Fidelity National Information Services, Inc. (FIS)

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following section discusses management's view of the financial condition and results of operations of FIS and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, unless otherwise noted.

This section should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See "Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A

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of this Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these forward-looking statements that could cause future results to differ materially from those reflected in this section.

Business Trends and Conditions

Revenue Sources and Markets

Our revenue from continuing operations is primarily derived from a combination of technology and processing solutions, transaction processing fees, professional services and software license fees. While we are a global company and do business around the world, the majority of our revenue is generated by clients in the U.S. The majority of our international revenue is generated by clients in the U.K., Germany, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Switzerland and France. In addition, the majority of our revenue has historically been recurring under multi-year Banking and Capital Markets contracts that contribute relative stability to our revenue stream. These solutions, in general, are considered critical to our clients' operations. Professional services revenue is typically non-recurring, though recognition often occurs over time rather than at a point in time. Sales of software licenses are typically non-recurring with point-in-time recognition and are less predictable.

Economic Trends

We are experiencing relatively stable sales cycles and levels of client activity across our businesses. We have experienced, and continue to experience, relatively high inflation in our primary markets over the medium-term cycle. Relatively high interest rates have had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our interest expense. However, during 2024, we used a portion of the net proceeds from the Worldpay Sale to repay our borrowings under our commercial paper programs and reduce our long-term debt, which has decreased our interest expense from previous levels. Impacts of foreign currency fluctuations remained slightly favorable during 2024. Given the volatility of exchange rates and the mix of currencies involved in both revenues and expenses, the direction and magnitude of future effects of currency fluctuations are uncertain.

Worldpay Sale

On January 31, 2024, the Company completed the Worldpay Sale for cash consideration in a transaction valuing the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business at an enterprise value of $18.5 billion, including $1.0 billion of consideration contingent on the returns realized by Buyer exceeding certain thresholds. The net cash proceeds received by FIS at the closing were greater than $12 billion, net of estimated closing adjustments, debt restructuring fees, taxes and transaction costs. We used a portion of the proceeds from the sale to retire debt and repurchase shares, and we plan to continue to use the remaining proceeds to return additional capital to shareholders through our existing share repurchase authorizations, as well as for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, while maintaining an investment grade credit rating. In connection with the Worldpay Sale, FIS and Worldpay entered into commercial agreements, preserving a key value proposition for clients of both businesses and minimizing potential dis-synergies. FIS and Worldpay also entered into additional agreements as described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements. Upon closing of the Worldpay Sale, we retained a non-controlling 45% equity interest in Worldpay. FIS' share of the net income of Worldpay subsequent to the sale is reported as Equity method investment earnings (loss), net of tax.

As a result of the Worldpay Sale, we recorded an estimated loss on sale of $578 million during 2024. We also recorded a tax benefit of $1.1 billion, primarily from the release of U.S. deferred tax liabilities that were not transferred in the Worldpay Sale, net of the estimated U.S. tax cost that we expect to incur as a result of the Worldpay Sale. Completion of remaining purchase agreement provisions in connection with the Worldpay Sale could result in further adjustments to the loss on sale amount and the estimated U.S. tax cost.

Investments in Innovation

We continue to assist financial institutions and other businesses in migrating to outsourced integrated technology solutions to improve their profitability and address increasing and ongoing regulatory requirements. We believe our integrated solutions and outsourced services are well-positioned to address this outsourcing trend across the markets we serve.

We continue to invest in modernization, innovation and integrated solutions to meet the demands of the markets we serve and to compete with global banks, financial and other technology providers, and emerging technology innovators. We invest both internally and through investment opportunities in companies building complementary technologies in the financial services space. Our internal development activities have related primarily to the modernization of our proprietary core systems in each of our segments, design and development of next-generation digital and innovative solutions and development of

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processing systems and related software applications and risk management platforms. We expect to continue to invest an appropriate level of resources to maintain, enhance and extend the functionality of our proprietary systems and existing software applications, to develop new and innovative software applications and systems to address emerging technology trends in response to the needs of our clients, and to enhance the capabilities of our outsourcing infrastructure.

Digital One Platform

Consumer preference, particularly in younger generations, continues to shift from traditional branch banking services to digital-first banking solutions. It is increasingly clear that a priority for our clients is to provide a unified, engaging and inclusive banking experience powered by digital capabilities across all channels and customer activities. Our Digital One platform helps our clients, from top-tier large financial institutions with over $10 billion in assets to top-tier and mid-tier community banks, provide a set of modern digital solutions to support all customer types, including retail consumers, sole proprietors, small businesses and large corporations, through any channel, including desktop, tablet, smartphone, and branch. The uniform customer experience extends to support a broad range of financial services including opening new accounts, servicing existing accounts, money movement, and personal financial management, as well as other consumer, small business and commercial banking capabilities. The Digital One platform is host-agnostic, and our digital suite has been enabled across multiple FIS core banking platforms, including IBS, Horizon, Modern Banking Platform, AffinityEdge, and Systematics, in addition to non-FIS platforms run by banking financial institutions who demand market-leading digital capabilities.

Banking Industry Consolidation

Consolidation within the banking industry has occurred and may continue to occur, primarily in the form of merger and acquisition activity among financial institutions, which generally increases competition among financial technology providers. However, consolidation resulting from specific merger and acquisition transactions may be beneficial to our business. When consolidations of financial institutions occur, merger partners often operate systems obtained from competing service providers. The newly formed entity generally makes a determination to migrate its core and payments systems to a single platform. When a financial institution processing client is involved in a consolidation, we may benefit if the client retains our solutions and expands the use of them following the consolidation to support the newly combined entity. Conversely, we may lose revenue if we are providing solutions to both entities, or if a client of ours is involved in a consolidation and our solutions are not chosen to support the newly combined entity. It is also possible that larger financial institutions resulting from consolidation may have greater leverage in negotiating terms or could decide to perform in-house some or all of the solutions that we currently provide or could provide. We seek to mitigate the risks of consolidations by offering other competitive solutions to take advantage of specific opportunities at the surviving company.

Demand in Payments Market

We continue to see demand in the payments market for innovative solutions that will deliver faster, more convenient payment options in mobile channels, internet applications, in-store cards, and digital currencies. The payment processing industry is adopting new technologies, developing new solutions, evolving new business models, and is being affected by new market entrants and by an evolving regulatory environment. As financial institutions respond to these changes by seeking solutions to help them enhance their own offerings to consumers, including the ability to accept card-not-present payments in eCommerce and mobile environments, as well as contactless cards and mobile wallets at the point of sale, FIS believes that payment processors will seek to develop additional capabilities in order to serve clients' evolving needs. To facilitate this expansion, we believe that payment processors will need to enhance their technology platforms so they can deliver these capabilities and differentiate their offerings from other providers.

We believe that these market changes present both an opportunity and a risk for us, and we cannot predict which emerging technologies or solutions will be successful. However, FIS believes that payment processors, like FIS, that have scalable, integrated business models, provide solutions across the payment processing value chain and utilize broad distribution capabilities will be best-positioned to enable emerging alternative electronic payment technologies in the long term. Further, FIS believes that its depth of capabilities and breadth of distribution will enhance its position as emerging payment technologies are adopted by merchants and other businesses. FIS' ability to partner with non-financial institution enterprises, such as mobile payment providers and internet, retail and social media companies, continues to create attractive growth opportunities as these new entrants seek to become more active participants in the development of alternative electronic payment technologies and to facilitate the convergence of retail, online, mobile and social commerce applications.

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Cybersecurity Threats and Solutions

Cyberattacks on information technology systems and the vendors and technological supply chain on which they rely continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. This is a trend we expect to continue with widespread impacts, including potentially some pertinent to FIS. The continued growth in the frequency, complexity and sophistication of cyberattacks, coupled with the continued interconnection in the global technology ecosystem, present both a threat and an opportunity for FIS. Using expertise we have gained from our ongoing focus and investment, we have developed and we offer fraud, security, risk management and compliance solutions to target this growth opportunity in the financial services industry. We also use certain of these solutions to manage our own risks. See Item 1C for additional discussion of how the Company assesses, identifies, and manages cybersecurity risks.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These policies require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Application of GAAP related to the measurement and recognition of revenue requires us to make judgments and estimates. Specifically, complex arrangements with nonstandard terms and conditions may require significant contract interpretation in the determination of distinct performance obligations. Other judgments may include the evaluation of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation and whether separate contracts with the same customer should be combined and considered part of one arrangement.

The determination as to whether individual promised solutions or services can be considered distinct or should instead be combined with other promised solutions or services in a contract may require judgment. We assess the solutions and services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a solution or service (or bundle of solutions or services) that is distinct - i.e., if a solution or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

Due to the large number, broad nature and average size of our individual customer contracts, the impact of judgments and assumptions that we apply in recognizing revenue for any single contract is not likely to have a material effect on our consolidated operations or financial position. However, the accounting policies that we apply across similar contracts, products or classes of clients could significantly influence the timing and amount of revenue recognized in our historical and future results of operations or financial position.

Purchase Accounting

We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combination transactions at their estimated fair values, except as otherwise required. Any portion of the purchase price in excess of the recorded amount of the net identifiable assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. The estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as customer relationships and software intangible assets, are complex and require a significant amount of management judgment. When necessary, we engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in making these fair value determinations. We generally use discounted cash flow models, which require internally developed assumptions, to determine the acquisition fair value of customer relationship intangible assets and developed technology software assets. Assumptions for customer relationship asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to existing customer contracts and relationships, estimated annual attrition, forecasted margin, and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. Assumptions for software asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to the software assets, obsolescence rates, estimated royalty rates and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. The forecasted revenue and margins used in the discounted cash flow models are critical estimates in determining the fair value of customer relationships and developed technology software assets as these estimates are influenced by many factors including historical financial information and management’s expectation for future operating results as a combined company.

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While we use our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of earnings.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had three acquisitions that were accounted for as business combinations, as discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. We had no material business combinations, individually or in the aggregate, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill Impairment

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Our reporting units are the same as our primary operating segments, with additional reporting units, as applicable, for certain non-strategic businesses within the Corporate and Other segment. Goodwill impairment assessments require a significant amount of management judgment, and a meaningful change in one or more of the underlying forecasts, estimates, or assumptions used in testing goodwill for impairment could result in a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. Based on the results of our assessments, goodwill of the reporting units in our continuing operations was not impaired in any of the periods presented.

Our annual impairment test may first consider qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Qualitative factors include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance and events affecting the reporting unit or Company as a whole, including a sustained decrease in stock price. As a result of the qualitative assessment, if we conclude that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount as a result of the qualitative assessment, or we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, then we must perform a quantitative assessment for that reporting unit.

When a quantitative assessment is triggered or elected, we typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining the fair value of the reporting unit based on the weighted average of two valuation techniques: an income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow method) and a market approach. The income approach calculates a value based upon the present value of estimated future cash flows, while the market approach uses earnings multiples of similarly situated guideline public companies. The income approach involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions regarding forecasted revenue, growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures, and other factors used to calculate estimated future cash flows. In addition, risk-adjusted discount rates and future economic and market conditions and other assumptions are applied. The market approach involves the selection of guideline public companies and earnings multiples considering factors such as markets of operation, solutions offered, and risk profiles. The income approach used to assess goodwill for impairment is a critical estimate because the forecasted revenue growth rate and margin assumptions (including long-term growth assumptions) underlying the estimated future cash flows are subject to management’s judgment based upon the best available market information, internal forecasts and operating plans. A deterioration in these assumptions could adversely impact our results. The income approach is also particularly sensitive to the risk-adjusted discount rate selected.

For our Banking and Capital Markets reporting units, we performed a quantitative annual assessment in 2022 which concluded that the fair values of these reporting units substantially exceeded their respective carrying amounts. For 2023 and 2024, we performed a qualitative annual assessment of these reporting units and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair values of these reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. Given the substantial excess of fair value over carrying amounts, we believe the likelihood of obtaining materially different results based on a change of assumptions to be low.

Income Taxes

There is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. Management judgment is required to determine our provision for income taxes and income tax assets and liabilities. Management assesses our tax positions based on the application of accounting principles to our facts and circumstances and our interpretation of the tax laws, treaties and regulations, which are complex, vary by jurisdiction and may be subject to different interpretation by relevant taxing authorities.

We have various tax filing positions, including the allocation of income among various jurisdictions and the applicability of deductions and credits, which affect the timing and amount of our taxable income. We record a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. We also evaluate and measure uncertain tax

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positions taken or expected to be taken on tax returns and record liabilities for such positions that in our judgment may not be sustained, or only partially sustained, upon examination by taxing authorities. Our assessment may change based on various factors, including changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law and audit activity.

Although we believe that our estimates and judgments are reasonable, actual results may differ from these estimates. If one or more of the taxing authorities were to successfully challenge a position taken, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Related-Party Transactions

We are a party to related-party agreements with Worldpay as discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements. In connection with the closing of the Worldpay Sale, we entered into several agreements with certain Worldpay entities and entered into additional agreements with Worldpay during 2024, as further described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Results of Operations

NM = Not meaningful

Revenue

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased primarily due to new sales to both new and existing customers and increased transaction processing volumes, partially offset by declines associated with our non-strategic businesses. Revenue was not materially impacted by foreign currency movements versus the prior year period.

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased primarily due to recurring revenue growth in the Banking and Capital Markets segments. Revenue was not materially impacted by foreign currency movements.

See "Segment Results of Operations" below for more detailed explanation.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased primarily due to increased infrastructure and labor expenses, which include costs to support the Worldpay transition services agreement ("TSA"). Gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased primarily due to operating leverage, continued cost management and increased higher-margin license revenue, partially offset by dis-synergies associated with the Worldpay Sale.

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased due to lower intangible asset amortization resulting primarily from using accelerated amortization methods which apply a declining rate over time, contributing to higher gross profit and gross profit margin.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased primarily due to higher expenses relating to the separation of the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business, offset in part by lower labor costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased primarily due to lower acquisition, integration and other costs partially offset by inflation.

Asset Impairments

Asset impairments for the year ended December 31, 2024, related primarily to an estimated loss recorded on the expected sale of a non-strategic business.

Asset impairments for the year ended December 31, 2023, related primarily to the termination of certain internally developed software projects.

Asset impairments for the year ended December 31, 2022, related primarily to real estate, the sale of a non-strategic business and certain software assets.

Operating Income and Operating Margin

The annual change in operating income and operating margin for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, resulted from the revenue and cost variances noted above.

Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net - Related Party

As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, under the terms of the Worldpay TSA, during 2024, the Company provided technology infrastructure, risk and security, accounting and various other corporate services to Worldpay. The income received for these services is recorded in Other operating (income) expense, net - related party, and the corresponding expenses are recognized in Cost of revenue and Selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of earnings (loss).

Total Other Income (Expense), Net

NM = Not meaningful

The decrease in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2024, was primarily due to a reduction in our outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs and senior notes using a portion of the net proceeds from the Worldpay Sale and increased interest income generated on the proceeds of the Worldpay Sale.

The increase in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily due to higher interest rates on our variable-rate debt, including the impact of our fixed-to-variable interest rate swaps discussed further in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, offset in part by increased interest income.

Other income (expense), net for the periods presented consists of various income and expense items outside of the Company's operating activities, including foreign currency transaction remeasurement gains and losses; realized and unrealized gains and losses on equity security investments, including impairment losses on these investments; and fair value adjustments on certain non-operating assets and liabilities, including certain derivatives as further described in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

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The year ended December 31, 2024, included loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $(174) million, as discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements.

The $(167) million net change in Other income (expense), net during the year ended December 31, 2023, related primarily to foreign currency transaction remeasurement losses and the impact of the change in fair value of interest rate swaps accounted for as economic hedges during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the interest rate swaps.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

NM = Not meaningful

The increase in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024, was predominately driven by increases to income tax relating to foreign earnings and operations. As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reflects its investor-level tax impact relating to equity method investments as a component of Equity method investment earnings (loss), net of tax in the consolidated statement of earnings (loss). Therefore, equity method investment earnings (loss) and the related investor-level tax are excluded from the calculation of FIS' annual effective tax rate.

The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023, was predominately driven by the decrease in GAAP pre-tax earnings.

Equity Method Investment Earnings (Loss)

NM = Not meaningful

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the Worldpay Sale on January 31, 2024, retaining a non-controlling equity interest in Worldpay. We account for our 45% equity interest in Worldpay using the equity method of accounting. During the period from February 1, through December 31, 2024, our share of the net income of Worldpay is reported as Equity method investment earnings (loss), net of tax, in the consolidated statement of earnings (loss) and reflects FIS' investor-level tax impact on its investment in Worldpay. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for summary Worldpay financial information.

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Discontinued Operations

NM = Not meaningful

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the Worldpay Sale on January 31, 2024. The results of the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business prior to the completion of the Worldpay Sale have been presented as discontinued operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, changes in each of the captions above from the prior year are a result of the Worldpay Sale.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue from discontinued operations increased from the prior year primarily due to eCommerce volume growth.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations related to major classes of pre-tax earnings (loss), as well as Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, included a $6.8 billion impairment of goodwill. Additionally, beginning on July 5, 2023, the Company ceased amortization of long-lived assets held for sale. For the year ended December 31, 2022, earnings (loss) from discontinued operations related to major classes of pre-tax earnings (loss) included a $17.6 billion impairment of goodwill.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss on assets held for sale of $1.9 billion, reflecting the establishment of a valuation allowance to reduce the Worldpay Merchant Solutions disposal group's carrying value down to fair value less cost to sell as discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss on sale of the Worldpay disposal group of $578 million, including the impact of post-closing adjustments recorded to date.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.1 billion, primarily from the write-off of U.S. deferred tax liabilities that were not transferred in the Worldpay Sale, net of the estimated U.S. tax cost that the Company expects to incur as a result of the Worldpay Sale.

Segment Results of Operations

FIS reports its financial performance based on the following segments: Banking Solutions; Capital Market Solutions;

and Corporate and Other.

Adjusted EBITDA is a measure of segment profit or loss reported to the chief operating decision maker, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and President, for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and assessing their performance. For this reason, Adjusted EBITDA, as it relates to our segments, is presented in conformity with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net earnings (loss) before net interest expense, net other income (expense), income tax provision (benefit), equity method investment earnings (loss), and depreciation and amortization, and excludes certain costs that do not constitute normal, recurring, cash operating expenses necessary to operate our business. These excluded costs generally consist of the purchase price amortization of acquired intangible assets as well as acquisition, integration and certain other costs and asset impairments. These costs and adjustments are recorded in the

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Corporate and Other segment for the periods discussed below. Financial information, including details of Adjusted EBITDA, for each of our segments is set forth in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements.

Banking Solutions

Year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023:

Revenue in our Banking segment increased 2% for the year ended December 31, 2024. Recurring revenue contributed 3% to the total segment revenue growth rate, driven by higher transaction processing revenue. A decline in non-recurring revenue offset the growth rate by (1%), driven by the completion of federally funded pandemic relief programs.

Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above and the positive impact of the operating leverage and labor productivity and outsourcing initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA margin expanded year over year, driven primarily by labor productivity and outsourcing initiatives and favorable revenue mix compared to the prior year, including an increase in high-margin license revenue.

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Banking segment increased 2% for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recurring revenue contributed 3% to the total segment revenue growth rate, as payments volumes increased year over year, including volumes in our commercial services and value-added processing businesses. A decline in non-recurring and professional services revenue offset the growth rate by a combined (1%).

Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above and savings generated from the Company's Future Forward initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA margin was flat year over year, as Future Forward cost savings offset unfavorable revenue mix year over year, including a reduction in high-margin license and termination fee revenue.

Capital Market Solutions

Year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023:

Revenue in our Capital Markets segment increased 8% for the year ended December 31, 2024. Recurring revenue contributed 5% to the total segment revenue growth rate due to new SaaS sales to both new and existing customers, and non-recurring revenue contributed 2% to the growth rate due primarily to increased license sales. Foreign currency movements contributed 1% to the growth rate.

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Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased year over year due primarily to the segment's operating leverage, continued cost management and increased higher-margin license revenue.

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Capital Markets segment increased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recurring revenue contributed 6% to the total segment revenue growth rate due to new sales and continued movement to a SaaS-based recurring-revenue model. A decline in professional services revenue offset the growth rate by (1% ).

Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above. Adjusted EBITDA margin declined year over year due to revenue mix.

Corporate and Other

The Corporate and Other segment results consist of selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and intangible asset amortization not otherwise allocated to the reportable segments. Corporate and Other also includes other operating income recorded in connection with our TSA with Worldpay, as well as operations from certain non-strategic businesses.

Year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023:

Revenue in our Corporate and Other segment decreased 20% for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the ramp down of non-strategic businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased primarily due to the revenue impacts noted above, as well as higher costs due to dis-synergies associated with the Worldpay Sale.

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Corporate and Other segment decreased 31% for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the ramp down of non-strategic businesses, as well as prior year divestitures.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased as a result of the revenue impacts noted above, as well as higher corporate expenses as compared to the prior year period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Requirements

Our principal ongoing cash requirements include operating expenses, income taxes, debt service payments, capital expenditures, stockholder dividends, working capital and timing differences in settlement-related assets and liabilities and may include discretionary debt repayments, share repurchases and business acquisitions. Our principal sources of funds are cash generated by operations and borrowings, including the capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility, the U.S. commercial paper program and the Euro-commercial paper program discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements. The net proceeds from the Worldpay Sale also provided a significant source of funds during 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $4,547 million of available liquidity, including $834 million of cash and cash equivalents and $3,713 million of capacity available under its Revolving Credit Facility. Approximately $370 million of cash and cash equivalents is held by our foreign entities. A portion of our domestic cash and cash equivalents relates to net deposits-in-transit, which are typically settled within a few business days. Debt outstanding totaled $11.3 billion, with an effective weighted average interest rate of 2.8%.

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Although we continue to evaluate the optimal capital structure for our business following the completion of the Worldpay Sale, we intend to maintain investment grade debt ratings for FIS.

We believe that our current level of cash and cash equivalents plus cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our operating cash requirements, capital expenditures and debt service payments for the next 12 months and the foreseeable future.

In January 2025, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.40 per share beginning with the first quarter of 2025. A regular quarterly dividend of $0.40 per common share is payable on March 25, 2025, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 11, 2025. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends at a target payout ratio consistent with our capital allocation strategy, without regard to our equity method investment earnings (loss) attributable to our interest retained in Worldpay post-separation. However, the amount, declaration and payment of future dividends is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depends on, among other things, our investment opportunities (including potential mergers and acquisitions), results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects, and other factors, including legal and contractual restrictions, that may be considered relevant by our Board of Directors. Additionally, the payment of cash dividends may be limited by covenants in certain debt agreements.

In January 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which it authorized the Company to repurchase up to 100 million shares of our common stock. In August 2024, our Board of Directors approved a separate, incremental share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $3.0 billion in aggregate value of shares of our common stock. Repurchases under these programs will be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions and through Rule 10b5-1 plans. Neither of these repurchase programs has an expiration date and either program may be suspended for periods, amended or discontinued at any time. Under these share repurchase programs, the Company repurchased approximately 54 million shares for an aggregate of $4.0 billion in 2024, 9 million shares for an aggregate of $0.5 billion in 2023 and 21 million shares for an aggregate of $1.8 billion in 2022. Approximately 1 million shares remained available for repurchase under the January 2021 program as of December 31, 2024, and the Company will exhaust its authorization under this program in the first quarter of 2025, after which it will repurchase shares under the 2024 authorization. We intend to repurchase approximately $1.2 billion of our shares during the year ending December 31, 2025.

Cash Flows from Operations

Our net cash provided by operating activities consists primarily of net earnings, adjusted to add back depreciation and amortization and other non-cash items including asset impairments, loss on extinguishment of debt, and loss from equity method investment. Cash flows from operations were $2,175 million, $2,078 million and $1,622 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash flows from operations increased $97 million in 2024 and increased $456 million in 2023. The 2024 increase in cash flows from operations is primarily due to higher net earnings adjusted for non-cash items, partially offset by timing of working capital. The 2023 increase in cash flows from operations is primarily due to timing of working capital, partially offset by lower net earnings adjusted for non-cash items.

Cash Flows from Investing

Our principal investing activity relates to capital expenditures for software (purchased and internally developed) and property and equipment. We invested approximately $817 million, $780 million and $996 million in capital expenditures (excluding purchases of certain hardware and software subject to financing or other long-term payment arrangements) during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We expect to continue investing in software and in property and equipment to support our business.

We also invest in acquisitions that complement and extend our existing solutions and capabilities and provide additional solutions to our portfolio, and we dispose of assets that are no longer considered strategic. In 2024, we used approximately $514 million of cash (net of cash acquired) related to new acquisitions. In 2024, in connection with the Worldpay Sale, we received $12.8 billion in cash proceeds and divested $3.1 billion in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash included in current assets held for sale at the date of sale. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we paid $202 million related to new acquisitions. We expect to continue to invest in acquisitions as part of our strategy to add solutions to help win new clients and cross-sell to existing clients.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we received distributions of $47 million from Worldpay recorded as investing cash flows. We expect to continue to receive regular cash distributions from Worldpay pursuant to the terms of the Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement ("LLCA") described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Cash flows from investing also occasionally include cash received or paid relative to other activities that are not regularly recurring in nature. In 2024 and 2023, we paid approximately $8 million and $20 million, respectively, and in 2022, we received approximately $726 million, of net cash related to the settlement of cross-currency interest rate swaps.

Cash Flows from Financing

Cash flows from financing principally involve borrowing funds, repaying debt, repurchasing shares and paying dividends, For information regarding the Company's debt and financing activity, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness" in Item 1A and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk" in Item 7A of this Annual Report and Notes 14 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, we paid $173 million related to the 2020 Virtus acquisition to redeem a put option exercised by the founders as described in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Obligations

FIS' long-term contractual obligations generally include its long-term debt, interest on long-term debt including the impact of accounting hedges, net coupon payments on undesignated interest rate swaps, lease payments on certain of its property and equipment and payments for certain purchase commitments and other obligations. See Notes 14, 15 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements for information on our long-term debt, financial instruments and operating leases, respectively. The following table summarizes FIS' other significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2024 (in millions):

(1)The amounts above include the impact of accounting hedges and assume that (a) applicable margins and commitment fees remain constant; (b) variable-rates in effect as of December 31, 2024, remain constant; (c) no refinancing occurs at debt maturity; (d) only mandatory debt repayments are made; (e) no new hedging transactions are effected; and (f) there are no future currency effects.

(2)Includes obligations principally for software, maintenance, and consulting and outsourced services, including cloud hosting and data centers.

(3)The amounts above reflect the net coupon payments on the fixed-to-variable and offsetting variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps, as described in Note 15, that result in a net fixed coupon spread payable by the Company; the amounts also assume that there are no future currency effects.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

See Note 2 (v) to the consolidated financial statements for information on recently adopted accounting guidance.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

See Note 2 (v) to the consolidated financial statements for information on recent accounting guidance not yet adopted.

No recently adopted accounting pronouncements or newly issued accounting pronouncements not yet effective during the fiscal year are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following section discusses management's view of the financial condition and results of operations of FIS and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, unless otherwise noted.

This section should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See "Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these forward-looking statements that could cause future results to differ materially from those reflected in this section.

Business Trends and Conditions

Our revenue from continuing operations is primarily derived from a combination of technology and processing solutions, transaction processing fees, professional services and software license fees. While we are a global company and do business around the world, the majority of our revenue is generated by clients in the U.S. The majority of our international revenue is generated by clients in the U.K., Germany, Canada, Brazil, Australia and Switzerland. In addition, the majority of our revenue has historically been recurring and has been provided under multi-year Banking and Capital Markets contracts that contribute relative stability to our revenue stream. These solutions, in general, are considered critical to our clients' operations. Professional services revenue is typically non-recurring, though recognition often occurs over time rather than at a point in time. Sales of software licenses are typically non-recurring with point-in-time recognition and are less predictable.

The U.S. and Europe, the two largest geographic areas for our businesses, are experiencing slower economic growth than in previous years. Lengthening sales cycles observed in 2022, particularly for large Banking transactions with a total contract value in excess of $50 million, persisted during most of 2023, which we believe resulted from economic uncertainty. We also experienced, and continue to experience, higher rates of inflation in these markets, including increasing wage and benefits rates, which management believes is in part due to inflation and in part due to competitive job markets for the skilled employees who support our businesses, as well as increasing non-labor-related costs. The magnitude of future effects of slower economic growth, including lengthy sales cycles and inflation, is difficult to predict, although these factors have had an adverse effect on our results of operations and, to the extent they persist, may continue to have a negative effect. Rising interest rates have had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our interest expense; however, planned debt reduction is expected to decrease our total interest expense. In 2022, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar had a negative impact on our revenue and earnings, while in 2023, impacts of foreign currency fluctuations were slightly favorable. Given the volatility of exchange rates and the mix of currencies involved in both revenues and expenses, the direction and magnitude of future effects of currency fluctuations are uncertain. The combined effect of the factors noted above resulted in 2023 revenue growth being slower than in 2022, and 2023 net earnings declined compared to 2022. Over the longer term, we are targeting improvements in revenue growth and margins to the extent of improving economic conditions and in response to planned management actions, including our Future Forward program discussed below.

Slowing growth trends affecting our discontinued operations observed over the second half of 2022, reflecting both slower economic growth, particularly in the U.K., and competitive pressures, continued over the course of 2023. In 2022, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $17.6 billion related to the held-for-sale reporting unit, reflecting our intermediate-term growth expectations. In the second quarter of 2023, we recorded an additional $6.8 billion goodwill impairment, reflective of the price at which we agreed to sell a majority interest in the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business to Buyer as discussed further below. See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for further details on the goodwill impairments. Also as discussed in Note 3, the Company recorded a $1.9 billion valuation allowance against the assets held for sale in the disposal group, primarily as a result of the exclusion of certain deferred tax liabilities that were not transferring to the Joint Venture in the Worldpay Sale. As of January 31, 2024, the closing date of the Worldpay Sale, the assets held for sale, net of the valuation

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allowance, and the liabilities held for sale were derecognized, and any additional gain or loss on sale will be recorded in our discontinued operations for the first quarter of 2024.

On January 31, 2024, the Company completed the previously announced Worldpay Sale for cash consideration in a transaction valuing the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business at an enterprise value of $18.5 billion, including $1.0 billion of consideration contingent on the returns realized by Buyer exceeding certain thresholds. The net cash proceeds received by FIS at the closing were greater than $12 billion, net of estimated closing adjustments, debt restructuring fees, taxes and transaction costs. The closing adjustments relate to estimated closing levels of the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business' debt, working capital relative to an agreed target and available cash relative to an agreed minimum of not less than $1.5 billion and will be trued-up post-closing. We intend to use proceeds from the sale to retire debt and return additional capital to shareholders through our existing share repurchase authorization, as well as for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, while maintaining an investment grade credit rating. As of the closing, we retained a non-controlling 45% ownership interest in a new standalone Joint Venture. In future reports, FIS' share of the net income of the Joint Venture will be reported as equity method investment earnings (loss). In connection with the sale, FIS and Worldpay have entered into commercial agreements, preserving a key value proposition for clients of both businesses and minimizing potential dis-synergies. FIS and Worldpay also entered into additional agreements as described in Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2022, we launched an enterprise-wide efficiency program, Future Forward, with a focus on streamlining operations, accelerating time to market of new solutions and improving profitability and cash flow. As of December 31, 2023, on a continuing operations basis, we achieved annualized run-rate Future Forward cash savings of over $550 million exiting the quarter, including over $370 million of operational expense savings and approximately $180 million of capital expense savings. We continue to expect cash savings exiting 2024 of $1.0 billion, of which over 75 percent represents run-rate cash savings.

We continue to assist financial institutions and other businesses in migrating to outsourced integrated technology solutions to improve their profitability and address increasing and ongoing regulatory requirements. As a provider of outsourced solutions, we benefit from multi-year recurring revenue streams, which help moderate the effects of broader year-to-year economic and market changes that otherwise might have a larger impact on our results of operations. We believe our integrated solutions and outsourced services are well-positioned to address this outsourcing trend across the markets we serve.

We continue to invest in modernization, innovation and integrated solutions to meet the demands of the markets we serve and compete with global banks, financial and other technology providers, and emerging technology innovators. We invest both internally and through investment opportunities in companies building complementary technologies in the financial services space. Our internal development activities have related primarily to the modernization of our proprietary core systems in each of our segments, design and development of next-generation digital and innovative solutions and development of processing systems and related software applications and risk management platforms. We expect to continue to invest an appropriate level of resources to maintain, enhance and extend the functionality of our proprietary systems and existing software applications, to develop new and innovative software applications and systems to address emerging technology trends in response to the needs of our clients, and to enhance the capabilities of our outsourcing infrastructure.

Consumer preference continues to shift from traditional branch banking services to digital banking solutions, and our clients seek to provide a single integrated banking experience through their branch, mobile, internet and voice banking channels. We have been providing our large regional banking customers in the U.S. with Digital One, an integrated digital banking platform, and are now adding functionality and offering Digital One to our community bank clients to provide a consistent, omnichannel experience for consumers of banking services across self-service channels like mobile banking and online banking, as well as supporting channels for bank staff operating in bank branches and contact centers. The uniform customer experience extends to support a broad range of financial services including opening new accounts, servicing of existing accounts, money movement, and personal financial management, as well as other consumer, small business and commercial banking capabilities. Digital One is integrated into several of the core banking platforms offered by FIS and is also offered to customers of non-FIS core banking systems.

Consolidation within the banking industry has occurred and may continue, primarily in the form of merger and acquisition activity among financial institutions, which we believe would broadly be detrimental to the profitability of the financial technology industry. However, consolidation resulting from specific merger and acquisition transactions may be beneficial to our business. When consolidations of financial institutions occur, merger partners often operate systems obtained from competing service providers. The newly formed entity generally makes a determination to migrate its core and payments systems to a single platform. When a financial institution processing client is involved in a consolidation, we may benefit by their expanding the use of our solutions if such solutions are chosen to survive the consolidation and to support the newly combined entity. Conversely, we may lose revenue if we are providing solutions to both entities, or if a client of ours is

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involved in a consolidation and our solutions are not chosen to support the newly combined entity. It is also possible that larger financial institutions resulting from consolidation may have greater leverage in negotiating terms or could decide to perform in-house some or all of the solutions that we currently provide or could provide. We seek to mitigate the risks of consolidations by offering other competitive solutions to take advantage of specific opportunities at the surviving company.

Recent U.S. bank failures could negatively impact our results to the extent more of our customers become illiquid; however, our current exposure to recent closures is limited, and we may be a long-term beneficiary of these closures. As a leading provider of financial technology services to the top 100 U.S. banks by asset size as well as other global financial institutions, FIS boasts a highly diversified customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than approximately 2% of 2023 revenue from continuing operations. With respect to U.S. financial institution customers that closed during 2023, FIS expects to continue to provide services for the majority of these banks, and our revenue exposure from potential contract terminations related to these banks is not material. Further, FIS' core banking customer contracts are generally structured with fees that increase based on the number of active accounts or transactions rather than the amount of deposits. Thus, to the extent account volume increases, we are positioned to benefit from this growth as a leading core banking services provider to large financial institutions.

We continue to see demand in the payments market for innovative solutions that will deliver faster, more convenient payment options in mobile channels, internet applications, in-store cards, and digital currencies. The payment processing industry is adopting new technologies, developing new solutions, evolving new business models, and being affected by new market entrants and by an evolving regulatory environment. As financial institutions respond to these changes by seeking solutions to help them enhance their own offerings to consumers, including the ability to accept card-not-present payments in eCommerce and mobile environments as well as contactless cards and mobile wallets at the point of sale, FIS believes that payment processors will seek to develop additional capabilities in order to serve clients' evolving needs. To facilitate this expansion, we believe that payment processors will need to enhance their technology platforms so they can deliver these capabilities and differentiate their offerings from other providers.

We believe that these market changes present both an opportunity and a risk for us, and we cannot predict which emerging technologies or solutions will be successful. However, FIS believes that payment processors, like FIS, that have scalable, integrated business models, provide solutions across the payment processing value chain and utilize broad distribution capabilities will be best-positioned to enable emerging alternative electronic payment technologies in the long term. Further, FIS believes that its depth of capabilities and breadth of distribution will enhance its position as emerging payment technologies are adopted by merchants and other businesses. FIS' ability to partner with non-financial institution enterprises, such as mobile payment providers and internet, retail and social media companies, continues to create attractive growth opportunities as these new entrants seek to become more active participants in the development of alternative electronic payment technologies and to facilitate the convergence of retail, online, mobile and social commerce applications.

Cyberattacks on information technology systems and the vendors and technological supply chain they rely on continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. This is a trend we expect to continue. The continued growth in the frequency, complexity and sophistication of cyberattacks presents both a threat and an opportunity for FIS. Using expertise we have gained from our ongoing focus and investment, we have developed and we offer fraud, security, risk management and compliance solutions to target this growth opportunity in the financial services industry. We also use certain of these solutions to manage our own risks. See Item 1C for additional discussion of how the Company assesses, identifies, and manages cybersecurity risks.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These policies require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Application of GAAP related to the measurement and recognition of revenue requires us to make judgments and estimates. Specifically, complex arrangements with nonstandard terms and conditions may require significant contract interpretation in the

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determination of distinct performance obligations. Other judgments may include the evaluation of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation and whether separate contracts should be combined and considered part of one arrangement.

The determination as to whether individual promised solutions or services can be considered distinct or should instead be combined with other promised solutions or services in a contract may require judgment. We assess the solutions and services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a solution or service (or bundle of solutions or services) that is distinct - i.e., if a solution or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

Due to the large number, broad nature and average size of our individual customer contracts, the impact of judgments and assumptions that we apply in recognizing revenue for any single contract is not likely to have a material effect on our consolidated operations or financial position. However, the accounting policies that we apply across similar contracts, products or classes of clients could significantly influence the timing and amount of revenue recognized in our historical and future results of operations or financial position.

Purchase Accounting

We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction at their estimated fair values. The estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets and software, are complex and require a significant amount of management judgment. We typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in making fair value determinations. The third-party valuation specialists generally use discounted cash flow models, which require internally-developed assumptions, to determine the acquisition fair value of customer relationship intangible assets and developed technology software assets. Assumptions for customer relationship asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to existing customer contracts and relationships, estimated annual attrition, forecasted margin, and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. Assumptions for software asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to the software assets, obsolescence rates, estimated royalty rates and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. The forecasted revenue and margins used in the discounted cash flow models are critical estimates in determining the fair value of customer relationships and developed technology software assets as these estimates are influenced by many factors including historical financial information and management’s expectation for future operating results as a combined company.

While we use our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of earnings.

We had no significant business combinations during 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill Impairment

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Our reporting units are the same as our primary operating segments, with additional reporting units for certain non-strategic businesses within the Corporate and Other segment. Goodwill impairment assessments require a significant amount of management judgment, and a meaningful change in one or more of the underlying forecasts, estimates, or assumptions used in testing goodwill for impairment could result in a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. Based on the results of our assessments, goodwill of the reporting units in our continuing operations was not impaired in any of the periods presented.

Our annual impairment test may first consider qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Qualitative factors include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance and events affecting the reporting unit or Company as a whole, including a sustained decrease in stock price. As a result of the qualitative assessment, if we conclude that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount as a result of the qualitative assessment, or we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, then we must perform a quantitative assessment for that reporting unit.

When a quantitative assessment is triggered or elected, we typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining the fair value of the reporting unit based on the weighted average of two valuation techniques: an income approach

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(also known as the discounted cash flow method) and a market approach. The income approach calculates a value based upon the present value of estimated future cash flows, while the market approach uses earnings multiples of similarly situated guideline public companies. The income approach involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions regarding forecasted revenue, growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures, and other factors used to calculate estimated future cash flows. In addition, risk-adjusted discount rates and future economic and market conditions and other assumptions are applied. The market approach involves the selection of guideline public companies and earnings multiples considering factors such as markets of operation, solutions offered, and risk profiles. The income approach used to assess goodwill for impairment is a critical estimate because the forecasted revenue growth rate and margin assumptions (including long-term growth assumptions) underlying the estimated future cash flows are subject to management’s judgment based upon the best available market information, internal forecasts and operating plans. A deterioration in these assumptions could adversely impact our results. The income approach is also particularly sensitive to the risk-adjusted discount rate selected.

For our Banking and Capital Markets reporting units, for which previous third-party valuations have historically indicated substantial excess of fair value over carrying amounts, our 2021 qualitative annual assessment concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. For 2022, we performed a quantitative annual assessment which again concluded that the fair values of these reporting units substantially exceeded their respective carrying amounts. For 2023, we performed a qualitative annual assessment of these reporting units and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair values of these reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. Given the substantial excess of fair value over carrying amounts, we believe the likelihood of obtaining materially different results based on a change of assumptions to be low.

Related-Party Transactions

We are a party to certain historical related-party agreements as discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements. In connection with the closing of the Worldpay Sale, we entered into several agreements with certain Worldpay entities, as further described in Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Revenue

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased primarily due to strong recurring revenue growth in the Banking and Capital Markets segments.

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased primarily due to strong recurring revenue growth in the Banking and Capital Markets segments. Revenue was negatively impacted by unfavorable foreign currency movements, primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling and Euro. See "Segment Results of Operations" below for more detailed explanation.

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Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased due to lower intangible asset amortization resulting primarily from using accelerated amortization methods which apply a declining rate over time, contributing to higher gross profit and gross profit margin.

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased due to the revenue variances noted above and cost inflation, partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization resulting primarily from foreign currency movements. Gross profit increased primarily due to revenue variances noted above. Gross profit margin was essentially flat when comparing 2022 to 2021.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased primarily due to lower acquisition, integration and other costs partially offset by inflation, which increased corporate expenses as compared to the prior year period.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased primarily due to higher compensation and acquisition-related expenses. The 2021 period included accelerated stock compensation expense recorded associated with the establishment of the Qualified Retirement Equity Program that modified our existing stock compensation plans as described in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Asset Impairments

The year ended December 31, 2023, included impairments primarily related to the termination of certain internally developed software projects. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company also recorded impairments related to real estate, a non-strategic business and certain software assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded impairments primarily related to real estate, a non-strategic business and certain software assets. During 2021, the Company recorded impairments primarily related to certain software and deferred contract cost assets driven by the Company's platform modernization.

Operating Income and Operating Margin

The annual change in operating income and operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 resulted from the revenue and cost variances noted above.

Total Other Income (Expense), Net

The increase in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2023, was primarily due to higher interest rates on our variable-rate debt, including the impact of our fixed-to-variable interest rate swaps discussed further in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, offset in part by increased interest income.

The increase in interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to increased interest expense on senior notes refinanced in 2022 and our variable-rate instruments.

Other income (expense), net for the periods presented consists of various income and expense items outside of the Company's operating activities, including foreign currency transaction remeasurement gains and losses; realized and unrealized gains and losses on equity security investments, including impairment losses on these investments; and fair value adjustments

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on certain non-operating assets and liabilities, including certain derivatives as further described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements.

The $(187) million net change in Other income (expense), net during the year ended December 31, 2023, related primarily to foreign currency transaction remeasurement losses and the impact of the change in fair value of interest rate swaps accounted for as economic hedges during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the interest rate swaps.

The $113 million net change in Other income (expense), net during the year ended December 31, 2022, related primarily to several events that were recorded in the results for the year ended December 31, 2021, and were not repeated in 2022, including a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $(528) million (as discussed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements), partially offset by a gain on the sale of our equity ownership interest in Cardinal Holdings of approximately $225 million (as discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements) and a gain of $174 million related to fair value adjustments on equity security investments.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023, was predominately driven by the decrease in GAAP pre-tax earnings.

The effective tax rate for 2021 includes the one-time net remeasurement of certain deferred tax liabilities due to the increase in the U.K. corporate statutory tax rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023, enacted on June 10, 2021.

Discontinued Operations

Revenue from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased from the prior year primarily due to eCommerce volume growth.

Revenue from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased from the prior year primarily due to eCommerce volume growth, aided by the ongoing global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, earnings (loss) from discontinued operations related to major classes of pre-tax earnings (loss) was primarily a result of a $6.8 billion goodwill impairment recorded as discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, earnings (loss) from discontinued operations related to major classes of pre-tax earnings (loss) was primarily a result of a $17.6 billion goodwill impairment recorded as discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss on the disposal of discontinued operations of $1.9 billion, reflecting the establishment of a valuation allowance to reduce the Worldpay Merchant Solutions disposal group's carrying value down to fair value less cost to sell as discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, loss from discontinued operations, net of tax decreased primarily due to a reduction in the goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by the valuation allowance recorded in the third and fourth quarters of 2023, as noted above.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 2021, the loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was driven primarily due to the goodwill impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022, as discussed above.

Segment Results of Operations

FIS reports its financial performance based on the following segments: Banking Solutions, Capital Market Solutions, and Corporate and Other.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net earnings (loss) before net interest expense, net other income (expense), income tax provision (benefit), depreciation and amortization, and excludes certain costs and other transactions that management deems non-operational in nature or that otherwise improve the comparability of operating results across reporting periods by their exclusion. This measure is reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and assessing their performance. For this reason, Adjusted EBITDA, as it relates to our segments, is presented in conformity with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. The items affecting the segment profit measure generally include purchase price amortization of acquired intangible assets as well as acquisition, integration and certain other costs and asset impairments. These costs and adjustments are recorded in the Corporate and Other segment for the periods discussed below. Adjusted EBITDA for the respective segments excludes the foregoing costs and adjustments. Financial information, including details of Adjusted EBITDA, for each of our segments is set forth in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements.

Banking Solutions

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Banking segment increased 2% for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recurring revenue contributed 3% to total segment growth, as payments volumes increased year over year, including in our commercial services and value-added processing businesses. Non-recurring and professional services revenue contributed a combined (1%) to total segment growth.

Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above and savings generated from the Company's Future Forward initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA margin was flat year over year, as Future Forward cost savings offset unfavorable revenue mix year over year, including a reduction in high-margin license and termination fee revenue.

Year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021:

Revenue in our Banking segment increased 4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Recurring revenue contributed 5% to total segment growth, primarily due to the ramp-up of several large contracts. Revenue was negatively impacted by foreign

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currency movements, which contributed (1%) to total segment growth primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the Euro and the British Pound Sterling.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased as the revenue impacts noted above were offset by lower-margin revenue mix and cost inflation.

Capital Market Solutions

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Capital Markets segment increased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recurring revenue contributed 6% to total segment growth due to strong new sales momentum and continued movement to a SaaS-based recurring revenue model. Professional services revenue contributed (1%) to total segment growth.

Adjusted EBITDA increased year over year due to the revenue impacts noted above. Adjusted EBITDA margin declined year over year due to revenue mix.

Year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021:

Revenue in our Capital Markets segment increased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Recurring revenue contributed 7% to total segment growth due to strong new sales momentum and continued movement to a SaaS-based recurring revenue model. Revenue was also negatively impacted by unfavorable foreign currency movements, which contributed (2%) to total segment growth primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling.

Adjusted EBITDA increased primarily due to the revenue impacts noted above. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased primarily due to continued expense management and operating leverage.

Corporate and Other

Year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022:

Revenue in our Corporate and Other segment decreased 31% for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the ramp down of non-strategic businesses, as well as prior year divestitures.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased as a result of the revenue impacts noted above, as well as higher corporate expenses as compared to the prior year period.

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Year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021:

Revenue in the Corporate and Other segment decreased 4% for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to divestitures of non-strategic businesses in 2022 as well as client attrition in our non-strategic businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA increased due to lower corporate costs as compared to prior year. Adjusted EBITDA was positively impacted by favorable foreign currency movements related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling and Indian Rupee.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Requirements

Our principal ongoing cash requirements include operating expenses, income taxes, mandatory debt service payments, capital expenditures, stockholder dividends, working capital and timing differences in settlement-related assets and liabilities and may include discretionary debt repayments, share repurchases and business acquisitions. Our principal sources of funds are cash generated by operations and borrowings, including the capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility, the U.S. commercial paper program and the Euro-commercial paper program discussed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, in addition to the net proceeds from the Worldpay Sale which closed on January 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $3,053 million of available liquidity, including $440 million of cash and cash equivalents, exclusive of discontinued operations, and $2,613 million of capacity available under its Revolving Credit Facility and Incremental Revolving Credit Facility. Approximately $9 million of cash and cash equivalents is held by our foreign entities, including amounts related to regulatory requirements. The majority of our domestic cash and cash equivalents relates to settlement payables and net deposits-in-transit, which are typically settled within a few business days. Debt outstanding totaled $19.1 billion, with an effective weighted average interest rate of 3.5%. As of December 31, 2023, our assets held for sale included $1,380 million of cash and cash equivalents which the Company will not be able to access following the separation of the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business. Such amount of cash and cash equivalents in assets held for sale is inclusive of $1,190 million in cash and cash equivalents held by foreign entities, including amounts related to regulatory requirements.

Although we continue to evaluate the optimal capital structure for our business following the completion of the Worldpay Sale, we intend to maintain investment grade debt ratings for FIS.

We believe that our current level of cash and cash equivalents plus cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our operating cash requirements, capital expenditures and mandatory debt service payments for the next 12 months and the foreseeable future.

In February 2024, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.36 per share beginning with the first quarter of 2024. A regular quarterly dividend of $0.36 per common share is payable on March 22, 2024, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 8, 2024. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends at a target payout ratio consistent with our capital allocation strategy, without regard to net earnings (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest retained in Worldpay post-separation. However, the amount, declaration and payment of future dividends is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depends on, among other things, our investment opportunities (including potential mergers and acquisitions), results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects, and other factors, including legal and contractual restrictions, that may be considered relevant by our Board of Directors. Additionally, the payment of cash dividends may be limited by covenants in certain debt agreements.

In January 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which it authorized the Company to repurchase up to 100 million shares of our common stock at management's discretion from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions and through Rule 10b5-1 plans. The share repurchase program has no expiration date and may be suspended for periods, amended or discontinued at any time. Under the share repurchase program, the Company repurchased approximately 9 million shares for an aggregate of $0.5 billion in 2023, 21 million shares for an aggregate of $1.8 billion in 2022 and approximately 15 million shares for an aggregate of $2.0 billion during 2021. Approximately 55 million shares remain available for repurchase as of December 31, 2023. We plan to continue to prioritize debt reduction and share repurchases under the current share repurchase authorization. We now intend to repurchase approximately at least $3.5 billion of our shares outstanding by year end 2024.

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Cash Flows from Operations

Our net cash provided by operating activities consists primarily of net earnings, adjusted to add back depreciation and amortization and other non-cash items including asset impairments. Cash flows from operations, inclusive of discontinued operations, were $4,335 million, $3,939 million and $4,810 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations). Cash flows from operations increased $396 million in 2023 and decreased $871 million in 2022. The 2023 increase in cash flows from operations is primarily due to working capital improvements, partially offset by settlement timing. The 2022 decrease in cash flows from operations is primarily due to a decrease in net earnings and settlement timing, partially offset by working capital.

Cash Flows from Investing

Our principal investing activity relates to capital expenditures for software (purchased and internally developed) and property and equipment. Inclusive of discontinued operations, we invested approximately $1,122 million, $1,390 million and $1,251 million in capital expenditures (excluding other financing obligations for certain hardware and software) during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for capital expenditures from discontinued operations). We expect to continue investing in software and in property and equipment to support our business.

We also invest in acquisitions that complement and extend our existing solutions and capabilities and provide additional solutions to our portfolio, and we dispose of assets that are no longer considered strategic. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we paid $202 million related to new acquisitions. In 2021, we used approximately $767 million of cash (net of cash acquired, including restricted cash) for an acquisition within the Worldpay Merchant Solutions business, which is included in discontinued operations. In 2021, we received approximately $367 million of cash for the net proceeds from the sale of our equity ownership interest in Cardinal Holdings. We expect to continue to invest in acquisitions as part of our strategy to add solutions to help win new clients and cross-sell to existing clients.

Cash flows from investing also occasionally include cash received or paid relative to other activities that are not regularly recurring in nature. In 2023, we paid approximately $20 million, and in 2022, we received approximately $726 million, of net cash related to the settlement of cross-currency interest rate swaps.

Cash Flows from Financing

Cash flows from financing principally involve borrowing funds, repaying debt and the payment of dividends. For information regarding the Company's debt and financing activity, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness" in Item 1A and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk" in Item 7A of this Annual Report and Notes 13 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements.

In 2023, we paid $173 million related to the 2020 Virtus acquisition to redeem a put option exercised by the founders as described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements. Cash flows from financing activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021 also included payments on contingent value rights and a tax receivable agreement, which are included in discontinued operations.

Contractual Obligations

FIS' long-term contractual obligations generally include its long-term debt, interest on long-term debt including the impact of accounting hedges, net coupon payments on undesignated interest rate swaps, lease payments on certain of its property and equipment and payments for certain purchase commitments and other obligations. See Notes 13, 14 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements for information on our long-term debt, financial instruments and operating leases, respectively. The following table summarizes FIS' other significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):

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(1)The amounts above include the impact of accounting hedges and assume that (a) applicable margins and commitment fees remain constant; (b) variable-rates in effect as of December 31, 2023, remain constant; (c) no refinancing occurs at debt maturity; (d) only mandatory debt repayments are made; (e) no new hedging transactions are effected; and (f) there are no future currency effects.

(2)Includes obligations principally for software, maintenance, and consulting and outsourced services, including cloud hosting and data centers.

(3)The amounts above reflect the net coupon payments on the fixed-to-variable and offsetting variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps, as described in Note 14, that result in a net fixed coupon spread payable by the Company; the amounts also assume that there are no future currency effects.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

No new accounting pronouncement adopted or effective during the fiscal year had or is expected to have material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

See Note 2 (u) to the consolidated financial statements for information on recent accounting guidance not yet adopted.

No other newly issued accounting pronouncements not yet effective during the fiscal year are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following section discusses management's view of the financial condition and results of operations of FIS and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, unless otherwise noted.

This section should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See "Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these forward-looking statements that could cause future results to differ materially from those reflected in this section.

Business Trends and Conditions

Our revenue is primarily derived from a combination of technology and processing solutions, transaction fees, professional services and software license fees. While we are a global company and do business around the world, the majority of our revenue is generated by clients in the U.S. The majority of our international revenue is generated by clients in the U.K., Germany, Australia, Brazil and Canada. In addition, the majority of our revenue has historically been recurring and has been provided under multi-year Banking and Capital Markets contracts that contribute relative stability to our revenue stream. These solutions, in general, are considered critical to our clients' operations. Although Merchant has a lesser percentage of multi-year contracts, substantially all of our Merchant revenue is recurring, derived from transaction processing fees that fluctuate with the number or value of transactions processed, among other variable measures associated with consumer activity. Professional services revenue is typically non-recurring, though recognition often occurs over time rather than at a point in time. Sales of software licenses are typically non-recurring with point-in-time recognition and are less predictable.

The U.S. and Europe, the two largest geographic areas for our businesses, are experiencing slower economic growth and higher rates of inflation than in recent years. In 2022, we began to experience lengthening sales cycles in Banking and Capital Markets, particularly across large transactions with a total contract value in excess of $50 million. We also experienced increased wages and benefits costs compared to 2021, which management believes is in part due to inflation and in part due to competitive job markets for the skilled employees who support our businesses. We experienced increases in non-labor-related costs compared to 2021 as well. Given the nature of our varied businesses, the magnitude of future effects of slower economic growth, including elongated sales cycles, and of inflation are difficult to predict, although they have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In 2022, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar had, and, to the degree it continues to strengthen, is expected to continue to have, a negative impact on our revenue and earnings, and rising interest rates had, and are expected to continue to have, a negative impact on our earnings.

In 2022, we also recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $17.6 billion related to the Merchant Solutions reporting unit. The impairment reflects our intermediate-term expectation of lower growth in the segment, particularly related to the SMB sub-segment. See "Goodwill Impairment" in our Critical Accounting Policies and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for further details. The Merchant segment posted revenue growth of 6% in 2022 compared to the prior year, net of (3%) growth impact of unfavorable foreign currency movements, with a deceleration over the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. The slowing growth primarily reflects a decline in SMB sub-segment revenues, attributable to slower economic growth and competitive pressures. Additionally, our Enterprise sub-segment was negatively impacted by a decline in U.K.- derived revenue, principally reflecting softer economic conditions in the region. We anticipate these trends to continue into 2023. In addition, the war in Ukraine has negatively affected, and as long as it continues will continue to negatively affect, our Merchant business.

As a result of the factors noted above, for the Company as a whole, we expect 2023 revenue growth will be substantially slower than 2022, and we expect to experience margin compression in 2023 as compared to 2022. Over the longer term, we

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expect improvements in revenue growth and margins in response to improving economic conditions and planned management actions, including our Future Forward program discussed below.

On February 13, 2023, we announced plans to spin off our Merchant Solutions business. The planned separation is intended to create two independent, publicly traded companies with enhanced strategic and operational focus and to enable more tailored capital allocation and investment decisions to unlock growth. While we believe the spin-off will be beneficial to both FIS and, following the spin, to the Merchant business, and therefore indirectly to our shareholders, it will result in some one-time costs and revenue and expense dis-synergies. The latter are expected to include higher interest expense as a result of replacing lower coupon FIS debt with higher coupon Merchant debt, in part due to the current interest rate environment. FIS and SpinCo are expected to maintain a commercial relationship to ensure continuity for clients. We expect the spin-off to be completed within the next 12 months. The proposed spin-off is subject to customary conditions, including final approval by our Board of Directors, receipt of a tax opinion and a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, the filing and effectiveness of a Form 10 registration statement with the SEC and obtaining of all required regulatory approvals. No assurance can be given that a spin-off will in fact occur, or that it will achieve the anticipated benefits, on our desired timetable or at all. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Planned Spin-Off of our Merchant Business" in Item 1A of this Annual Report.

In November 2022, we launched an enterprise-wide efficiency program, Future Forward, with a focus on streamlining operations, accelerating time to market of new solutions and improving profitability and cash flow. We are targeting cash savings from Future Forward of $1.25 billion by year-end 2024, consisting of $600 million of operating expense savings (run rate as of end of 2024), $300 million of capital expense savings (run rate as of end of 2024) and $350 million of cumulative savings by year-end 2024 from the reduction or elimination of acquisition, integration and transformation-related expenses, in each case prior to the effects of the proposed spin-off of the Merchant Solutions business, which we believe will reduce the available savings.

We continue to assist financial institutions in migrating to outsourced integrated technology solutions to improve their profitability and address increasing and ongoing regulatory requirements. As a provider of outsourced solutions, we benefit from multi-year recurring revenue streams, which help moderate the effects of broader year-to-year economic and market changes that otherwise might have a larger impact on our results of operations. We believe our integrated solutions and outsourced services are well-positioned to address this outsourcing trend across the markets we serve.

Following the successful modernization of our IT infrastructure and consolidation of our data centers, we are now accelerating the modernization of our strategic applications and sunsetting of our redundant platforms. Our multi-year platform modernization initiative is designed to create a componentized, cloud-native set of capabilities that can be consumed by clients as end-to-end business applications or as individual components. Although our platform modernization has resulted and will continue to result in additional near-term costs, we expect it will continue to result in improvements in our operational efficiencies over time.

We continue to invest in modernization, innovation and integrated solutions to meet the demands of the markets we serve and compete with global banks, financial and other technology providers, and emerging technology innovators. We invest both organically and through investment opportunities in companies building complementary technologies in the financial services space. Our internal efforts in research and development activities have related primarily to the modernization of our proprietary core systems in each of our segments, design and development of next-generation digital and innovative solutions and development of processing systems and related software applications and risk management platforms. We expect to continue our practice of investing an appropriate level of resources to maintain, enhance and extend the functionality of our proprietary systems and existing software applications, to develop new and innovative software applications and systems to address emerging technology trends in response to the needs of our clients and to enhance the capabilities of our outsourcing infrastructure.

Consumer preference continues to shift from traditional branch banking services to digital banking solutions, and our clients seek to provide a single integrated banking experience through their branch, mobile, internet and voice banking channels. We have been providing our large regional banking customers in the U.S. with Digital One, an integrated digital banking platform, and are now adding functionality and offering Digital One to our community bank clients to provide a consistent, omnichannel experience for consumers of banking services across self-service channels like mobile banking and online banking, as well as supporting channels for bank staff operating in bank branches and contact centers. The uniform customer experience extends to support a broad range of financial services including opening new accounts, servicing of existing accounts, money movement, and personal financial management, as well as other consumer, small business and commercial banking capabilities. Digital One is integrated into several of the core banking platforms offered by FIS and is also offered to customers of non-FIS core banking systems.

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Consolidation within the banking industry has occurred and may continue, primarily in the form of merger and acquisition activity among financial institutions, which we believe would broadly be detrimental to the profitability of the financial technology industry. However, consolidation resulting from specific merger and acquisition transactions may be beneficial to our business. When consolidations of financial institutions occur, merger partners often operate systems obtained from competing service providers. The newly formed entity generally makes a determination to migrate its core and payments systems to a single platform. When a financial institution processing client is involved in a consolidation, we may benefit by their expanding the use of our solutions if such solutions are chosen to survive the consolidation and to support the newly combined entity. Conversely, we may lose revenue if we are providing solutions to both entities, or if a client of ours is involved in a consolidation and our solutions are not chosen to support the newly combined entity. It is also possible that larger financial institutions resulting from consolidation may have greater leverage in negotiating terms or could decide to perform in-house some or all of the solutions that we currently provide or could provide. We seek to mitigate the risks of consolidations by offering other competitive solutions to take advantage of specific opportunities at the surviving company.

We continue to see demand in the payments market for innovative solutions that will deliver faster, more convenient payment options in mobile channels, internet applications, in-store cards, and digital currencies. The payment processing industry is adopting new technologies, developing new solutions, evolving new business models, and being affected by new market entrants and by an evolving regulatory environment. As merchants and financial institutions respond to these changes by seeking solutions to help them enhance their own offerings to consumers, including the ability to accept card-not-present ("CNP") payments in eCommerce and mobile environments as well as contactless cards and mobile wallets at the point of sale, FIS believes that payment processors will seek to develop additional capabilities in order to serve clients' evolving needs. To facilitate this expansion, we believe that payment processors will need to enhance their technology platforms so they can deliver these capabilities and differentiate their offerings from other providers.

We believe that these market changes present both an opportunity and a risk for us, and we cannot predict which emerging technologies or solutions will be successful. However, FIS believes that payment processors, like FIS, that have scalable, integrated business models, provide solutions across the payment processing value chain and utilize broad distribution capabilities will be best-positioned to enable emerging alternative electronic payment technologies in the long term. Further, FIS believes that its depth of capabilities and breadth of distribution will enhance its position as emerging payment technologies are adopted by merchants and other businesses. FIS' ability to partner with non-financial institution enterprises, such as mobile payment providers and internet, retail and social media companies, continues to create attractive growth opportunities as these new entrants seek to become more active participants in the development of alternative electronic payment technologies and to facilitate the convergence of retail, online, mobile and social commerce applications.

Globally, attacks on information technology systems, such as those operated by FIS, continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. This is a trend we expect to continue. These circumstances present both a threat and an opportunity for FIS. We maintain significant focus on and investment in information security that is designed to mitigate threats to our systems and solutions. Through the expertise we have gained with this ongoing focus and investment, we have developed and offer fraud, security, risk management and compliance solutions to target the growth opportunity in the financial services industry.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These policies require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

The most critical judgments required in applying ASC 606, Revenue Recognition from Customers, and our revenue recognition policy relate to the determination of distinct performance obligations and the evaluation of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation.

The determination as to whether individual promised solutions or services can be considered distinct or should instead be combined with other promised solutions or services in a contract may require judgment. We assess the solutions and services

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promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a solution or service (or bundle of solutions or services) that is distinct - i.e., if a solution or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

The transaction price (including any discounts or rebates) is allocated among distinct solutions and solutions in a contract that includes multiple performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. Judgment may be required to determine standalone selling prices for each performance obligation and whether it depicts the amount we expect to receive in exchange for the related good or service. For performance obligations that are not sold separately, we estimate the standalone selling prices considering all reasonably available information and maximizing observable inputs using various approaches including historical pricing, cost plus margin, adjusted market and residual approaches. The cost-plus-margin approach, in particular, requires judgment, including the estimation of the costs required to complete the performance obligation. These estimates are based primarily on the scope and complexity of the obligation, platform migration timelines, expected account or transaction volumes, and internal and external labor rates. We have not made significant changes in our cost estimates under this approach in the reporting period. For significant contracts for which the cost-plus-margin approach was used to estimate the standalone selling price, a 10% change in our cost assumptions would not have a significant impact on the amount reported during the period.

Due to the large number, broad nature and average size of our individual customer contracts, the impact of judgments and assumptions that we apply in recognizing revenue for any single contract is not likely to have a material effect on our consolidated operations or financial position. However, the accounting policies that we apply across similar contracts, products or classes of clients could significantly influence the timing and amount of revenue recognized in our historical and future results of operations or financial position.

Purchase Accounting

We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction at their estimated fair values. The estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets and software, are complex and require a significant amount of management judgment. We typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in making fair value determinations. The third-party valuation specialists generally use discounted cash flow models, which require internally-developed assumptions, to determine the acquisition fair value of customer relationship intangible assets and developed technology software assets. Assumptions for customer relationship asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to existing customer contracts and relationships, estimated annual attrition, forecasted EBITDA margin, and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. Assumptions for software asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to the software assets, obsolescence rates, estimated royalty rates and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. The forecasted revenue and EBITDA margins used in the discounted cash flow models are critical estimates in determining the fair value of customer relationships and developed technology software assets as these estimates are influenced by many factors including historical financial information and management’s expectation for future operating results as a combined company.

While we use our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of earnings.

See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for discussion of the Payrix acquisition in 2021. The Payrix acquisition is not considered material to warrant additional disclosure regarding estimation uncertainty.

Goodwill Impairment

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Our reporting units are the same as our primary operating segments, with additional reporting units for certain non-strategic businesses within the Corporate and Other segment. Goodwill impairment assessments require a significant amount of management judgment, and a meaningful change in one or more of the underlying forecasts, estimates, or assumptions used in testing goodwill for impairment could result in a material impact on the Company's results of operations and financial position. Pursuant to our annual goodwill impairment test performed as of October 1, 2022, and supplemented by a further impairment test performed as of December 31, 2022, we recorded a total goodwill impairment charge of $17.6 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022 for the Merchant reporting unit. In the fourth quarter

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of 2020, we recorded $94 million in goodwill impairment related to certain non-strategic businesses in the Corporate and Other segment. For the remaining reporting units for all periods presented, goodwill was not impaired.

Our annual impairment test may first consider qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Qualitative factors include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance and events affecting the reporting unit or Company as a whole, including a sustained decrease in stock price. As a result of the qualitative assessment, if we conclude that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount as a result of the qualitative assessment, or we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, then we must perform a quantitative assessment for that reporting unit.

When a quantitative assessment is triggered or elected, we typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining the fair value of the reporting unit based on the weighted average of two valuation techniques: an income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow method) and a market approach. The income approach calculates a value based upon the present value of estimated future cash flows, while the market approach uses earnings multiples of similarly situated guideline public companies. The income approach involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions regarding forecasted revenue, growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures, and other factors used to calculate estimated future cash flows. In addition, risk-adjusted discount rates and future economic and market conditions and other assumptions are applied. The market approach involves the selection of guideline public companies and earnings multiples considering factors such as markets of operation, solutions offered, and risk profiles. The income approach used to assess goodwill for impairment is a critical estimate because the forecasted revenue growth rate and margin assumptions (including long-term growth assumptions) underlying the estimated future cash flows are subject to management’s judgment based upon the best available market information, internal forecasts and operating plans. A deterioration in these assumptions could adversely impact our results. The income approach is also particularly sensitive to the risk-adjusted discount rate selected.

For our Banking and Capital Markets reporting units, for which previous third-party valuations have historically indicated substantial excess of fair value over carrying amounts, our 2020 qualitative annual assessment concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. For 2021, we again performed a qualitative annual assessment of these reporting units and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair values of these reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. For 2022, we performed a quantitative annual assessment which again concluded that the fair values of these reporting units substantially exceeded their respective carrying amounts. Given the substantial excess of fair value over carrying amounts, we believe the likelihood of obtaining materially different results based on a change of assumptions to be low.

For Merchant, we began our 2020 annual assessment with a quantitative assessment due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Merchant business and its primary operations being recently acquired as part of the Worldpay acquisition. As a result of the assessment, the fair value of the reporting unit was estimated to be in excess of its carrying amount by approximately 4%. The fair value was determined with the assistance of third-party valuation specialists, using an equal weighting of the income and market approaches based on an evaluation of the availability and relevance of guideline public companies having similar risks, participating in similar markets, and providing similar solutions for their customers. Under the income approach for the Merchant reporting unit, management estimated the fair value by forecasting future cash flows using internal forecasts, which were developed considering historical operating performance, expected economic conditions and industry and market trends, including the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic and expected impact of planned business initiatives. At the end of the forecast period, we used a 2% long-term growth rate to determine the terminal value based on an evaluation of the minimum expected terminal growth rate of the Merchant reporting unit, as well as broader economic considerations such as inflation and foreign exchange rates. In computing the present value of estimated future cash flows, we used a risk-adjusted discount rate of 7% based on an assessment of the weighted average cost of capital for the Merchant reporting unit and relevant guideline public companies. We believe the discount rate used in our 2020 quantitative test was commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the Merchant business and in our internally developed forecasts, though the rate is subject to change in future periods based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate, inflation, and other factors. As a result of this quantitative assessment, we determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2020.

For 2021, we began our annual assessment of the Merchant reporting unit with a qualitative assessment and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit continued to exceed its carrying amount. In addition to the above-noted factors that are considered when performing a qualitative assessment, we considered our actual operating results and updated internal forecasts as compared to prior internal forecasts and other assumptions used in the 2020 quantitative annual assessment and estimated that the fair value of the reporting unit more likely than not exceeded its carrying amount by a similar percentage as determined by the prior year’s quantitative assessment. Thus, we determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2021.

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The Merchant reporting unit remained at risk for future goodwill impairment as it was reasonably possible that future developments could have a material impact on one or more of the estimates and assumptions used to evaluate goodwill impairment and could result in future goodwill impairment; accordingly, we continued to evaluate through the first three quarters of 2022 whether events and circumstances at each interim reporting date indicated a potential goodwill impairment, concluding based on our assessments that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of the Merchant reporting unit continued to exceed its carrying amount, which carrying amount had declined by approximately $3.7 billion or 9% since the 2020 quantitative assessment due to changes in foreign currency and amortization of purchased intangibles.

We elected to begin our 2022 annual Merchant reporting unit assessment with a quantitative assessment. We began this assessment by considering the projected impact of worsening macroeconomic conditions, including rising interest rates, inflation, and slowing growth in the U.S. and Europe, as well as a sustained decline in our market capitalization and the effects of changing market dynamics. Our assessment was based on a 50/50 weighting of the income approach and market approach and incorporated information that was known as of October 1, 2022. This analysis indicated an impairment related to our Merchant reporting unit. As a result of continued deterioration in the macroeconomic outlook, a further decline in our market capitalization and slowing growth in our Merchant business during the fourth quarter of 2022, we reperformed our quantitative goodwill impairment analysis as of December 31, 2022. Our updated analysis incorporated updated internal forecasts of future cash flows, which considered fourth quarter operating performance, expected impact of planned business initiatives, revised expectations of economic conditions, as well as updated market capitalization. Our assessment was again based upon 50/50 weighting of the income approach and market approach, and the fair values estimated during our quantitative assessments during the fourth quarter were determined with the assistance of third-party valuation specialists. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Merchant reporting unit was estimated to be less than its carrying value, and we recorded a total goodwill impairment charge of $17.6 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022. As a result, the Merchant reporting unit’s carrying value as of December 31, 2022, is equal to its fair value, and the reporting unit is at a heightened risk of future impairment if certain assumptions and estimates were to change.

The Company cannot predict the occurrence of certain events or changes in circumstances that might adversely affect the carrying value of goodwill. We continue to monitor macroeconomic deterioration, including continued rise in interest rates and inflation or a prolonged economic downturn or recession in the U.S. or Europe, as well as further reductions in our market capitalization or other factors, including those listed in "Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report. These could have a material impact on one or more of the estimates and assumptions used to evaluate goodwill impairment and could result in further goodwill impairment in the future.

In our 2022 valuations, we used a 2% long-term growth rate at the end of the forecast period to determine the terminal value and a 9% risk-adjusted discount rate to compute the present value of the estimated future cash flows. We believe the discount rate used was commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the Merchant business and in our internally developed forecasts, though the rate is subject to change in future periods based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate, inflation, and other factors. Holding all other assumptions in the 2022 fair value measurement constant, changes in the assumptions below would reduce the fair value of the Merchant reporting unit and result in impairment charges of approximately (in millions):

Related-Party Transactions

We are a party to certain historical related-party agreements as discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

This section generally discusses fiscal year 2022 compared to 2021. Discussions of fiscal year 2021 compared to 2020 not included herein can be found in Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2021, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2022.

Revenue

Revenue increased primarily due to the ramp-up of new client wins in Banking, increased Merchant volumes and strong new sales in Capital Markets driving recurring revenue growth. Revenue was negatively impacted by unfavorable foreign currency movements, primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling and Euro. See "Segment Results of Operations" below for more detailed explanation.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Cost of revenue increased due to the revenue variances noted above and cost inflation, partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization resulting primarily from foreign currency movements. Gross profit increased primarily due to revenue variances noted above. Gross profit margin increased primarily due to revenue growth in the Capital Markets segment and lower intangible asset amortization resulting primarily from foreign currency movements, partially offset by cost inflation.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to higher compensation and acquisition-related expenses. The 2021 period included accelerated stock compensation expense recorded associated with the establishment of the Qualified Retirement Equity Program that modified our existing stock compensation plans as described in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements.

Asset Impairments

During 2022, the Company recorded a $17.6 billion impairment of goodwill related to the Merchant Solutions segment resulting from a decline in the estimated fair value of the reporting unit based on slowing growth projections for the business driven by worsening macroeconomic conditions, including rising interest rates, inflation, and slowing growth in the U.S. and Europe, as well as a sustained decline in our market capitalization and the effects of changing market dynamics affecting our SMB portfolio, which is migrating from card-present offerings to embedded payments. For more details, see "Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Goodwill Impairments." For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company also recorded $121 million of impairments related to real estate, a non-strategic business and certain software assets. During 2021, the Company recorded $202 million of asset impairments for certain software and deferred contract cost assets driven by the Company's platform modernization.

Operating Income and Operating Margin

The annual change in operating income resulted from the revenue and cost variances noted above. The operating margin during 2022 included higher asset impairments partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization compared to the prior-year period.

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Total Other Income (Expense), Net

The increase in interest expense, net is primarily due to increased interest expense on senior notes refinanced in 2022 and our variable rate instruments.

Other income (expense), net includes net (losses) gains of $(26) million and $218 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on equity security investments without readily determinable fair values. The net loss recorded during 2022 included a $78 million impairment loss. Other income (expense) also includes the impact of changes in fair value of certain preferred stock assets and related liabilities owed to former legacy Worldpay owners, representing a net gain of $64 million and $53 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For 2021, Other income (expense), net includes a gain on the sale of our equity ownership interest in Cardinal Holdings of approximately $225 million (see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements) and a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $528 million relating to tender premiums, make-whole amounts, and fees; the write-off of unamortized bond discounts and debt issuance costs; and losses on related derivative instruments. The foregoing loss resulted from the debt refinancing activity we undertook in the first quarter of 2021 (see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements), which substantially reduced our ongoing interest expense. Other income (expense), net also includes fair value adjustments on certain other non-operating assets and liabilities and foreign currency transaction remeasurement gains.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for 2022 includes the impact of the entire tax effect of the goodwill impairment charge included in pre-tax earnings due to the book basis in excess of tax basis of the goodwill impaired in Merchant Solutions. The effective tax rate for 2021 includes the one-time net remeasurement of certain deferred tax liabilities due to the increase in the U.K. corporate statutory tax rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023, enacted on June 10, 2021.

Segment Results of Operations

This section generally discusses fiscal year 2022 compared to 2021. Discussions of fiscal year 2021 compared to 2020 not included herein can be found in Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2021, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2022.

FIS reports its financial performance based on the following segments: Banking Solutions, Merchant Solutions, Capital

Market Solutions, and Corporate and Other.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net earnings (loss) before net interest expense, net other income (expense), income tax provision (benefit), equity method investment earnings (loss), depreciation and amortization, and excludes certain costs and other transactions that management deems non-operational in nature or that otherwise improve the comparability of operating results across reporting periods by their exclusion. This measure is reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and assessing their performance. For this reason, Adjusted EBITDA, as it relates to our segments, is presented in conformity with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. The items affecting the segment profit measure generally include purchase price amortization of acquired intangible assets as well as acquisition, integration and certain other costs and asset impairments. These costs and adjustments are recorded in the Corporate and Other segment for the periods discussed below. Adjusted EBITDA for the respective segments excludes the

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foregoing costs and adjustments. Financial information, including details of Adjusted EBITDA, for each of our segments is set forth in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements.

Banking Solutions

Revenue increased 5%, overcoming a (2%) growth headwind associated with pandemic-related revenue. Recurring revenue contributed 4% to growth, primarily due to the ramp-up of several large contracts. Professional services revenue contributed 1% to growth, and non-recurring revenue contributed 1% to growth. Revenue was negatively impacted by foreign currency movements, which contributed (1%) to growth primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the Euro and the British Pound Sterling.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased as the revenue impacts noted above were offset by lower-margin revenue mix and cost inflation.

Merchant Solutions

Revenue increased primarily due to the ongoing global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Global eCommerce volumes, including those related to our Payrix acquisition, contributed 6% to growth, Enterprise volumes contributed 2% to growth and SMB volumes contributed 1% to growth. Revenue was negatively impacted by unfavorable foreign currency movements, which contributed (3%) to growth primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased as the revenue impacts noted above were offset by accelerated investment in e-commerce and Payrix sales channels to capitalize on developing secular growth trends, lower-margin revenue mix and cost inflation.

On February 13, 2023, we announced our plans to spin off the Merchant business, with the intention to create a new, publicly traded company. We expect the spin-off to be completed within the next 12 months. The proposed spin-off is subject to customary conditions, including final approval by our Board of Directors, receipt of a tax opinion and a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, the filing and effectiveness of a Form 10 registration statement with the SEC and obtaining of all required regulatory approvals. No assurance can be given that a spin-off will in fact occur on our desired timetable or at all. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Planned Spin-Off of our Merchant Business" in Item 1A of this Annual Report and "Business Trends and Conditions" in Item 7.

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Capital Market Solutions

Revenue increased primarily due to recurring revenue which contributed 7% to growth from strong new sales momentum. Revenue was also negatively impacted by unfavorable foreign currency movements, which contributed (2%) to growth primarily related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling.

Adjusted EBITDA increased primarily due to the revenue impacts noted above. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased primarily due to continued expense management and operating leverage.

Corporate and Other

The Corporate and Other segment results consist of selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and intangible asset amortization not otherwise allocated to the reportable segments. Corporate and Other also includes operations from certain non-strategic businesses.

Revenue decreased primarily due to divestitures of non-strategic businesses in 2022 as well as client attrition in our non-strategic businesses.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased as a result of the revenue impacts noted above, and higher corporate costs were more than offset by foreign currency movements impacting corporate and infrastructure expenses related to a stronger U.S. Dollar versus the British Pound Sterling and Indian Rupee.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Requirements

Our ongoing cash requirements include operating expenses, income taxes, tax receivable obligations, mandatory debt service payments, capital expenditures, stockholder dividends, regulatory requirements, working capital and timing differences in settlement-related assets and liabilities and may include discretionary debt repayments, share repurchases and business acquisitions. Our principal sources of funds are cash generated by operations and borrowings, including the capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility, the U.S. commercial paper program and the Euro-commercial paper program discussed in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $3,653 million of available liquidity, including $2,188 million of cash and cash equivalents and $1,465 million of capacity available under its Revolving Credit Facility. Approximately $1,491 million of cash and cash equivalents is held by our foreign entities, including amounts related to regulatory requirements. The majority of our domestic cash and cash equivalents relates to settlement payables and net deposits-in-transit, which are typically settled within a few business days. Debt outstanding totaled $20.1 billion, with an effective weighted average interest rate of 2.6%.

We believe that our current level of cash and cash equivalents plus cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our operating cash requirements, capital expenditures and mandatory debt service payments for the next 12 months and the foreseeable future.

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In January 2023, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.52 per share beginning with the first quarter of 2023. A regular quarterly dividend of $0.52 per common share is payable on March 24, 2023, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 10, 2023. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends at a target payout ratio consistent with our previously announced capital allocation strategy. However, the amount, declaration and payment of future dividends is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depends on, among other things, our investment opportunities (including potential mergers and acquisitions), results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects, and other factors, including legal and contractual restrictions, that may be considered relevant by our Board of Directors. Additionally, the payment of cash dividends may be limited by covenants in certain debt agreements.

In January 2021, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which it authorized the Company to repurchase up to 100 million shares of our common stock at management's discretion from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions and through Rule 10b5-1 plans. The share repurchase program has no expiration date and may be suspended for periods, amended or discontinued at any time. Under the share repurchase program, the Company repurchased approximately 21 million shares for an aggregate of $1.8 billion in 2022 and approximately 15 million shares for an aggregate of $2.0 billion during 2021. Approximately 64 million shares remain available for repurchase as of December 31, 2022. Our current plan for 2023 is to reorient our use of excess cash flow from share repurchases to debt reduction, in part given our outlook for business trends in 2023. Although we continue to evaluate the optimal capital structure for our Merchant business following the proposed spin-off, we intend to maintain investment grade debt ratings for FIS. The spin-off will also result in significant one-time costs that we will be required to fund.

Cash Flows from Operations

Cash flows from operations were $3,939 million, $4,810 million and $4,442 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our net cash provided by operating activities consists primarily of net earnings, adjusted to add back depreciation and amortization and other non-cash items including asset impairments. Cash flows from operations decreased $871 million in 2022 and increased $368 million in 2021. The 2022 decrease in cash flows from operations is primarily due to a decrease in net earnings and settlement timing, partially offset by working capital. The 2021 increase in cash flows from operations is primarily due to an increase in net earnings, partially offset by working capital and settlement timing.

Capital Expenditures and Other Investing Activities

Our principal capital expenditures are for software (purchased and internally developed) and additions to property and equipment. We invested approximately $1,390 million, $1,251 million and $1,129 million in capital expenditures (excluding other financing obligations for certain hardware and software) during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect to continue investing in property and equipment, purchased software and internally developed software to support our business.

In 2022, we received approximately $726 million of net cash reflected as investing activities due to the settlement of existing cross-currency interest rate swaps. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements. In 2021, we received approximately $367 million of cash for the net proceeds from the sale of our equity ownership interest in Cardinal Holdings. We used approximately $767 million and $469 million of cash (net of cash acquired, including restricted cash) during 2021 and 2020, for the Payrix and Virtus acquisitions, respectively. See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

Financing

For more information regarding the Company's debt and financing activity, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness" in Item 1A and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk" in Item 7A of this Annual Report and Notes 12 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Obligations

FIS' long-term contractual obligations generally include its long-term debt, interest on long-term debt, lease payments on certain of its property and equipment and payments for certain purchase commitments and other obligations. See Notes 12, 14 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements for information on our long-term debt, operating leases and Tax Receivable Agreement obligations, respectively. The following table summarizes FIS' other significant contractual obligations and

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commitments as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):

1.The calculations above assume that (a) applicable margins and commitment fees remain constant; (b) all floating-rate debt is priced at the rates in effect as of December 31, 2022; (c) no refinancing occurs at debt maturity; (d) only mandatory debt repayments are made; (e) no new hedging transactions are effected; and (f) there are no currency effects.

2.Includes obligations principally related to software, maintenance support, and telecommunication and network services as well as to third-party processors to provide gateway authorization and other processing services. Also includes the capital obligation related to the construction of our new headquarters.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

No new accounting pronouncement adopted, issued or effective during the fiscal year had or is expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following section discusses management's view of the financial condition and results of operations of FIS and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, unless otherwise noted.

This section should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See "Forward-Looking Information" and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these forward-looking statements that could cause future results to differ materially from those reflected in this section.

Business Trends and Conditions

Our revenue is primarily derived from a combination of technology and processing services, transaction fees, professional services and software license fees. While we are a global company and do business around the world, the majority of our revenue is generated by clients in the U.S. The majority of our international revenue is generated by clients in the U.K., Germany, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and India. In addition, the majority of our revenue has historically been recurring and has been provided under multi-year Banking and Capital Markets contracts that contribute relative stability to our revenue stream. These services, in general, are considered critical to our clients' operations. Although Merchant has a lesser percentage of multi-year contracts, substantially all of our Merchant revenue is recurring, derived from transaction processing fees that fluctuate with the number or value of transactions processed, among other variable measures associated with consumer activity. Professional services revenue is typically non-recurring, though recognition often occurs over time rather than at a point in time. Sales of software licenses are typically non-recurring with point-in-time recognition and are less predictable.

The distribution of vaccines against COVID-19 curtailed the impact of the pandemic in 2021 in many of the larger countries in which we do business, but the timing of a complete recovery remains uncertain as new variants of COVID-19 continue to impact consumer spending. Economic activity increased in many areas throughout 2021, including, most notably, an increase in consumer and business spending by digital methods compared to 2020 when the impact of COVID-19 first arose. In the fourth quarter of 2021, some governmental restrictions were re-imposed based upon a resurgence of variants of COVID-19 in many areas of the U.S. and Europe, which resulted in an adverse impact on payment volumes and transactions over those anticipated following the easing of restrictions in the prior two quarters. In addition, we have continued to see adverse impacts on spending in discretionary spending verticals, including travel, airlines and restaurants, although the impact has lessened compared to 2020. These changes in spending affected our business, results of operations and financial condition throughout 2021 and will likely continue to have an impact in 2022, although the magnitude and duration of their ultimate effect is not possible to predict.

We extended higher-than-usual levels of credit to our merchant clients during the first part of the pandemic as part of funds settlement in connection with payments to their customers, for, among other things, refunds for cancelled trips as cases of COVID-19 spread across the globe. The level of credit extended to our merchant clients has since normalized. We are potentially exposed to losses if our merchant customers are unable to repay the credit we have extended or to fund their liability for chargebacks due to closure, insolvency, bankruptcy or other reasons. Our potential liability for chargebacks did not have a material impact on our liquidity for the three- and twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2021, and we continue to monitor for impact on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

We continue to assist financial institutions in migrating to outsourced integrated technology solutions to improve their profitability and address increasing and ongoing regulatory requirements. As a provider of outsourced solutions, we benefit from multi-year recurring revenue streams, which help moderate the effects of broader year-to-year economic and market

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changes that otherwise might have a larger impact on our results of operations. We believe our integrated solutions and outsourced services are well-positioned to address this outsourcing trend across the markets we serve.

Over the last five years, we have moved over 80% of our server compute, primarily in North America, to our FIS cloud located in our strategic data centers. This allows us to further enhance security for our clients' data and increases the flexibility and speed with which we can provide solutions and services to our clients, at lesser cost. We have also completed our data center consolidation program in 2021, generating savings for the Company of over $250 million in run-rate annual expense since the program's inception in mid-2016.

Following the successful modernization of our IT infrastructure and consolidation of our data centers, we are now accelerating the modernization of our strategic applications and sunsetting of our redundant platforms. Our multi-year platform modernization initiative is designed to create a componentized, cloud-native set of capabilities that can be consumed by clients as end-to-end business applications or as individual components. Although our platform modernization will result in additional near-term costs, we expect it will result in improvements in our operational efficiencies over time.

We continue to invest in modernization, innovation and integrated solutions and services to meet the demands of the markets we serve and compete with global banks, financial and other technology providers, and emerging technology innovators. We invest both organically and through investment opportunities in companies building complementary technologies in the financial services space. Our internal efforts in research and development activities have related primarily to the modernization of our proprietary core systems in each of our segments, design and development of next-generation digital and innovative solutions and development of processing systems and related software applications and risk management platforms. We have increased our investments in these areas in each of the last three years. We expect to continue our practice of investing an appropriate level of resources to maintain, enhance and extend the functionality of our proprietary systems and existing software applications, to develop new and innovative software applications and systems to address emerging technology trends in response to the needs of our clients and to enhance the capabilities of our outsourcing infrastructure. We will also be developing software that will accelerate bringing new capabilities and innovation to market.

In addition, we are investing in the development of new solutions and venture opportunities by establishing FIS Impact Ventures. This group prioritizes development of, and investment in, next-generation technology and innovation.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, the Company has taken several actions to protect its employees while maintaining business continuity, including implementing its comprehensive Pandemic Plan. For example, when the COVID-19 variants impacted India in the second quarter, we rolled out several benefits to help our employees there, including providing vaccines to over 15,000 employees and dependents. The Pandemic Plan includes site-specific plans as well as travel restrictions, medical response protocols, work-from-home strategies and enhanced cleaning within our locations. As a critical infrastructure provider for the global economy, FIS continues to operate around the world to serve our clients.

The spread of COVID-19 has caused us to modify our business practices, and we may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or as we determine are in the best interests of our employees, clients and business partners. While FIS has outfitted employees to provide services from home or transferred work to other locations, we recently began a limited reopening of offices in certain locations where the COVD-19 infection rates have been significantly reduced. In many locations, a hybrid work status will allow employees to work from home and the office.

Consumer preference continues to shift from traditional branch banking services to digital banking solutions, and our clients seek to provide a single integrated banking experience through their branch, mobile, internet and voice banking channels. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in accelerating digitization of banking and payment services by requiring, in many cases, banks and bank customers to transact through digital channels. We have been providing our large regional banking customers in the U.S. with Digital One, an integrated digital banking platform, and are now adding functionality and offering Digital One to our community bank clients to provide a consistent, omnichannel experience for consumers of banking services across self-service channels like mobile banking and online banking, as well as supporting channels for bank staff operating in bank branches and contact centers. The uniform customer experience extends to support a broad range of financial services including opening new accounts, servicing of existing accounts, money movement, and personal financial management, as well as other consumer, small business and commercial banking capabilities. Digital One is integrated into several of the core banking platforms offered by FIS and is also offered to customers of non-FIS core banking systems.

We anticipate consolidation within the banking industry will continue, primarily in the form of merger and acquisition activity among financial institutions, which we believe would broadly be detrimental to the profitability of the financial technology industry. However, consolidation resulting from specific merger and acquisition transactions may be beneficial to

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our business. When consolidations of financial institutions occur, merger partners often operate systems obtained from competing service providers. The newly formed entity generally makes a determination to migrate its core and payments systems to a single platform. When a financial institution processing client is involved in a consolidation, we may benefit by their expanding the use of our services if such services are chosen to survive the consolidation and to support the newly combined entity. Conversely, we may lose revenue if we are providing services to both entities, or if a client of ours is involved in a consolidation and our services are not chosen to survive the consolidation and to support the newly combined entity. It is also possible that larger financial institutions resulting from consolidation may have greater leverage in negotiating terms or could decide to perform in-house some or all of the services that we currently provide or could provide. We seek to mitigate the risks of consolidations by offering other competitive services to take advantage of specific opportunities at the surviving company.

As of the end of 2021, our achievement of revenue synergies from the Worldpay acquisition have exceeded our targets, driven by successful cross-sell of our heritage FIS solutions into heritage Worldpay clients and leveraging our heritage Worldpay sales and distribution teams, expanding on our existing relationships with financial institutions to establish merchant referral agreements and optimizing our network routing capabilities. We have also exceeded our original target for expense synergies, as we have successfully integrated organizational structures, reduced corporate overhead and achieved cost savings within our operating environment.

We continue to see demand in the payments market for innovative solutions that will deliver faster, more convenient payment options in mobile channels, internet applications, in-store cards, and the growing area of cryptocurrencies. The payment processing industry is adopting new technologies, developing new solutions and services, evolving new business models, and being affected by new market entrants and by an evolving regulatory environment. As merchants and financial institutions respond to these changes by seeking services to help them enhance their own offerings to consumers, including the ability to accept card-not-present ("CNP") payments in eCommerce and mobile environments as well as contactless cards and mobile wallets at the point-of-sale, FIS believes that payment processors will seek to develop additional capabilities in order to serve clients' evolving needs. To facilitate this expansion, we believe that payment processors will need to enhance their technology platforms so they can deliver these capabilities and differentiate their offerings from other providers. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitization of payment services by requiring, in many cases, businesses and consumers to transact through digital channels.

We believe that these market changes present both an opportunity and a risk for us, and we cannot predict which emerging technologies or solutions will be successful. However, FIS believes that payment processors, like FIS, that have scalable, integrated business models, provide solutions across the payment processing value chain and utilize broad distribution capabilities will be best positioned to enable emerging alternative electronic payment technologies. Further, FIS believes that its depth of capabilities and breadth of distribution will enhance its position as emerging payment technologies are adopted by merchants and other businesses. FIS' ability to partner with non-financial institution enterprises, such as mobile payment providers and internet, retail and social media companies, continues to create attractive growth opportunities as these new entrants seek to become more active participants in the development of alternative electronic payment technologies and to facilitate the convergence of retail, online, mobile and social commerce applications.

Globally, attacks on information technology systems continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. This is a trend we expect to continue. Such attacks have become a point of focus for individuals, businesses and governmental entities. The objectives of these attacks include, among other things, gaining unauthorized access to systems to facilitate financial fraud, disrupt operations, cause denial of service events, corrupt data, and steal non-public information. These circumstances present both a threat and an opportunity for FIS. As part of our business, we electronically receive, process, store and transmit a wide range of confidential information, including sensitive customer information and personal consumer data. We also operate payment, cash access and prepaid card systems.

FIS remains focused on making strategic investments in information security to protect our clients and our information systems. These investments include both capital expenditures and operating expense related to hardware, software, personnel and consulting services. We also participate in industry and governmental initiatives to improve information security for our clients. Through the expertise we have gained with this ongoing focus and involvement, we have developed fraud, security, risk management and compliance solutions to target this growth opportunity in the financial services industry.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These policies require management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported

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amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

The most critical judgments required in applying ASC 606, Revenue Recognition from Customers, and our revenue recognition policy relate to the determination of whether we are the principal or the agent with respect to transactions involving third parties, the determination of distinct performance obligations and the evaluation of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation.

The Company generates revenue in a number of ways, including from the delivery of account- or transaction-based processing, SaaS, BPaaS, cloud offerings, software licensing, software-related services and professional services. Certain contracts contain non-standard terms that require judgment to determine the appropriate impact on revenue recognition.

Technology or services from third parties are frequently embedded in or combined with our applications or service offerings. Whether we recognize revenue based on the gross amount billed to a customer as a principal or the net amount retained as an agent involves judgment that depends on the relevant facts and circumstances, including whether the Company has control of the technology or service prior to it being transferred to the customer and the level of contractual responsibilities and obligations for delivering the application or service.

Contracts containing multiple promised solutions or services require judgment to determine whether individual promised solutions or services can be considered distinct or should instead be combined with other promised solutions or services in the contract. We assess the solutions and services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a solution or service (or bundle of solutions or services) that is distinct - i.e., if a solution or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

The transaction price (including any discounts or rebates) is allocated among distinct goods and services in a contract that includes multiple performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. Judgment may be required to determine standalone selling prices for each performance obligation and whether it depicts the amount we expect to receive in exchange for the related good or service. For performance obligations that are not sold separately, we estimate the standalone selling prices considering all reasonably available information and maximizing observable inputs using various approaches including historical pricing, cost plus margin, adjusted market and residual approaches. The cost-plus-margin approach, in particular, requires judgment, including the estimation of the costs required to complete the performance obligation. These estimates are based primarily on the scope and complexity of the obligation, platform migration timelines, expected account or transaction volumes, and internal and external labor rates. We have not made significant changes in our cost estimates under this approach in the reporting period. For significant contracts for which the cost-plus-margin approach was used to estimate the standalone selling price, a 10% change in our cost assumptions would not have a significant impact on the amount reported during the period.

Due to the large number, broad nature and average size of our individual customer contracts, the impact of judgments and assumptions that we apply in recognizing revenue for any single contract is not likely to have a material effect on our consolidated operations or financial position. However, the accounting policies that we apply across similar contracts, products or classes of clients could significantly influence the timing and amount of revenue recognized in our historical and future results of operations or financial position.

Purchase Accounting

We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction at their estimated fair values. The estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets and software, are complex and require a significant amount of management judgment. We typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in making fair value determinations. The third-party valuation specialists generally use discounted cash flow models, which require internally-developed assumptions, to determine the acquisition fair value of customer relationship intangible assets and developed technology software assets. Assumptions for customer relationship asset valuations typically include forecasted revenue attributable to existing customer contracts and relationships, estimated annual attrition, forecasted EBITDA margin, and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. Assumptions for software asset valuations

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typically include forecasted revenue attributable to the software assets, obsolescence rates, estimated royalty rates and estimated weighted average cost of capital and discount rates. The forecasted revenue and EBITDA margins used in the discounted cash flow models are critical estimates in determining the fair value of customer relationships and developed technology software assets as these estimates are influenced by many factors including historical financial information and management’s expectation for future operating results as a combined company.

While we use our best estimates and assumptions to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of earnings.

See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for discussion of the Payrix acquisition in 2021, the Virtus acquisition in 2020 and Worldpay acquisition in 2019. The Payrix acquisition in the current year is not considered material to warrant additional disclosure regarding estimation uncertainty.

Goodwill Impairment

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Our reporting units are the same as our primary operating segments, with additional reporting units for certain non-strategic businesses within the Corporate and Other segment. Goodwill impairment assessments require a significant amount of management judgment, and a meaningful change in one or more of the underlying forecasts, estimates, or assumptions used in testing goodwill for impairment could result in a material impact on the Company's results of operations and financial position. Based on the results of our assessments, $94 million of goodwill related to certain non-strategic businesses within the Corporate and Other segment was impaired in 2020. For all other reporting units for all periods presented, goodwill was not impaired.

Our impairment test may first consider qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Qualitative factors include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance and events affecting the reporting unit or Company as a whole, including a sustained decrease in stock price. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount as a result of the qualitative assessment, or we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, then we must perform the quantitative assessment for that reporting unit.

When a quantitative assessment is triggered, we typically engage third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining the fair value of the reporting unit based on a weighted average of multiple valuation techniques, typically a combination of an income approach and a market approach. The income approach calculates a value based upon the present value of estimated future cash flows, while the market approach uses earnings multiples of similarly situated guideline public companies. The income approach involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions regarding forecasted revenue, growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures, and other factors used to calculate estimated future cash flows. In addition, risk-adjusted discount rates and future economic and market conditions and other assumptions are applied. The market approach involves the selection of guideline public companies and earnings multiples considering factors such as markets of operation, solutions offered, and risk profiles. The income approach used to assess goodwill for impairment is a critical estimate because the forecasted growth rate assumption (including long-term growth assumption) underlying the estimated future cash flows is subject to management’s judgment based upon the best available market information, internal forecasts and operating plans. A deterioration in this assumption could adversely impact our results.

For each of 2021 and 2019, we began our annual assessment with the qualitative assessment and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. For 2020, we began our annual assessment for the Banking Solutions and Capital Market Solutions reporting units with qualitative assessments and concluded that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units continued to exceed their respective carrying amounts. Based on the qualitative assessments performed for the Banking Solutions and Capital Market Solutions reporting units and the substantial excess of fair value over carrying amount in our previous third-party valuations performed in 2015 for the related businesses, we believe the likelihood of obtaining materially different results based on a change of assumptions is low.

For Merchant Solutions, we began our 2020 annual assessment with a quantitative assessment due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Merchant Solutions business and its primary operations being recently acquired as part of the Worldpay acquisition. As a result of the assessment, the fair value of the reporting unit was estimated to be in excess of its

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carrying amount by approximately 4%. The fair value was determined with the assistance of third-party valuation specialists, using an equal weighting of the income and market approaches based on an evaluation of the availability and relevance of guideline public companies having similar risks, participating in similar markets, and providing similar solutions for their customers. Under the income approach for the Merchant Solutions reporting unit, management estimated the fair value by forecasting future cash flows using internal forecasts, which were developed considering historical operating performance, expected economic conditions and industry and market trends, including the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic and expected impact of planned business initiatives. At the end of the forecast period, we used a long-term growth rate to determine the terminal value based on an evaluation of the minimum expected terminal growth rate of the Merchant Solutions reporting unit, as well as broader economic considerations such as inflation and foreign exchange rates. In computing the present value of estimated future cash flows, we used a risk-adjusted discount rate based on an assessment of the weighted average cost of capital for the Merchant Solutions reporting unit and relevant guideline public companies. We believe the discount rate used was commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the Merchant Solutions business and in our internally developed forecasts, though the rate is subject to change in future periods based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate, inflation, and other factors.

For Merchant Solutions in 2021, we performed a qualitative assessment for our annual assessment. In addition to the factors noted above that are considered when performing such an assessment, we considered actual results for 2021 and updated internal forecasts as compared to prior internal forecasts and other assumptions used in the 2020 quantitative annual assessment. As a result of the assessment, we determined that the indicated fair value of the reporting unit was estimated to be in excess of carrying amount by a similar percentage as determined by the prior year’s quantitative assessment. We concluded for 2021 that it remained more likely than not that the fair value of the Merchant Solutions reporting unit continued to exceed its carrying amount; however, given the results of the 2020 quantitative and 2021 qualitative annual assessments, the reporting unit is at risk for future goodwill impairment as it is reasonably possible that future developments related to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Merchant Solutions business, such as an extended duration of the pandemic and/or government-imposed shutdowns, prolonged economic downturn or recession, or lack of governmental support for recovery, could have a material impact on one or more of the estimates and assumptions used to evaluate goodwill impairment and could result in future goodwill impairment.

Related-Party Transactions

We are a party to certain historical related-party agreements as discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Results of Operations

This section generally discusses fiscal year 2021 compared to 2020. Discussions of fiscal year 2020 compared to 2019 not included herein can be found in Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2021.

Revenue

Revenue increased primarily due to the continued global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic leading to increased Merchant volumes, increased demand for our newly developed offerings in Banking, and strong new sales driving Capital Markets managed services and other recurring revenue growth. Revenue also benefited from a favorable foreign

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currency impact, which was primarily related to a weaker U.S. Dollar versus the Euro and the British Pound Sterling. See Segment Results of Operations below for more detailed explanation.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Cost of revenue increased primarily due to the revenue variances noted above and benefited from a positive shift in revenue mix. Gross profit and gross profit margin increased primarily due to revenue growth, a positive shift in revenue mix and continued expense management. This increase was partially offset by $183 million of incremental amortization expense associated with shortened estimated useful lives and accelerated amortization methods for certain software and deferred contract cost assets driven by the Company's platform modernization.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to higher compensation expense, including incentive compensation, and accelerated stock compensation expense recorded during the first quarter of 2021 associated with the establishment of the Qualified Retirement Equity Program that modified our existing stock compensation plans as described in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements. These increases were partially offset by lower discretionary spending during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Asset Impairments

During 2021, the Company recorded $202 million of asset impairments for certain software and deferred contract cost assets driven by the Company's platform modernization. During 2020, the Company recorded asset impairments totaling $136 million related to goodwill for certain non-strategic businesses and to certain long-lived assets related to reducing office space.

Operating Income and Operating Margin

The annual change in operating income resulted from the revenue and cost variances noted above. The operating margin during 2021 increased primarily due to a positive shift in revenue mix and continued expense management, partially offset by asset impairments of $202 million, accelerated amortization expense, and higher compensation expense discussed above as compared to prior year. The operating margin during 2020 was negatively impacted by higher acquired intangible asset amortization expense, higher acquisition, integration and other costs and asset impairments of $136 million.

Total Other Income (Expense), Net