BOSTON BEER CO INC (SAM) FY 2024 MD&A
This page reproduces the company's own Item 7 MD&A text from the linked SEC filing. It is filer text, not grepcent analysis, scoring, or investment advice.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The Company has elected to omit discussion of the earliest of the three years covered by the consolidated financial statements presented. Refer to Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" located in the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023, filed on February 27, 2024, for reference to discussion of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the earliest of the three fiscal years presented.
Forward-Looking Statements
In this Form 10-K and in other documents incorporated herein, as well as in oral statements made by the Company, statements that are prefaced with the words “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “continue,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “designed,” and similar expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements regarding events, conditions, and financial trends that may affect the Company’s future plans of operations, business strategy, results of operations, and financial position. These statements are based on the Company’s current expectations and estimates as to prospective events and circumstances about which the Company can give no firm assurance. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect future events or circumstances. Forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual future financial condition or results. These forward-looking statements, like any forward-looking statements, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or anticipated. Such risks and uncertainties include the factors set forth above and the other information set forth in this Form 10-K.
Introduction
The Boston Beer Company is engaged in the business of producing and selling alcohol beverages primarily in the domestic market and, to a lesser extent, in selected international markets. The Company’s revenues are primarily derived by selling its beverages to Distributors, who in turn sell the products to retailers and drinkers.
The Company competes primarily in the combined Beyond beer and Traditional beer market ("US Beer Market"). Beyond beer includes flavored malt beverages, hard seltzer, hard cider, spirits based ready to drink beverages (“spirits RTDs”) and other emerging beverages. Traditional beer generally includes mass domestics, imports, domestic specialties and craft beer.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 28, 2024 (52 weeks) Compared to Year Ended December 30, 2023 (52 weeks)
| Year Ended (in thousands, except per barrel) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec. 28 2024 | Dec. 30 2023 | Amount change | % change | Per barrel change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Barrels sold | 7,493 | 7,678 | (185 | ) | (2.4 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Per barrel | % of net revenue | Per barrel | % of net revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 2,012,926 | $ | 268.64 | 100.0 | % | $ | 2,008,625 | $ | 261.61 | 100.0 | % | $ | 4,301 | 0.2 | % | $ | 7.03 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of goods | 1,119,194 | 149.36 | 55.6 | % | 1,156,256 | 150.59 | 57.6 | % | (37,062 | ) | (3.2 | )% | (1.23 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 893,732 | 119.27 | 44.4 | % | 852,369 | 111.01 | 42.4 | % | 41,363 | 4.9 | % | 8.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising, promotional, and selling expenses | 552,033 | 73.67 | 27.4 | % | 555,998 | 72.41 | 27.7 | % | (3,965 | ) | (0.7 | )% | 1.26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 189,906 | 25.34 | 9.4 | % | 174,548 | 22.73 | 8.7 | % | 15,358 | 8.8 | % | 2.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment of intangible assets | 42,584 | 5.68 | 2.1 | % | 16,426 | 2.14 | 0.8 | % | 26,158 | 100% | 3.54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment of brewery assets | 7,184 | 0.96 | 0.4 | % | 5,396 | 0.70 | 0.3 | % | 1,788 | 33.1 | % | 0.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contract settlement costs | 26,052 | 3.48 | 1.3 | % | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | % | 26,052 | 100% | 3.48 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 817,759 | 109.14 | 40.6 | % | 752,368 | 97.99 | 37.5 | % | 65,391 | 8.7 | % | 11.15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 75,973 | 10.14 | 3.8 | % | 100,001 | 13.02 | 5.0 | % | (24,028 | ) | (24.0 | )% | (2.88 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 11,629 | 1.55 | 0.6 | % | 9,587 | 1.25 | 0.5 | % | 2,042 | 21.3 | % | 0.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income tax provision | 87,602 | 11.69 | 4.4 | % | 109,588 | 14.27 | 5.5 | % | (21,986 | ) | (20.1 | )% | (2.58 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax provision | 27,907 | 3.72 | 1.4 | % | 33,338 | 4.34 | 1.7 | % | (5,431 | ) | (16.3 | )% | (0.62 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 59,695 | $ | 7.97 | 3.0 | % | $ | 76,250 | $ | 9.93 | 3.8 | % | $ | (16,555 | ) | (21.7 | )% | $ | (1.96 | ) |
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Net revenue. Net revenue increased by $4.3 million, or 0.2%, to $2,012.9 million for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $2,008.6 million for the year ended December 30, 2023, due to price increases of $38.3 million and lower returns of $13.0 million, partially offset by the impact of lower shipment volume of $48.3 million.
Volume. Total shipment volume of 7,493,000 barrels for the year ended December 28, 2024 decreased by 2.4% over 2023 levels of 7,678,000 barrels, primarily due to decreases in the Company’s Truly brands, partially offset by increases in its Twisted Tea and Sun Cruiser brands.
Depletions of the Company’s products for the year ended December 28, 2024 decreased by approximately 2% compared to the prior year.
The Company believes distributor inventory as of December 28, 2024 averaged approximately four weeks on hand and was at an appropriate level for each of its brands.
Net Revenue per barrel. The net revenue per barrel increased by 2.7% to $268.64 per barrel for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $261.61 per barrel for the year ended December 30, 2023, primarily due to price increases and lower returns.
Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold was $149.36 per barrel for the fifty-two weeks ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $150.59 per barrel for the fifty-two weeks ended December 30, 2023. The 2024 decrease in cost of goods sold of $1.23, or 3.2% per barrel was primarily due to contract renegotiations and recipe optimization savings of $24.1 million, or $3.22 per barrel, partially offset by inflationary impacts of $18.6 million, or $2.48 per barrel.
Inflationary impacts of $18.6 million consist primarily of increased material costs of $10.2 million and internal brewery costs of $8.4 million.
Gross profit. Gross profit was $119.27 per barrel for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $111.01 per barrel for the year ended December 30, 2023. Gross margin was 44.4% for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to 42.4% for the year ended December 30, 2023. Gross margin primarily benefited from price increases, contract renegotiations and recipe optimization savings and lower returns, partially offset by higher brewery processing costs per barrel due to lower volumes and increased inflationary costs.
The Company includes freight charges related to the movement of finished goods from manufacturing locations to Distributor locations in its advertising, promotional and selling expense line item. As such, the Company’s gross margins may not be comparable to other entities that classify costs related to distribution differently.
Advertising, promotional, and selling expenses. Advertising, promotional and selling expenses, decreased $4.0 million, or 0.7%, to $552.0 million for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $556.0 million for the year ended December 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to decreased freight to distributors of $10.5 million from lower rates and volumes. Brand and selling costs increased $6.5 million, primarily due to increased brand media investments and higher salaries and benefits.
Advertising, promotional and selling expenses were 27.4% of net revenue, or $73.67 per barrel, for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to 27.7% of net revenue, or $72.41 per barrel, for the year ended December 30, 2023. The Company will invest in advertising and promotional campaigns that it believes are effective, but there is no guarantee that such investment will generate sales growth.
The Company conducts certain advertising and promotional activities in its Distributors’ markets, and the Distributors make contributions to the Company for such efforts. These amounts are included in the Company’s statement of operations as reductions to advertising, promotional and selling expenses. Historically, contributions from Distributors for advertising and promotional activities have amounted to approximately 2% of net sales. The Company may adjust its promotional efforts in the Distributors’ markets, if changes occur in these promotional contribution arrangements, depending on the industry and market conditions.
General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $15.4 million, or 8.8%, to $189.9 million for the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $174.5 million for the comparable period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher salaries and benefits costs resulting from Chief Executive Officer transition costs recorded in the first quarter as well as increased inflationary costs.
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Impairment of intangible assets. Impairment of intangible assets reflects a $42.6 million non-cash impairment charge recorded for the Dogfish Head brand, taken as a result of the Company’s annual impairment analysis as of September 1, 2024. The impairment determination was primarily based on the latest forecasts of brand performance which have been below the Company’s previous projections. In fiscal 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $16.4 million primarily for the Dogfish Head brand. See further discussion in Note H to the Consolidated Financial Statements within Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Impairment of brewery assets. Impairment of brewery assets of $7.2 million increased by $1.8 million from the prior fiscal year, due to higher write-offs of equipment at Company-owned breweries.
Contract settlement costs. Contract settlement costs of $26 million due to an amendment and restatement in its entirety of an existing production agreement with a third-party supplier, Rauch. This amendment adjusts the existing production agreement to better match the Company’s future capacity requirements and results in increased production flexibility and more favorable termination rights to the Company.
Income tax provision. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2024 was 31.9% compared to 30.2% in fiscal 2023, primarily due to lower pre-tax income with no corresponding reduction in non-deductible expenses. The Company estimates the lower pre-tax income resulting from the impairment of intangible assets and the contract settlement negatively impacted the 2024 effective tax rate by approximately 300 basis points.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company’s primary sources of liquidity are its existing cash balances, cash flows from operating activities and amounts available under its revolving credit facility. The Company’s material cash requirements include working capital needs, satisfaction of contractual commitments, and investment in the Company’s business through capital expenditures.
Cash and cash equivalents decreased to $211.8 million as of December 28, 2024 from $298.5 million as of December 30, 2023, primarily reflecting repurchases of the Company's Class A common stock, a note receivable issued, and purchases of property, plant, and equipment, partially offset by net cash provided by operating activities.
Cash provided by operating activities consists of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization, impairment of intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense, other non-cash items included in operating results, and changes in operating assets and liabilities, such as accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses.
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 28, 2024 was $248.9 million and consisted of net income of $59.7 million, non-cash items of $150.3 million, and an inflow of $38.9 million from a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities. The third-party production prepayments decrease of $19.1 million is due to a full year amortization of these prepayments during 2024, decreasing the prepaid balance from $33.6 million as of December 30, 2023 to $14.5 million as of December 28, 2024. The accrued expenses and other current liabilities increase of $12.3 million is primarily due to increases in accrued supply chain costs and accrued marketing costs compared to the prior year. The inventory decrease of $6.9 million is primarily due decrease on hops inventory compared to the prior year to align with beer volumes.
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 30, 2023 was $265.2 million and consisted of net income of $76.3 million, non-cash items of $124.0 million, and an inflow of $64.9 million from a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities. The inventory decrease of $31.5 million is due to improvements in supply chain process resulting in lower inventory levels and lower volumes. The third-party production prepayments decrease of $27.8 million is due to expensing of these prepayments over the respective contract terms. The accrued expenses and other current liabilities increase of $13.9 million is primarily due to increases in accrued incentive compensation compared to the prior year. The accounts receivable increase of $10.3 million is primarily due to timing of shipments in the month of December compared to the prior year.
The Company used $96.3 million in investing activities during the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $62.4 million during the year ended December 30, 2023. The increase in investing activity cash outflows is due to a $20.0 million note receivable issued and a $12.2 million increase in capital investments. For both periods, capital investments were made mostly in the Company’s breweries to drive efficiencies and cost reductions and support product innovation and future growth.
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Cash used in financing activities was $239.3 million during the year ended December 28, 2024, as compared to $84.8 million during the year ended December 30, 2023. The $154.5 million increase in financing activity cash outflows in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily due to higher repurchases of the Company's Class A common stock in the current year.
During fiscal year 2024, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 803,281 shares of its Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $238.9 million. As of December 28, 2024, the Company had repurchased a cumulative total of approximately 14.9 million shares of its Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.17 billion and had approximately $427.5 million remaining on the $1.6 billion stock repurchase expenditure limit set by the Board of Directors.
The Company expects that its cash balance as of December 28, 2024 of $211.8 million and future operating cash flows, along with its $150.0 million credit facility agreement, will be sufficient to fund future cash requirements. Refer to Note K of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements within Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further details of the terms of the credit facility agreement. As of the date of this filing, the Company was not in violation of any of its covenants to the lender under the credit facility.
Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon its consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make significant estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. These items are monitored and analyzed by management for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. The more judgmental estimates are summarized below. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from the Company’s estimates.
Provision for Excess or Expired Inventory
The provisions for excess or expired inventory are based on management’s estimates of forecasted usage of inventories on hand. Forecasting usage involves significant judgments regarding future demand for the Company’s various existing products and products under development as well as the potency and shelf-life of various raw material ingredients and finished goods. A significant change in the timing or level of demand for certain products as compared to forecasted amounts may result in recording additional provisions for excess or expired inventory in the future. Provision for excess or expired inventory included in cost of goods sold was $21.9 million, $19.3 million, and $35.9 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively.
Valuation of Property, Plant, and Equipment
The carrying value of property, plant, and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, at December 28, 2024 was $616.2 million. For purposes of determining whether there are any impairment losses on brewery assets, as further discussed below, management has historically examined the carrying value of the Company’s identifiable long-lived assets, including their useful lives, semi-annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment are present. Evaluations of whether indicators of impairment exist involve judgments regarding the current and future business environment and the length of time the Company intends to use the asset. If an impairment loss is identified based on the fair value of the asset, as compared to the carrying value of the asset, such loss would be charged to expense in the period the impairment is identified. Furthermore, if the review of the carrying values of the long-lived assets indicates impairment of such assets, the Company may determine that shorter estimated useful lives are more appropriate. In that event, the Company will be required to record additional depreciation in future periods, which will reduce earnings. Estimating the amount of impairment, if any, requires significant judgments including identification of potential impairments, market comparison to similar assets, estimated cash flows to be generated by the asset, discount rates, the remaining useful life of the asset, and the usefulness of the asset in consideration of future business plans. Impairment of brewery assets classified as property, plant, and equipment included in operating expenses was $7.2 million, $5.0 million and $2.6 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Factors generally considered important which could trigger an impairment review on the carrying value of long-lived assets include the following: (1) significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results; (2) significant changes in the manner of use of acquired assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business; (3) underutilization of assets; and (4) discontinuance of products by the Company or its customers.
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Valuation of Goodwill and Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
The Company has recorded intangible assets with indefinite lives and goodwill for which impairment testing is required at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that these assets might be impaired. The Company performs its annual impairment tests and re-evaluates the useful lives of other intangible assets with indefinite lives at the annual impairment test measurement date in the third quarter of each fiscal year or when circumstances arise that indicate a possible impairment or change in useful life might exist.
The Company’s annual goodwill impairment evaluation analysis conducted at the end of fiscal August indicated that the fair value of the Company’s goodwill was substantially greater than the carrying value and accordingly there was no impairment to record during fiscal 2024. The guidance for goodwill impairment testing allows an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit, of which the Company has one, is less than its carrying amount or to proceed directly to performing a quantitative impairment test. Under the quantitative assessment, the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is compared to its carrying value, including goodwill. The estimate of fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is generally calculated based on an income approach using the discounted cash flow method supplemented by the market approach which considers the Company’s market capitalization and enterprise value. If the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is less than the carrying value of its reporting unit, a goodwill impairment will be recognized. In estimating the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit, management must make assumptions and projections regarding such items as future cash flows, future revenues, future earnings, cost of capital, and other factors. The assumptions used in the estimate of fair value are based on historical trends and the projections and assumptions that are used in the latest operating plans. These assumptions reflect management’s estimates of future economic and competitive conditions and are, therefore, subject to change as a result of changing market conditions. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to recognize an impairment loss for the Company’s goodwill which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial statements.
The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of a trademark and customer relationships obtained through the Company’s Dogfish Head acquisition. Customer relationships are amortized over their estimated useful lives. As of the annual impairment assessment date at the end of fiscal August, the Dogfish Head trademark was determined to have a indefinite useful life and was not amortized. The guidance for indefinite lived intangible asset impairment testing allows an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the indefinite lived intangible asset is impaired or to proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test. Under the quantitative assessment, the trademark is evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying value of the trademark to its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of the trademark is calculated based on an income approach using the relief from royalty method. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value of the trademark, then an impairment charge is recognized to reduce the carrying value of the trademark to its estimated fair value.
Significant judgment is required to estimate the fair value of the Dogfish Head trademark. Accordingly, the Company obtains the assistance of third-party valuation specialists as part of the impairment evaluation. In estimating the fair value of the trademark, management must make assumptions and projections regarding future cash flows based upon future revenues, the market-based royalty rate, the discount rate, and the after-tax royalty savings expected from ownership of the trademark. The assumptions and projections used in the estimate of fair value are consistent with recent trends and represent the projections used in Company’s current strategic operating plans which include reductions in revenues from the Dogfish Head beer products. These assumptions reflect management’s estimates of future economic and competitive conditions and consider many factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry growth rates, and competitive activities and are, therefore, subject to change as a result of changing market conditions. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company changed the indefinite useful life of the Dogfish Head trademark asset and began amortizing the remaining $14.4 million balance over an estimated useful life of 10 years.
The Company performed a sensitivity analysis on its significant assumptions used in the Dogfish Head trademark fair value calculation as of September 28, 2024 and determined the following:
•
A decrease in the annual forecasted revenue growth rate of 1.0% would result in a 4.9% decrease to the fair value of $14.4 million as of September 28, 2024.
•
A decrease in the discount rate of 1.5% would result in a 8.3% increase to the fair value of $14.4 million as of September 28, 2024, and an increase in the discount rate of 1.5% would result in a 6.9% decrease to the fair value of $14.4 million as of September 28, 2024.
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Revenue Recognition and Classification of Customer Programs and Incentives
The Company recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with its customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of its products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring products. If the conditions for revenue recognition are not met, the Company defers the revenue until all conditions are met. As of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, the Company had deferred revenue of $11.3 million and $8.9 million, respectively, related to product shipped prior to these dates for which the criteria to recognize revenue was not met as of these dates. These amounts are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
The Company is committed to maintaining the freshness of its products in the market. In certain circumstances and with the Company’s approval, the Company accepts and destroys or offers credits for stale beer that is returned or destroyed by Distributors. The Company generally credits approximately fifty percent of the distributor’s cost of beer that has passed its freshness expiration date when it is returned to the Company or destroyed. The Company reduces revenue and establishes an accrual based upon both historical returns, which is applied to an estimated lag time for receipt of product, and knowledge of specific return transactions. Estimating this reserve involves significant judgments and estimates, including comparability of historical return trends to future trends, lag time from date of sale to date of return, and product mix of returns. Stale beer expense is reflected in the accompanying financial statements as a reduction of revenue. Historically, the cost of actual stale beer returns has been in line with established reserves; however, the cost could differ materially from the reserves which would impact revenue. As of December 28, 2024, and December 30, 2023, the stale beer reserve was $6.1 million and $8.2 million, respectively. These amounts are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in the alcohol beverage industry. Amounts paid in connection with customer programs and incentives are recorded as reductions to net revenue or as advertising, promotional and selling expenses, based on the nature of the expenditure. Customer incentives and other payments made to Distributors are primarily based upon the performance of certain marketing and advertising activities. Depending on applicable state laws and regulations, these activities promoting the Company’s products may include, but are not limited to, point-of-sale and merchandise placement, samples, product displays, promotional programs at retail locations and meals, travel and entertainment. Amounts paid to customers in connection with these programs that were recorded as reductions to net revenue or as advertising, promotional and selling expenses totaled $112.3 million, $106.4 million and $95.9 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of program or customer and have historically been in line with actual costs incurred.
Customer promotional discount programs are entered into with Distributors for certain periods of time. Amounts paid to Distributors in connection with these programs in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $61.0 million, $62.6 million and $54.8 million, respectively. The reimbursements for discounts to Distributors are recorded as reductions to net revenue. The agreed-upon discount rates are applied to certain Distributors’ sales to retailers, based on volume metrics, in order to determine the total discounted amount. The computation of the discount allowance requires that management make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the timing and amounts of revenue and liabilities recorded. Actual promotional discounts owed and paid have historically been in line with allowances recorded by the Company; however, the amounts could differ from the estimated allowances.
Customer incentives and other payments are made primarily to Distributors based upon the performance of certain marketing and advertising activities. Depending on applicable state laws and regulations, these activities promoting the Company’s products may include, but are not limited to, point-of-sale and merchandise placement, samples, product displays, promotional programs at retail locations and meals, travel and entertainment. Amounts paid to customers in connection with these programs in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $51.3 million, $43.8 million and $41.1 million, respectively. In fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded certain of these costs in the total amount of $32.2 million, $31.4 million and $29.9 million, respectively as reductions to net revenue. Costs recognized in net revenues include, but are not limited to, promotional discounts, sales incentives and certain other promotional activities. Costs recognized in advertising, promotional and selling expenses include point of sale materials, samples and media advertising expenditures in local markets. These costs are recorded as incurred, generally when invoices are received; however certain estimates are required at the period end. Estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of program or customer and have historically been in line with actual costs incurred.
In connection with its preparation of financial statements and other financial reporting, management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions regarding the amount, timing and classification of expenditures resulting from these activities. Actual expenditures incurred could differ from management’s estimates and assumptions.
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Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based awards in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), which generally requires recognition of share-based compensation costs in financial statements based on fair value. Compensation cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award (the requisite service period). The amount of compensation cost recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income is based on the awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore, reduced for estimated forfeitures. Stock-based compensation was $19.0 million, $17.0 million and $14.0 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
As permitted by ASC 718, the Company elected to use a lattice model, such as the trinomial option-pricing model, to estimate the fair values of stock options. All option-pricing models require the input of subjective assumptions. These assumptions include the estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock price over the expected term, the expected dividend rate, the estimated post-vesting forfeiture rate, the risk-free interest rate and expected exercise behavior. See Note O for further discussion of the application of the option-pricing models.
In addition, an estimated pre-vesting forfeiture rate is applied in the recognition of the compensation charge. Periodically, the Company grants performance-based stock options. The Company only recognizes compensation expense with respect to these options if it is probable that the performance targets will be met. Consequently, at the end of each reporting period, the Company estimates whether it is probable that performance targets will be met. Changes in the subjective assumptions and estimates can materially affect the amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Business Environment
The alcoholic beverage industry is highly regulated at the federal, state and local levels. The TTB and the Justice Department’s Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives enforce laws under the Federal Alcohol Administration Act. The TTB is responsible for administering and enforcing excise tax laws that directly affect the Company’s results of operations. State and regulatory authorities have the ability to suspend or revoke the Company’s licenses and permits or impose substantial fines for violations. The Company has established strict policies, procedures and guidelines in efforts to ensure compliance with all applicable state and federal laws. However, the loss or revocation of any existing license or permit could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.
The Beyond beer and Traditional beer categories within the United States are highly competitive due to large domestic and international brewers and the large number of craft brewers in this category who distribute similar products that have similar pricing and target drinkers. The Company believes that its pricing is appropriate given the quality and reputation of its brands, while realizing that economic pricing pressures may affect future pricing levels. Large domestic and international brewers are able to compete more aggressively than the Company, as they have substantially greater resources, marketing strength and distribution networks than the Company. The Company also increasingly competes with wine and spirits companies, some of which have significantly greater resources than the Company. This competitive environment may affect the Company’s overall performance within the Beyond beer and Traditional beer categories. As the market continues to consolidate, the Company believes that companies that are well-positioned in terms of brand equity, marketing and distribution will have greater success than those who do not. With its over 300 Distributors nationwide and the Company’s sales force of over 475 people, as well as a commitment to maintaining its innovation capability, brand equity and quality, the Company believes it is well positioned to compete in the Beyond beer and Traditional beer categories.