10x Genomics, Inc. (TXG) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

As discussed in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis, in addition to historical financial information, contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A above.

Overview

We are a life sciences technology company focused on building innovative products and solutions to interrogate, understand and master biology. Our integrated solutions include instruments, consumables and software for analyzing biological systems at resolution and scale that matches the complexity of biology. We have launched multiple products that enable researchers to understand and interrogate biological analytes in their full biological context. Our commercial product portfolio leverages our Chromium X Series and Chromium Connect instruments, which we refer to as “Chromium instruments,” our Visium CytAssist, an instrument designed to simplify the Visium solution workflow by facilitating the transfer of transcriptomic probes from standard glass slides to Visium slides, and our Xenium Analyzer, an instrument designed for fully automated high-throughput analysis of cells in their tissue environment, which we refer to as “Spatial instruments,” and our proprietary microfluidic chips, slides, reagents and other consumables for our Chromium, Visium and Xenium solutions, which we refer to as “consumables.” We bundle our software with these products to guide customers through the workflow, from sample preparation through analysis and visualization.

Our products cover a wide variety of applications and allow researchers to analyze biological systems at fundamental resolutions and on massive scale, such as at the single cell level for millions of cells. Customers purchase instruments and consumables from us for use in their experiments. In addition to instrument and consumable sales, we derive revenue from post-warranty service contracts for our instruments.

Since our inception in 2012, we have incurred net losses in each year. Our net losses were $255.1 million and $166.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.3 billion and cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $388.7 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future and to incur operating losses in the near term. We expect our expenses will increase in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

•attract, hire and retain qualified personnel;

•scale our technology platforms and introduce new products and services;

•protect and defend our intellectual property;

•acquire businesses or technologies; and

•invest in processes, tools and infrastructure to support the growth of our business.

Key business metrics

We regularly review a number of operating and financial metrics, including cumulative instruments sold and total consumables reactions, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. We believe that these metrics are representative of our current business; however, we anticipate these may change or may be substituted for additional or different metrics as our business grows and as we introduce new products.

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Cumulative instruments sold

Our products are sold to academic and translational researchers and biopharmaceutical companies. Our Chromium Controller, Chromium X Series and Visium CytAssist instruments are user installable and do not require in-person training. Our Chromium Connect and Xenium instruments require installation and we offer in-person training for their use. We believe cumulative instruments sold is one of the indicators of our ability to drive customer adoption of our products. We define cumulative instruments sold as the cumulative number of Chromium instruments, including the Chromium X Series, the Chromium Connect and the legacy Chromium Controller, Visium CytAssist instruments and Xenium instruments sold since inception.

Our quarterly instrument unit volumes can fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the procurement and budgeting cycles of many of our customers, especially government and academic institutions where unused funds may be forfeited or future budgets reduced if purchases are not made by their fiscal year end, and the purchasing patterns of international customers which vary due to procurement or budgeting cycles, holidays or other factors which may result in a disproportionate amount of their purchasing activity occurring in specific periods. Similarly, our biopharmaceutical customers typically have calendar year fiscal years which may result in a disproportionate amount of their purchasing activity occurring during our fourth quarter. We also believe the timing of unit sales has been impacted and will continue to be impacted by the timing of product introductions and transitions which can either accelerate or delay demand of existing and new products depending on the needs of individual researchers to conclude existing studies or to use new and improved product capabilities. Also, the timing of our price increases, typically at the beginning of a new calendar year, can pull forward additional volume to the quarter before. We therefore believe that an annual representation of cumulative instruments sold is most appropriate for assessing trends in our business.

Total consumables reactions sold

A consumable reaction is the reagent setup needed to perform an experiment using one of our solutions. Reactions represent the unit volumes that we sell when a researcher purchases our consumables. As such, consumable reactions sold is an appropriate metric for assessing trends in our business. The figures in the table above (rounded to the nearest hundred) represent the total consumable reactions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Key factors affecting our performance

We believe that our financial performance has been and in the foreseeable future will continue to be primarily driven by the following factors. While each of these factors presents significant opportunities for our business, they also pose important challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations. Our ability to successfully address the factors below is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors.”

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Instrument sales

Management focuses on instrument sales as an indicator of current business success and a leading indicator of likely future sales of consumables. We expect our instrument sales to continue to grow as we increase penetration in our existing markets and expand into, or offer new features and solutions that appeal to, new markets.

We plan to grow our instrument sales in the coming years through multiple strategies including expanding our sales efforts globally and continuing to enhance the underlying technology and applications for life sciences research. We regularly solicit feedback from our customers and focus our research and development efforts on enhancing the fleet of 10x instruments and enabling their ability to use additional applications that address their needs, which we believe in turn helps to drive additional sales of our instruments and consumables. In 2020, we introduced our Chromium Connect instrument, which is an automated version of our legacy Chromium Controller instrument. In 2021, we introduced our Chromium X Series which consists of the Chromium X, a high-throughput instrument to deliver routine million cell experiments, and the Chromium iX, an instrument capable of running experiments for tens of thousands of cells seamlessly upgradable to the Chromium X as scientists expand their research projects. In 2022, we introduced our Visium CytAssist instrument, which streamlines the workflow of our Visium Spatial assays, and our Xenium Analyzer instrument, which is designed for fully automated high-throughput analysis of cells in their tissue environment.

Our sales process varies considerably depending upon the type of customer to whom we are selling. Our sales process with small laboratories and individual researchers is often short, and in some cases, we receive purchase orders from these customers in under a month. Our sales process with other institutions can be longer with most customers submitting purchase orders within six months. Given the variability of our sales cycle, we have in the past experienced, and likely will in the future experience, fluctuations in our instrument sales on a period-to-period basis.

Recurring consumable revenue

We regularly assess trends relating to recurring consumable revenue based on our product offerings, our customer base and our understanding of how our customers use our products. We sell additional instruments and launch additional consumables solutions, some of which do not require the use of a 10x instrument, to drive increased consumables usage by our existing customers and to gain new customers. Consumables revenue on an absolute basis is expected to increase over time and remain the bulk of our revenue.

Revenue mix and gross margin

Our revenue is derived from sales of our instruments, consumables and services. There have been fluctuations in the mix between instruments and consumables and amongst our consumables. Each of our consumables solutions is designed to allow researchers to study a different aspect of biology, such as DNA, RNA, protein or epigenetics, at a resolution and scale that may be impractical or impossible using previously existing tools. As each of our solutions has been introduced, they have been initially purchased by a small number of early adopters. As these early adopters successfully perform experiments and publish scientific articles using our solutions, the utility of these solutions is more broadly understood and the solutions are then subsequently adopted by the larger research community. The revenue contribution from these and other consumable products has varied and is expected to vary on a quarterly basis due to several factors, including the publication of scientific papers demonstrating the value of the consumables, the availability of grants to fund research, budgetary timing, our introduction of new product features and new consumables offerings and our own manufacturing capacity or the capacity of our partners.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our Single Cell Gene Expression consumables, which were introduced in 2016, were our highest selling consumables product. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the remaining consumables revenue was comprised of sales of our Single Cell Immune Profiling, Single Cell Multiome ATAC+Gene Expression, Single Cell Gene Expression Flex, Single Cell ATAC, and Visium and Xenium consumables. Revenue contribution from our Single Cell Gene Expression, Single Cell Multiome ATAC+Gene Expression and Single Cell Immune Profiling consumables decreased as a percentage of overall consumables revenue while revenue contribution from our Single Cell Gene Expression Flex, Single Cell ATAC and Visium and Xenium consumables increased as a percentage of overall consumables revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Our margins are generally higher for those instruments and consumables that we sell directly to customers as compared to those that we sell through distributors. While we expect the mix of direct sales as compared to sales through distributors to remain relatively constant in the near term, we are evaluating increasing our direct sales capabilities in certain geographies.

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We expect our gross margin will continue to trend lower due in part to change in product mix with newly introduced products, the impacts of inflation including, among other impacts, employee compensation and benefits, increased supply chain costs and increased costs due to expanding our operations infrastructure. In particular, the Xenium instrument currently carries a significantly lower margin than our other instruments. We believe that potential increases for average selling price, as well as potential opportunities for cost reductions due to economies of scale will improve instrument margin over the long term.

Continued investment in growth

Our significant revenue growth has been driven by rapid innovation towards novel solutions that command price premiums and quick adoption of our solutions by our customer base. We intend to continue to make focused investments to increase revenue and scale operations to support the growth of our business and therefore expect expenses in this area to increase.

We have invested, and will continue to invest, in our manufacturing capabilities and commercial infrastructure. We completed the expansion of our research and development center and manufacturing facility adjacent to our Pleasanton global headquarters in 2023. Excluding acquisitions, we expect our operating expenditures to continue to increase in 2024 and beyond as we increase our investment in new and existing research and development projects, increase commercial efforts to support revenue growth and incentives to retain key talent. In addition, we expect increased legal costs in 2024 to support the protection of our intellectual property portfolio. As cost of revenue, operating expenses and capital expenditures fluctuate over time, we may experience short-term, negative impacts to our results of operations and cash flows, but we are undertaking such investments in the belief that they will contribute to long-term growth.

Acquisitions of key technologies

We have made, and intend to continue to make, investments that meet management’s criteria to expand or add key technologies that we believe will facilitate the commercialization of new products in the future. Such investments could take the form of an acquisition of a business, asset acquisition or the exclusive or non-exclusive in-license of intellectual property rights. Any such acquisitions we make may affect our future financial results. Our 2023 acquisition of certain intangible and other assets from Centrillion Technologies, Inc. and Centrillion Technology Holdings Corp. and 2020 acquisitions of CartaNA and ReadCoor were largely comprised of purchases of intellectual property which were expensed as in-process research and development in the quarter during which such acquisitions occurred or when certain technology development milestones were met. While we have not previously entered into material joint-development, partnership or joint-venture agreements, we may in the future decide to do so and any such arrangements may limit our rights and the commercial opportunities of any jointly developed technology.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate virtually all of our revenue through the sale of our instruments and consumables to customers. We also generate a small portion of our revenue from instrument service agreements which relate to extended warranties. Our revenue is subject to fluctuation based on the foreign currency in which our products are sold, principally for sales denominated in the euro, Great British pound and Japanese yen.

Our revenue from consumables includes sales of our Chromium, Visium and Xenium consumable products. Our consumables are designed to work exclusively with our instruments. Our Chromium, Xenium and Visium Spatial Proteogenomics consumables require the use of a 10x Genomics instrument, while use of a 10x instrument is optional for our Visium Spatial Gene Expression solution. Our instruments and consumables are generally sold without the right of return. Revenue is recognized as instruments and consumables are shipped. Revenue is recognized net of any sales incentive, distributor rebates and commissions and any taxes collected from customers. Instrument service agreements are typically entered into for a one-year term, with the coverage period beginning after the expiration of the standard one-year warranty period. Revenue from the sale of instrument service agreements are recognized ratably over the coverage period.

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Cost of revenue, gross profit and gross margin

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue primarily consists of manufacturing costs incurred in the production process including personnel and related costs, costs of component materials, manufacturing overhead, packaging and delivery costs and allocated costs including facilities and information technology. In addition, cost of revenue includes royalty costs for licensed technologies included in our products, warranty costs, provisions for slow-moving and obsolete inventory and personnel and related costs and component costs incurred in connection with our obligations under our instrument service agreements. We record royalty accruals relating to sales of majority of our products as cost of revenue.

Gross profit/gross margin. Gross profit is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross profit and gross margins in future periods are expected to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and will depend on a variety of factors, including: market conditions that may impact our pricing; sales mix changes among consumables, instruments and services; product mix changes between established products and new products; impacts of inflation and increased supply chain costs; excess and obsolete inventories; royalties; our cost structure for manufacturing operations relative to volume; and product warranty obligations. We currently anticipate that we will experience an increase in absolute dollars of both revenue and cost of revenue as we grow our business.

Research and development. Research and development expense primarily consists of personnel and related costs, independent contractor costs, laboratory supplies, equipment maintenance prototype and materials expenses, amortization of developed technology and intangibles and allocated costs including facilities and information technology.

We plan to continue to invest in our research and development efforts to enhance existing products and develop new products. As a result of these and other initiatives, we expect research and development expense will increase in absolute dollars in future periods and vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue. Having completed the expansion of our global headquarters in Pleasanton in 2023, we expect allocated facilities and information technology costs to remain relatively flat in 2024.

In-process research and development. In-process research and development consists of costs incurred to acquire intellectual property for research and development. We expect these costs to be recognized, in most cases, only in periods during which we complete an acquisition of assets comprised in whole or part of intellectual property for research and development. We periodically evaluate acquisitions of this nature.

Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense primarily consists of costs related to the selling and marketing of our products, including sales incentives and advertising expenses and costs associated with our finance, accounting, legal (excluding accrued contingent liabilities), human resources and administrative personnel. Related costs associated with these functions, such as attorney and accounting fees, recruiting services, administrative services, insurance, public relations and communication activities, marketing programs and trade show appearances, travel, customer service costs, safety equipment purchases and cleaning and allocated costs including facilities and information technology, are also included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

We expect to incur additional selling, general and administrative expenses due to continued investment in our sales, marketing and customer service efforts to support the anticipated growth of our business and increased legal costs to support the protection of our intellectual property portfolio. We expect infrastructure costs including allocated facilities and information technology costs to remain flat in absolute dollars. As a result of these and other initiatives, we expect selling, general and administrative expenses to vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue and increase in absolute dollars in future periods. We expect our stock-based compensation expense allocated to cost of revenue, research and development expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars.

Accrued contingent liabilities

In 2021, accrued contingent liabilities were comprised of the original charge, estimated royalties and interest charges primarily related to our litigation with Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. We did not incur any accrued contingent liabilities in 2023 and 2022.

Interest income

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents which are invested in bank deposits, money market funds and marketable securities.

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Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of realized and unrealized gains and losses related to foreign exchange rate remeasurements.

Provision for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes consists primarily of foreign taxes. As we expand the scale and scope of our international business activities, any changes in the U.S. and foreign taxation of such activities may increase our overall provision for income taxes in the future.

As of December 31, 2023, we had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $672.3 million and federal tax credit carryforwards of $77.3 million. Our federal NOLs generated after December 31, 2017, which total $665.9 million, are carried forward indefinitely, while all of our other federal NOL and tax credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2033. As of December 31, 2023, we had state NOL carryforwards of $412.2 million, which expire beginning in 2033. In addition, we had state tax credit carryforwards of $58.5 million, which carry forward indefinitely. Our ability to utilize such carryforwards for income tax savings is subject to certain conditions and may be subject to certain limitations in the future due to ownership changes. As such, there can be no assurance that we will be able to utilize such carryforwards. We have experienced a history of losses and a lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOL and tax credit carryforwards. We currently maintain a full valuation allowance against these tax assets.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change attributes, such as tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The annual limitation generally is determined by multiplying the value of our stock at the time of such ownership change (subject to certain adjustments) by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. We completed a study through September 30, 2023 to determine whether an ownership change had occurred under Section 382 or 383 of the Code, and we determined that an ownership change occurred in 2013. As a result, our NOLs generated through November 1, 2013 may be subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Code. In addition, certain ReadCoor tax attributes are subject to annual limitations as a result of our acquisition of ReadCoor, which constituted an ownership change of ReadCoor. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of our NOL or tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Our ability to use NOL or tax credit carryforwards to reduce future taxable income and liabilities may be further limited as a result of future changes in stock ownership. As a result, if we generate taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOL or tax credit carryforwards to offset U.S. federal and state taxable income may still be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability.

Results of Operations

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Revenue

Revenue increased $102.3 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to year ended December 31, 2022. Instruments revenue increased $51.1 million, or 71%, to $123.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher volume of Spatial instruments sold. The revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included twelve and three months of sales of Xenium instruments, respectively. Chromium instruments revenue decreased $10.7 million, or 18%, to $47.9 million primarily due to lower volume of Chromium instruments sold and changes in product mix. Consumables revenue increased $44.0 million, or 10%, to $479.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by growth in both Chromium and Spatial consumables sales.

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Cost of revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue increased $89.0 million, or 74%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher manufacturing costs of $79.0 million due to increased sales and higher costs of newly introduced products, $4.4 million of higher inventory write-downs and $4.4 million of higher warranty charges.

Operating Expenses

Research and development expense increased $4.7 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in personnel expenses of $15.0 million, including $13.6 million in stock-based compensation expense and higher costs for facilities and information technology of $4.6 million including a lease impairment charge of $2.1 million. The increase was partially offset by lower costs of laboratory materials, supplies and expensed equipment of $13.7 million used to support our research and development efforts and $2.0 million in consulting and professional services.

In-process research and development expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the January 2023 agreement to acquire certain intangible and other assets from Centrillion Technologies, Inc. and Centrillion Technology Holdings Corp. which was accounted for as an asset acquisition. In connection with the acquisition, we recognized an in-process research and development intangible asset of $61.0 million which did not have alternative future use and therefore was recognized as an expense during the period. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further details. There were no similar purchases in year ended December 31, 2022.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $45.0 million, or 15%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by increases in outside legal expenses of $18.1 million, personnel expenses of $14.4 million, including $14.7 million in stock-based compensation expense, $6.4 million for facilities and information technology including lease impairment charges of $2.8 million, $4.5 million of impairment charges relating to the discontinuance of a product line, and higher consulting and professional services of $1.8 million. The increase in personnel expenses was partially offset by $2.5 million in restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Excluding acquisitions, we expect our operating expenditures to continue to increase in 2024 and beyond as we increase our investment in new and existing research and development projects, commercial efforts to support revenue growth and incentives to retain key talent. In addition, we expect increased legal costs in 2024 to support the protection of our intellectual property portfolio.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest income increased by $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to interest income generated from our cash equivalents and marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflecting an increase in interest rates.

Other expense, net increased by $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 and was driven by realized and unrealized losses from foreign currency rate measurement fluctuations.

Provision for Income Taxes

The Company’s provision for income taxes was $6.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The provision for income taxes increased by $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher foreign income.

Acquisition

On January 28, 2023, we signed an agreement to acquire certain intangible and other assets from Centrillion Technologies, Inc. and Centrillion Technology Holdings Corp. for an upfront cash payment of $10.0 million relating to an intellectual property license. Upon the close of the transaction on July 14, 2023, we paid additional cash consideration of $10.0 million upon acquiring the assets. Under the agreement, we are obligated to provide additional cash consideration if certain technology development milestones are met. As of December 31, 2023, we had paid $21.3 million relating to the completion of development milestones. We paid an additional $20.0 million in January 2024 in relation to a development milestone which was accrued in the Company's consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023. Up to $15.0 million of cash consideration is due if an additional technology development milestone is met. Furthermore, the Company expects to pay cash consideration tied to future sales milestones if such milestones are met. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $388.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, and marketable securities which were primarily held in U.S. banks. We have generated negative cumulative cash flows from operations since inception through the year ended December 31, 2023, and we have generated losses from operations since inception as reflected in our accumulated deficit of $1.3 billion.

We currently anticipate making aggregate capital expenditures of between approximately $20 million and $25 million during the next 12 months, which we expect to include, among other expenditures, equipment to be used for manufacturing and research and development.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our revenue growth rate, research and development efforts, investments in or acquisitions of complementary or enhancing technologies or businesses, the timing and extent of additional capital expenditures to invest in existing and new facilities, the expansion of sales and marketing and international activities, legal costs associated with defending and enforcing intellectual property rights and the introduction of new products.

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We take a long-term view in growing and scaling our business and we regularly review acquisition and investment opportunities, and we may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in businesses, real estate, services and technologies, including intellectual property rights, and any such acquisitions or investments could significantly increase our capital needs. We regularly review opportunities that meet our long-term growth objectives.

In January 2023, we signed an agreement to acquire certain intangible and other assets from Centrillion Technologies, Inc. and Centrillion Technology Holdings Corp. for an upfront cash payment of $10.0 million relating to an intellectual property license. Upon the close of the transaction on July 14, 2023, we paid additional cash consideration of $10.0 million upon acquiring the assets. Under the agreement, we are obligated to provide additional cash consideration if certain technology development milestones are met. As of December 31, 2023, we have paid $21.3 million relating to the completion of development milestones. We paid an additional $20.0 million in January 2024 in relation to a development milestone which was accrued in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023. Up to $15.0 million of cash consideration is due if an additional technology development milestone is met. Furthermore, we expect to pay cash consideration tied to future sales milestones if such milestones are met.

We expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from sales of our products will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, our liquidity assumptions may prove to be incorrect, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. We maintain the majority of our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major U.S. and multi-national financial institutions, and our deposits at these institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents, there can be no assurance that we would be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial position.

We intend to continue to evaluate market conditions and may in the future pursue additional sources of funding, such as mortgage or other financing, to further enhance our financial position and to execute our business strategy. In addition, should prevailing economic, financial, business or other factors adversely affect our ability to meet our operating cash requirements, we could be required to obtain funding though traditional or alternative sources of financing. We cannot be certain that additional funds would be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all.

Sources of liquidity

Since our inception, we have financed our operations and capital expenditures primarily through sales of convertible preferred stock and common stock, revenue from sales of our products and the incurrence of indebtedness. In September 2019, we completed our initial public offering for aggregate proceeds of $410.8 million, net of offering costs, underwriter discounts and commissions. In September 2020, we completed a public offering of our Class A common stock for aggregate proceeds of $482.3 million, net of offering costs, underwriting discounts and commissions.

Cash flow summary

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

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Operating activities

The net cash used in operating activities of $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was due primarily to a net loss of $255.1 million, partially offset by stock-based compensation expense of $167.0 million, depreciation and amortization of $35.5 million, net cash inflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $17.3 million, asset impairment charges of $9.8 million, amortization of leased right-of-use assets of $8.1 million, realized losses on sale of marketable securities of $1.7 million and other non-cash expenses of $0.4 million. The net cash inflow from operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $28.3 million primarily driven by $20.0 million of accrued purchase consideration, an increase in deferred revenue of $10.9 million, a decrease in inventory of $7.9 million and an increase in other noncurrent liabilities of $1.3 million. The net cash inflow from operating assets and liabilities was partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $10.6 million primarily due to an increase in revenue and timing of collections, a decrease of $8.7 million due to payment of operating lease liabilities, a decrease in accounts payable of $6.0 million due to timing of vendor payments, a decrease in accrued compensation and other related benefits of $2.6 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.4 million.

The net cash used in operating activities of $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due primarily to a net loss of $166.0 million, net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $39.4 million, partially offset by stock-based compensation expense of $136.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $25.4 million, amortization of leased right-of-use assets of $7.6 million, loss on disposal of property and equipment of $1.1 million and amortization of premium and accretion of discount on marketable securities, net of $0.9 million. The net cash outflow from operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in inventory of $21.2 million due to anticipated demand including new product introductions and supply chain management, an increase in accounts receivable of $18.9 million primarily due to increase in revenue and timing of collections, a decrease of $6.4 million due to payment of operating lease liabilities, an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $4.5 million and a decrease in other noncurrent liabilities of $2.9 million. The net cash outflow from operating assets and liabilities was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable of $5.9 million due to timing of vendor payments, an increase in deferred revenue of $3.4 million, an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $3.3 million, an increase in accrued compensation and other related benefits of $1.1 million and a decrease in other noncurrent assets of $0.9 million.

Investing activities

The net cash provided by investing activities of $133.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to the proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $100.2 million and $82.8 million, respectively, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets of $48.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

The net cash used in investing activities of $350.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to purchases of marketable securities of $282.9 million, purchases of property and equipment of $131.7 million and payment of acquisition-related holdback cash and contingent consideration of $4.0 million, partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $49.1 million and $18.5 million, respectively.

Financing activities

The net cash provided by financing activities of $13.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily from proceeds of $19.5 million from the issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan purchases partially offset by payments on financing arrangements of $5.8 million.

The net cash provided by financing activities of $15.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily from proceeds of $21.2 million from the issuance of common stock from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan purchases partially offset by payments on financing arrangements of $5.4 million.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements also requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

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We believe that the accounting estimates described below involve a significant degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, we believe these are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Revenue recognition

We generate revenue from sales of products and services, and our products consist of instruments and consumables. Revenue from product sales is recognized when control of the product is transferred, which is generally upon shipment to the customer. Instrument service agreements, which relate to extended warranties, are typically entered into for one-year terms, following the expiration of the standard one-year warranty period. Revenue for extended warranties is recognized ratably over the term of the extended warranty period as a stand ready performance obligation. Revenue is recorded net of discounts, distributor commissions and sales taxes collected on behalf of governmental authorities. Customers are invoiced generally upon shipment, or upon order for services, and payment is typically due within 30 days. Cash received from customers in advance of product shipment or providing services is recorded as a liability. Our contracts with our customers generally do not include rights of return or a significant financing component.

We regularly enter into contracts that include various combinations of products and services which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation in proportion to its standalone selling price. We determine standalone selling price using average selling prices with consideration of current market conditions. If the product or service has no history of sales or if the sales volume is not sufficient, we rely upon prices set by management, adjusted for applicable discounts.

Inventory

Inventory is recorded at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. We use judgment to analyze and determine if the composition of our inventory is obsolete, slow-moving, unsalable or otherwise carried above the net realizable value and frequently review such determinations. We write down specifically identified unusable, obsolete, slow-moving or known unsalable inventory and inventory otherwise carried above the net realizable value in the period that it is first recognized by using a number of factors including product expiration dates, open and unfulfilled orders and sales forecasts. Any write-down of inventory to net realizable value establishes a new cost basis and will be maintained even if certain circumstances suggest that the inventory is recoverable in subsequent periods. Costs associated with the write-down of inventory are recorded to cost of revenue on our consolidated statements of operations. We make assumptions about future demand, market conditions and the release of new products that may supersede old ones. However, if actual market conditions are less favorable than anticipated, additional inventory write-downs could be required.

Stock-based compensation

Our stock-based compensation relates to stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), market-based performance stock awards ("PSAs") including performance stock options and performance RSUs granted pursuant to equity incentive plans and stock purchase rights under an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). Stock-based compensation expense for stock-based awards are based on their grant date fair value. We determine the fair value of RSUs based on the closing price of our stock price, which is listed on Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, at the date of the grant. We estimate the fair value of stock option awards under an equity incentive plan and stock purchase right under an ESPP on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair values of stock-based awards, excluding PSAs, are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in which the awards are expected to vest and forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

The Black-Scholes model considers several variables and assumptions in estimating the fair value of stock-based awards. These variables include the per share fair value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected annual dividend yield and the expected stock price volatility over the expected term. We calculate the expected term using the simplified method, which is the mid-point between the vesting and contractual term. We determine expected volatility using the historical volatility of the stock price of similar publicly traded peer companies. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we issued market-based performance stock awards ("PSAs") comprising of performance stock options and performance restricted stock units. The PSAs consist of three separate tranches and the vesting of each tranche is subject to the Class A common stock closing price being maintained at or above certain

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predetermined share price goals for each tranche. We estimated the value of the PSA awards granted using a Monte Carlo simulation model, using assumptions including volatility, risk-free interest rate, cost of equity and dividends. We will recognize the compensation expense over the derived service period using the accelerated attribution method commencing on the grant date. The derived service period is the median duration of the successful stock price paths to meet the price goal for each tranche as simulated in the Monte Carlo valuation model. If the related market condition is achieved earlier than its estimated derived service period, the stock-based compensation expense will be accelerated, and a cumulative catch-up expense will be recorded during the period in which the market condition is met.