Blackstone Inc. (BX)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Blackstone Inc.’s condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In this report, references to “Blackstone,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Blackstone Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Our Business

Blackstone is the world’s largest alternative asset manager. We generate revenue from fees earned pursuant to contractual arrangements with funds, fund investors and fund portfolio companies (including management, transaction and monitoring fees), and from capital markets services. We also invest in the funds we manage and we are entitled to a pro-rata share of the income of the fund (a “pro-rata allocation”). In addition to a pro-rata allocation, and assuming certain investment returns are achieved, we are entitled to a disproportionate allocation of the income otherwise allocable to the limited partners, commonly referred to as carried interest (“Performance Allocations”). In certain investment fund structures, we receive a contractual incentive fee from the fund based on achieving certain investment returns (an “Incentive Fee,” and together with Performance Allocations, “Performance Revenues”). The composition of our revenues will vary based on market conditions and the cyclicality of the different business units we operate. Net investment gains and investment income generated by Blackstone Funds are driven by the performance of underlying investments in such funds as well as overall market conditions. Fair values are affected by changes in the fundamentals of our funds’ portfolio companies and other investments, the industries in which they operate, the overall economy and other market conditions.

Our business is organized into four segments:

Real Estate

Our Real Estate business is a global leader in real estate investing and operates as one globally integrated business with investments across the globe, including in the Americas, Europe and Asia. Our real estate investment teams seek to utilize our global expertise and presence to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns for our investors.

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Our Blackstone Real Estate Partners (“BREP”) business is geographically diversified and targets a broad range of opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments. The BREP platform includes global funds as well as funds focused specifically on Europe or Asia investments. BREP seeks to invest thematically in high-quality, well-located assets where we see outsized growth potential driven by global economic and demographic trends. BREP has made significant investments in logistics, data centers, rental housing, hospitality, office and retail properties around the world, as well as in a variety of real estate operating companies.

Our Core+ real estate strategy invests in substantially stabilized real estate globally, primarily through perpetual capital vehicles. The strategy includes our (a) Blackstone Property Partners (“BPP”) funds, which are focused on high-quality assets in the Americas, Europe and Asia and (b) a non-listed real estate investment trust (“REIT”), Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (“BREIT”) and Blackstone European Property Income Fund (“BEPIF”) vehicles, which provide income-focused individual investors access to institutional quality real estate primarily in the Americas and Europe, respectively.

Our Blackstone Real Estate Debt Strategies (“BREDS”) platform primarily targets real estate-related debt investment opportunities. BREDS invests in both public and private markets, primarily in the U.S. and Europe. BREDS’ scale and investment mandates enable it to provide a variety of lending options for our borrowers and investment options for our investors, including commercial real estate mortgage loans and liquid real estate-related debt securities. The BREDS platform includes high-yield real estate debt funds, liquid real estate debt funds, capital managed on behalf of our Credit & Insurance segment, and Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Inc. (“BXMT”), a NYSE-listed mortgage REIT.

Private Equity

Our Private Equity segment includes: (a) Private Equity Strategies (described below), (b) Infrastructure, which includes (1) our infrastructure-focused funds for institutional investors with a primary focus on the U.S. and Europe (Blackstone Infrastructure Partners or “BIP”) and (2) a private wealth-focused platform offering eligible individual investors access to our infrastructure capabilities (Blackstone Infrastructure Strategies or “BXINFRA”), (c) our secondaries business (“Secondaries”), which includes Strategic Partners Fund Solutions (“Strategic Partners”) and our GP Stakes business (“Blackstone GP Stakes” or “BXGP”), (d) our capital markets services business (Blackstone Capital Markets or “BXCM”) and (e) a private wealth-focused platform offering eligible individuals exposure to certain of Blackstone’s key illiquid investment strategies through a single commitment (Blackstone Total Alternatives Solution or “BTAS”).

Our Private Equity Strategies include: (a) our Corporate Private Equity business (described below), (b) our hybrid capital investment platform that invests flexibly across asset classes, industries and geographies (Blackstone Tactical Opportunities or “Tactical Opportunities”), (c) our life sciences investment platform (Blackstone Life Sciences or “BXLS”), (d) our growth equity investment platform (Blackstone Growth or “BXG”) and (e) a private wealth-focused platform offering eligible individual investors access to Blackstone’s private equity capabilities (Blackstone Private Equity Strategies Fund or “BXPE”).

Our Corporate Private Equity business consists of: (a) our global private equity funds (Blackstone Capital Partners or “BCP”), (b) our Asia-focused private equity funds (Blackstone Capital Partners Asia or “BCP Asia”), (c) our sector-focused funds, including our energy- and energy transition-focused funds (Blackstone Energy Transition Partners or “BETP”) and (d) our core private equity funds (Blackstone Core Equity Partners or “BCEP”).

We are a global leader in private equity investing. Our Corporate Private Equity business pursues transactions across industries on a global basis. It strives to create value by investing in great businesses where our capital, strategic insight, global relationships and operational support can drive transformation. Corporate Private Equity’s investment strategies and core themes continually evolve in anticipation of, or in response to, changes in the global economy, local markets, regulation, capital flows and geopolitical trends. We seek to construct a differentiated portfolio of investments with a well-defined, post-acquisition value creation strategy. Similarly, we seek investments that can generate strong unlevered returns regardless of entry or exit cycle timing. BCEP pursues control-oriented investments in high-quality companies with durable businesses and seeks to offer a lower level of risk and a longer hold period than traditional private equity.

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Tactical Opportunities pursues a thematically driven, hybrid capital investment strategy. Our flexible, global mandate enables us to find differentiated opportunities across asset classes, industries and geographies and invest behind them with the frequent use of structure to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns. Tactical Opportunities’ ability to dynamically shift focus to the most compelling opportunities in any market environment, combined with the business’ expertise in structuring complex transactions, enables Tactical Opportunities to invest in attractive market areas, often with securities that provide downside protection and maintain upside return.

BXLS invests across the life cycle of companies and products within the life sciences sector. BXLS primarily focuses on investments in life sciences products in late-stage clinical development within the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical technology sectors.

BXG seeks to deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns by investing in dynamic, growth-stage businesses, with a focus on the consumer, consumer technology, enterprise solutions, financial services and healthcare sectors.

BXPE invests primarily in privately negotiated, equity-oriented investments, leveraging Blackstone’s private equity talent and investment capabilities to create an attractive portfolio of alternative investments diversified across geographies and sectors.

BIP targets a diversified mix of core+, core and public-private partnership investments across all infrastructure sectors, including energy infrastructure, transportation, digital infrastructure and water and waste. BIP applies a disciplined, operationally intensive investment approach to investments, seeking to apply a long-term buy-and-hold strategy to large-scale infrastructure assets with a focus on delivering stable, long-term capital appreciation together with a predictable annual cash flow yield. BXINFRA invests primarily in infrastructure equity, secondaries and credit strategies, leveraging Blackstone’s infrastructure talent and investment capabilities to create an attractive portfolio of alternative infrastructure investments.

Strategic Partners is a total fund solutions provider. As a secondary investor, it acquires interests in high-quality private funds from original holders seeking liquidity. Strategic Partners focuses on a range of opportunities in underlying funds such as private equity, real estate, infrastructure, venture and growth capital, credit and other types of funds, as well as general partner-led transactions and primary investments and co-investments with financial sponsors. Strategic Partners also provides investment advisory services to separately managed account clients investing in primary and secondary investments in private funds and co-investments. Blackstone GP Stakes targets minority investments in the general partners of private equity and other private market alternative asset management firms globally, with a focus on delivering a combination of recurring annual cash flow yield and long-term capital appreciation.

Credit & Insurance

Our Credit & Insurance segment (“BXCI”) offers its clients and borrowers a comprehensive solution across corporate and asset based credit, including investment grade and non-investment grade debt. BXCI is one of the largest credit managers and CLO managers in the world. The investment portfolios BXCI’s credit platform manages or sub-advises consist primarily of loans and securities of non-investment and investment grade companies spread across the capital structure including senior debt, subordinated debt, preferred stock and common equity.

BXCI is organized into three overarching credit investing strategies: private corporate credit, liquid corporate credit and infrastructure and asset based credit. The private corporate credit strategies include mezzanine and direct lending funds, stressed/distressed strategies and SMAs. The direct lending funds include Blackstone Private Credit Fund (“BCRED”), Blackstone Secured Lending Fund (“BXSL”), both of which are business development companies (“BDCs”), as well as Blackstone European Private Credit Fund (“ECRED”).

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The liquid corporate credit strategies consist of CLOs, closed-ended funds, open-ended funds, systematic strategies and SMAs. The infrastructure and asset based credit strategies include private placement strategies, energy strategies (including our sustainable resources platform) and asset based finance strategies focused on privately originated, income-oriented credit assets secured by physical, financial or residential real estate collateral.

Our insurance platform focuses on providing investment management services for insurance and reinsurance accounts, seeking to

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Blackstone Inc.’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included within this Annual Report on
Form 10-K.

This section of this
Form 10-K
generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year to year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. For the discussion of 2024 compared to 2023, see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of Blackstone’s Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2024, which specific discussion is incorporated herein by reference.

Our Business

Blackstone is the world’s largest alternative asset manager. Our business is organized into four segments: Real Estate, Private Equity, Credit & Insurance and Multi-Asset Investing. For more information about our business segments, see “Part I. Item 1. Business — Business Segments.”

We generate revenue from fees earned pursuant to contractual arrangements with funds, fund investors and fund portfolio companies (including management, transaction and monitoring fees), and from capital markets services. We also invest in the funds we manage and we are entitled to a
pro-rata
share of the income of the fund (a
“pro-rata
allocation”). In addition to a
pro-rata
allocation, and assuming certain investment returns are achieved, we are entitled to a disproportionate allocation of the income otherwise allocable to the limited partners, commonly referred to as carried interest (“Performance Allocations”). In certain investment fund structures, we receive a contractual incentive fee from the fund based on achieving certain investment returns (an “Incentive Fee,” and together with Performance Allocations, “Performance Revenues”). The composition of our revenues will vary based on market conditions and the cyclicality of the different business units we operate. Net investment gains and investment income generated by Blackstone Funds are driven by the performance of underlying investments in such funds as well as overall market conditions. Fair values are affected by changes in the fundamentals of our funds’ portfolio companies and other investments, the industries in which they operate, the overall economy and other market conditions.

Business Environment

Blackstone’s businesses are materially affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions in the U.S., Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the world.

Most major equity markets appreciated in the fourth quarter of 2025, driven by positive economic data and accommodative central bank actions. The total return of the S&P 500 Index was 2.7% in the fourth quarter, led by the healthcare and telecommunications sectors, which gained 11.7% and 7.3%, respectively. The real estate and utilities sectors underperformed, declining 2.9% and 1.4%, respectively. Equity market volatility decreased, with the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) declining 8.2% at the end of the fourth quarter compared to the third quarter. In credit markets, the S&P Leveraged Loan Index generated a total return of 1.2% and the ICE Bank of America High Yield Bond Index returned 1.3%. At the beginning of 2026, however, concerns regarding impact of artificial intelligence-driven disruption weighed on equity capital markets. By
mid-February 2026,
the Dow Jones and S&P 500 Index had experienced declines for four out of five weeks, while the Nasdaq recorded its fifth straight negative week.

Capital markets activity levels in the U.S. expanded considerably in 2025, with U.S. initial public offering volumes and announced merger and acquisition volumes up approximately 73% and 60%, respectively, compared to 2024. In particular, the fourth quarter saw a

two-and-a-half

year-over-year increase in merger and acquisition and initial public offerings activity. High-yield spreads tightened by 21 basis points in 2025, while issuance increased 16.8% year-over-year.

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While the U.S. economy exhibited steady growth through most of 2025, the Bureau of Economic Analysis’ advance estimate of U.S. real GDP annualized growth was 1.4% in the fourth quarter. This was well below estimates, and the Bureau estimated, among other factors, that the U.S. government shutdown subtracted about 1.0% from such expected GDP growth. The labor market remained largely in balance, with an unemployment rate of 4.4% at year end, up moderately from 4.1% at year-end 2024. Inflation decreased over the course of 2025, with headline CPI of 2.7% in December 2025 compared to 3.0% in January 2025. The Federal Reserve decreased the federal funds target range three times in 2025 to
3.50-3.75%
by year end and held rates steady in January 2026, based on its view that inflation has remained above the target rate of 2%.

Outside of the U.S., most major central banks reduced interest rates in 2025 as inflation around the world continued to show signs of moderation. Inflation in the U.K. increased slightly to 3.4% in December 2025 compared to 3.0% in January 2025, but remained well below prior year peaks, and The Bank of England lowered its rate by 100 points over four reductions in 2025, ending the year at 3.75%. The European Central Bank lowered its deposit facility by 100 basis points during the year, with inflation in the Eurozone falling to 1.9% in December 2025 compared to 2.5% in January 2025. In China, the People’s Bank also lowered the required reserve ratio by 50 basis points in 2025 to 9%, continuing a rate-cutting cycle that began in 2021. By contrast, the Bank of Japan further increased its policy rate twice in 2025 to 0.75% by year end, the highest level since 1995.

An overall resilient economic backdrop, alongside moderating interest rates in several major economies, supported a gradual improvement in capital markets and transaction activity in the latter part of 2025. Uncertainty regarding the trajectory of inflation and interest rates in the U.S., continued geopolitical turbulence and concerns regarding the potential impact of artificial intelligence-related disruptions across a number of industries, however, have more recently adversely impacted investor sentiment and the market environment.

For additional information on the potential impact on each of our business segments of the conditions described above see “—Segment Analysis.”

Notable Transactions

On October 16, 2025, Blackstone entered into an amended and restated $4.325 billion revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Revolving Credit Facility amends and restates Blackstone’s existing revolving credit facility to, among other things, extend the maturity date from December 15, 2028 to October 16, 2030 and increase the aggregate required minimum amount of fee generating assets under management. For additional information see Note 12. “Borrowings” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

On November 3, 2025, Blackstone, through its subsidiary Blackstone Reg Finance Co. L.L.C., issued $600 million aggregate principal amount of 4.300% senior notes due November 3, 2030 (the “Registered 2030 Notes”), and $600 million aggregate principal amount of 4.950% senior notes due February 15, 2036 (the “Registered 2036 Notes”) and, together with the Registered 2030 Notes, (the “Registered Notes”), pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form
S-3.
Blackstone intends to use the net proceeds from the sale of the Registered Notes for general corporate purposes. For additional information, see Note 12. “Borrowings” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources — Sources and Uses of Liquidity.”

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Organizational Structure

The simplified diagram below depicts our current organizational structure. The diagram does not depict all of our subsidiaries, including intermediate holding companies through which certain of the subsidiaries depicted are held.

Key Financial Measures and Indicators

We manage our business using certain financial measures and key operating metrics since we believe these metrics measure the productivity of our investment activities. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “—Critical Accounting Policies.” Our key
non-GAAP
financial measures and operating indicators and metrics are discussed below.

Distributable Earnings

Distributable Earnings is derived from Blackstone’s segment reported results. Distributable Earnings is used to assess performance and amounts available for dividends to Blackstone stockholders, including Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of the Blackstone Holdings Partnerships. Distributable Earnings is the sum of Segment Distributable Earnings plus Net Interest and Dividend Income (Loss) less Taxes and Related Payables. Distributable Earnings excludes unrealized activity and is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Distributable Earnings.

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Net Interest and Dividend Income (Loss) is presented on a segment basis and is equal to Interest and Dividend Revenue less Interest Expense, adjusted for the impact of consolidation of Blackstone Funds, and interest expense associated with the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Taxes and Related Payables represent the total GAAP tax provision adjusted to include only the current tax provision (benefit) calculated on Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes and including the payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Further, the current tax provision utilized when calculating Taxes and Related Payables and Distributable Earnings reflects the benefit of deductions available to the company on certain expense items that are excluded from the underlying calculation of Segment Distributable Earnings and Total Segment Distributable Earnings, such as equity-based compensation charges and certain Transaction-Related and
Non-Recurring
Items where there is a current tax provision or benefit. The economic assumptions and methodologies that impact the implied income tax provision are the same as those methodologies and assumptions used in calculating the current income tax provision for Blackstone’s Consolidated Statements of Operations under GAAP, excluding the impact of divestitures and accrued tax contingency-related liabilities or refunds which are reflected when paid or received. The Payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement reflects the expected amount of tax savings generated in the period that parties to the Tax Receivable Agreement are entitled to receive in future periods. Management believes that including the amount payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement and utilizing the current income tax provision adjusted as described above when calculating Distributable Earnings is meaningful as it increases comparability between periods and more accurately reflects earnings that are available for distribution to stockholders.

Segment Distributable Earnings

Segment Distributable Earnings is Blackstone’s segment profitability measure used to make operating decisions and assess performance across Blackstone’s four segments. Blackstone believes it is useful to stockholders to review the measure that management uses in assessing segment performance. Segment Distributable Earnings represents the net realized earnings of Blackstone’s segments and is the sum of Fee Related Earnings and Net Realizations for each segment. Blackstone’s segments are presented on a basis that deconsolidates Blackstone Funds, eliminates
non-controlling
ownership interests in Blackstone’s consolidated operating partnerships, removes the amortization of intangible assets and removes Transaction-Related and
Non-Recurring
Items. Transaction-Related and
Non-Recurring
Items arise from corporate actions including acquisitions, divestitures, Blackstone’s initial public offering and
non-recurring
gains, losses, or other charges, if any. They consist primarily of equity-based compensation charges, gains and losses on contingent consideration arrangements, changes in the balance of the Tax Receivable Agreement resulting from a change in tax law or similar event, transaction costs, gains or losses associated with these corporate actions and
non-recurring
gains, losses or other charges that affect

period-to-period

comparability and are not reflective of Blackstone’s operational performance. Segment Distributable Earnings excludes unrealized activity and is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Segment Distributable Earnings.

Net Realizations is presented on a segment basis and is the sum of Realized Principal Investment Income and Realized Performance Revenues (which refers to Realized Performance Revenues excluding Fee Related Performance Revenues), less Realized Performance Compensation (which refers to Realized Performance Compensation excluding Fee Related Performance Compensation and Equity-Based Performance Compensation).

Realized Performance Compensation reflects, pursuant to an ongoing compensation program, an increase in the aggregate Realized Performance Compensation paid to certain of our professionals above the amounts allocable to them based upon the percentage participation in the relevant performance plans previously awarded to them. For the year ended December 31, 2025, Realized Performance Compensation increased by an aggregate of $76.6 million and Fee Related Compensation decreased by a corresponding amount. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Realized Performance Compensation increased by an aggregate of $83.1 million and Fee

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Related Compensation decreased by a corresponding amount. These changes to Realized Performance Compensation and Fee Related Compensation reduced Net Realizations, increased Fee Related Earnings and had a neutral impact to Income Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes and Distributable Earnings for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Fee Related Earnings

Fee Related Earnings is a performance measure used to assess Blackstone’s ability to generate profits from revenues that are measured and received on a recurring basis and not subject to future realization events. Blackstone believes Fee Related Earnings is useful to stockholders as it provides insight into the profitability of the portion of Blackstone’s business that is not dependent on realization activity. Fee Related Earnings equals management and advisory fees (net of management fee reductions and offsets) plus Fee Related Performance Revenues, less (a) Fee Related Compensation on a segment basis and (b) Other Operating Expenses. Fee Related Earnings is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Fee Related Earnings.

Fee Related Compensation is presented on a segment basis and refers to the compensation expense, excluding Equity-Based Compensation, directly related to (a) Management and Advisory Fees, Net and (b) Fee Related Performance Revenues, referred to as Fee Related Performance Compensation.

Fee Related Performance Revenues refers to the realized portion of Performance Revenues from Perpetual Capital that are (a) measured and received on a recurring basis and (b) not dependent on realization events from the underlying investments.

Other Operating Expenses is presented on a segment basis and is equal to General, Administrative and Other Expenses, adjusted to (a) remove transaction-related and
non-recurring
items that arise from corporate actions including acquisitions, divestitures, Blackstone’s initial public offering and
non-recurring
gains, losses or other charges, if any, (b) remove certain expenses reimbursed by the Blackstone Funds which are netted against Management and Advisory Fees, Net in Blackstone’s segment presentation and (c) give effect to an administrative fee collected on a quarterly basis from certain holders of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units. The administrative fee is accounted for as a capital contribution under GAAP, but is reflected as a reduction of Other Operating Expenses in Blackstone’s segment presentation.

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation and Amortization

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), is a supplemental measure used to assess performance derived from Blackstone’s segment results and may be used to assess its ability to service its borrowings. Adjusted EBITDA represents Distributable Earnings plus the addition of (a) Interest Expense on a segment basis, (b) Taxes and Related Payables and (c) Depreciation and Amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is derived from and reconciled to, but not equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Taxes. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA.

Net Accrued Performance Revenues

Net Accrued Performance Revenues is a
non-GAAP
financial measure Blackstone believes is useful to stockholders as an indicator of potential future realized performance revenues based on the current investment portfolio of the funds and vehicles we manage. Net Accrued Performance Revenues represents the accrued performance revenues receivable by Blackstone, net of the related accrued performance compensation payable by Blackstone, excluding performance revenues that have been realized but not yet distributed as of the reporting date and clawback amounts, if any. Net Accrued Performance Revenues is derived from and reconciled to, but not

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equivalent to, its most directly comparable GAAP measure of Investments. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Net Accrued Performance Revenues and Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Equity Method Investments” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on the calculation of Investments — Accrued Performance Allocations.

Operating Metrics

The alternative asset management business is primarily based on managing third-party capital and does not require substantial capital investment to support rapid growth. Since our inception, we have developed and used various key operating metrics to assess and monitor the operating performance of our various alternative asset management businesses in order to monitor the effectiveness of our value-creating strategies.

Total and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management

“Total Assets Under Management” refers to the invested and available capital in Blackstone-managed or advised vehicles (including, without limitation, investment funds and SMAs). The Total Assets Under Management attributable to an individual vehicle is dependent on the structure and investment strategy of such vehicle and accordingly, will vary from vehicle to vehicle. Total Assets Under Management generally equals the sum of the following across Blackstone-managed or advised vehicles, as applicable:

Uncalled commitments represent the capital we are entitled to call from investors pursuant to the terms of their respective capital commitments, including capital commitments to funds that have yet to commence their investment periods. Drawdown funds, perpetual capital vehicles,
co-investment
vehicles, and SMAs can each be structured with a commitment from an investor that is called over time as opposed to fully funded upon subscription.

Assets may be raised in one vehicle or business unit and subsequently invested in or managed or advised by another vehicle or business unit. Total Assets Under Management are reported in the segment where the assets are managed.

Our measurement of Total Assets Under Management includes commitments to, and the fair value of, invested capital in our funds from Blackstone and our personnel. Our calculation of Total Assets Under Management may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. Our definition of Total Assets Under Management differs from the manner in which affiliated investment advisors report regulatory assets under management and may differ from the definition set forth in the agreements governing the vehicles we manage or advise.

“Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management” refers to the portion of Total Assets Under Management on which we are entitled to earn management fees and/or performance revenues. The
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management attributable to an individual vehicle is driven by the basis on which fees are earned and accordingly, will vary from vehicle to vehicle.
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management generally equals the sum of the following across Blackstone-managed or advised vehicles, as applicable: (a) net asset value, (b) committed capital and remaining invested capital during the investment period and post-investment period, respectively, (c) invested capital (including leverage to the extent management
fee-eligible),
(d) gross asset value, (e) fair value of investments, or (f) the aggregate par amount of collateral assets, including principal cash, of CLOs.

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Assets may be raised in one vehicle or business unit and subsequently invested in or managed or advised by another vehicle or business unit.
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management are reported in the segment where the Total Assets Under Management are reported to the extent
fee-paying
to Blackstone.

While
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management generally reflects Total Assets Under Management on which we are entitled to earn management fees,
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may also include Total Assets Under Management on which we are entitled to earn only performance revenues. Our calculation of
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. Our definition of
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may differ from the definition set forth in the agreements governing the vehicles that we manage or advise.

Commitment-based drawdown structured funds generally do not permit investors to redeem their interests at their election. Certain of our open-ended vehicles generally afford an investor the right to withdraw or redeem their interests on a periodic basis (for example, annually, quarterly or monthly), typically with 2 to 95 days’ notice, depending on the fund and the liquidity profile of the underlying assets. In our perpetual capital vehicles where redemption rights exist, redemption requests are required to be fulfilled only (a) in Blackstone’s or the vehicles’ board’s discretion, as applicable, (b) to the extent there is sufficient new capital, or (c) where such required redemptions are limited in quantum, such as interval funds or in certain insurance-dedicated vehicles. Investment advisory agreements related to certain SMAs in our Credit & Insurance and Multi-Asset Investing segments, excluding SMAs in our insurance platform, may generally be terminated by an investor on 15 to 95 days’ notice. SMAs in our insurance platform can generally only be terminated for long-term underperformance, cause and certain other limited circumstances, in each case subject to Blackstone’s right to cure.

Perpetual Capital

“Perpetual Capital” refers to the component of assets under management with an indefinite term, that is not in liquidation, and for which there is no requirement to return capital to investors through redemption requests in the ordinary course of business, except where funded by new capital inflows or where required redemptions are limited in quantum. Perpetual Capital includes
co-investment
capital with an investor right to convert into Perpetual Capital.

In our Perpetual Capital vehicles where redemption rights exist, redemption requests are required to be fulfilled only (a) in Blackstone’s or the vehicles’ board’s discretion, as applicable, (b) to the extent there is sufficient new capital, or (c) where such required redemptions are limited in quantum, such as interval funds or in certain insurance-dedicated vehicles. Perpetual Capital includes
co-investment
capital with an investor right to convert into Perpetual Capital. We believe this measure is useful to stockholders as it represents capital we manage that has a longer duration and the ability to generate recurring revenues in a different manner than traditional fund structures.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder represents the amount of capital available for investment or reinvestment, including general partner and employee capital, and is an indicator of the capital we have available for future investments. We believe this measure is useful to stockholders as it provides insight into the extent to which capital is available for Blackstone to deploy capital into investment opportunities as they arise.

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Invested Performance Eligible Assets Under Management

Invested Performance Eligible Assets Under Management represents invested capital at fair value on which performance revenues could be earned if certain hurdles are met. We believe Invested Performance Eligible Assets Under Management is useful to stockholders as it provides insight into the capital deployed that has the potential to generate performance revenues.

Recent Tax Developments

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law. The OBBBA provides for significant U.S. tax law changes including making permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, and the business interest expense limitation. Prior to the enactment of the OBBBA, these provisions were set to sunset on December 31, 2025. Blackstone does not believe the extension of these provisions, or other provisions contained in the OBBBA, will materially impact its financial statements. For further discussion of potential consequences of changes in tax regulations, please see “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Changes in U.S. and foreign taxation of businesses and other tax laws, regulations or treaties or an adverse interpretation of these items by tax authorities could adversely affect us, including by adversely impacting our effective tax rate and tax liability.”

On July 29, 2025, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued guidance which provides for a simplified approach to the calculation of the corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”). Based on the available guidance, Blackstone does not believe CAMT will materially impact its Provision for Taxes.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations. For a more detailed discussion of the factors that affected the results of our four business segments (which are presented on a basis that deconsolidates the investment funds, eliminates
non-controlling
ownership interests in Blackstone’s consolidated operating partnerships and removes the amortization of intangible assets and Transaction-Related and
Non-Recurring
Items) in these periods, see “—Segment Analysis” below.

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The following table sets forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations and certain key operating metrics for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

n/m Not meaningful.

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Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Revenues

Revenues were $14.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $1.2 billion, compared to $13.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in Revenues was primarily attributable to increases of $886.7 million in Management and Advisory Fees, Net and $709.2 million in Investment Income (Loss).

Management and Advisory Fees, Net were $8.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $886.7 million, compared to $7.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in Management and Advisory Fees, Net was primarily attributable to increases in our Private Equity and Credit & Insurance segments of $573.3 million and $347.8 million, respectively. The increase in our Private Equity segment was primarily attributable to an increase in Base Management Fees due to fee holiday expirations of BCP IX and BETP IV, an increase in
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management in BXPE and BIP, and increased deal activity in BXCM. The increase in our Credit & Insurance segment was primarily attributable to an increase in Base Management Fees due to increased
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management in private credit strategies.

Investment Income (Loss) was $5.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $709.2 million, compared to $4.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in Investment Income (Loss) was primarily attributable to an increase of $569.9 million in Realized Investment Income. The increase in Realized Investment Income was primarily attributable to higher realized gains during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The principal driver of this increase was an increase of $406.7 million in our Credit & Insurance segment which was primarily attributable to the sale of Bistro, a portfolio visualization software platform developed by Blackstone, and the monetization of Blackstone’s stake in Resolution Life.

Expenses

Expenses were $7.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $883.3 million, compared to $6.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $626.5 million in Total Compensation and Benefits, of which $623.0 million was an increase in Compensation. The increase in Compensation was primarily attributable to the increase in Management and Advisory Fees, Net, on which a portion of Compensation is based.

Other Income (Loss)

Other Income was $424.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $375.2 million, compared to $48.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in Other Income was primarily attributable to an increase of $327.3 million in Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities.

The increase in Net Gains from Fund Investment Activities was primarily attributable to increases of $172.8 million in our Real Estate segment and $123.9 million in our Private Equity segment. The increase in our Real Estate segment was primarily attributable to net unrealized appreciation of investments in our consolidated funds in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to net unrealized depreciation of investments in the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in our Private Equity segment was primarily attributable to higher net unrealized appreciation of investments in our consolidated funds in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Provision for Taxes

Blackstone’s Provision for Taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1.1 billion, an increase of $103.4 million, compared to $1.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. This resulted in an effective tax rate of 15.7% and 15.8%, based on our Income Before Provision for Taxes of $7.2 billion and $6.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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The decrease in Blackstone’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 relates primarily to the impact of
Non-Controlling
Interests in Consolidated Entities and the deferred tax impact of Blackstone’s investment in its operating partnerships.

Additional information regarding our income taxes can be found in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 14. Income Taxes” of this filing.

Non-Controlling
Interests in Consolidated Entities

The Net Income Attributable to Redeemable
Non-Controlling
Interests in Consolidated Entities and Net Income Attributable to
Non-Controlling
Interests in Consolidated Entities is attributable to the consolidated Blackstone Funds. The amounts of these items vary directly with the performance of the consolidated Blackstone funds and largely eliminate the amount of Other Income (Loss) — Net Gains (Losses) from Fund Investment Activities from the Net Income Attributable to Blackstone Inc.

Net Income Attributable to
Non-Controlling
Interests in Blackstone Holdings is derived from the Income Before Provision for Taxes at the Blackstone Holdings level, excluding the Net Gains (Losses) from Fund Investment Activities and the percentage allocation of the income between Blackstone personnel and others who are limited partners of Blackstone Holdings and Blackstone after considering any contractual arrangements that govern the allocation of income such as fees allocable to Blackstone.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Net Income Before Taxes allocated to Blackstone personnel and other limited partners of Blackstone Holdings was 37.6% and 38.5%, respectively. The decrease of 0.9% was primarily attributable to the conversion of Blackstone Holdings Partnership Units to shares of common stock and the vesting of shares of common stock.

The Other Income (Loss) — Change in Tax Receivable Agreement Liability was entirely allocated to Blackstone Inc.

Operating Metrics

Total and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management

The following graphs and tables summarize the Total Assets Under Management by Segment and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management by Segment, followed by a rollforward of activity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. For a description of how Total Assets Under Management and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management are determined, please see “—Key Financial Measures and Indicators — Operating Metrics — Total and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management.”

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Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

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Total Assets Under Management and
Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management may have differences in the measurement and timing of certain activities that affect each of inflows, outflows, realizations and market activity. These differences include, but are not limited to:

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Total Assets Under Management

Total Assets Under Management were $1,274.9 billion at December 31, 2025, an increase of $147.8 billion compared to $1,127.2 billion at December 31, 2024. The net increase was due to:

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Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management

Fee-Earning
Assets Under Management were $921.7 billion at December 31, 2025, an increase of $91.0 billion compared to $830.7 billion at December 31, 2024. The net increase was due to:

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Dry Powder

The following presents our Dry Powder as of December 31 of each year:

Note:  Totals may not add due to rounding.

Net Accrued Performance Revenues

The following table presents the Accrued Performance Revenues, net of performance compensation, of the Blackstone Funds as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Net Accrued Performance Revenues presented do not include clawback amounts, if any, which are disclosed in Note 18. “Commitments and Contingencies — Contingencies — Contingent Obligations (Clawback)” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in “—Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this filing. See
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” for our reconciliation of Net Accrued Performance Revenues.

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Note:  Totals may not add due to rounding.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, Net Accrued Performance Revenues receivable increased due to Net Performance Revenues of $3.6 billion, partially offset by net realized distributions of $3.1 billion.

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Invested Performance Eligible Assets Under Management

The following presents our Invested Performance Eligible Assets Under Management as of December 31 of each year:

Note:  Totals may not add due to rounding.

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Perpetual Capital

The following presents our Perpetual Capital Total Assets Under Management as of December 31 of each year:

Note:  Totals may not add due to rounding.

Perpetual Capital Total Assets Under Management were $523.6 billion as of December 31, 2025, an increase of $78.8 billion, compared to $444.8 billion as of December 31, 2024. Perpetual Capital Total Assets Under Management in our Credit & Insurance and Private Equity segments increased by $43.7 billion and $29.4 billion, respectively. Principal drivers of the increases were:

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Investment Records

Fund returns information is included throughout this discussion and analysis to facilitate an understanding of our results of operations for the periods presented. The fund returns information reflected in this discussion and analysis is not indicative of the financial performance of Blackstone and is also not necessarily indicative of the future performance of any particular fund. An investment in Blackstone is not an investment in any of our funds. There can be no assurance that any of our funds or our other existing and future funds will achieve similar returns.

The following tables present the investment record of our significant and formerly significant carry/drawdown funds and select perpetual capital strategies from inception through December 31, 2025:

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Carry/Drawdown Funds

continued...

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Carry/Drawdown Funds continued

continued...

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Carry/Drawdown Funds continued