Taylor Morrison Home Corp (TMHC) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7 | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7 | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General Overview

Our principal business is residential homebuilding and the development of lifestyle communities with operations across 12 states. We provide an assortment of homes across a wide range of price points to appeal to an array of consumer groups. We design, build and sell single and multi-family detached and attached homes in traditionally high growth markets for entry level, move-up, and resort lifestyle buyers. We operate under various brand names including Taylor Morrison, Darling Homes Collection by Taylor Morrison, and Esplanade. We also have a “Build-to-Rent” homebuilding business which operates under the Yardly brand name. In addition, we own and operate commercial space, retail, and multi-family properties under the Urban Form brand name. We also have operations which provide financial services to customers through our wholly owned mortgage subsidiary, TMHF, title services through our wholly owned title services subsidiary, Inspired Title, and homeowner’s insurance policies through our insurance agency, TMIS. Our business is organized into multiple homebuilding operating components, and a financial services component, all of which are organized as four reportable segments: East, Central, West and Financial Services, as follows:

Annual Overview and Business Strategy

We benefit from a dynamic and flexible operating strategy that allows us to serve a broad range of consumers and respond to market and economic conditions, community by community to maximize our financial performance. This flexible but prudent approach allows for shifts in our pricing strategies, financing incentives, starts volume and land investments to minimize risk and recalibrate affordability, while maintaining strong performance metrics including gross margin.

We continuously adjust sales prices across our portfolio based on market conditions to drive sales while also protecting the value of our backlog. Pricing adjustments are utilized in a variety of ways including finance incentives, adjustments to the pricing of lot premiums, options and upgrades, and in some instances base price of the home. Each community’s buyer profile mix of adjustments is dependent on its backlog, inventory, duration, and competitive dynamics.

Our balance sheet remained strong for the year ended December 31, 2024, with over $1.4 billion in total liquidity, a homebuilding debt-to-capitalization ratio of 24.9% on a gross basis and 20.0% net of unrestricted cash. We believe we have a balanced capital allocation approach and continue to allocate capital and manage our land portfolio to acquire assets that have attractive characteristics, including access to preferred schools, shopping, recreation and transportation facilities. In connection with our overall land inventory management and investment process, our management team reviews these considerations, as well as other financial metrics, to decide the highest and best use of our capital.

Factors Affecting Comparability of Results

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 we recognized $5.0 million, $11.8 million, and $24.9 million in inventory impairment charges. Impairment charges are recorded to Cost of home closings on the Consolidated statements of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $17.8 million in impairment charges relating to our Urban Form properties. Impairment charges relating to our Urban Form properties are recorded to Amenity and other expenses on the Consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no such impairment charges were incurred.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our legal accruals were $49.1 million and $26.2 million, respectively. Legal expenses and settlements are recorded to Other expense, net on the Consolidated statements of operations. No substantial charges were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 we recognized $21.3 million, $17.1 million, and $4.8 million in insurance losses relating to Beneva Indemnity Company ("Beneva"), respectively. Such losses are included in Other expense, net on the Consolidated statements of operations.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $9.5 million, $4.2 million, and $33.2 million in pre-acquisition abandonment charges, respectively. These charges are recorded to Other expense, net on the Consolidated statements of operations.

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $14.7 million of expense relating to the impairment of our investment in one of our unconsolidated joint ventures. This charge is included in Net (income)/loss from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no such impairment charges were incurred.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $0.3 million of loss on extinguishment of debt and a $13.9 million of gain on extinguishment of debt, respectively. There was no loss or gain on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a gain of $14.5 million related to land transferred to unconsolidated joint ventures. This gain is recorded in Other expense, net on the Consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not realize such gains.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

General

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, impacting our reported results of operations and financial condition.

Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by management, which have a material impact on the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the recognition of income and expenses. The estimates and assumptions used by management are based on historical experience and other factors, which are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The significant accounting policies that management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results are described below.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard’s core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Home and Land Closings Revenue

Under ASC 606, the following steps are applied to determine home closings revenue and land closings revenue recognition: (1) identify the contract(s) with our customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation(s) are satisfied. Our home sales transactions, have one contract, with one performance obligation, with each customer to build and deliver a home (or develop and deliver land). Based on the application of the five steps, the following summarizes the timing and manner of home and land sales revenue:

•Revenue from closings of residential real estate is recognized when the buyer has made the required minimum down payment, obtained necessary financing, the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow. Revenue is reported net of any discounts and incentives.

•Revenue from land sales is recognized when a significant down payment is received, title passes and collectability of the receivable, if any, is reasonably assured, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow.

Amenity and Other Revenue

We own and operate certain amenities such as golf courses, club houses, and fitness centers, which require us to provide club members with access to the facilities in exchange for the payment of club dues. We collect club dues and other fees from club members, which are invoiced on a monthly basis. Revenue from our golf club operations is also included in Amenity and other revenue. Amenity and other revenue also includes revenue from our Urban Form operations and Build-to-Rent operations.

Financial Services Revenue

Mortgage operations and hedging activity related to financial services are not within the scope of Topic 606 and are recognized at the time the related real estate transactions are completed, usually upon the close of escrow. Generally, the loans TMHF originates are sold to third party investors within a short period of time, on a non-recourse basis. Gains and losses from the sale of mortgages are recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 860-20, Sales of Financial Assets. TMHF generally does not have continuing involvement with the transferred assets; therefore, we derecognize the mortgage loans

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at time of sale, based on the difference between the selling price and carrying value of the related loans upon sale, recording a gain/loss on sale in the period of sale. Also included in Financial services revenue/expenses is the realized and unrealized gains and losses from hedging instruments. ASC Topic 815-25, Derivatives and Hedging, requires that all hedging instruments be recognized as assets or liabilities on the Balance sheet at their fair value. We do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting; therefore, we account for these instruments as free-standing derivatives, with changes in fair value recognized in Financial services revenue/expenses on the Consolidated statement of operations in the period in which they occur.

Real Estate Inventory Valuation and Costing

Inventory consists of raw land, land under development, homes under construction, completed homes, and model homes, all of which are stated at cost. In addition to direct carrying costs, we also capitalize interest, real estate taxes, and related development costs that benefit the entire community, such as field construction supervision and related direct overhead. Vertical construction costs are accumulated and charged to Cost of home closings at the time of home closings using the specific identification method. Land acquisition, development, interest, and real estate taxes are capitalized and allocated generally using the relative sales value method. Generally, all overhead costs relating to purchasing, vertical construction, and construction utilities are considered overhead costs and are allocated on a per unit basis. These costs are capitalized to inventory beginning with the start of development through construction completion. Changes in estimated costs to be incurred in a community are generally allocated to the remaining project on a prospective basis. For those communities that have been temporarily closed or development has been discontinued, we do not allocate interest or other costs to the community’s inventory until activity resumes. Such costs are expensed as incurred.

The life cycle of the community generally ranges from two to five years, commencing with the acquisition of unentitled or entitled land, continuing through the land development phase and concluding with the sale, construction and delivery of homes. Actual community lives will vary based on the size of the community, the sales absorption rate and whether we purchased the property as raw land or finished lots.

We capitalize qualifying interest costs to inventory during the development and construction periods. Capitalized interest is charged to Cost of home closings when the related inventory is charged to Cost of home closings.

We assess the recoverability of our inventory in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. We review our real estate inventory for indicators of impairment on a community-level basis during each reporting period. If indicators of impairment are present for a community, an undiscounted cash flow analysis is generally prepared in order to determine if the carrying value of the assets in that community exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows. Generally, if the carrying value of the assets exceeds their estimated undiscounted cash flows, the assets are potentially impaired, requiring a fair value analysis. Our determination of fair value is primarily based on a discounted cash flow model which includes projections and estimates relating to sales prices, construction costs, sales pace, and other factors. However, in certain circumstances, fair value can also be determined through other methods, such as appraisals, contractual purchase offers, and other third party opinions of value. Changes in these expectations may lead to a change in the outcome of our impairment analysis, and actual results may also differ from our assumptions.

In certain cases, we may elect to cease development and/or marketing of an existing community if we believe the economic performance of the community would be maximized by deferring development for a period of time to allow for market conditions to improve. We refer to such communities as long-term strategic assets. The decision may be based on financial and/or operational metrics as determined by us. For those communities that have been temporarily closed or development has been discontinued, we do not allocate interest or other costs to the community’s inventory until activity resumes and such costs are expensed as incurred. If we decide to cease development, we will evaluate the project for impairment and then cease future development and marketing activity until such a time when we believe that market conditions have improved and economic performance can be maximized. Our assessment of the carrying value of our long-term strategic assets typically includes subjective estimates of future performance, including the timing of when development will recommence, the type of product to be offered, and the margin to be realized. In the future, some of these inactive communities may be re-opened while others may be sold.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land purchase agreements with various sellers to acquire lots. Real estate not owned under these agreements is reflected in Consolidated real estate not owned with a corresponding liability in Liabilities attributable to consolidated real estate not owned in the Consolidated balance sheets. As a method of acquiring land in staged takedowns, while limiting risk and minimizing the use of funds from our available cash or other financing sources, we may transfer our right under certain specific performance agreements to entities owned by third parties (“land banking arrangements”). These entities use equity contributions from their owners and/or incur debt to finance the acquisition and development of the land. We incur interest expense on these arrangements. Interest is based on remaining lots to be purchased and is capitalized for the percentage of lots in each project actively under development, with the remainder expensed and included in Interest expense/(income), net on the Consolidated statement of operations. We are not legally obligated to purchase lots under these agreements, but would forfeit any existing deposits and could be subject to financial and other penalties if the lots are not purchased. We do not have an ownership interest in these entities or title to their assets and do not guarantee their liabilities. As such, these entities are not consolidated. These land banking arrangements help us manage the financial and market risk associated with land holdings.

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In some locations where we act as a developer, we occasionally purchase land that includes commercially zoned parcels or areas designated for school or government use, which we typically sell to commercial developers or municipalities, as applicable. We also sell residential lots or land parcels to manage our land and lot supply on larger tracts of land. Land is considered held for sale once it meets all criteria in accordance with ASC 360 Property, Plant and Equipment. Land held for sale is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. In determining the value of land held for sale, we consider recent offers received, prices for land in recent comparable sales transactions, and other factors. We record fair value adjustments for land held for sale within Cost of land closings on the Consolidated statements of operations.

INSURANCE COSTS, SELF-INSURANCE RESERVES AND WARRANTY RESERVES

We are the parent of Beneva, which provides insurance coverage for construction defects discovered up to ten years following the close of a home, coverage for premise operations risk, and from time to time, property damage. We have certain deductible limits for each of our policies under our workers’ compensation, automobile, and general liability insurance policies, and we record warranty expense and liabilities for the estimated costs of potential claims for construction defects. We also generally require our subcontractors and design professionals to indemnify us and provide evidence of insurance for liabilities arising from their work, subject to certain limitations. The excess liability limits are aggregated annually and applied in excess of automobile liability, employer’s liability under workers compensation and general liability policies. We accrue for the expected costs associated with the deductibles and self-insured amounts under our various insurance policies based on historical claims, estimates for claims incurred but not reported, and potential for recovery of costs from insurance and other sources. The estimates are subject to significant variability due to factors, such as claim settlement patterns, litigation trends, and the extended period of time in which a construction defect claim might be made after the closing of a home.

We offer a one-year limited warranty to cover various defects in workmanship or materials, a two-year limited warranty on certain systems (such as electrical or cooling systems), and a ten-year limited warranty on structural defects. In addition, any outstanding warranties which were offered by our acquired companies are also honored. Warranty reserves are established as homes close in an amount estimated to be adequate to cover expected costs of materials and outside labor during warranty periods. Our warranty is not considered a separate performance obligation in the sales arrangement since it is not priced apart from the home; therefore, it is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 450, Contingencies, which states that warranties that are not separately priced are generally accounted for by accruing the estimated costs to fulfill the warranty obligation. The amount of revenue related to the product is recognized in full upon the delivery of the home if all other criteria for revenue recognition have been met. As a result, we accrue the estimated costs to fulfill the warranty obligation at the time a home closes, as a component of Cost of home closings on the Consolidated statements of operations.

Our loss reserves for self-insured claims insured by Beneva are based on factors that include an actuarial study for structural, historical and anticipated claims, trends related to similar product types, number of home closings, and geographical areas. We also provide third-party warranty coverage on homes where required by FHA or VA lenders. We regularly review the reasonableness and adequacy of our reserves and make adjustments to the balance of the preexisting reserves to reflect changes in trends and historical data as information becomes available. Self-insurance and warranty reserves are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.

We have not made any material changes in our methodology or significant assumptions used to establish our warranty reserves during these periods. In the event of a specific claim such as a construction defect for a community, we adjust our reserves accordingly, taking into consideration items such as the number of homes affected, the costs associated with each repair and the effectiveness of the repairs. Due to the degree of judgment required in making these estimates and the inherent uncertainty in potential outcomes, it is reasonably possible that actual costs could differ from those recorded and such differences could be material, resulting in a change in future estimated reserves.

INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES AND VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

We are involved in joint ventures with independent third parties for real estate development, homebuilding and mortgage lending activities. We use the equity method of accounting for entities over which we exercise significant influence but do not have a controlling interest over the operating and financial policies of the investee. For unconsolidated entities in which we function as the managing member, we have evaluated the rights held by our joint venture partners and determined that they have substantive participating rights that preclude the presumption of control. For these unconsolidated joint ventures, our share of net earnings or losses is included in Net (income)/loss from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated statements of operations when earned and distributions are credited against our Investment in unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated balance sheets when received.

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for indicators of impairment semi-annually. A series of operating losses of an investee or other factors may indicate that a decrease in value of our investment in the unconsolidated entity has occurred which is other-than-temporary. The amount of impairment recognized, if any, is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Additionally, we consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include age of the venture, stage in its life cycle, intent and ability to recover our investment in the unconsolidated entity, financial condition and long-term prospects of the unconsolidated entity, short-term liquidity needs of the unconsolidated entity, trends in the general

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economic environment of the land, entitlement status of the land held by the unconsolidated entity, overall projected returns on investment, defaults under contracts with third parties (including bank debt), recoverability of the investment through future cash flows and relationships with the other partners. If we believe that the decline in the fair value of the investment is temporary, then no impairment is recorded.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land purchase contracts, lot option contracts and land banking arrangements in order to procure land or lots for the construction of homes. Such contracts enable us to control significant lot positions with a minimal initial capital investment and substantially reduce the risks associated with land ownership and development. In accordance with ASC Topic 810, Consolidation, we have concluded that when we enter into an option or purchase agreement to acquire land or lots and pay a non-refundable deposit, a variable interest entity ("VIE") may be created because we are deemed to have provided subordinated financial support that will absorb some or all of an entity’s expected losses, or benefit from rights to residual returns, if they occur. If we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we consolidate the VIE in our Consolidated financial statements and reflect such assets and liabilities as Consolidated real estate not owned and Liabilities attributable to consolidated real estate not owned, respectively, in the Consolidated balance sheets.

VALUATION OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized based on future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the changes are enacted. Changes in existing federal and state tax laws and corporate income tax rates could affect future tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.

In accordance with ASC Topic 740-10, Income Taxes, we evaluate our deferred tax assets by tax jurisdiction, including the benefit from net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards by tax jurisdiction, to determine if a valuation allowance is required. We must assess, using significant judgments, whether a valuation allowance should be established based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with significant weight being given to evidence that can be objectively verified. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, experience with operating losses and experience of utilizing tax credit carryforwards and tax planning alternatives. We have not made any material changes in our methodology used to establish our valuation allowance during these periods. If a specific event or transaction were to occur that impacts our valuation allowance, we would reassess the evidence and adjust the allowance accordingly. Although management believes our valuation allowance is reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from our current valuation of our deferred tax assets and it is reasonably possible that such differences could be material, resulting in a change in future valuations.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to the results reported in accordance with GAAP, we have provided information in this annual report relating to: (i) adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per common share, (ii) adjusted income before income taxes and related margin, (iii) adjusted home closings gross margin, (iv) EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA and (v) net homebuilding debt to capitalization ratio.

Adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per common share and adjusted income before income taxes and related margin are non-GAAP financial measures that reflect the net income/(loss) available to the Company excluding, to the extent applicable in a given period, the impact of inventory and real estate impairment charges, impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities, pre-acquisition abandonment charges, gains/losses on land transfers to joint ventures, extinguishment of debt, net, and legal reserves or settlements that the Company deems not to be in the ordinary course of business and in the case of adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per common share, the tax impact due to such items. The legal reserves or settlements amounts presented in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 relate to the

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same claim and are discussed in Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to the Consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures that measure performance by adjusting net income before allocation to non-controlling interests to exclude interest expense/(income), net, amortization of capitalized interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization to calculate EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes non-cash compensation expense, if any, inventory and real estate impairment charges, impairment of investments in unconsolidated entities, pre-acquisition abandonment charges, gains/losses on land transfers to joint ventures, extinguishment of debt, net and legal reserves or settlements that the Company deems not to be in the ordinary course of business.

Net homebuilding debt to capitalization ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure we calculate by dividing (i) total debt, plus unamortized debt issuance cost/(premium), net, and less mortgage warehouse borrowings, net of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents ("net homebuilding debt"), by (ii) total capitalization (the sum of net homebuilding debt and total stockholders’ equity).

Adjusted home closings gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure based on GAAP home closings gross margin (which is inclusive of capitalized interest), excluding inventory impairment charges.

Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our performance on a consolidated basis, as well as the performance of our segments, and to set targets for performance-based compensation. We also use the ratio of net homebuilding debt to total capitalization as an indicator of overall financial leverage and to evaluate our performance against other companies in the homebuilding industry. In the future, we may include additional adjustments in the above-described non-GAAP financial measures to the extent we deem them appropriate and useful to management and investors.

We believe that adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per common share, adjusted income before income taxes and related margin, as well as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, are useful for investors in order to allow them to evaluate our operations without the effects of various items we do not believe are characteristic of our ongoing operations or performance and also because such metrics assist both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. Adjusted EBITDA also provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization, or unusual items. Because we use the ratio of net homebuilding debt to total capitalization to evaluate our performance against other companies in the homebuilding industry, we believe this measure is also relevant and useful to investors for that reason. We believe that adjusted home closings gross margin is useful to investors because it allows investors to evaluate the performance of our homebuilding operations without the varying effects of items or transactions we do not believe are characteristic of our ongoing operations or performance.

These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures of our operating performance or liquidity. Although other companies in the homebuilding industry may report similar information, their definitions may differ. We urge investors to understand the methods used by other companies to calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP financial measures before comparing their measures to ours.

A reconciliation of adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per common share, adjusted income before income taxes and related margin, adjusted home closings gross margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and ratio of net homebuilding debt to total capitalization to the comparable GAAP measures follows.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Earnings Per Common Share

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Adjusted Income Before Income Taxes and Related Margin

Adjusted Home Closings Gross Margin

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation

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Debt to Capitalization Ratios Reconciliation

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

The following tables and related discussion set forth key operating and financial data for our operations as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For similar operating and financial data and discussion of our fiscal 2023 results compared to our fiscal 2022 results, refer to Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on February 21, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Ending Active Selling Communities

Ending active selling communities as of December 31, 2024 increased nearly 4% when compared to December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the timing of community openings in our East and Central segments, including master planned communities, which were partially offset by community close-outs. The decrease in the West is due to the close-out of several higher paced communities in certain markets.

Net Sales Orders

(1)Net sales orders and sales value represent the number and dollar value, respectively, of new sales contracts executed with customers, net of cancellations.

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The number of net sales orders increased by 13.1% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year, primarily due to new community openings in our East and Central regions as well as a lower cancellation rate in our Central and West regions. The first quarter of 2024 experienced strong sales further contributing to this overall increase in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. We continue to offer our buyers various incentives, discounts, and financing programs which also contributed to the increase in net sales orders. The sales value increased by 8.4% as a result of the increase in the number of net sales orders, partially offset by a 4.2% decrease in average selling price due to decreases in option and lot premium revenues in certain markets combined with product mix.

Sales Order Cancellations

(1) Cancellation rate represents the number of canceled sales orders divided by gross sales orders.

The total company cancellation rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased to 9.5 % from 12.1 %, compared to the prior year. We believe the decrease in cancellations is due to improved buyer confidence as a result of stabilizing macro economic factors such as mortgage interest rates and inflation as well as our pricing and financing incentives or discounts which increased net sales orders for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year.

Sales Order Backlog

(1)Sales order backlog represents homes under contract for which revenue has not yet been recognized at the end of the period (including homes sold but not yet started). Some of the sales contracts in our sales order backlog are subject to contingencies including mortgage loan approval and buyers selling their existing homes, which can result in future cancellations.

Total backlog units and total sales value decreased by 10.3% and 12.4%, respectively, at December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. Overall, we had more quick move-in homes which sold and closed during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, which contributed to the decrease in company-wide sales order backlog.The decrease in backlog units in the East is primarily due to improved construction cycle times in the year ended December 31, 2024 as well as the prior year backlog including homes relating to the opportunistic bulk sale transactions to real estate investors. The decrease in the Central region is due to the closeout of certain high volume communities and improved cycle times.

Home Closings Revenue, Net

The number of homes closed increased by 12.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year. The increase in the number of homes closed in the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily due to improved sales pace and construction cycle times. In addition, the West region had several master plan communities that began closing homes during

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the year ended December 31, 2024. Home closings revenue, net increased 8.3% as a result of the increase in the number of homes closed, partially offset by a decrease in average selling price for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year, as a result of home closings mix and a decrease in option revenue and lot premium revenue in certain markets.

Land Closings Revenue

We generally purchase land and lots with the intent to build and sell homes. However, in some locations where we act as a developer, we occasionally purchase land that includes commercially zoned parcels or areas designated for school or government use, which we typically sell to commercial developers or municipalities, as applicable. We also sell residential lots or land parcels to manage our land and lot supply on larger tracts of land or if we determine certain properties no longer fit our strategic plans. Land and lot sales occur at various intervals and varying degrees of profitability. Therefore, the revenue and gross margin from land closings will fluctuate from period to period, depending on market conditions and opportunities. Land closings revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 included lot sales in certain Florida markets in the East region, Texas markets in the Central region, and the Portland market in the West region.

Amenity and Other Revenue

Several of our communities operate amenities such as golf courses, club houses, and fitness centers (generally in the East segment). We provide club members access to the amenity facilities and other services in exchange for club dues and fees. Our Corporate region includes the activity relating to our Build-to-Rent and Urban Form operations. Amenity and other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 in Corporate is due to the sale of two Build-to-Rent projects for an aggregate of $88.4 million in revenue.

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Segment Home Closings Gross Margins and Adjusted Gross Margins

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of adjusted home closings gross margin to GAAP home closings gross margin on a segment basis (see “Non-GAAP Measures” above for additional information about our use of non-GAAP measures).

Consolidated home closings gross margin and adjusted gross margin each increased 50 basis points to 24.4% and 24.5%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 23.9% and 24.0%, respectively, in the prior year. Home closings gross margin decreased in the East and Central regions primarily as a result of closing product mix. The East and Central regions were also negatively impacted by impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, a decrease in lot premium and option revenue as well as an increase in finance incentives at the time of closing further contributed to the changes in home closings gross margin for the East and Central regions. The increase in the West region is primarily due to closing product mix and a decrease in incentives and discounts. In addition, the West region was negatively impacted by an impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2023 as a result of a change in scope directly related to a change in municipality requirements for one community.

Financial Services

The following is a summary for the periods presented of financial services income before income taxes as well as supplemental data:

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Total financial services revenue increased by 24.4% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year. The increase in total financial services revenue was a result of an increase in mortgage loan originations as well as the revenue earned on the sale of loans from a favorable operating environment.

Sales, Commissions and Other Marketing Costs

Sales, commissions and other marketing costs, as a percentage of home closings revenue, net, remained flat at 5.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. Sales, commissions, and other marketing costs increased in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year as a result of an increase in the number of homes closed.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home closings revenue, net, increased to 4.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 3.9% for the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in payroll related expenses as a result of a 7.1% increase in headcount.

Net Income from Unconsolidated Entities

Net income from unconsolidated entities was $6.3 million and $8.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in net income from unconsolidated entities is primarily due to new joint ventures which experienced start-up expenses prior to having the opportunity to generate income.

Interest Expense/(Income), net

Interest expense, net was $13.3 million and interest income, net was $12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in interest expense, net is primarily due to an increase in the amount of non-capitalizable interest expense relating to our land banking arrangements exceeding interest income earned on our outstanding cash balances.

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $50.6 million and $87.6 million, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to significant charges in 2023 relating to a certain legal settlement as discussed in Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The year ended December 31, 2024 includes an aggregate of $23.7 million in legal charges compared to $64.7 million in 2023. Additionally, our insurance losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $21.3 million compared to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Income Tax Provision

Our effective tax rate was 23.3% and 24.4% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our effective rate for both years was affected by a number of factors including state income taxes and nondeductible executive compensation, offset by energy tax credits related to homebuilding activities, and excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.

Net Income

Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests and diluted earnings per common share for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $886.6 million and $8.27, respectively. Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests and diluted earnings per common share for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $769.7 million and $6.98, respectively.

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The increases in net income and diluted earnings per common share in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year were primarily attributable to higher homebuilding gross margin and lower other expenses such as legal settlements, slightly offset by higher sales, commissions and other marketing costs and higher general and administrative expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

We finance our operations through the following:

•Cash generated from operations;

•Borrowings under our $1 Billion Revolving Credit Facility;

•Our various series of senior notes;

•Mortgage warehouse facilities;

•Project-level real estate financing (including non-recourse loans, land banking, and joint ventures); and

•Performance, payment and completion surety bonds, and letters of credit.

Cash flows for each of our communities depend on the status of the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash expenditures for land acquisitions, on and off-site development, construction of homes, general landscaping and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and are not recognized in our Consolidated statements of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outflows prior to recognition of earnings.

The table below summarizes our total cash and liquidity as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

(1) Our $100 Million Revolving Credit Facility matured on its maturity date of September 17, 2024 and was not renewed.

We believe we have adequate capital resources from cash generated from operations and sufficient access to external financing sources from borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility to conduct our operations for the next twelve months. Beyond the next twelve months, our primary demand for funds will be for payments of our long-term debt as it becomes due, land purchases, lot development, home and amenity construction, long-term capital investments, investments in our joint ventures, payments of ongoing operating expenses, and repurchases of common stock. We believe we will generate sufficient cash from our operations to meet the demands for such funds, however we may also access the capital markets to obtain additional liquidity through debt and equity offerings or refinance debt to secure capital for such long-term demands. As part of our operations, we may from time to time purchase our outstanding debt or equity through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Purchases or retirements of debt and/or purchases of equity, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.

Material Cash Requirements

We have various contractual obligations with commitments to pay third parties, including but not limited to our debt facilities, land purchase and land banking contracts, and leases. These obligations impact our liquidity and capital resource needs

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and are presented in the table below. Our short-term demands are cash requirements for the next twelve months and long-term demands are cash requirements beyond twelve months.

(1)Amount includes interest.

(2)Estimated interest expense amounts for debt outstanding at the respective contractual interest rates, the weighted average of which was 5.1% as of December 31, 2024.

In addition to our contractual obligations, we also have forecasted operational cash outlays on items such as future land purchases or common stock repurchases, to maintain our strategic growth and returns to our investors. Management expects to invest approximately $2.6 billion in land acquisition and development during the next twelve months which is consistent with our spend during 2024. As of December 31, 2024 we had approximately $910.1 million remaining on our share repurchase authorization, which expires on December 31, 2026.

Cash Flow Activities

Operating Cash Flow Activities

Our net cash provided by operating activities was $210.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $806.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributable to an increase in spend on real estate inventory and land deposits as well as an increase in our mortgage loans held for sale, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities and the sale of certain assets relating to our Build-to-Rent operations.

Investing Cash Flow Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $136.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $97.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to an increase in net investments of capital into unconsolidated entities.

Financing Cash Flow Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $393.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $628.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the prior year including a $350 million repayment of senior notes, offset in part by higher stock repurchases for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Debt Instruments

For information regarding our debt instruments, including the terms governing our senior notes and our Revolving Credit Facility, see Note 8—Debt in the Notes to the Consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Financial Guarantees

The following table summarizes our letters of credit and surety bonds as of the dates indicated:

(1)As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $200.0 million total capacity of letters of credit available under our $1 Billion Revolving Credit Facility.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements as of December 31, 2024

Investments in Land Development and Homebuilding Joint Ventures or Unconsolidated Entities

We participate in strategic land development and homebuilding joint ventures with related and unrelated third parties. Our participation with these entities, in some instances, enables us to acquire land to which we could not otherwise obtain access, or could not obtain access on terms that are as favorable. Our partners in these joint ventures historically have been land owners/developers, other homebuilders and financial or strategic partners. Joint ventures with land owners/developers have given us access to sites owned or controlled by our partners. Joint ventures with other homebuilders have provided us with the ability to bid jointly with our partners for large or expensive land parcels. Joint ventures with financial or strategic partners have allowed us to combine our homebuilding expertise with access to our partners’ capital.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, total cash contributed to unconsolidated joint ventures was $129.8 million and $64.6 million, respectively.

The following is a summary of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures:

Land Option Contracts and Land Banking Agreements

We are subject to the usual obligations associated with entering into contracts (including land option contracts and land banking arrangements) for the purchase, development, and sale of real estate in our routine business. We have a number of land purchase option contracts and land banking agreements, generally through cash deposits, for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. We do not have title to the property and the creditors of the property owner generally have no recourse to the Company. Our obligations with respect to such contracts are generally limited to the forfeiture of the related non-refundable cash deposits and/or letters of credit provided to obtain the options. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate purchase price of these contracts was $1.9 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively.

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