, to $20.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $21.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $0.9 million in outside services primarily for product development and clinical studies and an increase of $0.8 million in funds received under the NIH funding agreement

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which are recognized as a reduction in research and development expenses. The decreases were offset in part by an increase of $0.7 million in personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $3.2 million, or 6%, to $54.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $51.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase of $4.9 million in personnel-related expenses driven by an increase in sales-based variable compensation as a result of the increase in revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, and stock-based compensation, an increase of $0.8 million in sales, field support and marketing costs including expenses for ongoing commercial support provided by DIXI Medical in connection with distributing their products, and an increase of $0.4 million in expenses related to commercial operations. The increases were offset in part by a decrease of $3.1 million in general and administrative costs, primarily outside services and insurance.

Interest Expense and Income

Interest expense increased by $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, due to an increase in average balances of our Term Loan as a result of using the paid-in-kind option for interest whereby we added part of the interest due to the Term Loan's principal balance instead of paying it in cash for the payment dates from April 2022 through December 2023, and to an increase in the Term Loan interest rate from 12.5% to 13.5% during the year ended December 31, 2023. Interest income increased by $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher interest yields in the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by a decrease in average balances of our money market funds and short-term marketable securities.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income (expense), net increased by less than $0.1 million to ($0.3) million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to ($0.3) million during the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a reduction in unrealized loss, net on short-term investments in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations primarily through sales of our products, issuance of equity securities and debt financing. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $66.5 million, compared to $77.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $57.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan, net of debt discount and issuance costs, compared to $52.9 million at December 31, 2022. In September 2020, we entered into the Term Loan for total borrowings of up to $60.0 million and borrowed $50.0 million. In April 2021, we completed our IPO and received $105.5 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs.

In November 2022, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Leerink Partners LLC, or Leerink, to sell shares of our common stock, from time to time, through an at-the-market, or ATM, equity offering program under which Leerink will act as our sales agent and pursuant to which we may sell common stock for aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million. In November 2023, we received net proceeds of approximately $7.6 million from the sale of shares of common stock pursuant to our ATM offering program, after deducting sales commission and offering expenses. As of December 31, 2023, we have $41.8 million remaining under our ATM program.

Term Loan

In September 2020, we entered into the Term Loan with CRG Partners IV L.P. and its affiliates for total borrowings of up to $60 million and borrowed $50 million. The remaining $10.0 million was available to us for borrowing until March 31, 2022 if we achieved a revenue-based milestone in 2021. The revenue-based milestone was not met, and the remaining $10.0 million of the Term Loan expired without being drawn.

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The Term Loan bears interest at a rate of 13.5% per year. Payments under the loan are made quarterly with payment dates fixed at the end of each calendar quarter. From January 2021 through December 2022, we had the option to pay interest as follows: 7.5% per annum in cash and 5.0% per annum paid-in-kind, or PIK, by increasing the principal of the Term Loan. From January 2023 through June 2025, we have the option to pay interest as follows: 8.5% per annum in cash and 5.0% per annum PIK by increasing the principal of the Term Loan. For each payment date from April 2022 through December 2023, we elected the PIK option, increasing the principal of the Term Loan by $4.6 million.

The Term Loan was interest-only through September 30, 2023, which could be extended through September 30, 2025 at our option if we completed our IPO on or prior to September 30, 2023. In connection with closing the IPO, we extended the interest-only period to September 30, 2025. Following the interest-only period, principal payment is due in one installment on September 30, 2025. The Term Loan includes a fee upon repayment of the loan equal to 10% of the aggregate principal amount being prepaid or repaid.

The Term Loan is collateralized by substantially all of our assets. The loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties, covenants, events of default and termination provisions. The financial covenants require that we achieve minimum annual revenue thresholds commencing in 2021 and maintain a minimum balance of cash and cash equivalents. See Notes 1 and 6 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

We paid $1.0 million in fees to the lender and third parties which is reflected as a discount on the loan and is being accreted over the life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Future Funding Requirements

We expect to incur continued expenditures in the future in support of our commercialization efforts in the United States. In addition, we intend to continue to make investments in clinical studies, development of new products, and other ongoing research and development programs. We may incur additional expenses to expand our commercial organization to support our continued growth. We may incur additional expenses to further enhance our research and development efforts and to pursue commercial opportunities outside of the United States. We lease our office and manufacturing facilities in Mountain View, California under a non-cancelable operating lease which expires in June 2030. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases were $20.2 million as of December 31, 2023. See “Facility Lease” in Note 5 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $66.5 million. Based on our current planned operations, we expect that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will enable us to fund our operating expenses for at least 12 months from the issuance of our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of medical devices, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•the costs of activities related to commercializing and marketing our RNS System in the United States and elsewhere, and manufacturing and distribution costs;

•the research and development activities we intend to undertake, including product enhancements and clinical studies for indication expansions that we intend to pursue;

•the cost of obtaining, maintaining, defending, enforcing, and protecting any patents and other intellectual property rights;

•whether or not we pursue acquisitions or investments in businesses, products or technologies that are complementary to our current business;

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•the degree and rate of increased market acceptance of our RNS System in the United States and market acceptance elsewhere;

•our revenue and cost projections related to the DIXI Medical distribution agreement;

•our need to implement additional infrastructure and internal systems;

•our ability to hire additional personnel to support our operations as a public company; and

•the emergence of competing technologies or other adverse market developments.

If we raise additional capital through public or private equity or convertible debt offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions and disruptions to, and volatility in, the financial markets in the United States and worldwide, as well as those more specifically impacting our industry. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we will need to delay, limit, reduce or terminate planned commercialization or product development activities in order to reduce costs.

Summary Statements of Cash Flows

The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents for the periods presented below (in thousands):

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in operating activities was primarily a result of the net loss of $33.0 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $15.7 million and change in operating assets and liabilities of $2.5 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of $9.6 million of stock-based compensation, $2.7 million of interest incurred but paid-in-kind, $1.4 million of amortization of right-of-use assets, $1.1 million of non-cash interest expense related to our Term Loan, $0.3 million of amortization of debt discount and issuance costs and $0.3 million of loss from short-term investments. The change in operating assets and liabilities was due to an increase in accounts receivable of $4.9 million primarily due to an increase in sales of our products including our RNS System and DIXI Medical products, an increase in inventories of $1.7 million largely due to an increase in raw materials and finished goods partially offset by a reduction in work-in-process inventory, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $1.4 million due to cash paid for rent net of the accretion of imputed interest, offset in part by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.4 million, an increase in accrued liabilities of $3.8 million primarily due to an increase in accrued employee bonuses and payroll related expenses, and an increase in deferred revenue of $1.1 million related to our collaboration agreement with Rapport Therapeutics.

Net cash used in operating activities was $36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash used in operating activities was primarily a result of the net loss of $47.1 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $15.0 million and change in operating assets and liabilities of $4.8 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of $8.3 million of stock-based compensation, $2.7 million of amortization of right-of-use assets, $1.9 million of interest

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incurred but paid-in-kind, $0.9 million of non-cash interest expense related to our Term Loan and $0.4 million of realized loss from sale of short-term investments. The change in operating assets and liabilities was due to an increase in accounts receivable of $0.4 million primarily due to slower payments by our customers, an increase in inventories of $2.1 million largely due to inventory purchased from DIXI Medical under the Distribution Agreement, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.8 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $2.1 million due to cash paid for rent, offset in part by an increase in accounts payable of $0.6 million. The increase in prepaid expenses and other assets and accounts payable was primarily the result of the timing of payments to our vendors.

Cash Flows Provided by Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $23.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily consisted of sales of short-term investments of $23.2 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which primarily consisted of sales of short-term investments of $24.4 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $0.6 million.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily consisted of $7.9 million of net cash proceeds from our At-the-Market offering and proceeds from the issuance of common stock under employee plans of $0.8 million, partially offset by taxes withheld and paid related to net share settlement of equity awards of $0.3 million and payment of deferred offering costs of $0.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which primarily relates to receipt of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under employee plans of $0.9 million, partially offset by payment of deferred offering costs of $0.4 million.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. For information on our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our estimates are based on our historical experience, knowledge of current events and actions we may undertake in the future, and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Our most critical accounting estimates subsequent to our IPO are those affecting the provision for excess and obsolete inventories.

We regularly review inventory quantities in consideration of actual loss experiences, projected future demand, and remaining shelf life to record a provision for excess and obsolete inventory when appropriate. We write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected lower of cost or net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements. The estimate of excess quantities is judgmental and primarily depends on our estimate of future demand for a particular product. If our estimate of future demand is too high, we may have to write-down excess inventory for the product and record a charge to cost of goods sold, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Inventory write-downs were $0.2 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

The JOBS Act permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements

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may not be comparable to the financial statements of issuers who are required to comply with the effective dates for new or revised accounting standards that are applicable to public companies, which may make comparison of our financials to those of other public companies more difficult.

We will cease to be an emerging growth company on the date that is the earliest of (i) December 31, 2026, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years, or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Further, even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.