Teladoc Health, Inc. (TDOC) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Discussion and analysis of our fiscal year 2021, as well as the year-over-year comparison of our 2022 financial performance to 2021, have been omitted from this section and may be found under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 that was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

Overview

Teladoc, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Texas in June 2002 and changed its state of incorporation to the State of Delaware in October 2008. Effective August 10, 2018, Teladoc, Inc. changed its corporate name to Teladoc Health, Inc. Unless the context otherwise requires, Teladoc Health, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is referred to herein as “Teladoc Health,” the “Company,” or “we.” The Company’s principal executive office is located in Purchase, New York. Teladoc Health is the global leader in whole person virtual care focused on forging a new healthcare experience with better convenience, outcomes, and value around the world.

We were founded on a simple, yet revolutionary idea: that everyone should have access to the best healthcare, anywhere in the world on their terms. Today, we have a vision of making virtual care the first step on any healthcare journey, and we are delivering on this mission by providing whole person virtual care that includes primary care, mental health, chronic condition management, and more.

We believe that favorable existing secular trends in the healthcare industry were accelerated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, driving greater consumer awareness and use of virtual care and increased adoption by employers, health plans, hospitals and health systems, healthcare providers, and individuals. In combination with the expansion of our capabilities, we believe that these trends present significant opportunities for virtual healthcare to address the most pressing, universal healthcare challenges through trusted solutions, such as ours, that deliver convenient, affordable, and high-quality care; empower individuals to manage and improve their health; and enable providers to offer their best care for their patients.

Efficiency Program and Restructuring

We have a demonstrated record of driving growth both organically and through acquisitions. We have built a strong and durable foundation for efficient growth, increasing profitability, and generating cash flow. We are taking additional concrete steps to further accelerate our progress on bottom line performance in order to achieve a more balanced approach to growth and margin. This focus on balanced growth includes a comprehensive operational review of our business to drive efficiencies to continue to support our growth. These steps are expected to result in restructuring costs in the year ending December 31, 2024. See Note 19. ‘Subsequent Events” to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe that our future performance will depend on many factors, including the following:

As it relates to the Integrated Care segment:

Number of U.S. Integrated Care Members. U.S. Integrated Care members represent the number of unique individuals who have paid access and visit fee only access to our suite of integrated care services in the U.S. at the end of the applicable period. Our revenue growth rate and long-term profitability are affected by our ability to increase cross selling capability among our existing members over time because we derive a substantial portion of our revenue from access and other fees via Client contracts that provide members access to our professional provider network in exchange for a contractual based periodic fee. Therefore, we believe that our ability to add new members and retain existing members and to increase utilization and penetration further into existing and new health plan and employer Clients is a key indicator of our increasing market adoption, the growth of our business, and our future revenue potential. We further believe that increasing our membership is an integral objective that will provide us with the ability to continually innovate our services and support initiatives that will enhance members’ experiences. U.S. Integrated Care members increased by 6.3 million, or 8%, to 89.6 million at December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.

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Chronic Care Program Enrollment. Chronic care program enrollment represents the total number of enrollees across our suite of chronic care programs at the end of a given period. Our chronic care program enrollments are one of the key components of our whole person virtual care platform that we believe positions us to drive greater engagement with our platforms and increased revenue. Chronic care program enrollment increased by 14% to 1.16 million at December 31, 2023, compared to 1.02 million at December 31, 2022.

Average Monthly Revenue Per U.S. Integrated Care Member. Average monthly revenue per U.S. Integrated Care member measures the average monthly amount of global revenue that we generate from a U.S. Integrated Care member for a particular period. It is calculated by dividing the total revenue generated from the Integrated Care segment by the average number of U.S. Integrated Care members during the applicable period. Approximately 20% of total Integrated Care revenues relates to international and hospital and health systems for which membership is not considered as a management metric. We believe that our ability to increase the revenue generated from each member over time is also a key indicator of our increasing market adoption, the growth of our business, and future revenue potential. Average monthly revenue per U.S. Integrated Care member decreased to $1.41 in the year ended December 31, 2023, from $1.42 in the same period in 2022, primarily due to the impact of new members onboarded over the course of the year. The change in average monthly revenue versus the indicated prior period is reflective of the growth and timing of onboarding new members and the mix of their fees.

As it relates to the BetterHelp segment:

BetterHelp Paying Users. BetterHelp paying users represent the average number of global monthly paying users of our BetterHelp therapy services during the applicable period. We believe that our ability to add new paying users and retain existing users is a key indicator of the increasing market adoption of BetterHelp, the growth of that business, and future revenue potential. Our ability to reach new potential paying users through various advertising channels helped us to increase BetterHelp paying users by 9% to 0.46 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to 0.42 million as of December 31, 2022.

As it relates to the Company:

Seasonality. Our business has historically been subject to seasonality. In our Integrated Care segment, a concentration of our new Client contracts have an effective date of January 1 as a result of many Clients’ introduction of new services at the start of each calendar year. Therefore, while membership increases, utilization and enrollment rates are dampened until service delivery ramps up over the course of the year. In addition, as a result of seasonal cold and flu trends, we historically have experienced our highest level of visit and other fee revenue during the first and fourth quarters of each year.

Due to the higher cost of customer acquisition during the end-of-year holiday season, our BetterHelp segment has historically reduced marketing activity during the fourth quarter. As a result of this dynamic, we have typically experienced fewer new member additions and the strongest operating income performance in the fourth quarter. Conversely, as marketing activity typically resumes at the start of the year, we typically experience the weakest operating income performance during the first quarter as new customer acquisition and revenue growth lags marketing spend.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, which could adversely impact the value of our common stock.” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Revenue

We follow the revenue accounting requirements of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, which establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. The core principle of ASC Topic 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to Clients as well as individual members, in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This principle is achieved through applying the following five-step approach:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a Client.

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•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract.

•Determination of the transaction price.

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

Integrated Care Segment

As it relates to the Integrated Care segment, we primarily generate virtual healthcare service revenue from contracts with Clients who purchase access to our professional provider network or medical experts for their employees, dependents and other beneficiaries. Our Client contracts include a per-member-per-month (“PMPM”) access fee as well as certain contracts that also include additional revenue on a per-virtual healthcare visit basis for general medical, or other specialty visits or expert medical service on a per case basis. We also have certain contracts that generate revenue based solely on a per healthcare visit basis for general medical and other specialty visits.

We record access fees from Clients accessing our professional provider network or hosted virtual healthcare platform or chronic care management platforms, visit fee revenue for general medical, expert medical service and other specialty visits as well as other revenue primarily associated with virtual healthcare device equipment included with our hosted virtual healthcare platform. Visit and other revenues are reported as “Other” revenue in our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue is also generated from contracts with Clients in hospital and health systems for the sale and rental of equipment consisting of virtual healthcare devices which allow physicians to access our hosted virtual healthcare platform. These contracts also include multiple performance obligations, and we determine the standalone selling prices based on overall pricing objectives. In some arrangements, our devices are rented to certain qualified Clients that qualify as either sales-type lease or operating lease arrangements and are subject to lease accounting guidance.

Revenue is also generated from contracts with Clients for our chronic care management solutions. Substantially all of this revenue is derived from monthly access fees that are recognized as services are rendered and earned under subscription agreements with Clients that are based on a per-participant-per-month model, using the number of active enrolled members each month for the minimum enrollment period. These solutions integrate devices, supplies, access to our web-based platform, and clinical and data services to provide an overall health management solution. The promises to transfer these goods and services are not separately identifiable and are considered a single continuous service comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer (i.e., distinct days of service). These services are consumed as they are received, and we recognize revenue each month using the variable consideration allocation exception since the nature of the obligations and the variability of the payment being based on the number of active members are aligned.

Our Client agreements generally have a term of one to three years for the Integrated Care segment. The majority of Clients have a term of one year and renew their contracts following their first year of services. Revenues are recognized when we satisfy our performance obligation to stand ready to provide virtual healthcare services which occurs when our Clients and members have access to and obtain control of the virtual healthcare service or platform.

For contracts where revenue is generated on a per healthcare visit basis, revenues are recognized when the visits are completed as we have delivered on our stand ready obligation to provide access. For other revenue, which primarily includes virtual healthcare devices, our performance obligation is satisfied when the equipment is provided to the Client and revenue is recognized at a point in time upon shipment.

We generally bill for virtual healthcare services on a monthly basis, in advance or in arrears depending on the service, with payment terms generally being 30 days. There are not significant differences between the timing of revenue recognition and billing. Consequently, we have determined that Client contracts do not include a financing component. Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected in exchange for the service and for certain contracts include a variable transaction price as the number of members may vary from period to period. We estimate this amount based on historical experience.

Our contracts do not generally contain refund provisions for fees earned related to services performed.

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Additionally, certain of our contracts include Client performance guarantees and pricing adjustments that are based upon minimum member utilization and guarantees by us for specific service level performance, member satisfaction scores, cost savings or other value achievements or guarantees, and health outcome guarantees. Performance guarantees are estimated at each reporting period based on our historical performance or other available information of the underlying criteria or the customer’s specific performance as of that reporting date. Any estimated adjustments to the contract price for achieving or not achieving the performance guarantee are recognized as an adjustment to revenue in the period. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods for changes in estimated transaction price or Client performance guarantees was $14.7 million and $4.4 million, respectively.

We have elected the optional exemption to not disclose the remaining performance obligations of our contracts since the majority of our contracts have a duration of one year or less and the variable consideration expected to be received over the duration of the contract is allocated entirely to the wholly unsatisfied performance obligations.

For additional revenue, deferred revenue, deferred costs, and disclosures, refer to Note 3. “Revenue, Deferred Revenue, and Deferred Costs and Other.”

BetterHelp Segment

As it relates to the BetterHelp segment, users can purchase virtual therapy services for an access fee, generally on a monthly basis. For other wellness services, users can purchase access to their consumer application for a subscription fee, generally for a period of one year. BetterHelp also provides virtual therapy services to employers as part of employee assistance programs, with revenues recorded based on completion of visit.

The BetterHelp service provides for member refunds. We estimate the expected amount of refunds to be issued based on historical experience, which are recorded as a reduction of revenue. We issued refunds of approximately $93.0 million and $79.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the total purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually on October 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not to be impaired. These events include: (i) severe adverse industry or economic trends; (ii) significant company-specific actions, including exiting an activity in conjunction with restructuring of operations; (iii) current, historical or projected deterioration of our financial performance; or (iv) a sustained decrease in our market capitalization, as indicated by our publicly quoted share price.

As of December 31, 2023, our balance of goodwill was $1.1 billion, which all related to the BetterHelp segment.

We performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill for the BetterHelp reporting unit as of October 1, 2023. As part of the qualitative analysis, we considered the performance of the reporting unit compared to expectations, forecasts for revenue and margin, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market trends, as well as other relevant entity-specific items. Based on this qualitative assessment, no indicators of impairment were identified for the year ended December 31, 2023. While it is believed that the assumptions used were reasonable, changes in these assumptions for the BetterHelp reporting unit, including lowering forecasts for revenue and margin, lowering the long-term growth rate, or changes in the future discount rate assumptions, could result in a future impairment.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, a $13.4 billion non-deductible goodwill impairment charge, or $83.01 per basic and diluted share, was recognized following goodwill impairment testings performed as a result of sustained decreases in our publicly quoted share price and our annual testing requirement. Refer to Note 6. “Goodwill,” to our consolidated financial statements for further information.

Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets include customer relationships, non-compete agreements, acquired technology, and trademarks resulting from business acquisitions, as well as capitalized software development costs. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate balance of these assets was $1,677.8 million. We amortize these definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives as disclosed in Note 8. “Intangible Assets, Net and Certain Cloud Computing Costs” to the

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consolidated financial statements. We also review the useful lives on a quarterly basis to determine if the period of economic benefit has changed. Potential changes in useful lives, whether due to strategic decisions involving our brands, competitive forces, or other factors could result in additional amortization expense taking effect prospectively in the period of the change and could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Customer relationships are amortized over a period of two to 20 years in relation to expected future cash flows. The useful lives of the customer relationships are subject to risks and uncertainties including future attrition rates. These considerations include, but are not limited to, the emergence of new competitor offerings, relative competitor pricing and scale, our ability to successfully integrate and manage the acquired customers, our level of success in delivering future innovation, and overall changes in economic and regulatory conditions. Significant changes in any one or a combination of considerations could lead us to update our weighted average attrition rate, which, in turn would impact the assigned useful life and the level of amortization expense recorded for our customer relationship intangibles. For example, a sustained increase in the customer attrition rate related to customers acquired in the Livongo transaction could prompt us to reduce our estimate of the remaining useful life of the customer relationships. Should this occur, a one-year reduction to the estimated life would result in an annual increase in amortization expense of approximately $6 million. Acquired technology is amortized over four to seven years using the straight-line method. Capitalized software development costs are amortized over three to five years using the straight-line method.

During the second half of 2023, we initiated a strategy to transition the majority of our chronic condition management Clients and members to the Teladoc Health brand on a phased basis, with a smaller subset continuing to be served under the Livongo trade name beyond 2024. In connection with the brand strategy, we have accelerated the amortization associated with the Livongo trademark, increasing amortization expense in the year ended December 31, 2023, and in the year ending December 31, 2024, with corresponding reductions thereafter. The change in accounting estimate resulted in additional amortization expense of $37.5 million, or $0.23 per basic and diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Definite-lived intangible assets are re-evaluated whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their estimated useful lives may require revision and/or the carrying value of the related asset group may not be recoverable by its projected undiscounted cash flows. If the carrying value of the asset group is determined to be unrecoverable, an impairment charge would be recognized in an amount equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value. As a result of the introduction of segments in the fourth quarter of 2022, a recoverability test for the definite-lived intangible assets was performed and no impairment was identified.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management's best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The objectives for accounting for income taxes, as prescribed by the relevant accounting guidance, are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements. Deferred income taxes reflect the tax effect of temporary differences between asset and liability amounts that are recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts that are recognized for income tax purposes. These deferred taxes are measured by applying currently enacted tax laws. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The assumptions about future tax consequences require significant judgment and variations in the actual outcome of these consequences could materially impact our results of operations. We recognize tax liabilities based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest will be due. We adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense.

Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Determination of valuation allowances recorded against deferred tax assets requires significant

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judgment and use of assumptions, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. To the extent that new information becomes available which causes us to change our judgment regarding the adequacy of existing valuation allowances, such changes to tax liabilities will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made.

Components of Results of Operations

Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately)

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately) primarily consists of fees paid to the physicians and other health professionals in our provider network; product cost; costs incurred in connection with our provider network operations and data center activities, which include employee-related expenses (including salaries and benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation); costs related to Client support; and provider network, medical records, magnetic resonance imaging, medical lab tests, translation, postage, medical malpractice insurance, and deferred device costs. Cost of revenue includes costs of technology enabling multiple modes of real-time communication, including via web browser, mobile application, voice / telephony, and text. These expenses increase or decrease as the level of revenue changes. Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately) is driven primarily by the number of general medical visits, expert medical services, and other specialty visits completed in each period and are closely correlated or directly related to delivery of our solutions and monthly access fees. Many of the elements of the cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately) are relatively variable, and can be reduced in the near-term to offset any decline in our revenue. Our business and operational models are designed to be highly scalable and leverage variable costs to support revenue-generating activities. Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately) does not include an allocation of depreciation and amortization.

Advertising and Marketing Expenses

Advertising and marketing expenses consist primarily of costs of digital and media advertisements, personnel, and related expenses (including salaries and benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation) for our marketing staff and communications materials that are produced for member acquisition and to generate greater awareness and utilization among our Clients and members. Marketing costs also include third-party independent research, trade shows and brand messages, public relations costs, and stock-based compensation for our advertising and marketing employees. Our advertising and marketing expenses exclude certain allocations of occupancy expense as well as depreciation and amortization.

Our advertising and marketing expenses will fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our advertising campaigns and marketing expenses. We will continue to invest in advertising and marketing by promoting our brands through a variety of marketing and public relations activities.

Sales Expenses

Sales expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, commissions, and incentive-based awards, employment taxes, travel and stock-based compensation costs for our employees engaged in sales, account management, and sales support in addition to commissions paid to external brokers. Our sales expenses exclude certain allocations of occupancy expense as well as depreciation and amortization.

Technology and Development Expenses

Technology and development expenses include the costs of operating our on-demand technology infrastructure that are not directly related to changes in revenue or volume of visits, including certain licensed applications, information technology infrastructure, security, and compliance. The technology and development line item also contains amounts charged to expense for research and development, which include costs of new product development, costs to add new features or improve reliability or scalability of existing applications, and other software development and engineering costs to the extent that they are not capitalized. The research and development expenses may enable future revenue growth but are not directly related to current revenues.

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Technology and development expenses include personnel and related expenses (including salaries and benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation) for software engineering, information technology infrastructure, security and compliance, product development, and support for our efforts to add new features and ensure the reliability or scalability of our existing solutions. Technology and development expenses also include outsourced software engineering services, the costs of operating our on-demand technology infrastructure (whereas costs directly associated with revenue are presented separately in cost of revenues), and certain licensed applications. Our technology and development expenses exclude capitalized software development costs and depreciation and amortization.

Our technology and development expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our technology and development expenses, including the ability to capitalize software development costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include personnel and related expenses (including salaries and benefits, incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation) of, and professional fees incurred by our finance, legal and compliance, operations, human resources, clinical, corporate strategy, business development, strategies, quality and executive departments. They also include bank charges, most of the facilities costs including rent, utilities, and facilities maintenance, except for amounts allocated to cost of revenues, as well as therapists recruiting costs, related to BetterHelp, indirect taxes and certain licensed corporate applications. Our general and administrative expenses exclude any allocation of depreciation and amortization.

Our general and administrative expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses.

Acquisition, Integration, and Transformation Costs

Acquisition, integration, and transformation costs include investment banking, financing, legal, accounting, consultancy, integration, fair value changes related to contingent consideration, and certain other transaction costs related to mergers and acquisitions. It also includes costs related to certain business transformation initiatives focused on integrating and optimizing various operations and systems, including upgrading our CRM and ERP systems, incurred in connection with our acquisition and integration activities.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring costs consist primarily of lease impairment costs, losses related to the reduction of office space, and costs for employee transition, severance payments, employee benefits, and related costs.

Depreciation

Depreciation consists primarily of depreciation of fixed assets.

Amortization

Amortization consists primarily of amortization of capitalized software development costs, and amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of costs associated with debt refinancing including the write-off of origination and termination financing fees and the redemption/conversion of convertible senior notes.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on cash and cash equivalents.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest costs and the amortization of debt discounts primarily associated with convertible senior notes.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net includes the impact of foreign currency remeasurement, realized gains on investment securities, and all other non-operating items not included in other financial statement lines.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes reflects management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The objectives for accounting for income taxes, as prescribed by the relevant accounting guidance, are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements. See above for Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Free Cash Flow

To supplement our financial information presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we use non-GAAP financial measures to clarify and enhance an understanding of past performance, which include EBITDA (as defined below), Adjusted EBITDA, and free cash flow. We believe that the presentation of these financial measures enhances an investor’s understanding of our financial performance, and are commonly used by investors to evaluate our performance and that of our competitors. We further believe that these financial measures are useful financial metrics to assess our operating performance and financial and business trends from period-to-period by excluding certain items that we believe are not representative of our core business, and that free cash flow reflects an additional way of viewing our liquidity that, when viewed together with GAAP results, provides management, investors, and other users of our financial information with a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our cash flows. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for business planning purposes and in measuring our performance relative to that of our competitors. We utilize Adjusted EBITDA as a key measure of our performance.

EBITDA consists of net loss before interest income; interest expense; other (income) expense, net, including foreign currency exchange gains or losses; provision for income taxes; depreciation; amortization; and goodwill impairment. Adjusted EBITDA consists of net loss before interest income; interest expense; other (income) expense, net, including foreign currency exchange gains or losses; provision for income taxes; depreciation; amortization; goodwill impairment; stock-based compensation; restructuring costs; and acquisition, integration, and transformation costs.

Free cash flow is net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs.

Our use of these non-GAAP terms may vary from that of others in our industry, and other companies may calculate such measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

Non-GAAP measures have important limitations as analytical tools and you should not consider them in isolation, and they should not be considered as an alternative to net loss before provision for income taxes, net loss, net loss per share, net cash from operating activities or any other measures derived in accordance with GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA eliminate the impact of the provision for income taxes on our results of operations, and they do not reflect goodwill impairment, interest income, interest expense or other (income) expense, net;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect restructuring costs. Restructuring costs may include certain lease impairment costs, certain losses related to early lease terminations, and severance;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect significant acquisition, integration, and transformation costs. Acquisition, integration, and transformation costs include investment banking, financing, legal, accounting, consultancy, integration, fair value changes related to contingent consideration and certain other transaction costs related to mergers and acquisitions. It also includes costs related to certain business transformation initiatives focused

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on integrating and optimizing various operations and systems, including upgrading our CRM and ERP systems. These transformation cost adjustments made to our results do not represent normal, recurring, operating expenses necessary to operate the business but rather, incremental costs incurred in connection with our acquisition and integration activities; and

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant non-cash stock-based compensation expense which should be viewed as a component of recurring operating costs.

In addition, although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and both EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect any expenditures for such replacements.

We compensate for these limitations by using these non-GAAP measures along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP measurements, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. Such GAAP measurements include net loss, net loss per share, net cash provided by operating activities, and other performance measures.

In evaluating these financial measures, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation. Our presentation of these non-GAAP measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the dollar and percentage change between the respective periods (dollars in thousands).

______________________________________

n/m – not meaningful

(1)Non-GAAP Financial Measures

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The following table reconciles net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Revenue. Total revenue was $2,602.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $2,406.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $195.6 million, or 8%. The increase was driven by an 8% increase in access fees, primarily related to BetterHelp, as well as a 6% increase in other revenues. The increase in other revenues primarily related to higher revenues from sales of our telehealth solutions for hospitals and health systems. By geography, total revenue for the U.S. was $2,237.5 million and for International was $364.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, reflecting increases of 6% and 19%, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, which are shown separately below). Cost of revenue was $760.0 million for year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $744.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $16.0 million, or 2%, reflecting higher costs associated with the growth in revenue, offset by lower consultation costs, reflecting various operation optimization efforts to reduce provider costs, and lower expenses associated with devices.

Advertising and Marketing Expenses. Advertising and marketing expenses were $688.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $623.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $65.3 million, or 10%. This increase was substantially driven by higher digital and media advertising costs related to BetterHelp.

Sales Expenses. Sales expenses were $213.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $227.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $13.4 million, or 6%. The decrease was primarily driven by lower employee compensation as well as lower sales and broker commissions.

Technology and Development Expenses. Technology and development expenses were $348.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $333.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $14.9 million, or 4%. The increase was primarily driven by higher infrastructure, hosting, and software license costs associated with running operations and ongoing projects and services to continuously improve and optimize our products and services, partially offset by lower professional fees and contract labor costs and lower recruiting and employee-related costs. For the

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year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, research and development costs were $124.6 million and $106.9 million, respectively.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses were $464.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $449.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $14.8 million, or 3%. The increase was primarily driven by higher employee compensation costs, call center costs, corporate and other costs, credit card charges, software and infrastructure costs, and bad debt reserves, partially offset by lower therapist onboarding costs, other professional and consultant fees, occupancy costs, operational costs including indirect taxes, insurance costs, and legal and regulatory costs.

Acquisition, Integration, and Transformation Costs. Acquisition, integration, and transformation costs were $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $5.5 million. The costs and the related increase were primarily associated with integrating and upgrading our CRM and ERP systems.

Restructuring Costs. Restructuring costs were $16.9 million and $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The costs primarily consisted of losses related to the reduction of office space and severance. See Note 12. ‘Restructuring” to the financial statements for additional information.

Depreciation. Depreciation was $11.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $11.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.3 million, or 2%.

Amortization.

The following table shows amortization broken down by components for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Amortization was $325.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $244.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $81.3 million, or 33%. The higher expense was driven by higher amortization due to the acceleration of certain trademark lives as well as an increase in the amortization of capitalized software costs related to our investment in platforms. In the second half of 2023, we initiated a strategy to transition the majority of our chronic condition management Clients and members to the Teladoc Health brand on a phased basis, with a smaller subset continuing to be served under the Livongo trade name beyond 2024. In connection with the brand strategy, we accelerated the amortization associated with the Livongo trademark, increasing amortization expense in the year ended December 31, 2023 and in the year ending December 31, 2024, with corresponding reductions thereafter. The change in accounting estimate resulted in additional amortization expense for acquired intangibles of $37.5 million, or $0.23 per basic and diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Goodwill Impairment. No goodwill impairment charge was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023. We recorded non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $13,402.8 million across several quarters in the year ended December 31, 2022, following goodwill impairment testings performed as a result of sustained decreases in our publicly quoted share price and our annual testing requirement. The non-cash charges had no impact on the provision for income taxes. Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies: Goodwill and Note 6. “Goodwill,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Interest Income. Interest income consisted of interest earned on cash and cash equivalents. Interest income was $46.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher interest rate yields and, to a lesser extent, an increase in cash and cash equivalent balances.

Interest Expense. Interest expense consisted of interest costs and the amortization of debt discounts primarily associated with the convertible senior notes. Interest expense was $22.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Other (Income) Expense, Net. Other (income) expense, net was an income of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to an expense of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily reflecting a gain on the partial sale of a business.

Provision for Income Taxes. We recorded an income tax expense of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to an income tax benefit of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 reflects the current year operational loss and the impact of lower stock-based compensation deductions for tax purposes compared to the stock-based compensation expense recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

Segment Information

The following tables set forth the results of operations for the relevant segments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Integrated Care total revenues increased by $94.9 million, or 7%, to $1,468.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in net revenues was primarily driven by higher chronic care program enrollment and adoption, as well as higher telemedicine product revenue, including higher revenues from our Primary360 offering.

Integrated Care Adjusted EBITDA increased by $56.7 million, or 42%, to $191.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting higher gross profit, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses and technology and development costs.

BetterHelp total revenues increased by $114.0 million, or 11%, to $1,133.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by a 9% increase in average monthly paying users.

BetterHelp Adjusted EBITDA increased by $22.1 million, or 19%, to $136.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting higher gross profit, offset by higher operating expenses, most significantly higher advertising and marketing expenses.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table presents a summary of our cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, totaling $1,123.7 million as of December 31, 2023. During 2023, we experienced positive operating cash flow and we anticipate increasing positive operating cash flow results for 2024.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our working capital, capital expenditure, and contractual obligation needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, contract renewal activity, number of visits, the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts, our expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced services offerings, the continuing market acceptance of telehealth, and our debt service obligations. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, technologies, and intellectual property rights. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions, and to settle debt obligations. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities, debt issuance, and bank borrowings.

See Note 10. “Convertible Senior Notes” to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on our convertible senior notes.

We were in compliance with all debt covenants at December 31, 2023.

We routinely enter into contractual obligations with third parties to provide professional services, licensing, and other products and services in support of our ongoing business. The current estimated cost of these contracts is not expected to be significant to our liquidity and capital resources based on contracts in place as of December 31, 2023.

Cash from Operating Activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities consist of net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items and the cash effect of changes in assets and liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities was $350.0 million and $189.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, an increase of $160.7 million. The increase was driven by higher performance of the business, higher interest income, and higher working capital and other changes, partially offset by higher acquisition, integration, and transformation costs and restructuring costs. Cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included approximately $15.6 million and $19.1 million, respectively, related to investments in and implementation of cloud computing applications, which are deferred and amortized over multiple years based on the expected contract life.

The primary uses of cash from operating activities are for the payment of cash compensation, provider fees, engagement marketing, direct-to-consumer digital and media advertising, inventory, insurance, technology costs, interest expense and acquisition, integration, and transformation costs. Historically, cash compensation is at its highest level in the first quarter when discretionary employee compensation related to the previous fiscal year is paid.

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Cash from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $156.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and primarily consisted of capitalized software development costs of $144.9 million and capital expenditures of $11.5 million. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $167.7 million consisted primarily of capitalized software development costs of $156.3 million and capital expenditures of $16.5 million. The decrease of $11.4 million related to lower capitalized software development costs.

Cash from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $10.9 million and primarily consisted of $1.5 million of proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options and $9.7 million of proceeds from participants in our employee stock purchase plan. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $6.5 million and primarily consisted of $5.9 million of proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options and $6.5 million of proceeds from participants in our employee stock purchase plan.

The following is a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow (in thousands, unaudited):

Free cash flow was $193.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The year-over-year increase was substantially driven by growth in operating cash flow, and to a lesser degree, a decline in capitalized expenditures and capitalized software.