Primerica, Inc. (PRI) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”) for the three-year period ended December 31, 2024. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes that are included herein. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that constitute our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors”. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

This MD&A is divided into the following sections:

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Business Trends and Conditions

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Factors Affecting Our Results

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Critical Accounting Estimates

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Results of Operations

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Financial Condition

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company previously reported a Senior Health segment, which consisted of e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries, a marketer of Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries (the “Senior Health business”) that was disposed of as of September 30, 2024, and is now reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

Business Trends and Conditions

The relative strength and stability of financial markets and economies in the United States and Canada affect our growth and profitability. Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product-specific trends and conditions. Economic conditions, including unemployment levels and consumer confidence, influence investment and spending decisions by middle-income consumers, who are generally our primary clients. These conditions and factors also impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business opportunity that becoming an independent sales representative offers, which can drive or dampen recruiting. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. In addition, equity market returns and interest rates impact consumer demand for the investment and savings products we distribute. Our customers’ perception of the strength of the capital markets may also influence their decisions to invest in the investment and savings products we distribute.

The financial and distribution results of our operations in Canada, as reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As a result, changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate may significantly affect the results of our business for all amounts translated and reported in U.S. dollars.

Volatility in capital markets in recent periods has continued to impact our business. Strong equity performance has influenced product sales and client asset values that drive revenue in the Investment and Savings Products segment. In addition, the sharp rise in market interest rates during 2022 and further rate increases in 2023 have largely driven the unrealized losses that have accumulated in our investment portfolio. We have not recognized losses caused by interest rate volatility in the income statement for securities where we have no present intention to dispose of them and we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery. Elevated interest rates have also led to increases in net investment income as we are able to earn higher returns on our new debt securities purchases and cash balances.

Significant inflation that followed the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an elevated cost of living for middle-income families. We believe that the higher cost of living has adversely impacted persistency for term life insurance policies. While the rate of inflation has been normalizing from its peak in 2022, lapses of term life insurance policies have remained above long-term historical levels. The continuation of the elevated cost of living could adversely impact demand for our products.

The effects of these trends and conditions are discussed below, in the Results of Operations section and in the Financial Condition section.

Size of the Independent Sales Force. Our ability to increase the size of the independent sales force (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”) is largely based on the success of the independent sales force’s recruiting efforts as well as training and motivating recruits to get licensed to sell life insurance. We believe that recruitment and licensing levels are important to independent sales force trends, and growth in recruiting and licensing is usually indicative of future growth in the overall size of the independent sales force. Recruiting changes do not always result in commensurate changes in the size of the licensed independent sales force because new recruits may obtain the requisite licenses at rates above or below historical levels.

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Details on recruiting and life-licensed independent sales representative activity were as follows:

The number of new recruits increased in 2024 compared to 2023. The year-over-year increase was primarily driven by the momentum following our biennial convention held in July 2024 and special recruiting incentives that were offered in connection with the convention. Approximately 81,000 individuals were recruited while the special incentives were in place. Recruiting activity was strong in 2023 without the benefit of significant recruiting incentives as compared with recruiting activity in 2022, which benefited from the impact of the biennial convention held in June 2022 and associated recruiting incentives. Positive sentiment regarding interest in our business opportunity along with the demand for supplemental income likely contributed to the strong recruiting activity in the comparable periods.

New life-licensed independent sales representatives increased in 2024 compared to 2023 and 2022 as the pipeline of recruits has increased each year-over-year.

The number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased each year reflecting strong recruiting and licensing activity as discussed above.

Term Life Insurance Product Sales and Face Amount In Force. The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives and the number of term life insurance policies issued, as well as the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative (historically between 0.20 and 0.24, as adjusted (1)), were as follows:

(1)
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the previously reported number of new policies issued has been adjusted for comparability purposes as a result of our new term life insurance products introduced in October 2022, which modified how policies are structured in relation to individual lives. Historically, two adult lives could be covered under a single policy by adding a spouse rider. To better align risk and pricing in our new life insurance products, we eliminated this rider and now sell a separate policy for each insured life. Results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 reflect additional policies issued to reflect the former spouse rider with a separate policy in the new life insurance products. To make year-over-year comparisons more consistent, we have provided estimates for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased each year as a result of strong recruiting and licensing activity that drove growth in the size of the independent sales force as discussed above.

New policies issued increased each year primarily due to year-over-year growth in the number of life-licensed independent sales representatives.

Productivity in 2024, 2023, and adjusted 2022 measured by the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative, was in line with our adjusted historical range.

The changes in the face amount of our in-force book of term life insurance policies were as follows:

* Less than 1%.

The face amount of term life policies in-force increased each year as the face amount issued continued to exceed the face amount terminated. Issued face amounts increased each year due to the increase in the number of new policies issued as discussed above.

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Policy terminations increased year-over-year but were consistent when measured as a percentage of beginning face amount in-force. Policy terminations were elevated in all periods with the high cost of living a likely key contributing factor. In 2024 and 2022, the effect of a stronger U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar unfavorably impacted the translated face amount in-force. During 2023, the strengthening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar contributed to the increase in face amount.

Our average issued face amount per new policy was approximately $255,200 in 2024 compared to $256,100 in 2023 and $228,000 in 2022, using the adjusted 2022 number of new policies issued as discussed above. The average issued face amount per new policy was generally flat in 2024 compared to 2023. The average issued face amount per new policy in 2023 was higher compared with adjusted 2022 due to our new term life insurance products launched in October 2022, which drove an increase in demand for policies at higher face amount levels.

Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions. Investment and savings product sales were as follows:

The rollforward of asset values in client accounts was as follows:

* Less than 1%.

Average client asset values were as follows:

* Less than 1%.

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Average number of fee-generating positions was as follows:

(1)
We receive transfer agent recordkeeping fees by mutual fund positions. An individual client account may include multiple mutual fund positions. We may also receive fees, which are earned on a per account basis, for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts that hold positions in these mutual funds.

Product sales. Investment and savings product sales increased in 2024 from 2023, primarily due to our ability to leverage increased demand across all product lines except for Canadian segregated funds. The increase in demand was driven by strong equity market performance in the period leading up to and including 2024. In particular, variable annuity product sales continued to lead the growth in sales as the guarantees offered by these products have become more appealing to investors given strong equity market performance and elevated interest rates. Marginally offsetting the increase in product sales was lower year-over-year sales of Canadian segregated funds as sales of investments in new Canadian segregated fund accounts significantly decreased after May 2023 due to implemented regulations in Canada. See “Regulatory Changes” below for more information on Canadian regulations.

Investment and savings product sales decreased in 2023 from 2022, resulting primarily from lower year-over-year product sales during the first half of 2023. The impact of market volatility, the higher cost of living, and the availability of high yield money market and savings account alternatives likely drove the reduction in demand for U.S. mutual funds, total Canadian mutual funds and managed accounts during the first half of 2023. By comparison, product sales in the early part of 2022 reflected strong demand that followed a period of positive equity market returns. The majority of Canadian mutual fund product sales shifted to a no up-front sales commission model in 2023 compared to an up-front sales commission model in the first part of 2022 as a result of the introduction of our new principal distributor Canadian mutual fund product in July 2022. The principal distributor model results in higher asset-based trail commission revenues over time in lieu of up-front compensation at the time of sale. Additionally, lower year-over-year sales of Canadian segregated funds as sales of investments in new Canadian segregated fund accounts significantly decreased starting in June 2023 due to new regulations in Canada. Partially offsetting these decreases were higher sales of variable annuities in 2023 as investor demand for the guarantee features of these products increased likely due to market volatility during that year.

Rollforward of client asset values. Ending client asset values increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to the differences in market performance during each respective year. Net flows increased in 2024 from 2023. Partially offsetting the increase was movement in the foreign exchange rate as the U.S. dollar strengthened in relation to the Canadian dollar, which negatively impacted client asset values during 2024.

Ending client asset values increased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to the difference in market performance during each respective year. Net flows remained positive during 2023 but were lower than net flows in 2022.

Average client asset values. Average client asset values increased in 2024 compared to 2023. The increase was driven by the cumulative effect of strong market performance and net client inflows, partially offset by the effect of a stronger U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar.

Average client asset values increased modestly in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was driven by the timing and changes in market conditions that affected the balance of client assets during each year combined with the impact of positive net flows.

Average number of fee-generating positions. The average number of fee-generating positions increased in 2024 compared to 2023 and in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the continued cumulative effect of retail mutual fund sales in recent periods that led to an increase in the number of retail mutual fund positions serviced on our transfer agent recordkeeping platform.

Regulatory Changes.

Restrictions on compensation models in Canada. In response to regulatory changes in Canada by the Canadian Securities Administrators (“CSA,” the provincial and territorial securities commissions), we developed a set of mutual fund products with two third-party mutual fund companies that are sold exclusively by the independent sales representatives (the “Principal Distributor funds”). The revenue we receive is primarily in the form of asset-based distribution fees from the mutual fund companies and asset-based service fees that are charged to investors. In turn, the primary compensation we offer independent sales representatives is the option of an up-front sales commission or higher asset-based commissions over time. Although we received the requisite approval, the CSA indicated to us at the time of such approval that the CSA has been closely examining the Principal Distributor funds model, and it launched a public consultation on the model and related sales practices. In response to its public consultation, the CSA may consider future amendments that would require modifications to our Principal Distributor model, including with respect to its up-front commission features. Comments on the consultation are due by April 28, 2025. At this time, we cannot quantify the financial impact,

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if any, of future changes to our business that may be necessary if our Principal Distributor funds model is required to be modified or discontinued. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Canadian mutual funds represented approximately 12% of our total investment and savings product sales and approximately 13% of our average client asset values.

As mandated by insurance regulators in Canada, a cessation of deferred sales charges on new segregated fund contracts entered into after May 31, 2023 went into effect as previously announced. Deferred sales charges will continue to be allowed on subsequent deposits to existing segregated funds contracts for a period of time; however, insurance regulators will be further evaluating whether to allow this continued use. Our Canadian segregated funds products were primarily sold on a deferred sales charge basis and we paid up-front commissions to the independent sales representatives for the sale of these products. As we anticipated, we experienced a decline in segregated funds product sales beginning in June 2023. Without further clarity from regulators on allowable segregated funds compensation practices, we are unable to evaluate and introduce new compensation practices for the sale of our segregated funds or similar products we could potentially distribute on behalf of third parties. We earn revenue from Canadian segregated funds products based on a percentage of client assets under management. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Canadian segregated funds represented less than 1% of our total investment and savings product sales and approximately 2% of our average client asset values. Partly in response to the decline in sales discussed above, we entered into an agreement with The Canada Life Assurance Company, a third-party insurance company, to distribute segregated funds underwritten by it. In early 2025, we began the process of rolling out our distribution of these segregated fund contracts. We do not expect the distribution of segregated funds products to materially impact our Investment and Savings Product segment revenues in the near term.

Factors Affecting Our Results

Term Life Insurance Segment. The Term Life Insurance segment results are primarily driven by sales volumes, how closely actual experience matches our actuarial assumptions, terms and use of reinsurance, and expenses.

Sales and policies in-force. Sales of term policies and the size and characteristics of our in-force book of policies are vital to our results over the long term. Premium revenue is recognized as it is earned over the term of the policy. However, because we incur significant cash outflows at or about the time policies are issued, including the payment of sales commissions and underwriting costs, changes in life insurance sales volume in a period will have a more immediate impact on our cash flows than on revenue.

Historically, we have found that while sales volume of term life insurance products between fiscal periods may vary based on a variety of factors, the productivity of independent sales representatives generally remains within a range (i.e., an average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative between 0.20 and 0.24, as adjusted). The volume of term life insurance products sales will fluctuate in the short term, but over the longer term, our sales volume generally correlates to the size of the independent sales force.

Actuarial assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of mortality, persistency, disability, and interest rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. These variances will be reflected in our financial results by unlocking assumptions and cash flows underlying the liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and ceded reserves that are part of the reinsurance recoverables. See Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on LFPB. The variances are also reflected in the projection of future face amount that is the basis for amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”).

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Persistency. Persistency is a measure of how long our insurance policies stay in-force. As a general matter, persistency that is lower than our actuarial assumptions adversely affects our results over the long term because we lose the recurring revenue stream associated with the policies that lapse. In general, persistency differences have a minimal impact on our financial results from period to period since DAC is generally amortized on a straight-line basis and the unlocking of the LFPB adjusts both expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits and spreads any variances over the remaining contract period.

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Mortality. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual mortality rates differ from actuarial assumptions. We mitigate a significant portion of our mortality exposure through reinsurance. Long term mortality variances that result in an assumption change may have a significant impact on our financial results.

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Disability. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual disability rates underlying our waiver premium benefits, including recovery rates for individuals currently disabled, differ from actuarial assumptions. The waiver of premium benefit is secondary to the death benefit coverage provided. However, the waiver of premium benefit is not reinsured on a yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis and material changes in assumptions compared to expectations can have a disproportionate impact on our financial results.

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Interest Rates. We use a locked-in assumption for future interest rates for reserves underlying our segment results. Policies issued prior to the January 1, 2021 transition date of the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944) — Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (the “Transition Date”) use an interest rate that reflects the portfolio’s current reinvestment rate while policies issued on or after the Transition Date use an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield during the period of issue.

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Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. We have generally reinsured between 80% and 90% of the mortality risk on term life insurance (excluding coverage under certain riders) on a quota share YRT basis. To the extent actual mortality experience is more or less favorable than the contractual rate, the reinsurer will earn incremental profits or bear the incremental cost, as applicable. In contrast to coinsurance, which is intended to eliminate all risks (other than counterparty risk of the reinsurer) and rewards associated with a specified percentage of the block of policies subject to the reinsurance arrangement, the YRT reinsurance arrangements we enter into are intended only to reduce volatility associated with variances between estimated and actual mortality rates.

In 2010, as part of our corporate reorganization and the initial public offering of our common stock, we entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance transactions”) with entities then affiliated with Citigroup, Inc. (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”) and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of term life insurance policies that were in-force at year-end 2009. We administer all such policies subject to these coinsurance agreements. Policies reaching the end of their initial level term period are no longer ceded under the IPO coinsurance transactions.

The effect of our reinsurance arrangements on ceded premiums and benefits and expenses on our consolidated statements of income follows:

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Ceded premiums. Ceded premiums are the premiums we pay to reinsurers. These amounts are deducted from the direct premiums we earn to calculate our net premium revenues. Similar to direct premium revenues, ceded coinsurance premiums remain level over the initial term of the insurance policy. Ceded YRT premiums increase over the period that the policy has been in-force. Accordingly, ceded YRT premiums generally constitute an increasing percentage of direct premiums over the policy term.

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Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims include incurred claim amounts and changes in future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance reduces incurred claims in direct proportion to the percentage ceded, and reinsurance cash flows are reflected in the ceded reserves included in reinsurance recoverables. Changes in ceded reserves offset changes in future policy benefit reserves.

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Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses are reduced by the allowances received from coinsurance. There is no impact on insurance expenses associated with our YRT contracts.

We may alter our reinsurance practices at any time due to the unavailability of YRT reinsurance at attractive rates or the availability of alternatives to reduce our risk exposure. We intend to continue ceding approximately 90% of our U.S. and Canadian mortality risk on new business.

Expenses. Results are also affected by variances in client acquisition, maintenance and administration expense levels.

Investment and Savings Products Segment. The Investment and Savings Products segment results are primarily driven by sales, the value of assets in client accounts for which we earn ongoing management, marketing and support, and distribution fees, and the number of transfer agent recordkeeping positions and non-bank custodial fee-generating accounts we administer.

Sales. We earn commissions and fees, such as dealer re-allowances and marketing and distribution fees, based on sales of mutual fund products and annuities in the United States and sales of certain mutual fund products in Canada. Sales of investment and savings products are influenced by the overall demand for investment and savings products in the United States and Canada, as well as by the size and productivity of the independent sales force. We generally experience seasonality in the Investment and Savings Products segment results due to our high concentration of sales of retirement account products. These accounts are typically funded in February through April, coincident with our clients’ tax return preparation season. While we believe the size of the independent sales force is a factor in driving sales volume in this segment, there are a number of other variables, such as economic and market conditions, which may have a significantly greater effect on sales volume in any given fiscal period.

Asset values in client accounts. We earn marketing and distribution fees (trail commissions or, with respect to U.S. mutual funds, 12b-1 fees) on mutual fund and annuity assets in the United States and Canada. In the United States, we also earn investment advisory and administrative fees on assets in managed investments. In Canada, we earn marketing, distribution, and shareholder services fees on mutual fund assets for which we serve as the principal distributor and management fees on the segregated funds for which we serve as investment manager. Asset values are influenced by new product sales, ongoing contributions to existing accounts, redemptions and the change in market values in existing accounts. While we offer a wide variety of asset classes and investment styles, our clients’ accounts are primarily invested in equity funds. Volatility in equity markets will impact the value of assets in client accounts and, as a result, the revenue we earn on those assets.

Positions. We earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees for administrative functions we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees. We may also receive fees earned for non-bank custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts.

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Sales mix. While our investment and savings products all provide similar long-term economic returns to the Company, our results in a given fiscal period will be affected by changes in the overall mix of products within these categories. Examples of changes in the sales mix that influence our results include the following:

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sales of annuity products in the United States will generate higher revenues in the period such sales occur than sales of other investment products that either generate lower up-front revenues or, in the case of managed investments and segregated funds, no up-front revenues;

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sales of a higher proportion of managed investments, Canadian mutual funds, and segregated funds products will spread the revenues generated over time because we earn higher revenues based on assets under management for these accounts each period as opposed to earning up-front revenues based on product sales; and

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sales of a higher proportion of mutual fund products sold in the United States will impact the timing and amount of revenue we earn given the distinct transfer agent recordkeeping and non-bank custodial services we provide for certain mutual fund products we distribute.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. We earn revenues and pay commissions and referral fees within the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for mortgage loan originations, prepaid legal services, auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, and other financial products, all of which are originated by third parties. The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes in-force policies from several discontinued lines of insurance underwritten by National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”).

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment includes net investment income recognized by the Company. Net investment income is impacted by the size and performance of our invested asset portfolio, which can be influenced by interest rates, credit spreads, and the mix of invested assets. Net investment income also is influenced by short-term interest rates and the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes corporate income and expenses not allocated to our other segments, general and administrative expenses (other than expenses that are allocated to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments), interest expense on notes payable, a redundant reserve financing transaction and our revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), as well as realized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio.

Capital Structure. Our financial results are affected by our capital structure, which includes our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”), a redundant reserve financing transaction, our Revolving Credit Facility, and our common stock. See Note 12 (Debt), Note 14 (Stockholders’ Equity) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on changes in our capital structure.

Foreign Currency. The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries and our consolidated financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As such, the translated amount of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities attributable to our Canadian subsidiaries will be higher or lower in periods where the Canadian dollar appreciates or weakens relative to the U.S. dollar, respectively.

The year-end exchange rates (U.S. dollar per Canadian dollar) used by the Company to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars decreased by 8% in 2024 from 2023. Also, the average exchange rates used by the Company in 2024 to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars decreased 1% compared to 2023. The 2023 year-end exchange rates increased by 3% from 2022 and the average exchange rates decreased 4% compared to 2022.

See the Results of Operations section, the Financial Condition section, and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Canadian Currency Risk” and Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, for more information on our Canadian subsidiaries and the impact of foreign currency on our financial results.

Income Taxes. The profitability of the Company and its subsidiaries is affected by income taxes assessed by federal, state, and U.S. territorial jurisdictions in the U.S. and federal and provincial jurisdictions in Canada. Changes in tax legislation may impact the measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities and the amount of income tax expense we incur.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The most significant items on our consolidated balance sheets are based on fair value determinations, accounting estimates and actuarial determinations, which are susceptible to changes in future periods and could affect our results of operations and financial position.

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The estimates that we deem to be most critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial position are those related to DAC, future policy benefit reserves and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, income taxes, and the valuation of investments. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. These costs include commissions and policy issue expenses. Deferrable Term Life Insurance policy acquisition costs are amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contracts using face amount as the unit of measure. Interest is not accrued on unamortized DAC balances, and DAC is not subject to impairment testing. Contracts are grouped by cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the LFPB. The cohorts are defined by the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued.

Assumptions of face amounts used to amortize DAC for term life policies, including persistency and mortality, are consistent with the assumptions used in estimating the LFPB. Changes in persistency would have the most notable impact on DAC amortization; however, the differences primarily affect DAC amortization on a go-forward basis. If annual lapse rate assumptions at each policy duration were 5% higher during 2024, we would have recognized approximately $10 million of additional amortization of DAC expense for 2024, before the impact of tax, and the rate of DAC amortization would increase in future years. Conversely, if annual lapse rate assumptions were 5% lower during 2024, we would have recognized approximately $10 million of lower DAC amortization for 2024, before the impact of tax, and the rate of DAC amortization would decrease in future years. We believe that a plus or minus 5% annual lapse rate change is a reasonably possible variation. Changes in persistency assumptions also impact the balance of future policy benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables as discussed below.

For additional information on DAC, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 8 (Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Future Policy Benefit Reserves and Reinsurance. Liabilities for future policy benefits on our term life insurance products are reserves established for death claims, waiver of premium benefits, and claim settlement expenses. The LFPB is calculated as the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. Net premiums are defined as the portion of policyholder gross premiums that are needed to pay for all benefits.

The assumptions underlying the LFPB include mortality, persistency, discount rates, disability rates, and other assumptions that reflect our best estimate based on our historical experience and modified, as necessary, to reflect non-recurring and/or anticipated trends.

The LFPB is estimated by grouping insurance policies into cohorts. Policy cohorts for the Term Life Insurance segment are based on the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued.

The cash flows and assumptions underlying the LFPB are unlocked each quarter to reflect differences between actual and expected experience. In general, assumption changes, such as mortality, lapse and disability, to the extent necessary, are expected to only occur during the third quarter when we update our experience studies. However, they may occur at any time based on emerging experience.

The impact of unlocking assumptions, such as mortality, lapse and disability, will be partly reflected in the current period and partly spread to future periods based on the remaining duration of the impacted cohort(s). The catch-up is retroactive back to the later of the Transition Date or issue date, after reinsurance recoverables and is recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss as a separate component of benefits and claims expense in the consolidated statements of income.

The ceded policy reserve balances included in reinsurance recoverables are calculated in the same manner as the LFPB by cohort and apply best estimate assumptions and quarterly unlocking.

The Company uses discount rates applied by country to align with local currency cash flows. Discount rates consist of yield curves that are developed using Bloomberg’s Evaluated Pricing Product based on senior unsecured fixed rate bonds ratings of A+, A, or A-. The discount rate assumption is updated quarterly, and the impact of remeasuring the net LFPB, after reinsurance recoverables from changes in the locked-in discount rate assumption is reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

The LFPB is necessarily based on estimates, assumptions and our analysis of historical experience. Factors that could cause prospective assumptions to be different from historical experience include but are not limited to changes to our term life product series, economic and societal trends, new pharmaceutical drugs, and the impact of regulatory changes. The assumptions and estimates underlying the LFPB require significant judgment, and therefore, are inherently uncertain. The following table provides illustrated net impact of changes in assumptions affecting both the LFPB and reinsurance recoverables that we believe are reasonably possible, before the impact of tax:

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(1) Changes in lapse, mortality and disability affect the benefits and claims expense on the consolidated statements of income. Estimated impacts show the (decrease) / increase in income before income taxes. The assumption change sensitivities shown are based on a consistent percentage change across all policy durations.

(2) Changes in discount rate affect the effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Estimated impacts show the (decrease) / increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes. The assumption change is based on a parallel shift in the discount rate curve.

As discussed above, changes in lapse, mortality, and disability assumptions would also affect the net premium ratio used to recognize benefits expenses in future periods.

For additional information on future policy benefits, reinsurance and the impact to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 7 (Reinsurance), and Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not applicable to the periods in which we expect the temporary difference will reverse. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

In light of the multiple tax jurisdictions in which we operate, our tax returns are subject to routine audit by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxation authorities. These audits at times may produce alternative views regarding particular tax positions taken in the year(s) of review. As a result, the Company records uncertain tax positions, which require recognition at the time when it is deemed more likely than not that the position in question will be upheld. Although management believes that the judgment and estimates involved are reasonable and that the necessary provisions have been recorded, changes in circumstances or unexpected events could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

For additional information on income taxes, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 13 (Income Taxes) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Invested Assets. We hold primarily fixed-maturity securities, including bonds and redeemable preferred stocks. We have classified these invested assets as available-for-sale, except for the securities of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries, which we have classified as trading securities. We also hold a credit-enhanced note, which we classified as a held-to-maturity security that was issued in exchange for a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) with an equal principal amount as part of a redundant reserve financing transaction. All of these securities are carried at fair value, except for the held-to-maturity security, which is carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

We also hold equity securities, including common and non-redeemable preferred stock. These equity securities are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses are recognized in net income. Changes in fair value of trading securities are included in net income in our consolidated statements of income in the period in which the change occurred.

Fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the three fair value measurement hierarchy categories prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

As of each reporting period, we classify all invested assets in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.

Credit losses for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position that we intend to sell or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, we recognize the impairment as a credit loss in our consolidated statements of income by writing down the amortized cost basis to the fair value. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position that we do not intend to sell or it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, we recognize the portion of the impairment that is due to a credit loss in our consolidated statements of income through an allowance for credit losses. We reverse credit losses previously recognized in the allowance for credit losses in situations where the estimate of credit losses on those securities has declined. We do not consider the length of time an available-for-sale security has been in an unrealized loss position when estimating credit losses.

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Analyses that we perform to determine whether an impairment is due to a credit loss or other factors involve the use of estimates, assumptions, and subjectivity. We evaluate a number of quantitative and qualitative factors when determining the credit loss on individual securities, including issuer-specific risks as well as relevant macroeconomic risks. If these factors or future events change, we could experience material credit losses recognized in our consolidated statements of income for available-for-sale securities in future periods, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the size and quality of our invested assets portfolio.

For additional information on our invested assets, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 5 (Investments) and Note 6 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Results of Operations

Revenues. Our revenues consist of the following:

•
Net premiums. Reflects direct premiums payable by our policyholders on our in-force insurance policies, primarily term life insurance, net of reinsurance premiums that we pay to reinsurers.

•
Commissions and fees. Consists primarily of dealer re-allowances earned on the sales of investment and savings products, trail commissions and management fees based on the asset values of client accounts, marketing and distribution fees from product originators, fees for non-bank custodial services rendered in our capacity as nominee on client retirement accounts funded by mutual funds on our servicing platform, transfer agent recordkeeping fees for mutual funds on our servicing platform, and fees associated with the sale of other distributed products.

•
Net investment income. Represents income, net of investment-related expenses, generated on cash, cash equivalents, and our invested asset portfolio, which consists primarily of interest income earned on fixed-maturity investments. Investment income recorded on our held-to-maturity invested asset and the offsetting interest expense recorded for our Surplus Note are included in net investment income.

•
Investment gains (losses). Primarily reflects the difference between amortized cost and amounts realized on the sale of available-for-sale securities, credit losses recognized on available-for-sale securities and changes in the fair value of equity securities.

•
Other, net. Reflects revenues generated from the fees charged for access to Primerica Online (“POL”), our primary independent sales force support tool, as well as revenues from the sale of other miscellaneous items.

Benefits and Expenses. Our operating expenses consist of the following:

•
Benefits and claims. Reflects the benefits and claims payable on insurance policies, changes in our reserves for future policy claims and reserves for other benefits payable, net of reinsurance.

•
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Represents the impact on the starting LFPB, net of reinsurance recoverables, from unlocking current period cash flows and assumptions. It reflects the catch-up on the net liability that is retroactive back to the later of the Transition Date or issue date up to the current reporting date.

•
Amortization of DAC. Represents the amortization of capitalized costs directly associated with the sale of an insurance policy or segregated fund, including sales commissions, medical examination and other underwriting costs, and other eligible policy issuance costs.

•
Sales commissions. Represents commissions to the independent sales representatives in connection with the sale of investment and savings products, and products other than insurance products.

•
Insurance expenses. Reflects non-capitalized insurance expenses, including staff compensation, technology and communications, insurance independent sales force-related costs, printing, postage and distribution of insurance sales materials, outsourcing and professional fees, premium taxes, and other corporate and administrative fees and expenses related to our insurance operations. Insurance expenses also include both indirect policy issuance costs and costs associated with unsuccessful efforts to acquire new policies.

•
Insurance commissions. Reflects sales commissions with respect to insurance products that are not eligible for deferral.

•
Interest expense. Reflects interest on our note payable, any interest and the commitment fee on our Revolving Credit Facility, fees paid for the credit enhancement feature on our held-to-maturity invested asset, and a finance charge incurred pursuant to one of our coinsurance agreements with an IPO coinsurer.

•
Other operating expenses. Consists primarily of staff compensation, technology and communications, various independent sales force-related costs, non-bank custodial and transfer agent recordkeeping administrative costs, outsourcing and professional fees, and other corporate and administrative fees and expenses.

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Insurance expenses and other operating expenses directly attributable to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments are recorded directly to the applicable segment. We allocate certain other revenue and operating expenses that are not directly attributable to a specific operating segment using methods expected to reasonably measure the benefit received by each reporting segment. Such methods include time studies, recorded usage, revenue distribution, and independent sales force representative distribution. These allocated items include fees charged for access to POL and costs incurred for technology, independent sales force support, occupancy and other general and administrative costs. Costs that are not directly charged or allocated to our two primary operating segments are included in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results. Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

* Less than 1% or not meaningful

2024 compared to 2023

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2024 from 2023 due to increases in commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment, net premiums earned in our Term Life Insurance segment, and net investment income and investment gains earned in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. Also contributing to the increase was a $50.0 million gain recognized in 2024 within other, net revenue in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment related to proceeds received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy purchased in connection with the acquisition of the Senior Health business. For more information on the Representation and Warranty insurance policy proceeds, see Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information)

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to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. These movements are further discussed in detail in the Segment Results sections below.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2024 from 2023 largely due to higher sales commissions in our Investment and Savings Products segment. In addition, higher amortization of DAC, insurance expenses and benefits and claims in our Term Life Insurance segment contributed to the increase in benefits and expenses. Also contributing to the increase in 2024 was higher other operating expenses in our Investment Savings Products and Corporate and Other Distributed Products segments. Insurance expenses and other operating expenses were higher in 2024 due to higher variable growth-related costs, technology investments, and employee-related costs, which includes higher incentive compensation due to strong company performance. Partially offsetting these increases was a higher future policy benefits remeasurement gain compared to 2023 in our Term Life Insurance segment and lower benefits and claims in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. These movements are discussed in further detail in the Segment Results section below.

Income taxes. Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations for 2024 of 23.3% was largely consistent with 23.4% in 2023.

Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes. Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes relates to the Senior Health business, which was disposed of as of September 30, 2024 and is reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

2023 compared to 2022

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2023 from 2022 due to increases in net premiums earned in our Term Life Insurance segment, asset-based commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment, and net investment income earned in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. Partially offsetting these increases in total revenues were lower sales-based commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment. These movements are further discussed in detail in the Segment Results sections below.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to increases in asset-based sales commissions expenses in our Investment and Savings Products segment, amortization of DAC, and other operating expenses during 2023. The increase in other operating expenses was due to increased technology spending as well as higher employee-related and growth-related costs. Partially offsetting these increases were lower sales-based commissions expenses in our Investment and Savings Products segment. These movements are discussed in further detail in the Segment Results section below.

Income taxes. Our effective income tax rate for 2023 was 23.4% compared to 22.8% in 2022. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to higher state income taxes in 2023.

Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes. Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes relates to the Senior Health business, which was disposed of as of September 30, 2024 and is reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

Net loss attributable to NCI. The net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest during 2022 was due to losses incurred by e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries prior to the redemption of the noncontrolling interest on July 1, 2022.

For additional information, see the discussions of results of operations by segment below.

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Term Life Insurance Segment. Our results for the Term Life Insurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

* Less than 1% or not meaningful

2024 compared to 2023

Net premiums. Direct premiums increased in 2024 from 2023 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. This increase is partially offset by an increase in ceded premiums, which includes $34.6 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, reduced by $23.3 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.

Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims increased during 2024 compared to 2023. Direct benefits and claims increased due to the growth in the business. Year-over-year claims incurred in 2024 were consistent with amounts incurred in 2023 despite the growth in the in-force book of business. Claims experience was lower than our long-term actuarial assumptions as discussed in Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Future policy benefits remeasurement gain increased during 2024 compared to 2023 and represents the impact of long-term assumption changes made during the third quarter of 2024 in connection with the annual assumption review as well as differences in experience variances that occurred in each period. The gain recognized in 2024 is primarily due to an assumption change related to the reduction of the expected cost of waiver of premium disability benefits. Refer to Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

Amortization of DAC. The amortization of DAC increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to continued growth in the in-force book of business.

Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses increased during 2024 compared to 2023 due to higher costs resulting from growth in the business, employee-related costs, and higher variable expenses to support recruiting and licensing.

Insurance commissions. Insurance commissions decreased in 2024 from 2023 as a result of lower non-deferrable independent sales force activities.

2023 compared to 2022

Net premiums. Direct premiums increased in 2023 from 2022 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. In addition, direct premiums continued to increase in 2023 despite the impact of elevated lapses due to the growth in new policy sales. This increase is partially offset by an increase in ceded premiums, which includes $61.9 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, reduced by $37.4 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.

Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims were generally flat during 2023 compared to 2022. Direct benefits and claims increased with the growth in the business but were mostly offset by an increase in ceded benefit reserves from YRT reinsurance. YRT reinsurance ceded benefit reserves will fluctuate based on the specifics of premiums ceded and claims incurred during each period. Year-over-year claims incurred in 2023 were flat compared to 2022, despite growth in the in-force business, as claims experience in 2022 was elevated due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss was generally flat during 2023 compared to 2022 and represent differences in experience variances that occurred in each respective period.

Amortization of DAC. The amortization of DAC increased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to continued growth in the in-force book of business.

Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses decreased slightly during 2023 compared to 2022 due to costs incurred for the additional sales force leadership event held in 2022 largely offset by higher growth-related, employee-related, and technology costs in 2023.

Insurance commissions. Insurance commissions increased in 2023 from 2022 as a result of higher non-deferrable sales force activities.

Investment and Savings Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Investment and Savings Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

* Less than 1% or not meaningful

2024 compared to 2023

Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees increased during 2024 compared to 2023 primarily driven by higher sales-based and asset-based revenues. The increase in sales-based revenue was largely the result of higher product sales for variable annuities and U.S. mutual fund product sales. Higher asset-based revenues were driven by an increase in average client assets in 2024 versus the prior year.

Sales commissions. The increase in sales-based commissions in 2024 from 2023 was generally in line with the increases in sales-based revenues although modestly lower due to a mix shift towards higher margin variable annuity sales. Asset-based commissions were up in 2024 and were consistent with the movement in asset-based revenues when excluding Canadian segregated funds revenue. Asset-based commissions for our Canadian segregated funds are reflected within insurance commissions and amortization of DAC.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to higher growth-related costs and employee-related costs.

2023 compared to 2022

Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees increased slightly during 2023 compared to 2022 led by higher asset-based revenues. The year-over-year increase in asset-based revenues was higher than the year-over-year increase in average client asset values due to a mix shift to asset-based products that earn higher fees, including managed accounts and Canadian mutual funds under the new principal distributor model. Also contributing to the increase in commissions and fees in 2023 were higher account-based revenues due to the cumulative effect of incremental retail mutual funds sales that we service on our transfer agent recordkeeping platform. Substantially offsetting the increases were lower sales-based revenues during 2023 primarily due to the adverse impact on revenue-generating product sales from the increased cost of living and the availability of high yield money market and savings account alternatives in the first half of 2023. Another contributing factor to the decrease in sales-based revenues was the discontinuation of most up-front sales-based revenue on the sale of Canadian mutual funds, which are now sold under the principal distributor model. The principal distributor funds we now distribute in Canada primarily shift the revenue we earn to asset-based that is recognized over time.

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Sales commissions. The decrease in sales-based commissions in 2023 from 2022 was in line with the decrease in sales-based revenue. Asset-based commissions were up for 2023 and were generally consistent with the movement in asset-based revenues when excluding Canadian segregated funds revenue. Asset-based commissions for our Canadian segregated funds are reflected within insurance commissions and amortization of DAC.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses increased in 2023 from 2022 due to increased employee-related and technology costs.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

* Less than 1% or not meaningful

2024 compared to 2023

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to higher net investment income, higher investment gains, and the $50.0 million gain within other, net revenue related to proceeds received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy. For more information on the Representation and Warranty insurance policy proceeds, see Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Net investment income increased in 2024 from 2023 due primarily to $9.6 million from higher yields in the invested asset portfolio, $8.6 million from a larger invested asset portfolio, and a $0.4 million higher total return on the deposit asset backing our 10% coinsurance agreement compared to the prior year. Investment income net of investment expenses includes interest earned on our held-to-maturity asset, which is offset by interest expense on the Surplus Note, thereby eliminating any impact on net investment income. Amounts recognized for each line item will remain offsetting and will fluctuate from period to period along with the principal amounts of the held-to-maturity asset and the Surplus Note based on the balance of reserves being contractually supported under a redundant reserve financing transaction used by Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”). For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 5 (Investments) and Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The Company recorded investment gains during 2024 compared to investment losses during 2023 primarily due to a $1.6 million positive mark-to-market adjustment on equity securities held within our investment portfolio during 2024 compared to a $3.1 million negative mark-to-market adjustment during 2023. Partially offsetting these changes were lower net premiums for our closed block of non-term life insurance.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2024 from 2023 due to a future policy benefits remeasurement loss in the third quarter of 2024 recorded in connection with the refinement of assumptions on a closed block of non-term life insurance as well as higher other operating expenses, largely higher employee-related costs, and to a lesser extent technology costs.

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The higher employee-related costs were driven by increased incentive compensation due to strong company performance. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in benefits and claims as a result of a credit loss recognized during 2023 for the remaining ceded reserves on a closed block of non-term life insurance business from an insolvent reinsurer that was ordered into liquidation.

2023 compared to 2022

Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to higher net investment income. Net investment income increased in 2023 from 2022 due primarily to $23.3 million from higher yields in the invested asset portfolio, a $9.4 million higher total return on the deposit asset backing our 10% coinsurance agreement and $8.5 million from a larger invested asset portfolio compared to the prior year. As noted above, investment income net of investment expenses includes interest earned on our held-to-maturity asset, which is offset by interest expense on the Surplus Note, thereby eliminating any impact on net investment income. This increase was partially offset by a year-over-year decline in revenue from commissions and fees and investment gains (losses). Commissions and fees revenue earned from our mortgage brokerage product offerings were lower during 2023 compared to 2022 primarily attributable to higher mortgage interest rates that reduced demand for mortgage products. Investment losses increased during 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to higher credit losses recognized for debt securities, differences in realized gains (losses) on investment sales, and changes in mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities held within our investment portfolio. For detail of investment gains (losses) recognized each period, see Note 5 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2023 from 2022 due to higher benefits and claims and other operating expenses. The increase in benefits and claims was primarily due to two factors that occurred during 2023. The first item was the recognition of a credit loss for the remaining ceded reserves on a closed block of non-term life insurance business from an insolvent reinsurer that was liquidated. The second item was an adjustment to the estimated portion of ceded claims to be recovered in excess of premiums ceded for a closed block of non-term life insurance. The increase in other operating expenses in 2023 versus 2022 was primarily driven by higher employee-related costs, technology, and legal expenses. Partially offsetting these increases was the decrease in sales commissions for 2023 compared to 2022 that was in line with the decrease in commissions and fees revenue from our mortgage brokerage product offerings.

Financial Condition

Investments. Our insurance business is primarily focused on selling term life insurance, which does not include an investment component for the policyholder. The invested asset portfolio funded by premiums from our term life insurance business does not involve the substantial asset accumulations and spread requirements that exist with other non-term life insurance products. As a result, the profitability of our term life insurance business is not as sensitive to the impact that interest rates have on our invested asset portfolio and investment income as the profitability of other companies that distribute non-term life insurance products.

We follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide adequate liquidity for the prompt payment of claims. To meet business needs and mitigate risks, our investment guidelines provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. We also manage and monitor our allocation of investments to limit the accumulation of any disproportionate concentrations of risk among industry sectors or issuer countries outside of the U.S. and Canada. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, we did not hold any country of issuer concentrations outside of the U.S. or Canada that represented more than 5% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio or any industry concentrations of corporate bonds that represented more than 10% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio.

We invest a portion of our portfolio in assets denominated in Canadian dollars to support our Canadian operations. Additionally, to ensure adequate liquidity for payment of claims, we take into account the maturity and duration of our invested asset portfolio and our general liability profile.

We also hold within our invested asset portfolio a credit enhanced note (“LLC Note”) issued by a limited liability company owned by a third-party service provider which is classified as a held-to-maturity security. The LLC Note, which is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030, was obtained in exchange for the Surplus Note of equal principal amount issued by Vidalia Re, a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”). For more information on the LLC Note, see Note 5 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We have an investment committee composed of members of our senior management team that is responsible for establishing and maintaining our investment guidelines and supervising our investment activity. Our investment committee regularly monitors our overall investment results and our compliance with our investment objectives and guidelines. We use a third-party investment advisor to assist us in the management of our investing activities. Our investment advisor reports to our investment committee.

Our invested asset portfolio is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Investment guideline restrictions have been established to minimize the effect of these risks but may not always be effective due to factors beyond our control. Interest rates and credit spreads are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and

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other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates or credit spreads could result in significant unrealized losses in the value of our invested asset portfolio. We believe that fluctuations caused by movement in interest rates and credit spreads generally have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments as we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery and we have no present intention to dispose of them.

Details on asset mix (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

* Less than 1%.

The composition and duration of our portfolio will vary depending on several factors, including the yield curve and our opinion of the relative value among various asset classes. The relative composition of our asset portfolio did not change significantly from 2023 to 2024. The year-end average rating, duration and book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

The increase in the average book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio as of December 31, 2024 reflects higher reinvestment rates compared to the yield on maturing investments during 2024.

Ratings for our investments in fixed-maturity securities are determined using Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations designations and/or equivalent ratings. The distribution of our investments in fixed-maturity securities (excluding our held-to-maturity security) by rating, including those classified as trading securities, were as follows:

(1)
Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities (excluding short-term investments) at amortized cost.

* Less than 1%.

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The ten largest holdings within our fixed-maturity securities invested asset portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security and short-term investments) were as follows:

(1)
Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities at amortized cost.

For additional information on our invested asset portfolio, see Note 5 (Investments) and Note 6 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Other Significant Assets and Liabilities. The balances of and changes in other significant assets and liabilities were as follows:

Reinsurance recoverables. Reinsurance recoverables reflects future policy benefit reserves and claim reserves ceded to reinsurers, including the IPO coinsurers. Reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2024 decreased compared with December 31, 2023, primarily due to the continued runoff of the IPO book of business.

Deferred policy acquisition costs, net. The increase in DAC was primarily a result of the cumulative impact of incremental commissions and expenses deferred as a result of new business in 2024 not subject to the IPO coinsurance agreements.

Future policy benefits. The decrease in future policy benefits mostly resulted from the increase in market observable interest rates at year-end that are used to discount the present value of the estimated future cash flows included in the liability for future policy benefits.

For additional information, see the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Dividends and other payments to the Parent Company from its subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash. The amount of dividends paid by the subsidiaries is dependent on their capital needs to fund future growth and applicable regulatory restrictions. The primary uses of funds by the Parent Company include the payments of stockholder dividends, interest on notes payable, general operating expenses, and income taxes, as well as repurchases of shares of our common stock outstanding. During 2024, our life insurance underwriting companies declared and paid ordinary dividends of $311.8 million to the Parent Company. See Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on insurance subsidiary dividends and statutory restrictions. In addition, in 2024 our non-life insurance subsidiaries declared and paid dividends of $208.4 million to the Parent Company. At December 31, 2024, the Parent Company had cash and invested assets of $496.8 million.

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The Parent Company’s subsidiaries generate operating cash flows primarily from term life insurance premiums (net of premiums ceded to reinsurers), income from invested assets, commissions and fees collected from the distribution of investment and savings products, as well as other financial products. The subsidiaries’ principal operating cash outflows include the payment of insurance claims and benefits (net of ceded claims recovered from reinsurers), commissions to the independent sales force, insurance and other operating expenses, interest expense for future policy benefit reserves financing transactions, and income taxes.

The distribution and underwriting of term life insurance requires up-front cash outlays at the time the policy is issued as we pay a substantial majority of the sales commission during the first year following the sale of a policy and incur costs for underwriting activities at the inception of a policy’s term. During the early years of a policy’s term, we generally receive level term premiums in excess of claims paid. We invest the excess cash generated during earlier policy years in fixed-maturity and equity securities held in support of future policy benefit reserves. In later policy years, cash received from the maturity or sale of invested assets is used to pay claims in excess of level term premiums received.

Historically, cash flows generated by our businesses, primarily from our existing block of term life insurance policies and our investment and savings products, have provided us with sufficient liquidity to meet our operating requirements. We anticipate that cash flows from our businesses will continue to provide sufficient operating liquidity over the next 12 months.

If necessary, we could seek to enhance our liquidity position or capital structure through sales of our available-for-sale investment portfolio, changes in the timing or amount of share repurchases, borrowings against our Revolving Credit Facility, or some combination of these sources. Additionally, we believe that cash flows from our businesses and potential sources of funding will sufficiently support our long-term liquidity needs.

Cash Flows. The components of the changes in cash and cash equivalents were as follows:

Operating Activities. Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily driven by the increase in net income excluding non-cash impairments recognized in discontinued operations as well as the gain recognized from insurance proceeds received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy in 2024. In addition, timing differences of purchases and maturities of trading securities contributed to the year-over-year increase in cash provided by operating activities.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2023 from 2022. The largest factor contributing to the decrease in cash provided by operating activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was the timing of cash payments received from reinsurers in 2022. At the beginning of 2022, there was a large balance of ceded claims due from reinsurers from claims paid during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, which were collected during 2022. Also contributing to the decrease were timing differences of purchases and maturities of trading securities as well as the timing of cash disbursements for accounts payable and claims checks.

Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities increased in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to fluctuations in the timing of maturities and reinvestments of debt securities held in our available-for-sale investment portfolio as well as an overall increase in the size of the portfolio given the increase in our term life insurance in-force. In addition, $21.4 million of cash was included in the disposal of the Senior Health business. The $50.0 million received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy partially offset the increase in cash used in investing activities in 2024.

Cash used in investing activities decreased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to fluctuations in the timing of maturities and reinvestment of debt securities held in our available-for-sale investment portfolio. In both periods, cash provided by operating activities was used to fund investment purchases that increased the size of our invested asset portfolio.

Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities increased in 2024 from 2023 and in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to continued increases in our share repurchase program and the payment of stockholder dividends.

Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (the “RBC Model Act”) that has been adopted by the insurance regulatory authorities. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk; insurance risk; interest rate risk and business risk. The capital requirement for each is determined by applying factors that vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premiums and policy benefit reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action.

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As of December 31, 2024, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries maintained statutory capital and surplus substantially in excess of the applicable regulatory requirements and remain well positioned to support existing operations and fund future growth.

In Canada, an insurer’s minimum capital requirement is overseen by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) and determined as the sum of the capital requirements for six categories of risk: asset default risk, mortality/morbidity/lapse/expense risks, changes in interest rate environment risk, operational risk, segregated funds risk and foreign exchange risk. As of December 31, 2024, Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada was in compliance with Canada’s minimum capital requirements as defined by OSFI.

For more information regarding statutory capital requirements and dividend capacities of our insurance subsidiaries, see Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Redundant Reserve Financing. The Model Regulation entitled Valuation of Life Insurance Policies, commonly known as Regulation XXX, requires insurers to carry statutory policy benefit reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees which are often significantly in excess of the future policy benefit reserves that insurers deem necessary to satisfy claim obligations (“redundant policy benefit reserves”). Accordingly, many insurance companies have sought ways to reduce their capital needs by financing redundant policy benefit reserves through bank financing, reinsurance arrangements and other financing transactions.

We have established Vidalia Re as a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Primerica Life has ceded certain term life insurance policies issued in 2011 through 2017 to Vidalia Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”). This redundant reserve financing transaction allows us to more efficiently manage and deploy our capital. See Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information.

The NAIC has adopted a model regulation for determining reserves using a principle-based approach (“principle-based reserves” or “PBR”), which is designed to reflect each insurer’s own experience in calculating reserves and move away from a single prescriptive reserving formula. Primerica Life adopted PBR as of January 1, 2018 and NBLIC adopted the New York amended version of PBR effective January 1, 2021. PBR significantly reduced the redundant statutory policy benefit reserve requirements while still ensuring adequate liabilities are held. The regulation only applies for business issued after the effective dates. See Note 5 (Investments), Note 12 (Debt) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on the redundant reserve financing transaction.

Notes Payable. The Company has $600.0 million of publicly-traded Senior Notes outstanding issued at a price of 99.55% with an annual interest rate of 2.80%, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19. The Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes as of December 31, 2024. No events of default occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Financial Ratings. As of December 31, 2024, the investment grade credit ratings for our Senior Notes were as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, Primerica Life’s financial strength ratings were as follows:

Securities Lending. We participate in securities lending transactions with brokers to increase investment income with minimal risk. See Note 5 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information.

Surplus Note. Vidalia Re issued a Surplus Note in exchange for the LLC Note as a part of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction. The Surplus Note has a principal amount equal to the LLC Note and is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements to which an entity unconsolidated with the Company is a party, under which the Company maintains any off-balance sheet obligations or guarantees as of December 31, 2024.

Credit Facility Agreement. We maintain an unsecured $200.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with a syndicate of commercial banks that has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a periodic rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan or the base rate, plus in either case an applicable

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margin. The Revolving Credit Facility contains language that allows for the Company and the lenders to agree on a comparable or successor reference rate in the event SOFR is no longer available. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.000% to 1.625% per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.000% to 0.625% per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.100% to 0.225% per annum of the aggregate $200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and we were in compliance with its covenants. Furthermore, no events of default occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility in 2024.

Contractual Obligations. Our material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations primarily consist of following:

Future Policy Benefits. Our liability for future policy benefits, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, represents the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. Net premiums are defined as the portion of the gross premiums received from policyholders that are needed to pay for all benefits. These benefit payments are contingent on policyholders continuing to renew their policies and make their premium payments. We expect to fully fund the obligations for future policy benefits from cash flows from general account invested assets, claims reimbursed by reinsurers, and from future premiums.

Policy Claims. Policy claims, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and Note 10 (Policy Claims and Other Benefits Payable) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, represents claims and benefits that have been incurred but not paid to policyholders and are assumed to be due within a year.

Other Policyholder Funds. Other policyholder funds, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily represent claim payments left on deposit with us that are payable on demand.

Notes Payable and Interest Obligations. We have debt obligations for the principal balance of our Senior Notes, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and described further in Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in the report. We also maintain interest obligations for interest on our Senior Notes, the commitment fee on our Revolving Credit Facility, fees paid for the credit enhancement feature on the LLC Note and a finance charge incurred pursuant to one of our IPO coinsurance agreements as of December 31, 2024. We do not expect the principal or interest on the Surplus Note will result in any cash requirements as the payments due for these items are contractually offset by the principal and interest on the LLC Note as long as we hold the LLC Note. The Company asserts its positive intent and ability to hold the LLC Note until maturity.

Lease Obligations. Our lease obligations primarily represent payments for operating leases related to office space. For additional information on leases see Note 21 (Leases) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

For additional information concerning our commitments and contingencies, see Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.