EQUINIX INC (EQIX)

ITEM 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

Item 7 of this Form 10-K focuses on discussion of 2024 and 2023 items as well as 2024 results as compared to 2023 results. For the discussion of 2022 items and 2023 results as compared to 2022 results, please refer to Item 7 of our 2023 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 16, 2024.

Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management's perspective and is presented as follows:

•Overview

•Results of Operations

•Non-GAAP Financial Measures

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview

We provide a global, vendor-neutral data center, interconnection and edge solutions platform with offerings that aim to enable our customers to reach everywhere, interconnect everyone and integrate everything. Global enterprises, service providers and business ecosystems of industry partners rely on our IBX data centers and expertise around the world for the safe housing of their critical IT equipment and to protect and connect the world's most valued information assets. They also look to Platform Equinix® for the ability to directly and securely interconnect to the networks, clouds and content that enable today's information-driven global digital economy. Our

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recent IBX data center openings and acquisitions, as well as xScaleTM data center investments, have expanded our total global footprint to 268 IBXs, including 20 xScale data centers and the MC1 data center that are held in unconsolidated joint ventures, across 74 markets around the world. We offer the following solutions:

•premium data center colocation;

•interconnection and data exchange solutions;

•edge solutions for deploying networking, security and hardware; and

•remote expert support and professional services.

Our data centers around the world allow our customers to bring together and interconnect the infrastructure they need to fast-track their digital advantage. With Equinix, they can scale with agility, accelerate the launch of digital offerings, deliver world-class experiences and multiply their value. We enable them to differentiate by distributing infrastructure and removing the distance between clouds, users and applications in order to reduce latency and deliver a superior customer, partner and employee experience. The Equinix global platform, and the quality of our offerings, have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for bandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers and connect directly with each other. This adjacency creates a network effect that attracts new customers, continuously enhances our existing customers' value and enables them to capture further economic and performance benefits from our offerings.

Industry Overview:

While a large number of enterprises and service providers, such as hyperscale cloud service providers, own their own data centers, we believe the industry is shifting away from single-tenant solutions to customers outsourcing some or all of their IT housing and interconnection requirements to third-party facilities, such as those operated by Equinix. This shift is being accelerated by the increasing adoption of hybrid multi-cloud architectures and the adoption of artificial intelligence (“AI”).

Historically, the outsourcing market was served by large telecommunications carriers that bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and carrier-neutral multi-tenant data centers ("MTDC"), public and private cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, large hyperscale cloud providers and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,400 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. The global MTDC market is highly fragmented. Each of these data center solution providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings, outsourced IT infrastructure solutions and managed services. We believe that this outsourcing trend has accelerated and is likely to continue to accelerate in the coming years, especially in light of the movement to digital business, the use of multiple cloud service providers and the adoption of AI. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 35 countries with the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our sites, proven operational reliability, improved application performance and a highly scalable set of offerings.

Capacity Trends:

Our cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billed versus total cabinet capacity, which is used to measure how efficiently we are managing our cabinet capacity. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. Our cabinet utilization rates were approximately 78% and 79%, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption, which we expect to accelerate with the adoption of AI, has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our existing IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center, and in our ability to expand our footprint in existing and new markets. Additionally, global supply chain challenges could result in a lack of availability or delays in the delivery of data center equipment. These challenges have driven us to invest in and commit to future purchases in advance of our standard practice to mitigate risks associated with these supply chain issues. These

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constraints could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, results of operations and cash flows and the growth opportunities presented by the adoption of new technologies, including AI.

Expansion Opportunities:

To serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers and increased demand driven in part by the adoption of AI, we have entered into joint venture partnership arrangements across our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions to develop and operate xScale data centers.

Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, power availability and capacity, quality of the design, access to networks, clouds and software partners, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, automation capabilities, developer talent pool, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to our standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.

Revenue:

Our business is primarily based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to five years in length, and thereafter automatically renews in one-year increments. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during the past three years, more than 90% of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 36%, 37% and 36% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our non-recurring revenues are primarily derived from fees charged from installations related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform for our customers, including our joint ventures. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installations are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total

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revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.

Operating Expenses:

Cost of Revenues. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment, and security. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. Our costs of electricity may also increase as a result of the physical effects of climate change, global energy supply constraints, increased regulations driving alternative electricity generation due to environmental considerations or as a result of our election to use renewable energy sources. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees, and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and depreciation expense on back office systems.

Taxation as a REIT:

We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2024, our REIT structure included a majority of our data center operations in the Americas and EMEA regions, as well as the data center operations in Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs. We have also included our share of the assets in xScale joint ventures, with the exception of Korea, in our REIT structure.

As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level but is taxed in the U.S., if at all, at the stockholder level. Depending on a stockholder's citizenship and residency, the income could be taxed by other jurisdictions as well. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations is subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to local income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs") for U.S. income tax purposes. We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gain tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we recognize any gain from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this gain at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.

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We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.

On each of March 20, 2024, June 19, 2024, September 18, 2024 and December 11, 2024, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $4.26 per share. We expect all of our 2024 quarterly distributions and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed our REIT taxable income recognized in 2024.

2024 Highlights:

•In April, we sold the Silicon Valley 12 (“SV12”) data center site in connection with the formation of a new joint venture to develop and operate an xScale data center in the Americas region (the “AMER 2 Joint Venture”). Upon closing, we contributed $26 million in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the joint venture. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In May, we issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5.500% senior notes due June 15, 2034 (the "2034 Notes"). See Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In July, we entered into an agreement to acquire three data centers in the Philippines from Total Information Management ("TIM") for a stated purchase price of $180 million subject to certain adjustments. The acquisition is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to customary closing conditions.

•In August and September, we sold 1,212,810 shares under the 2022 ATM Program. 569,382 shares were sold on a spot basis and 643,428 were sold through the settlement of outstanding forward sale agreements, for approximately $467 million and $509 million, respectively, net of commissions and other offering expenses. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In September, we issued €600 million, or approximately $664 million, at the exchange rate in effect on September 3, 2024, aggregate principal amount of 3.650% senior notes due September 3, 2033 (the "2033 Euro Notes") and CHF100 million, or approximately $118 million, at the exchange rate in effect on September 4, 2024, aggregate principal amount of 1.558% senior notes due September 4, 2029 (the "2029 CHF Notes"). See Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In October, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture to develop and operate xScale data centers in the Americas region (the "AMER 3 Joint Venture"), subject to regulatory approval and other closing conditions which were satisfied on October 30, 2024. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In October, we established a program to succeed the 2022 ATM Program, under which we may, from time to time, offer and sell on a spot or forward basis up to an aggregate of $2.0 billion of our common stock to or through sales agents in "at the market" transactions (the "2024 ATM Program"). See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In November, we issued €650 million, or approximately $706 million, at the exchange rate in effect on November 22, 2024, aggregate principal amount of 3.250% senior notes due March 15, 2031 (the "2031 Euro Notes") and €500 million, or approximately $543 million, at the exchange rate in effect on November 22, 2024, aggregate principal amount of 3.625% senior notes due November 22, 2034 (the "2034 Euro Notes"). See Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In November and December, we sold 755,298 shares on a spot basis under the 2024 ATM Program for approximately $697 million, net of commissions and other offering expenses. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

In order to provide a framework for assessing our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we supplement the year-over-year actual change in results of operations with comparative changes on a constant currency basis. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further discussion.

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Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions ($ in millions):

Revenues

($ in millions)

Americas Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas revenues increased by $245 million or 7% (7% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to:

•$50 million of incremental revenues from non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures;

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•approximately $47 million of incremental revenues generated from IBX data centers which opened within the twelve months ended December 31, 2024; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

EMEA Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, EMEA revenues increased by $129 million or 5% (3% on a constant currency basis). Growth in EMEA revenues was primarily due to:

•approximately $36 million of incremental revenues generated from IBX data centers which opened within the twelve months ended December 31, 2024; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $30 million in revenues from non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures and net power price decreases in response to the decreased cost of utilities, as noted below under cost of revenues.

Asia-Pacific Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Asia-Pacific revenues increased by $186 million or 11% (12% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Asia-Pacific revenues was primarily due to:

•$111 million of incremental revenues from non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures;

•approximately $23 million of incremental revenues generated from IBX data centers which opened within the twelve months ended December 31, 2024; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

These increases were partially offset by net power price decreases in response to the decreased cost of utilities, as noted below under cost of revenues.

Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by geographic regions were as follows ($ in millions):

Cost of Revenues

($ in millions; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

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Americas Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas cost of revenues increased by $185 million or 11% (12% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•approximately $64 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions and acceleration of depreciation expense for certain assets with shortened useful lives;

•$37 million of higher costs to provide non-recurring services;

•$26 million of higher property tax expense;

•$25 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;

•$24 million of higher utilities costs, driven by both increases in power costs and higher utility usage; and

•$21 million of higher rent and facilities costs.

These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $10 million in one-time software expenses related to our managed services business and other miscellaneous costs.

EMEA Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, EMEA cost of revenues increased by $21 million or 1% (1% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$27 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions and acceleration of depreciation expense for certain assets with shortened useful lives; and

•$11 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth.

These increases were substantially offset by lower utilities costs, driven by decreases in power costs.

Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Asia-Pacific cost of revenues increased by $33 million or 3% (5% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$32 million of costs to provide non-recurring services; and

•$19 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions and acceleration of depreciation expense for certain assets with shortened useful lives.

These increase was partially offset by lower utilities costs, driven by decreases in power costs and lower utility usage in Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore.

We expect cost of revenues to increase across all three regions in line with the growth of our business, including from the impact of acquisitions.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by geographic regions were as follows ($ in millions):

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Sales and Marketing Expenses

($ in millions; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas sales and marketing expenses increased by $23 million or 4% (4% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to:

•$7 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, attributable to headcount growth;

•$7 million of higher travel and entertainment expenses; and

•$6 million of higher advertising costs including for online ads, design services and marketing research.

EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our EMEA sales and marketing expenses did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Asia-Pacific sales and marketing increased by $9 million or 8% (9% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to an increase in compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation attributable to headcount growth and higher bad debt expense.

We anticipate that we will continue to invest in sales and marketing initiatives across our three regions in line with the growth of our business. We expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than those of our other regions since certain global sales and marketing functions are located within the U.S.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by geographic regions were as follows ($ in millions):

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General and Administrative Expenses

($ in millions; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas general and administrative expenses increased by $98 million or 9% (9% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to:

•$54 million of higher depreciation expense associated with back-office systems to support the growth of our business;

•$40 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;

•$14 million of higher consulting and legal fees; and

•$11 million of higher software costs.

These increases were partially offset by an $18 million decrease in rent expense primarily due to one-time termination costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 associated with the consolidation of office space.

EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, EMEA general and administrative expenses increased by $14 million or 4% (4% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation driven by headcount growth.

Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. Our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase across all three regions as we continue to invest in our operations to support our growth, including investments to enhance our technology platform, to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and to integrate recent acquisitions. Additionally, given that our corporate headquarters is located in the U.S., we expect the Americas general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than those of other regions.

Restructuring Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded restructuring charges of $31 million primarily related to severance and other employee costs. These charges were incurred in relation to two initiatives. First, we substantially completed a restructuring plan to realign the organization and enable further investment in key priority areas (the "Q4 2024 Restructuring Plan"). Second, we announced the decision to make Equinix Metal no longer commercially available as a product and to wind down operations that support this product by June 2026 (the "Equinix Metal Wind Down"). We expect to incur approximately $6 million to $10 million of incremental costs as a result of the Equinix Metal Wind Down. We did not record any restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 16 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Transaction Costs. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded transaction costs of $50 million and $13 million, respectively. These transaction costs primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the formation of new joint ventures. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Impairment Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $233 million as a result of the Equinix Metal Wind Down and current and projected future losses at a Hong Kong IBX. Impairment charges of $166 million, $38 million and $29 million were recorded on property, plant and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and intangible assets, respectively. See Note 17 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Gain or Loss on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a gain of $18 million, related to the sale of the Silicon Valley 12 ("SV12") data center. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not record a significant amount of gain or loss on asset sales. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by geographic regions were as follows ($ in millions):

Americas Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas income from operations decreased by $225 million or 68% (67% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to impairment and restructuring charges of $127 million and $21 million, respectively, as well as higher depreciation expense, utilities costs and other costs to support business growth. These were partially offset by higher revenues as a result of non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures, IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above.

EMEA Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, EMEA income from operations increased by $56 million or 8% (6% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, partially offset by impairment charges of $19 million, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Asia-Pacific income from operations increased by $54 million or 12% (15% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures, IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as well as lower utilities costs. These were partially offset by impairment charges of $87 million, as described above.

Interest Income. Interest income increased to $137 million with an average yield of 5.89% for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $94 million with an average yield of 4.11% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to interest income earned on time deposits as well as on the AMER 2 Loan further described in Note 15 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $457 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $402 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to debt issuances during the year, including:

•the issuance of the 5.500% Senior Notes due 2034 in the second quarter of 2024;

•the issuances of the 3.650% Euro Senior Notes due 2033 and the 1.558% Swiss Franc Senior Notes due 2029 in the third quarter of 2024; and

•the issuances of the 3.250% Euro Senior Notes due 2031 and the 3.625% Euro Senior Notes due 2034 in the fourth quarter of 2024.

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This increase was further driven by an increase in the variable interest rate on our GBP term loan. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we capitalized $36 million and $26 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. See Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded net other expense of $17 million, largely driven by our share of losses incurred on our equity method investments in our xScale joint ventures. We did not record a significant amount of net other expense during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Gain or Loss on Debt Extinguishment. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded $16 million of net loss on debt extinguishment primarily due to the modification of a financing obligation on a property in the Americas region. We did not record a significant amount of loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the tax years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As such, other than certain state income taxes and foreign income and withholding taxes, no provision for income taxes has been included for our REIT and QRSs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that may not be REIT compliant.

U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations, regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs, have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $161 million and $155 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 16.5% and 13.8%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The higher effective tax rate in 2024 as compared to 2023 is primarily driven by the increasing losses in certain entities in the Americas and Asia-Pacific regions, of which full valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets were assessed.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $8 million resulting from the settlement of tax audits in the EMEA region. In 2023, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $14 million resulting from the settlement of tax audits in the EMEA region.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by geographic regions was as follows ($ in millions):

Americas Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Americas adjusted EBITDA increased by $95 million or 6% (7% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures, IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above.

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EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2024, EMEA adjusted EBITDA increased by $127 million or 10% (9% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, and lower utilities costs, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA increased by $173 million or 21% (22% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of non-recurring services provided to our joint ventures, IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, and lower utilities costs, as described above.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing results of operations may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations.

Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our results of operations in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze us effectively.

Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies.

Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment throughout its useful life. Construction costs in future periods are primarily incurred with respect to additional IBX data centers. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our results of operations when evaluating our operations.

In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We also exclude restructuring charges. Such charges include employee severance, facility closure costs, lease or other contract termination costs and advisory fees related to the realignment of our management structure, operations or products. We also exclude impairment charges related to goodwill or long-lived assets. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Additionally, we exclude transaction costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to enhance the comparability of our financial results to our historical operations. The transaction costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations and the formation of joint ventures, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing our long-term performance. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the transactions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges,

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impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and transaction costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods. Finally, we exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, and the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our results of operations with those of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales as presented below (in millions):

Our adjusted EBITDA results have increased each year in total dollars due to the factors discussed earlier in "Results of Operations", as well as due to the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature, as also discussed in "Overview".

Funds from Operations ("FFO") and AFFO

We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items.

In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, stock-based charitable contributions, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures, net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, and adjustments from FFO to AFFO for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax

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positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to current period's operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance.

Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in millions):

Our AFFO results have improved due to the factors discussed earlier in "Results of Operations," as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature as discussed earlier in "Overview."

Constant Currency Presentation

Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies. During the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, the

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U.S. dollar was stronger relative to the Japanese yen, which resulted in an unfavorable foreign currency impact on revenue and operating income, and a favorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, the U.S. dollar was weaker relative to the British Pound, which resulted in a favorable foreign currency impact on revenue and operating income, and an unfavorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. In order to provide a framework for assessing how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Our constant currency presentation excludes the impact of our foreign currency cash flow hedging activities. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP financial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our results of operations. To present this information, our current period revenues and certain operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2023 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2024 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2024 with the year ended December 31, 2023).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Cash

Customer collections are our primary source of cash. We believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections. As of December 31, 2024, our principle sources of liquidity were $3.6 billion of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. In addition to our cash balance, we had $3.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $4.0 billion revolving facility and general access to both public and private debt and the equity capital markets. We also have additional liquidity available to us from our 2024 ATM program, under which we may offer and sell from time to time our common stock in "at the market" transactions on either a spot or forward basis. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1.3 billion available for sale remaining under the 2024 ATM Program.

We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities and external financing sources, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, distribution of dividends, completion of our publicly-announced acquisitions, ordinary costs to operate the business, and expansion projects.

As we continue to grow, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions and joint ventures. If the opportunity to expand is greater than planned we may further increase the level of capital expenditure to support this growth as well as pursue additional business and real estate acquisitions or joint ventures, provided that we have or can access sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities. We may elect to access the equity or debt markets from time to time opportunistically, particularly if financing is available on attractive terms. We will continue to evaluate our operating requirements and financial resources in light of future developments.

Cash Flow

Operating Activities

Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary uses of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. Net cash provided by operating activities

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increased by $32 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023, primarily driven by improved results of operations partially offset by increases in cash paid for costs and operating expenses.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $713 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023, primarily due to:

•$520 million in purchases of short-term investments;

•$285 million increase in capital expenditures; and

•$261 million investment in a loan receivable.

This increase was partially offset by $170 million in proceeds from the sale of assets to our joint ventures.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023, primarily driven by:

•$1.9 billion increase in proceeds from senior notes; and

•$939 million increase in proceeds from the 2022 and 2024 ATM Programs.

The increase was partially offset by $1.0 billion in repayment of senior notes and an increase of $268 million in dividend distributions.

Material Cash Commitments

As of December 31, 2024, our principal commitments were primarily comprised of:

•approximately $14.7 billion of principal from our senior notes (gross of debt issuance costs and debt discounts);

•approximately $3.5 billion of interest on mortgage payable, other loans payable, senior notes and term loans, based on their respective interest rates and recognized over the life of these instruments, and the credit facility fee for the revolving credit facility;

•$649 million of principal from our term loans, mortgage payable and other loans payable (gross of debt issuance costs and debt discounts);

•approximately $5.3 billion of total lease payments, which represents lease payments under finance and operating lease arrangements, including renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised;

•approximately $2.9 billion of unaccrued capital expenditure contractual commitments, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open IBX data center expansion projects prior to making them available to customers for installation, the majority of which is payable within the next 12 months; and

•approximately $2.1 billion of other non-capital purchase commitments, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods, services or arrangements to be delivered or provided during 2025 and beyond, the majority of which is payable within the next two years.

We believe that our sources of liquidity, including our expected future operating cash flows, are sized to adequately meet both the near and long-term material cash commitments for the foreseeable future. For further information on maturities of lease liabilities and debt instruments, see Notes 9 and 10, respectively, within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Contractual Obligations

We have additional future equity contributions and loan commitments to our joint ventures. For additional information, see the "Equity Method Investments" in Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Additionally, we entered into lease agreements with various landlords primarily for data center spaces and ground leases which have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2024. For additional information, see “Maturities of Lease Liabilities” in Note 9 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that application of the following accounting policies involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements:

•    Accounting for income taxes;

•    Accounting for business combinations;

•    Accounting for impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets;

•    Accounting for property, plant and equipment; and

•    Accounting for leases.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

Item 7 of this Form 10-K focuses on discussion of 2023 and 2022 items as well as 2023 results as compared to 2022 results. For the discussion of 2021 items and 2022 results as compared to 2021 results, please refer to Item 7 of our 2022 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 17, 2023.

Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management's perspective and is presented as follows:

•Overview

•Results of Operations

•Non-GAAP Financial Measures

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview

We provide a global, vendor-neutral data center, interconnection and edge solutions platform with offerings that aim to enable our customers to reach everywhere, interconnect everyone and integrate everything. Global enterprises, service providers and business ecosystems of industry partners rely on our IBX data centers and expertise around the world for the safe housing of their critical IT equipment and to protect and connect the world's most valued information assets. They also look to Platform Equinix® for the ability to directly and securely

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interconnect to the networks, clouds and content that enable today's information-driven global digital economy. Our recent IBX data center openings and acquisitions, as well as xScaleTM data center investments, including those opened in January 2024, have expanded our total global footprint to 260 data centers, including 17 xScale data centers and the MC1 data center that are held in unconsolidated joint ventures, across 71 markets around the world. We offer the following solutions:

•premium data center colocation;

•interconnection and data exchange solutions;

•edge solutions for deploying networking, security and hardware; and

•remote expert support and professional services.

Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our customers to increase information and application delivery performance to users, and quickly access distributed IT infrastructures and business and digital ecosystems, while significantly reducing costs. Our global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers, interconnection offerings and edge solutions have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for bandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers. This adjacency creates a “network effect” that enables our customers to capture the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "marketplace" for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection that increases data traffic exchange while lowering overall cost and increasing flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of enterprise and service provider customers and the resulting "marketplace" effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, has continued to drive new customer growth and bookings.

Historically, our market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center ("MTDC") providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 33 countries with the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our sites, proven operational reliability, improved application performance and a highly scalable set of offerings.

Our cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billed versus total cabinet capacity, which is used to measure how efficiently we are managing our cabinet capacity. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. Our cabinet utilization rates were approximately 79% and 82%, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, results of operations and cash flows.

To serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers, we have entered into joint ventures to develop and operate xScale data centers. In the past two years, we have closed multiple joint ventures in the form of limited liability partnerships with GIC Private Limited, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund ("GIC") and an additional joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM").

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Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, clouds and software partners, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, automation capabilities, developer talent pool, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to our standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.

Revenue:

Our business is primarily based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length, and thereafter automatically renews in one-year increments. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during the past three years, more than 90% of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 37%, 36% and 39% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Our non-recurring revenues are primarily derived from fees charged from installations related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installations are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.

Operating Expenses:

Cost of Revenues. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment, and security. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. Our costs of electricity may also increase as a result of the physical

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effects of climate change, global energy supply constraints, increased regulations driving alternative electricity generation due to environmental considerations or as a result of our election to use renewable energy sources. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees; and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense on back office systems.

Taxation as a REIT

We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2023, our REIT structure included a majority of our data center operations in the Americas and EMEA regions, as well as the data center operations in Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs. We have also included our share of the assets in xScale joint ventures (with the exception of Korea) in our REIT structure.

As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to local income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gain tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we recognize any net gain from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this net gain at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions, at a gain, of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.

We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.

On each of March 22, 2023, June 21, 2023, and September 20, 2023, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $3.41 per share. On December 13, 2023, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $4.26 per share. We expect all of our 2023 quarterly distributions and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed our REIT taxable income to be recognized in 2023.

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2023 Highlights:

•In February, we settled three forward sale agreements executed under the 2020 and 2022 ATM Programs and sold 458,459 shares of our common stock for approximately $301.6 million, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses, at an aggregate weighted-average forward sale price per share of $657.75. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In February and March, we issued ¥77.3 billion, or approximately $565.2 million, at the exchange rate in effect on issuance, in Japanese Yen Senior Notes due 2035 and 2043 (collectively, the "Japanese Yen Senior Notes"). See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In March, we sold the Mexico 3 ("MX3x") data center site in connection with the formation of a new joint venture with GIC, to develop and operate xScale data centers in the Americas (the "AMER 1 Joint Venture"). Upon closing, we contributed $8.4 million in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the joint venture. See Notes 5 and 6 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In April, we issued additional shares in our Indonesian operating entity to a third party investor for $25.0 million, which resulted in the third party investor owning a 25% ownership interest in the entity. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In September, we issued CHF300.0 million, or approximately $336.9 million, at the exchange rate in effect on issuance, in Swiss Franc Notes due 2028 (the "Swiss Franc Senior Notes"). See Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In November, we settled five forward sale agreements executed under the 2022 ATM Program and sold 564,126 shares of our common stock for approximately $433.3 million, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses, at an aggregate weighted-average forward sale price per share of $768.03. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 include the results of operations from a data center in Peru acquired from Entel from August 1, 2022, four data centers in Chile acquired from Entel from May 2, 2022 and the acquisition of MainOne from April 1, 2022. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

In order to provide a framework for assessing our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we supplement the year-over-year actual change in results of operations with comparative changes on a constant currency basis. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further discussion.

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Years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Revenues

(dollars in thousands)

Americas Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas revenue increased by $268.3 million or 8% (and also 8% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to:

•approximately $69.2 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions;

•$27.1 million of incremental revenues generated from the Entel Chile and Entel Peru acquisitions; and

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•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

EMEA Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA revenue increased by $494.7 million or 21% (28% on a constant currency basis). Growth in EMEA revenues was primarily due to power price increases in various European countries in response to the increased cost of utilities, as noted below under cost of revenues. In addition to power price increases, growth in EMEA revenues was further driven by:

•$54.6 million of incremental revenues from services provided to our joint ventures;

•approximately $47.8 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions;

•$15.1 million of incremental revenues generated from the MainOne acquisition; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

Asia-Pacific Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific revenue increased by $162.1 million or 10% (12% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Asia-Pacific revenue was primarily due to an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. In addition to organic growth, the increase in Asia-Pacific revenues was further driven by:

•approximately $7.9 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions; and

•power price increases in response to the increased cost of utilities.

Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Cost of Revenues

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas cost of revenues increased by $55.4 million or 4% (and also 4% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$42.0 million of higher utilities costs, primarily driven by increases in power costs and higher utility usage;

•$13.7 million of incremental cost of revenues from the Entel Chile and Entel Peru acquisitions; and

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•$10.8 million of additional one-time software expenses related to our managed services business.

EMEA Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA cost of revenues increased by $372.0 million or 29% (34% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to higher utilities costs as a result of increases in power costs and higher utility usage in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In addition to increased utilities costs, the increase in EMEA cost of revenues was further driven by:

•after accounting for allocations of foreign currency cash flow hedging activities:

◦approximately $32 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;

◦approximately $32 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions;

◦approximately $12 million of repairs and maintenance driven by increased IBX footprint; and

•$9.4 million of incremental cost of revenues from the MainOne Acquisition.

Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific cost of revenues increased by $48.8 million or 5% (8% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$16.6 million of higher rent and facilities costs, primarily in Hong Kong;

•$12.4 million of repairs and maintenance driven by increased IBX footprint;

•$8.9 million higher utilities costs, primarily driven by increases in power costs and higher utility usage; and

•$5.7 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation,

primarily due to headcount growth.

We expect Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific cost of revenues to increase in line with the growth of our business, including from the impacts of acquisitions.

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Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Sales and Marketing Expenses

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas sales and marketing expenses increased by $51.2 million or 10% (and also 10% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to:

•$24.5 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;

•$6.4 million of higher bad debt expense;

•$5.3 million of higher advertising costs including for online ads, design services and marketing research; and

•$4.9 million of higher amortization expense as a result of recent acquisitions.

EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA sales and marketing increased by $10.5 million or 6% (11% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation driven by headcount growth.

Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific sales and marketing increased by $7.5 million or 7% (10% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation driven by headcount growth.

We anticipate that we will continue to invest in sales and marketing initiatives across our three regions in line with the growth of our business. We expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than those of our other regions since certain global sales and marketing functions are located within the U.S.

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General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

General and Administrative Expenses

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas general and administrative expenses increased by $126.0 million or 13% (and also 13% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to:

•$57.1 million of higher depreciation expense associated with back-office systems to support the growth of our business;

•$24.7 million of higher office expenses primarily due to additional software and support services;

•$18.5 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth; and

•$17.3 million of higher rent expense primarily due to one-time termination costs associated with the consolidation of office space.

EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA general and administrative expenses increased by $18.5 million or 6% (10% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation driven by headcount growth.

Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses increased by $10.9 million or 5% (6% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation driven by headcount growth.

Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase across all three regions as we continue to invest in our operations to support our growth, including investments to enhance our technology platform, and to integrate recent acquisitions. Additionally, given

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that our corporate headquarters is located in the U.S., we expect the Americas general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than that of other regions.

Transaction Costs. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded transaction costs totaling $12.4 million and $21.8 million respectively, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the recent acquisitions and formation of the new joint ventures, see Notes 3, 5, and 6 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Gain or Loss on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not record a significant amount of gain or loss on asset sales.

Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Americas Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas income from operations increased by $47.0 million or 17% (16% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisitions and organic growth, as described above.

EMEA Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA income from operations increased by $99.7 million or 17% (31% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, incremental services provided to our joint ventures, the recent acquisition and organic growth, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific income from operations increased by $96.0 million or 28% (29% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above.

Interest Income. Interest income was $94.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was $36.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 4.11% versus 1.74% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $402.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $356.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the issuance of the 3.900% Senior Notes in 2022, the issuance of the 2.000% - 2.57% Japanese Yen Senior Notes due 2035 and 2043 in the first quarter of 2023, the issuance of the 2.875% Swiss Franc Senior Notes due 2028 in the third quarter of 2023 and an increase in the variable rate of our GBP term loan. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we capitalized $26.0 million and $18.2 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Expense. We did not record a significant amount of other expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded net other expense of $51.4 million, including $49.0 million in stock-based charitable contributions and foreign currency exchange gains and losses

Gain or Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We did not record a significant amount of gain on debt extinguishment during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the tax years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As such, other than state income taxes, foreign income and

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withholding taxes, no provision for income taxes has been included for our REIT and QRSs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that may not be REIT compliant.

U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $155.3 million and $124.8 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 13.8% and 15.0%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $14.0 million resulting from the settlement of tax audits in the EMEA region. In 2022, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $40.0 million resulting from the settlement of various tax audits in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 by geographic regions was as follows (dollars in thousands):

Americas Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Americas adjusted EBITDA increased by $91.9 million or 6% (and also 6% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisitions and organic growth, as described above.

EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2023, EMEA adjusted EBITDA increased by $141.8 million or 13% (18% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, incremental services provided to our joint ventures, the recent acquisition and organic growth, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA increased by $98.4 million or 13% (15% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing results of operations may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations.

Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to

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the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our results of operations in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze us effectively.

Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies.

Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment throughout its useful life. Construction costs in future periods are primarily incurred with respect to additional IBX data centers. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our results of operations when evaluating our operations.

In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We also exclude restructuring charges. Restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges generally related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets are not recoverable. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Additionally, we exclude transaction costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to allow more comparable comparisons of our financial results to our historical operations. The transaction costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations and the formation of joint ventures, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing our long-term performance. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the transactions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and transaction costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods. Finally, we exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, and the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our results of operations with those of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based

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compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales as presented below (in thousands):

Our adjusted EBITDA results have increased each year in total dollars due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in "Results of Operations", as well as due to the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature, as also discussed in "Overview".

Funds from Operations ("FFO") and AFFO

We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items.

In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, stock-based charitable contributions, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures, net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, and adjustments from FFO to AFFO for unconsolidated joint ventures' and noncontrolling interests' share of these items. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to the current period's operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance.

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Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in thousands):

(1)Impairment charges relate to the impairment of an indemnification asset resulting from the settlement of a pre-acquisition uncertain tax position, which was recorded as Other Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This impairment charge was offset by the recognition of tax benefits in the same amount, which was included within the Income tax benefit adjustment line on the table above.

Our AFFO results have improved due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in "Results of Operations," as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature as discussed earlier in "Overview."

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Constant Currency Presentation

Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies. During the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, the U.S. dollar was stronger relative to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen, which resulted in an unfavorable foreign currency impact on revenue, operating income and adjusted EBITDA, and a favorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, the U.S. dollar was weaker relative to the Euro and Singapore dollar, which resulted in a favorable foreign currency impact on revenue, operating income and adjusted EBITDA, and an unfavorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. In order to provide a framework for assessing how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Our constant currency presentation excludes the impact of our foreign currency cash flow hedging activities. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP financial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our results of operations. To present this information, our current period revenues and certain operating expenses from entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2022 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2023 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2023 with the year ended December 31, 2022).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Cash

Customer collections are our primary source of cash. We believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections. As of December 31, 2023, our principle sources of liquidity were $2.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents. In addition to our cash balance, we had $3.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $4.0 billion revolving facility and general access to both the public and private debt and equity capital markets. We also have additional liquidity available to us from our 2022 ATM program, under which we may offer and sell from time to time our common stock in "at the market" transactions on either a spot or forward basis. As of December 31, 2023, we had $469.7 million available for sale remaining under the 2022 ATM Program, in addition to approximately $499.4 million of net proceeds of unsettled forward sale transactions.

We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities and external financing sources, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, distribution of dividends, and completion of our publicly-announced acquisitions, ordinary costs to operate the business, and expansion projects.

As we continue to grow, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions and joint ventures. If the opportunity to expand is greater than planned we may further increase the level of capital expenditure to support this growth as well as pursue additional business and real estate acquisitions or joint ventures, provided that we have or can access sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities. We may elect to access the equity or debt markets from time to time opportunistically, particularly if financing is available on attractive terms. We will continue to evaluate our operating requirements and financial resources in light of future developments.

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Cash Flow

Operating Activities

Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary uses of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $253.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022, primarily driven by improved results of operations partially offset by increases in cash paid for costs and operating expenses.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $138.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to:

•$964.0 million decrease in business acquisitions; and

•$8.8 million decrease in purchases of investments.

This decrease was partially offset by:

•$503.0 million increase in capital expenditures;

•$173.0 million decrease in the proceeds from the sale of assets to our Joint Ventures;

•$136.1 million increase in the real estate acquisitions; and

•$22.1 million decrease in proceeds from the sale of investments.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $645.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022, primarily driven by:

•$676.9 million decrease in proceeds from mortgages and loans payable;

•$291.6 million decrease in proceeds from senior notes;

•$222.7 million increase in dividend distributions;

•$62.3 million decrease proceeds from the 2020 and 2022 ATM program; and

•$14.7 million increase in repayments of finance lease liabilities.

The decrease was partially offset by:

•$581.8 million decrease in the repayment of mortgage and loans payable;

•$25.0 million increase in proceeds from redeemable non-controlling interest;

•$10.8 million decrease in debt issuance costs; and

•$5.3 million increase in proceeds from employee awards.

Material Cash Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, our principal commitments were primarily comprised of:

•approximately $13.2 billion of principal from our senior notes (gross of debt issuance cost and debt discount);

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•approximately $3.0 billion of interest on mortgage payable, loans payable, senior notes and term loans, based on their respective interest rates and recognized over the life of these instruments, and the credit facility fee for the revolving credit facility;

•$671.7 million of principal from our term loans, mortgage and loans payable (gross of debt issuance cost and debt discount);

•approximately $5.4 billion of total lease payments, which represents lease payments under finance and operating lease arrangements, including renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised;

•approximately $2.0 billion of unaccrued capital expenditure contractual commitments, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open IBX data center expansion projects prior to making them available to customers for installation, the majority of which is payable within the next 12 months; and

•approximately $1.7 billion of other non-capital purchase commitments, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods, services or arrangements to be delivered or provided during 2024 and beyond, the majority of which is payable within the next two years.

We believe that our sources of liquidity, including our expected future operating cash flows, are sized to adequately meet both the near and long term material cash commitments for the foreseeable future. For further information on maturities of lease liabilities and debt instruments, see Notes 10 and 11, respectively, within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Contractual Obligations

We have additional future equity contributions and commitments to the joint ventures with GIC and PGIM. For additional information, see the "Equity Method Investments" in Note 6 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Additionally, we entered into lease agreements with various landlords primarily for data center spaces and ground leases which have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2023. For additional information, see “Maturities of Lease Liabilities” in Note 10 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements, and they require significant judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain:

•    Accounting for income taxes;

•    Accounting for business combinations;

•    Accounting for impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets;

•    Accounting for property, plant and equipment; and

•    Accounting for leases.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.

Item 7 of this Form 10-K focuses on discussion of 2022 and 2021 items as well as 2022 results as compared to 2021 results. For the discussion of 2020 items and 2021 results as compared to 2020 results, please refer to Item 7 of our 2021 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022.

Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management's perspective and is presented as follows:

•Overview

•Results of Operations

•Non-GAAP Financial Measures

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview

We provide a global, vendor-neutral data center, interconnection and edge solutions platform with offerings that aim to enable our customers to reach everywhere, interconnect everyone and integrate everything. Global enterprises, service providers and business ecosystems of industry partners rely on our IBX data centers and expertise around the world for the safe housing of their critical IT equipment and to protect and connect the world's most valued information assets. They also look to Platform Equinix® for the ability to directly and securely interconnect to the networks, clouds and content that enable today's information-driven global digital economy. Our

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recent IBX data center openings and acquisitions, as well as xScaleTM data center investments, have expanded our total global footprint to 248 data centers, including 11 xScale data centers and the MC1 data center that are held in unconsolidated joint ventures, across 71 markets around the world. We offer the following solutions:

•premium data center colocation;

•interconnection and data exchange solutions;

•edge solutions for deploying networking, security and hardware; and

•remote expert support and professional services.

Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our customers to increase information and application delivery performance to users, and quickly access distributed IT infrastructures and business and digital ecosystems, while significantly reducing costs. Our global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers, interconnection offerings and edge solutions have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for bandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers. This adjacency creates a “network effect” that enables our customers to capture the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "marketplace" for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection that increases data traffic exchange while lowering overall cost and increasing flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of enterprise and service provider customers and the resulting "marketplace" effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, has continued to drive new customer growth and bookings.

Historically, our market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center ("MTDC") providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 32 countries with the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our sites, proven operational reliability, improved application performance and a highly scalable set of offerings.

Our cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billed versus total cabinet capacity, which is used to measure how efficiently we are managing our cabinet capacity. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. Our cabinet utilization rates were approximately 82% and 79%, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, results of operations and cash flows.

To serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers, we have entered into joint ventures to develop and operate xScale data centers. In the past two years, we have closed multiple joint ventures in the form of limited liability partnerships with GIC Private Limited, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund ("GIC") and an additional joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM").

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Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, clouds and software partners, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, automation capabilities, developer talent pool, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to our standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.

Revenue:

Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length, and thereafter automatically renews in one-year increments. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during the past three years, more than 90% of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 36% of our recurring revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 39% of our recurring revenues for the years ended 2021 and 2020.

Our non-recurring revenues are primarily derived from fees charged from installations related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installations are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.

Operating Expenses:

Cost of Revenues. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment, and security. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. Our costs of electricity may also increase as a result of the physical

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effects of climate change, global energy supply constraints, increased regulations driving alternative electricity generation due to environmental considerations or as a result of our election to use renewable energy sources. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees; and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense on back office systems.

Taxation as a REIT

We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes ("REIT") beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2022, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Chile, Japan, Singapore and the majority of our data centers in EMEA. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs"). We included our share of the assets in xScale joint ventures (with the exception of Korea) in our REIT structure.

As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to local income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we recognize any net gain from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this net gain at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions, at a gain, of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.

We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.

On each of March 23, June 15, September 21, and December 14, 2022 we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $3.10 per share. We expect the amount of all our applicable quarterly dividend distributions and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed our REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2022.

The Impact of the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Results and Operations

We have continued to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our people and business. As of the time of this filing, our offices are open to employees and we have also resumed in-person events as local travel restrictions allow.

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For additional details regarding the impacts and risks to our results of operations from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, refer to "Results of Operations" section below and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2022 Highlights:

•In February, we entered into an equity forward amendment to our existing "at the market" equity offering program (the "2020 ATM Program"), under which we could, from time to time, offer and sell shares under the equity distribution agreement pursuant to forward sale transactions (the "Equity Forward Amendment"). See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In March, we entered into a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM to develop and operate additional xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In March, we entered into an agreement to sell the Mexico 3 ("MX3") data center site in connection with the formation of a new joint venture with GIC, to develop and operate xScale data centers in the Americas (the "AMER 1 Joint Venture"). See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In April, we completed the acquisition of MainOne Cable Company Ltd. ("MainOne"), consisting of four data centers as well as a subsea cable and terrestrial fiber network. We acquired MainOne and its assets for a total purchase consideration of $278.4 million. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In April, we issued $1.2 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.900% Senior Notes due 2032 (the "2032 Notes"). See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In April, we entered into a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, to develop and operate two xScale data centers in Seoul, Korea (the "Asia-Pacific 3 Joint Venture"). Upon closing, we contributed $17.0 million in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the joint venture. See Note 6 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In May, we completed the acquisition of four data centers in Chile from Empresa Nacional De Telecomunicaciones S.A. ("Entel") for a total purchase consideration of $638.3 million at the exchange rate in effect on May 2, 2022. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In August, we completed the acquisition of a data center in Peru from Entel for a purchase consideration of $80.3 million at the exchange rate in effect on August 1, 2022. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In August, we settled all five forward sale agreements under the Equity Forward Amendment and sold 579,873 shares of our common stock for approximately $393.6 million, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses, at an aggregate weighted-average forward sale price of $678.72 per share. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In August, we sold an additional 580,833 shares, excluding the forward sale transactions noted above, under the 2020 ATM Program for approximately $403.6 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•In November, we established a successor ATM program (the "2022 ATM Program"), under which we may, from time to time, offer and sell on a spot or forward basis up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion of our common stock to or through sales agents in "at the market" transactions. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 include the results of operations from a data center in Peru acquired from Entel from August 1, 2022, four data centers in Chile acquired from Entel from May 2, 2022, the acquisition of MainOne from April 1, 2022 and two data centers acquired from GPX India from September 1, 2021. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

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In order to provide a framework for assessing our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we supplement the year-over-year actual change in results of operations with comparative changes on a constant currency basis. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further discussion.

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

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Revenues

(dollars in thousands)

Americas Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas revenue increased by $327.5 million or 11% (and also 11% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to:

•approximately $30.3 million of incremental revenues generated from the Entel Chile and Entel Peru acquisitions;

•$44.6 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

EMEA Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA revenue increased by $188.0 million or 9% (12% on a constant currency basis). Growth in EMEA revenues was primarily due to:

•$59.6 million of incremental revenues generated from the MainOne acquisition;

•approximately $32.0 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions;

•$9.3 million of incremental revenues from services provided to our joint ventures; and

•an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.

Asia-Pacific Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Asia-Pacific revenue increased by $112.1 million or 8% (16% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Asia-Pacific revenues was primarily due to:

•approximately $60.2 million of incremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions;

•$14.3 million incremental revenues generated from the GPX India acquisition; and

•incremental revenues generated from power price increases in Singapore in response to the increased cost of utilities as noted below.

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Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Cost of Revenues

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas cost of revenues increased by $102.1 million or 7% (and also 7% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$48.5 million of higher utilities, primarily driven by comparatively lower costs in 2021 resulting from gains recognized from wind farm settlements in Texas and Oklahoma due to extreme weather conditions, current period increases in power costs, higher utility usage and IBX data center expansions;

•$20.1 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;

•$15.2 million of incremental cost of revenues from the Entel Chile and Entel Peru acquisitions; and

•$10.9 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions.

EMEA Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA cost of revenues increased by $64.0 million or 5% (11% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$35.4 million of incremental cost of revenues from the MainOne Acquisition; and

•after accounting for changes in foreign currency rates and hedge loss allocations:

◦approximately $13 million in utilities costs, primarily driven by increases in power costs and higher utility usage in France and the United Kingdom;

◦approximately $11 million in depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions; and

◦approximately $7 million in compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth.

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Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Asia-Pacific cost of revenues increased by $112.9 million or 14% (24% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to:

•$99.5 million of higher utilities primarily driven by increases in power cost and higher utility usage in Singapore;

•$11.4 million of incremental cost of revenues from the GPX India acquisition;

•$10.3 million of higher rent and facilities costs, primarily in Hong Kong; and

•$8.1 million of higher depreciation expense driven by IBX data center expansions in Singapore.

This increase was partially offset by $13.6 million of lower other cost of revenue, primarily due to decreased customer installations.

We expect Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific cost of revenues to increase in line with the growth of our business, including from the impacts of acquisitions.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Sales and Marketing Expenses

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas sales and marketing expenses increased by $31.0 million or 7% (and also 7% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to:

•$18.0 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation, partially due to additional compensation expenses incurred related to our recent acquisitions and headcount growth; and

•$8.0 million of higher travel and entertainment expenses due to the easing of COVID-19 travel restrictions.

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EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA sales and marketing increased by $10.8 million or 6% (11% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation, partially due to additional compensation expenses incurred related to our recent acquisitions and headcount growth.

Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

We anticipate that we will continue to invest in sales and marketing initiatives across our three regions in line with the growth of our business. We expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than those of our other regions since certain global sales and marketing functions are located within the U.S.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

General and Administrative Expenses

(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)

Americas General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas general and administrative expenses increased by $78.6 million or 9% (and also 9% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to:

•$46.8 million of higher depreciation expense associated with back-office systems to support the growth of our business;

•$40.7 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, primarily due to additional compensation expenses incurred related to our recent acquisitions and headcount growth;

•$24.0 million of higher office expenses primarily due to additional software and support services; and

•$10.4 million of higher travel and entertainment expenses due to the easing of COVID-19 travel restrictions.

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This increase was partially offset by $40.9 million of lower consulting costs driven by an increase in the conversion of contingent workers to full time employees.

EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA general and administrative expenses increased by $53.0 million or 21% (27% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to:

•$34.0 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth; and

•$10.0 million higher travel and entertainment expenses due to the easing of COVID-19 travel restrictions.

Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses increased by $65.3 million or 43% (51% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to:

•$39.5 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth; and

•$28.5 million of higher consulting costs in support of our business growth and location strategy.

Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase across all three regions as we continue to invest in our operations to support our growth, including investments to enhance our technology platform, and to integrate recent acquisitions. Additionally, given that our corporate headquarters is located in the U.S., we expect the Americas general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues to be higher than that of other regions.

Transaction Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded transaction costs totaling $21.8 million, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the recent acquisitions and formation of the new joint ventures, see Notes 3, 5, and 6 within the Consolidated Financial Statements. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded transaction costs totaling $22.8 million, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the formation of the new joint ventures and the GPX India Acquisition.

Gain or Loss on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not record a significant amount of loss on asset sales. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a gain of $10.8 million primarily related to the sale of the Dublin 5 ("DB5") data center.

Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):

Americas Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas income from operations increased by $118.6 million or 72% (71% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisitions and organic growth, as described above.

EMEA Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA income from operations increased by $44.4 million or 8% (3% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisition and organic growth, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Asia-Pacific income from operations decreased by $70.7 million or 17% (10% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher operating

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expenses as a percentage of revenues, which included higher utility costs, primarily driven by increases in power prices and higher utility usage, as described above.

Interest Income. Interest income was $36.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was not significant for the year ended December 31, 2021. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 1.74% versus 0.17% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $356.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $336.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the issuance of the 3.900% Senior Notes due 2032. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized $18.2 million and $24.5 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Expense. We recorded net other expense of $51.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, including $49.0 million in stock-based charitable contributions and foreign currency exchange gains and losses. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded net other expense of $50.6 million, primarily due to an approximately $32.0 million impairment charge resulting from the settlement of a pre-acquisition uncertain tax position, refer to the "Income Taxes" section below for further information, as well as foreign currency exchange gains and losses.

Gain or Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We did not record a significant amount of gain on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded $115.1 million of net loss on debt extinguishment primarily due to the redemption of 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 and the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027.

Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the tax years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As such, other than state income taxes and foreign income and withholding taxes, no provision for income taxes has been included for our REIT and QRSs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that may not be REIT compliant.

U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $124.8 million and $109.2 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 15.0% and 17.9%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The lower effective tax rate in 2022 as compared to 2021 is primarily driven by the higher U.S. QRS income that is not subject to U.S. corporate income taxes, partially offset by an increase in valuation allowances in the Americas region.

In the current period, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $40.0 million resulting from the settlement of tax audits in the EMEA region. In the prior period, we had a favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions of approximately $70.0 million resulting from the settlement of various tax audits in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. Of the unrecognized tax benefits realized in the prior period, approximately $32.0 million was related to the uncertain tax position inherited from the acquisition of Metronode in 2018. The uncertain tax position was covered by an indemnification agreement with the Seller. The realization of the unrecognized tax benefits resulted in an impairment of the indemnification asset for the same amount, which was included in Other Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to

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net income. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 by geographic regions was as follows (dollars in thousands):

Americas Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Americas adjusted EBITDA increased by $195.3 million or 15% (and also 15% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisitions and organic growth, as described above.

EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2022, EMEA adjusted EBITDA increased by $76.2 million or 7% (10% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity, the recent acquisition and organic growth, as described above.

Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA decreased by $46.2 million or 6% (2% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher utility costs, as described above.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing results of operations may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations.

Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our results of operations in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze us effectively.

Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies.

Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, although we may incur initial construction costs in future periods with respect to additional IBX data centers, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our results of operations when evaluating our operations.

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In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We also exclude restructuring charges. Restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges generally related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets are not recoverable. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Additionally, we exclude transaction costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to allow more comparable comparisons of our financial results to our historical operations. The transaction costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations and the formation of joint ventures, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing our long-term performance. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the transactions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and transaction costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods. Finally, we exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, and the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our results of operations with those of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income excluding income tax expense, interest income, interest expense, other income or expense, gain or loss on debt extinguishment, depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, and gain or loss on asset sales as presented below (in thousands):

Our adjusted EBITDA results have increased each year in total dollars due to the increase in our operating results, as discussed in "Results of Operations", as well as the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature, as also discussed in "Overview".

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Funds from Operations ("FFO") and AFFO

We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items.

In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, stock-based charitable contributions, restructuring charges, impairment charges, transaction costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures, net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, and adjustments from FFO to AFFO for unconsolidated joint ventures' and noncontrolling interests' share of these items. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to current period's operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of its IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current future operating performance.

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Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in thousands):