METLIFE INC (MET)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

90

Table of Contents

Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information

For purposes of this discussion, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the “2025 Annual Report”), the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included below, the “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the additional risk factors referred to therein, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes references to our performance measures, adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, that are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a discussion of these and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments” for reconciliations of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Business Overview

MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. In the fourth quarter of 2025, MetLife executed a reorganization to align with its strategic initiative to accelerate growth in asset management. As part of this reorganization, the Company adjusted its segment structure. MetLife Investment Management, the Company’s institutional asset management business (“MIM”), which was previously reported in Corporate & Other, became a reportable segment. MetLife Holdings was removed as a reportable segment, and its business is now primarily reported in Corporate & Other. Additionally, certain products formerly reported in MetLife Holdings were moved to Group Benefits and Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”). These changes were applied retrospectively for all periods presented, did not have an impact on prior period consolidated net income (loss) or consolidated adjusted earnings, and are collectively referred to as the “Strategic Reorganization.” As a result of the Strategic Reorganization, MetLife is organized into the following six segments: Group Benefits; RIS; Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MIM. In addition, the Company continues to report certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See “Business — Segments and Corporate & Other” included in the 2025 Annual Report and Notes 1 and 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other and the Strategic Reorganization.

Industry Trends

We continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment that has been affecting the industry.

Financial and Economic Environment

Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally due to our market presence in numerous countries, our large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives to changing market factors.

Governments and central banks around the world use fiscal and monetary policies to address uncertain economic conditions. In the United States (“U.S.”), the Federal Open Market Committee took various actions in 2025 to promote employment and combat inflation, including lowering interest rates in the second half of the year and ending the process of quantitative tightening. While rates have remained steady in 2026, labor market conditions, inflation, and financial and international developments, as well as other factors, could result in policy adjustments later this year. Other central banks have recently diverged on monetary policies, reflecting differing local economic conditions and views on the impact of the foregoing factors. We are closely monitoring these and other political and economic conditions that might contribute to global market volatility and impact our business operations, investment portfolio, value of our assets under management (“AUM”), and derivatives, such as global inflation, supply chain disruptions, acts of war, banking sector volatility and employment and work policies of the federal government. We are also monitoring the imposition of tariffs, sanctions or other barriers to international trade, changes to international trade agreements, and their potential impacts on our business, results

91

Table of Contents

of operations and financial condition. See “— Investments — Current Environment,” as well as “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of Market Interest Rates — Effects of Inflation” in the 2025 Annual Report.

Impact of Market Interest Rates

Market interest rates are a key driver of our results. Increases and decreases in such rates, as well as extended periods of stagnation, may impact our business and investments in various ways. In our institutional asset management business, interest rate movements, as well as other changes to market factors such as credit spreads and equity prices, can impact the value of the AUM on which fees are earned. For a discussion of the potential impact of low and rising interest rates, and inflation, as well as management actions taken in response to the changing U.S. interest rate environment, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of Market Interest Rates” and “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks” included in the 2025 Annual Report.

Competitive Pressures

The life insurance and institutional asset management industries are highly competitive. See “Business — Competition,” “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Business Risks — We May Face Competition for Business,” “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Face Difficult Economic Conditions” and “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Changes in Laws or Regulation, or in Supervisory and Enforcement Policies, May Reduce Our Profitability, Limit Our Growth, or Otherwise Adversely Affect Us” in the 2025 Annual Report.

Regulatory Developments

The following discussion on regulatory developments should be read in conjunction with “Business — Regulation” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments” included in the 2025 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented here.

Standards of Conduct, ERISA, Fiduciary Considerations, and Other Pension and Retirement Regulation

In 2021, the U.S. Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) final version of the prohibited transaction exemption (“PTE”) 2020-02 went into effect, which allows investment advice fiduciaries to receive compensation without violating the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), subject to impartial conduct standards and disclosure obligations aligned with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules. In the preamble to PTE 2020-02, the DOL also provided its interpretation of the five-part test used to determine whether a person is acting as an ERISA investment advice fiduciary. In April 2024, the DOL finalized and published a regulation to change the definition of “fiduciary” for purposes of ERISA and parallel provisions of the Code, when a financial professional, including an insurance producer, provides investment advice, and to amend various existing PTEs that financial professionals rely on when making recommendations.

Shortly thereafter, litigation commenced challenging these changes and two federal district courts have since issued orders vacating the 2024 definition of an investment advice fiduciary and vacated the associated 2024 PTE amendments. Both of these orders were unopposed by the DOL. In light of the litigation, the DOL released a final rule vacating (i) the preamble to PTE 2020-02 (while leaving the original PTE intact) and (ii) its 2024 changes to the definition of an investment advice fiduciary as well as its associated 2024 changes to various PTEs. As a result, the DOL has officially reinstated the original 1975 five-part regulatory test defining an investment advice fiduciary.

92

Table of Contents

Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

(i)future policy benefit liabilities, market risk benefits (“MRBs”) and reinsurance recoverables;

(ii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;

(iii)investment allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) and impairments;

(iv)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives;

(v)measurement of goodwill and related impairment;

(vi)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;

(vii)measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and

(viii)liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.

In addition, the application of acquisition accounting requires the use of estimation techniques in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

The Company’s critical accounting estimates are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2025 Annual Report.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

Acquisition of PineBridge Investments

For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of PineBridge Investments (“PineBridge”), a global asset manager, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

93

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

Overview

In the fourth quarter of 2025, MetLife completed the Strategic Reorganization. As a result

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

46

Table of Contents

Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information

For purposes of this discussion, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors,” “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes references to our performance measures, adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, that are not based on GAAP. See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a discussion of these and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments” for reconciliations of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Business Overview

MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. In the fourth quarter of 2025, MetLife completed the Strategic Reorganization. As a result, MetLife is organized into the following six segments: Group Benefits; RIS; Asia; Latin America; EMEA; and MIM. In addition, the Company continues to report certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See “Business — Segments and Corporate & Other” and Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.

Consolidated Company Outlook

Our outlook reflects continued uncertainty around inflation and unemployment in 2026. We expect the U.S. dollar to remain relatively stable in 2026 compared to 2025.

Based on the forward yield curve as of December 31, 2025, we expect long-term interest rates to moderately rise in 2026 with the yield curve steepening, as short-term interest rates decline. We believe that our investment portfolio is highly diversified and positioned to perform well in a variety of economic scenarios. See “— Industry Trends — Impact of Market Interest Rates” for discussion of the mitigating actions the Company has taken to reduce interest rate sensitivity, as market interest rates are a key driver of our results.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $3.6 billion of cash and liquid assets at the holding companies which is within our $3.0 billion to $4.0 billion holding company cash target. In 2026, we expect to maintain this holding company cash target. We also returned a total of approximately $4.4 billion to shareholders in 2025, and we remain on track to generate approximately $25.0 billion in free cash flow over the five-year period of 2025 to 2029.

Our continued capital stress testing and longstanding commitment to liquidity position us to withstand a variety of economic conditions. We do not expect any material liquidity deficiencies, and we expect to remain able to comply with the financial covenants of our credit agreements. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources.” We will continue reviewing accounting estimates, asset valuations and various financial scenarios for capital and liquidity implications. See “— Investments — Current Environment” and “Risk Factors” for additional information.

Assuming (i) interest rates follow the observable forward yield curves as of December 31, 2025, including a 10-year U.S. Treasury rate of 4.40% at December 31, 2026, (ii) S&P 500 equity index annual return of 5%, and (iii) private equity annual returns of 9% in 2026 which would contribute to $1.6 billion (pre-tax) of total estimated variable investment income for full year 2026; we expect to maintain the two-year average annual ratio of free cash flow to adjusted earnings, excluding total notable items, at 65% to 75%.

Further, based on the aforementioned assumptions, we are maintaining our near-term annual targets for (i) adjusted return on equity, excluding total notable items, of 15%-17%, and (ii) double-digit adjusted earnings per share growth, excluding total notable items.

Based on our continued focus on expense discipline and our overall efficiency mindset, we are committed to achieving a direct expense ratio target, excluding total notable items related to direct expenses and pension risk transfers, of (i) 12.1% for 2026 and (ii) 11.3% in 2029.

47

Table of Contents

Furthermore, we also remain fully committed to our New Frontier strategy, which was introduced at our December 2024 Investor Day.

Our outlook relies on the accuracy of our assumptions about future economic and business conditions, which can be affected by known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. We continually review our assumptions, implement mitigation plans, and take precautions. We may revise our outlook as we obtain more information regarding economic conditions, regulatory changes, and other events, and the impact of these events on our business operations, investment portfolio, derivatives, financial results and financial condition.

Industry Trends

We continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment that has been affecting the industry.

Financial and Economic Environment

Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally due to our market presence in numerous countries, our large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives to changing market factors.

Governments and central banks around the world use fiscal and monetary policies to address uncertain economic conditions. In the U.S., the Federal Open Market Committee took various actions in 2025 to promote employment and combat inflation, including lowering interest rates in the second half of the year and ending the process of quantitative tightening. Future policy adjustments in 2026 could be affected by labor market conditions, inflation, and financial and international developments, as well as other factors. Other central banks have recently diverged on monetary policies, reflecting differing local economic conditions and views on the impact of the foregoing factors. We are closely monitoring these and other political and economic conditions that might contribute to global market volatility and impact our business operations, investment portfolio, value of our AUM, and derivatives, such as global inflation, supply chain disruptions, acts of war, banking sector volatility and employment and work policies of the federal government. We are also monitoring the imposition of tariffs, sanctions or other barriers to international trade, changes to international trade agreements, and their potential impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “— Impact of Market Interest Rates — Effects of Inflation,” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”

Impact of Market Interest Rates

Market interest rates are a key driver of our results. Increases and decreases in such rates, as well as extended periods of stagnation, may impact our business and investments in various ways. In our institutional asset management business, interest rate movements, as well as other changes to market factors such as credit spreads and equity prices, can impact the value of the AUM on which fees are earned.

Effects of Inflation

Management believes that while inflation has not had a material effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, except insofar as inflation may affect interest rates, both rising interest rates and inflation will have a neutral to modestly favorable impact on our business. We expect that a lower interest rate environment, however, will have a modestly unfavorable impact on our business. See “— Impact of a Rising Interest Rate Environment,” “— Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment,” and “— Interest Rate Scenarios.”

An increase in inflation could affect our business in several ways. In our group life and disability businesses, premiums increase as compensation levels of our customers’ employees increase. For example, during inflationary periods with rising interest rates, the value of fixed income investments falls which could increase realized and unrealized losses, resulting in additional deferred tax assets that may not be realizable. Inflation also increases expenses for labor and other costs, potentially putting pressure on profitability if such costs cannot be passed through in our product prices. Prolonged and elevated inflation could adversely affect the financial markets and the economy generally, and dispelling it may require governments to pursue a restrictive fiscal and monetary policy, which could constrain overall economic activity, inhibit revenue growth and reduce the number of attractive investment opportunities.

Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment

Sustained periods of low U.S. interest rates may cause us to:

•Reduce the difference between interest credited to policyholders and interest earned on supporting assets (“gross margin”);

48

Table of Contents

•Reinvest investment proceeds in lower yielding assets and experience higher frequency prepayment or redemption of assets in our portfolio;

•Increase our reserves related to policy liabilities and potentially impair intangible assets;

•Reduce interest expense, change pension and other post-retirement benefit calculations, and change derivative cash flows and market values;

•Change our product offerings, design features, crediting rates and sales mix; and

•Experience changing policyholder behavior, including surrender or withdrawal activity.

For additional discussion on gross margin and interest rate assumptions, as well as the potential impact of low interest rates, see “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024 — Actuarial Assumption Review”; “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Face Difficult Economic Conditions — Interest Rate Risks”; “Risk Factors — Business Risks — We May Be Required to Impair VODA, VOBA, or VOCRA”; “Risk Factors — Business Risks — We May Be Required to Recognize an Impairment of Our Goodwill or Other Long-Lived Assets or to Establish a Valuation Allowance Against Our Deferred Income Tax Assets”; and “Risk Factors — Business Risks — We May Face Volatility, Higher Risk Management Costs, and Increased Counterparty Risk Due to Guarantees Within Certain of Our Products.”

Impact of a Rising Interest Rate Environment

Periods of rising U.S. interest rates may cause us to:

•Reinvest investment proceeds in higher yielding assets and experience lower frequency prepayment or redemption of assets in our portfolio;

•Decrease the value of our reserves related to policy liabilities;

•Increase interest expense, change pension and other post-retirement benefit calculations, and change derivative cash flows and market values; and

•Change our product offerings, design features, crediting rates and sales mix.

For additional discussion on the potential impact of rising interest rates, see “Risk Factors — Investment Risks — We May Change Our Securities and Investments Valuation, or Take Allowances and Impairments on Our Investments, or Change Our Methodologies, Estimations, and Assumptions.”

Management Actions

To manage the impact of a changing U.S. interest rate environment, we maintain diversification across products, distribution channels, and geographies while proactively evaluating interest rate and product strategies. In addition, we apply disciplined asset/liability management (“ALM”) strategies, including the use of derivatives. Our ability to take such actions may be limited by competition, regulatory approval requirements, or minimum crediting rate guarantees and may not match the timing or magnitude of interest rate changes.

In addition to proactive management strategies, businesses within our Latin America, EMEA, Asia (exclusive of our Japan business) and MIM segments help alleviate impacts to our consolidated results given their limited U.S. interest rate sensitivity.

For additional discussion on interest rate risk management and our ability to change interest crediting rates or dividend scales, see “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Face Difficult Economic Conditions — Interest Rate Risks;” “— Risk Management;” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Management of Market Risk Exposures,” as well as Notes 5 and 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Rate Scenarios

To illustrate our sensitivity to U.S. interest rates, we compared the outcome of two hypothetical interest rate environments (the “Declining Interest Rate Scenario” and “Rising Interest Rate Scenario”) relative to our baseline economic assumptions (the “Base Scenario”) through 2028.

49

Table of Contents

The Declining Interest Rate Scenario assumes U.S. interest rates for all maturities decline immediately on January 1, 2026 by 50 basis points compared to the Base Scenario through 2028. The Rising Interest Rate Scenario assumes U.S. interest rates rise immediately on January 1, 2026 by 50 basis points through 2028. Other than changing U.S. interest rates through 2028, all other economic assumptions are equivalent in the Base Scenario, Declining Interest Rate Scenario and Rising Interest Rate Scenario.

The following table compares the most relevant interest rate assumptions for the dates indicated:

Hypothetical Impact to Net Derivative Gains (Losses), Market Risk Benefit Remeasurement (Gains) Losses and Adjusted Earnings

We estimate a net unfavorable impact to net derivative gains (losses) for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Declining Interest Rate Scenario, including the impacts from ceded reinsurance activity. We hold significant positions in long-duration receive-fixed U.S. interest rate swaps, which are most sensitive to the 10-year and 30-year swap rates, to hedge reinvestment risk. The favorable impact of the hedging activity is more than offset by losses associated with ceded reinsurance activity. We estimate a net favorable impact to net derivative gains (losses) for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Rising Interest Rate Scenario, including the impacts from ceded reinsurance activity.

We estimate a net unfavorable impact to market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Declining Interest Rate Scenario. Under the hypothetical Declining Interest Rate Scenario, we expect the market risk benefit (“MRB”) reserves to increase due to discounting the future cash flows at a lower rate. We estimate a net favorable impact to market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Rising Interest Rate Scenario. Under the hypothetical Rising Interest Rate Scenario, we expect the MRB reserves to decrease due to discounting the future cash flows at a higher rate.

We estimate a net unfavorable impact to consolidated adjusted earnings for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Declining Interest Rate Scenario. The negative impact of reinvesting cash flows in lower yielding assets is partially offset by lowering interest crediting rates and dividend scales on products, and additional derivative income. We estimate a net favorable impact to consolidated adjusted earnings for 2026 through 2028 for the hypothetical Rising Interest Rate Scenario. The positive impact of reinvesting cash flows in higher yielding assets is partially offset by increased interest crediting rates and dividend scales on products and lower derivative income.

50

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes the hypothetical impact on net derivative gains (losses), market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses and adjusted earnings for certain of our segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the Declining Interest Rate Scenario:

The following table summarizes the hypothetical impact on net derivative gains (losses), market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses and adjusted earnings for certain of our segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the Rising Interest Rate Scenario:

Segments and Corporate & Other

The primary drivers impacting certain of our segments, as well as Corporate & Other, in the hypothetical interest rate scenarios are summarized below. Our Latin America, EMEA, Asia (exclusive of our Japan business) and MIM segments are excluded given their limited U.S. interest rate sensitivity. For additional information regarding account values subject to minimum crediting rate guarantees, the maturity profile of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”), and the yield on invested assets, see “— Investments,” and Notes 5 and 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Group Benefits

Declining Interest Rate Scenario. Our group life insurance products are primarily renewable term policies. This provides repricing flexibility to mitigate the negative impact of reinvesting in lower yielding assets.

Our retained asset accounts experience gross margin compression due to minimum crediting rate guarantees. Additionally, we experience gross margin compression from our disability policy claim reserves for which crediting rates cannot be reduced. We use interest rate derivatives to mitigate gross margin compression for both products.

51

Table of Contents

Gross margin compression is limited for our group disability products, which are generally renewable term policies allowing for crediting rate adjustments at renewal based on the retrospective experience rating and the prevailing interest rate assumptions.

Rising Interest Rate Scenario. We reinvest our cash flows from our group insurance products in higher yielding assets, mitigating the impact of (i) higher interest crediting rates, primarily on our retained asset accounts, and (ii) lower income from our derivative positions used to mitigate low interest rate margin compression.

Retirement and Income Solutions

This business contains both short- and long-duration products consisting of capital market products, pension risk transfers, structured settlements, and other benefit funding products.

The two hypothetical interest rate scenarios do not assume any additional ALM actions we may take to preserve margins.

Declining Interest Rate Scenario. A significant portion of short-duration products are managed on a floating rate basis, which mitigates gross margin compression. Our long-duration products have very predictable cash flows and we use both interest rate derivatives and asset/liability duration matching to mitigate gross margin compression. These mitigating strategies partially offset the negative impact of reinvesting in lower yielding assets. Based on our investment portfolios and expected cash flows, only a small portion of invested assets are subject to reinvestment risk through 2028.

Rising Interest Rate Scenario. Our long-duration products, which have very predictable cash flows, benefit from reinvesting in higher yielding assets, which is partially offset by the negative impact of lower income from derivative positions designed to protect against a low interest rate environment. A significant portion of our short-duration products are managed on a floating rate basis. The negative impact of higher crediting rates on these short-duration products is partially offset by higher income from derivative positions designed to protect against a rising interest rate environment.

Asia (Japan Only)

Declining Interest Rate Scenario. Our Japan business offers traditional life insurance and accident & health products, many of which are U.S. dollar denominated. We experience gross margin compression to the extent our investment portfolios are U.S. interest rate sensitive, and we are unable to offset the impact by lowering interest crediting rates. Additionally, we manage interest rate risk on our life products through a combination of product design features and ALM strategies.

Our Japan business also offers U.S. dollar denominated annuities, which are predominantly single premium products with crediting rates set upon issuance. This allows for tightly managing product ALM, cash flows and net spreads, which mitigates interest rate risk.

Rising Interest Rate Scenario. For U.S. dollar denominated products, higher reinvestment rates on cash flows from these products more than offset the negative impacts of (i) higher interest crediting rates on such products, and (ii) lower income from derivative positions designed to protect against a low interest rate environment.

Corporate & Other

Corporate & Other contains the operating and investment surplus portfolios used to fund capital and liquidity needs, certain life, annuity and long-term care products, certain reinsurance agreements, collateral financing arrangements, and our outstanding debt and preferred securities. For purposes of the two hypothetical interest rate scenarios, the impact on pension and postretirement plan expenses is included within Corporate & Other and not allocated across segments.

Declining Interest Rate Scenario. Our interest rate sensitive life products include traditional and universal life products. Since most of our traditional life insurance is participating, we can mitigate gross margin compression by adjusting the applicable dividend scale. For our universal life products, our interest rate risk exposure has been substantially reduced as a result of an external reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023 and we have minimal exposure from this block.

Our annuity products can experience gross margin compression primarily from deferred annuities with minimum crediting rate guarantees. While most of these contracts are either at or slightly above their minimum crediting rate, we use interest rate derivatives to manage the gross margin compression risk.

52

Table of Contents

Our long-term care business experiences gross margin compression as we cannot reduce interest crediting rates for established claim reserves. Long-term care policies are guaranteed renewable, and rates may be adjusted on a class basis with regulatory approval to reflect emerging experience. We review the discount rate assumptions and other assumptions associated with our long-term care claim reserves no less frequently than annually and, with respect to interest rates, set the discount rate based on the prevailing interest rate environment.

Based on our operating investment portfolios and cash flow estimates, approximately 5% of our invested assets each year are subject to reinvestment risk through 2028.

For our investment surplus portfolios, the negative impact of reinvesting in lower yielding assets, over time, more than offsets the positive impact of lower interest expense on debt, preferred stock dividends and lower pension expense. Although low interest rates result in pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities increasing, the impact is more than offset by the corresponding returns on fixed income investments and results in lower expenses.

Rising Interest Rate Scenario. Higher reinvestment rates on cash flows, over time, more than offset the negative impacts of (i) higher interest crediting rates, and (ii) lower income from derivative positions designed to protect against a low interest rate environment for our life, annuity and long-term care products.

For our investment surplus portfolios, the positive impact of reinvesting in higher yielding assets, over time, more than offsets the negative impact of higher interest expense on debt, preferred stock dividends and higher pension expense. Although higher interest rates result in pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities decreasing, the impact is more than offset by the corresponding returns on fixed income investments and results in higher expenses.

Competitive Pressures

The life insurance and institutional asset management industries are highly competitive. See “Business — Competition,” “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Business Risks — We May Face Competition for Business,” “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Face Difficult Economic Conditions” and “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Changes in Laws or Regulation, or in Supervisory and Enforcement Policies, May Reduce Our Profitability, Limit Our Growth, or Otherwise Adversely Affect Us.”

Regulatory Developments

As a global financial services company, we are subject to regulation by authorities in the jurisdictions in which our businesses are located or operate. See “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — Our Statutory Life Insurance Reserve Financings Costs May Increase, and We May Find Limited Market Capacity for New Financings” and “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Changes in Laws or Regulation, or in Supervisory and Enforcement Policies, May Reduce Our Profitability, Limit Our Growth, or Otherwise Adversely Affect Us.”

Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the consolidated financial statements. For a discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

In addition, the application of acquisition accounting requires the use of estimation techniques in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

53

Table of Contents

Future Policy Benefit Liabilities

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted an accounting pronouncement related to targeted improvements to the accounting for long-duration contracts (“LDTI”) with a January 1, 2021 transition date (the “LDTI Transition Date”). Generally, FPBs are payable over an extended period of time and calculated as the present value of future expected benefits and claim settlement expenses to be paid, reduced by the present value of future expected net premiums. Such liabilities are established based on methods and underlying assumptions in accordance with GAAP and applicable actuarial standards. Principal assumptions used in the establishment of FPBs for traditional long-duration non-participating products are expectations related to mortality, morbidity, termination, claim settlement expense, policy lapse, renewal, retirement, disability incidence, disability terminations, inflation, and other contingent events as appropriate to the respective product type and geographical area. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated as needed to reflect our expected experience for future periods. If net premiums exceed gross premiums (i.e., expected benefits exceed expected gross premiums), the FPBs are increased, and a corresponding adjustment is recognized in net income.

Liabilities for unpaid claims are estimated based upon our historical experience and other actuarial assumptions that consider the effects of current developments, anticipated trends and risk management programs.

Traditional non-participating long-duration and limited-payment contracts comprise the majority of MetLife’s FPBs, inclusive of deferred profit liabilities, as described in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For such contracts, cash flow assumptions are used to project the amount and timing of expected future benefits and claim settlement expenses to be paid and the expected future premiums to be collected for a cohort. Generally, the liabilities for these products are updated retrospectively on a quarterly basis for actual experience and at least once a year (generally during the third quarter as part of the Company’s annual actuarial assumption review) for any changes in cash flow assumptions. The change in FPBs reflected in the statement of operations is calculated using a locked-in discount rate. For contracts issued prior to the LDTI Transition Date, the Company developed a cohort level locked-in discount rate that reflects the interest accretion rates that were locked in at inception of the underlying contracts (unless there was a historical premium deficiency event that resulted in updating the interest accretion rate prior to the LDTI Transition Date), or the acquisition date for contracts acquired through an assumed in-force reinsurance transaction or a business combination. As described in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for contracts issued subsequent to the LDTI Transition Date, the upper-medium grade discount rate is locked-in for the cohort and used to discount the estimated cash flows. The Company generally interprets this as a rate comparable to that of a corporate single A discount rate and reflects the duration characteristics of the liability. The FPB for all cohorts is remeasured to a current upper-medium grade discount rate at each reporting period through other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”).

Liabilities for universal and variable universal life secondary and paid-up guarantees (“additional insurance liabilities”) are determined by estimating the expected value of death benefits payable when the account balance is projected to be zero and recognizing those benefits ratably over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The assumptions used in estimating the secondary and paid-up guarantee liabilities are investment income, mortality, lapse, and premium payment pattern and persistency. In addition, the projected account balance and assessments used in this calculation are impacted by the earned rate on investments and the interest crediting rates, which are typically subject to guaranteed minimums. The assumptions of investment performance and volatility for variable products’ separate account funds are consistent with historical experience of the appropriate underlying equity indices, such as the S&P 500 Index. These assumptions are monitored and updated retrospectively based on market conditions and historical experience on a periodic basis and at least once a year (generally during the third quarter as part of the Company’s annual actuarial assumption review) for any changes in cash flow assumptions.

Accounting for reinsurance generally presents the income statement effect of direct policies on a net-of-reinsurance basis by using assumptions and methodologies consistent with those used to project the future performance of the underlying direct business. Further, the potential impact of counterparty credit risks is considered when measuring the reinsurance recoverables. We periodically review actual and anticipated experience compared to the aforementioned assumptions used to establish assets and liabilities relating to ceded and assumed reinsurance and evaluate the financial strength of counterparties to our reinsurance agreements using criteria similar to that evaluated in our security impairment process. See “— Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments.” Additionally, for each of our reinsurance agreements, we determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with applicable accounting standards. We review all contractual features, including those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the reinsurer is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims. If we determine that a reinsurance agreement does not expose the reinsurer to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, we record the agreement using the deposit method of accounting.

54

Table of Contents

We measure market risk related to our market sensitive traditional long-duration non-participating and limited-payment contracts, additional insurance liabilities and reinsurance recoverables based on changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis. The results of this sensitivity analysis are included in “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Risk Measurement: Sensitivity Analysis.” We have also assessed the sensitivities of hypothetical changes in significant assumptions to reported amounts related to our traditional long-duration non-participating and limited-payment contracts, additional insurance liabilities and reinsurance recoverables for products including, but not limited to, those within the disaggregated rollforwards included in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, as reflected in the following table:

Traditional long-duration non-participating and limited-payment contracts, additional insurance liabilities and reinsurance recoverables

__________________

(1)FPBs are inclusive of deferred profit liabilities where applicable.

(2)All sensitivities exclude potential changes in our future premium rate assumptions.

(3)For products which are subject to morbidity risk, MetLife applied sensitivities to the incidence rate assumptions only.

(4)For long-term care and individual disability products, the lapse impacts include mortality as both mortality and lapse result in termination of these contracts without any additional benefit payment.

See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information, including the significant inputs, judgments, valuation methods and assumptions used in the establishment of FPBs, as well as the effect of changes in such factors on the measurement of our FPBs during the year. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our reinsurance transactions.

Traditional participating contracts comprise a significant portion of MetLife’s FPBs, as described in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For such contracts, original assumptions developed at the time of issue are locked-in and used in all future liability calculations. An additional reserve would be required if the resulting liabilities are not adequate to provide for future benefits and expenses (i.e., there is a premium deficiency). For these contracts, MetLife’s risk of adverse experience may be mitigated through adjustments to the dividend scales.

For all insurance assets and liabilities, MetLife holds capital and surplus to mitigate potential adverse experience development. The Company’s approaches for managing liquidity and capital are described in “— Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Market Risk Benefits

MRBs are contracts or contract features that guarantee benefits, such as guaranteed minimum benefits (referred to as “GMXBs”), in addition to an account balance which expose insurance companies to other than nominal capital market risk (e.g., equity price, interest rate, and/or foreign currency exchange risk) and protect the contractholder from the same risk. Certain contracts may have multiple contract features or guarantees that meet the definition of an MRB. Those benefits are aggregated and measured as a single compound MRB.

55

Table of Contents

All identified MRBs are required to be measured at estimated fair value, which is determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees attributable to those benefit features. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital market and actuarial assumptions, including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk neutral valuation methodology is used under which the cash flows from the guarantees are projected under multiple capital market scenarios using observable risk-free rates. The valuation of these MRBs also includes an adjustment for nonperformance risk and risk margins for non-capital market inputs. For direct and assumed MRBs, the nonperformance risk adjustment, which is captured as a spread over the risk-free rate in determining the discount rate to discount the cash flows of the liability, is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries compared to MetLife, Inc. For ceded MRBs, the nonperformance risk adjustment considers the claims paying ability of the reinsurer. Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties in certain actuarial assumptions. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.

Changes in the estimated fair value of direct, assumed and ceded MRBs are recognized in net income, except for fair value changes attributable to a change in nonperformance risk of the Company which is recorded within OCI.

Market conditions including changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates, variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could materially affect net income, and changes in the Company’s nonperformance risk could materially affect OCI.

As part of the Company’s annual actuarial assumption review process (see “— Future Policy Benefit Liabilities” section above), we also reassess the long-term policyholder behavior and mortality assumptions used in determining the fair value of our net MRB liabilities. Changes in these underlying actuarial assumptions (e.g., updates to lapse rates, benefit utilization rates, mortality levels and long-term market expectations based on emerging experience) are incorporated into the MRB valuation model. Accordingly, our annual assumption updates can result in remeasurement of MRB fair values, leading to gains or losses recognized in net income.

We measure market risk related to our MRBs based on changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity market prices utilizing a sensitivity analysis. The results of this sensitivity analysis are included in “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Risk Measurement: Sensitivity Analysis.” We have also assessed the sensitivities of hypothetical changes in significant assumptions to reported amounts related to our MRBs for products including, but not limited to, those within the disaggregated rollforwards in Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, as reflected in the following table:

__________________

(1)For direct and assumed MRBs, nonperformance risk relates to the Company’s claims paying ability, and for ceded MRBs, it relates to the claims paying ability of the reinsurer.

56

Table of Contents

See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information, including the significant inputs, judgments, valuation methods and assumptions used in the establishment of the MRBs, as well as the effect of changes in such factors on the measurement of our MRBs during the year. Also, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the fair value measurement of MRBs.

Estimated Fair Value of Investments

The estimated fair values of our investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical investments in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. When such unadjusted quoted prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar but not identical investments, or other observable inputs. If these inputs are not available, or observable inputs are not determinable, unobservable inputs and/or adjustments to observable inputs requiring significant management judgment, including assumptions or estimates, are used to determine the estimated fair value of investments. Unobservable inputs are based on management’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing such investments. The methodologies, assumptions and inputs utilized are described in Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For most of our investments, sensitivity analysis regarding unobservable inputs is not necessary or appropriate, as they are valued using quoted prices, as described above. Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis is presented in Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Financial markets are susceptible to severe events evidenced by rapid depreciation in asset values accompanied by a reduction in asset liquidity. Our ability to sell investments, or the price ultimately realized for investments, depends upon the demand and liquidity in the market and increases the use of judgment in determining the estimated fair value of certain investments.

Investment Allowance for Credit Loss and Impairments

The significant estimates and inherent uncertainties related to our evaluation of credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio are summarized below. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for information regarding the sensitivity of our fixed maturity securities and mortgage loan portfolios to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Fixed Maturity Securities

The assessment of whether a credit loss has occurred is based on our case-by-case evaluation of whether the net amount expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. We consider a wide range of factors about the security issuer and use our best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. We evaluate credit loss by considering information that changes from time to time about past events, current and forecasted economic conditions, and we measure credit loss by estimating recovery value using a discounted cash flow analysis. We estimate recovery value based on our best estimate of future cash flows, which is inherently subjective, and methodologies can vary depending on the facts and circumstances specific to each security. We record an ACL for the amount of the credit loss instead of recording a reduction of the amortized cost. The evaluation processes and measurement methodologies, as well as the significant inputs, judgments and assumptions used to determine the amount of credit loss are described in Notes 1 and 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The determination of the amount of ACL is subjective, as it includes our estimates and assumptions and assessment of known and inherent risks. We revise these estimates and assumptions as conditions change and new information becomes available. The valuation of our fixed maturity securities portfolio is sensitive to changes in interest rates, and the estimated fair value of the portion of our fixed maturities securities portfolio that is foreign denominated is sensitive to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

57

Table of Contents

Mortgage Loans

The ACL is established both for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for loans with dissimilar risk characteristics, collateral dependent loans and certain modified loans, individually on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that we do not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. To determine the mortgage loan ACL, we apply significant judgment to estimate expected lifetime credit loss over the contractual term of our mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions; we consider past events and current and forecasted economic conditions which are subject to inherent uncertainty and which may change from time to time. The ACL methodologies, significant inputs and significant judgments and assumptions used to determine the amount of credit loss are described in Notes 1 and 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The determination of the amount of ACL is subjective as it includes our estimates and assumptions and assessment of known and inherent risks. We revise these estimates as conditions change and new information becomes available. The estimated fair value of our mortgage loan portfolio is sensitive to changes in interest rates, and the estimated fair value of the portion of our mortgage loan portfolio that is foreign denominated is sensitive to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Leases, Real Estate and Other Asset Classes

The determination of the amount of ACL on leases and impairments on real estate and the remaining asset classes is highly subjective and is based upon our quarterly evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. The evaluation processes, measurement methodologies, significant inputs and significant judgments and assumptions used to determine the amount of ACL and impairments are described in Notes 1 and 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.

Freestanding Derivatives

The determination of the estimated fair value of freestanding derivatives, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing the instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on significant inputs into the OTC derivative pricing models and credit risk adjustment.

See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our derivatives and hedging programs. See also “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for information regarding the sensitivity of our derivatives to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity market prices.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be justification for conducting an interim test.

For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge would be recognized for the amount of the difference; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, the Company will consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying value of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The key inputs, judgments and assumptions necessary in determining estimated fair value of the reporting units include projected adjusted earnings, current book value, the level of economic capital required to support the mix of business, long-term growth rates, comparative market multiples, the account value of in-force business, projections of new and renewed business, as well as margins on such business, interest rate levels, credit spreads, equity market levels, and the discount rate that we believe is appropriate for the respective reporting unit.

58

Table of Contents

We apply significant judgment when determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units and when assessing the relationship of market capitalization to the aggregate estimated fair value of our reporting units. The valuation methodologies utilized are subject to key judgments and assumptions that are sensitive to change. Estimates of fair value are inherently uncertain and represent reasonable expectations regarding future developments. These estimates and the judgments and assumptions upon which the estimates are based may differ from actual future results. The estimated fair value of the reporting units tested can be impacted by unexpected changes in the legislative, regulatory and macroeconomic environment. Declines in the estimated fair value of our reporting units could result in goodwill impairments in future periods which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or financial position.

In the third quarter of 2025, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment tests on all reporting units using both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The quantitative assessment utilized the market multiple and/or a discounted cash flow valuation based on best available data as of June 30, 2025. The Company concluded that the estimated fair values of all such reporting units were substantially in excess of their carrying values and, therefore, goodwill was not impaired.

See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our goodwill.

Employee Benefit Plans

Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans covering eligible employees. See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on amendments to our U.S. benefit plans. The calculation of the obligations and expenses associated with these plans requires an extensive use of assumptions such as the discount rate, expected rate of return on plan assets, rate of future compensation increases and healthcare cost trend rates, as well as assumptions regarding participant demographics such as rate and age of retirement, withdrawal rates and mortality. In consultation with external actuarial firms, we determine these assumptions based upon a variety of factors such as historical experience of the plan and its assets, currently available market and industry data, and expected benefit payout streams.

We determine the expected rate of return on plan assets based upon an approach that considers inflation, real return, term premium, credit spreads, equity risk premium and capital appreciation, as well as expenses, expected asset manager performance, asset weights and the effect of rebalancing. Given the amount of plan assets as of December 31, 2024, the beginning of the measurement year, if we had assumed an expected rate of return for both our pension and other postretirement benefit plans that was 100 basis points higher or 100 basis points lower than the rates we assumed, the change in our net periodic benefit costs in 2025 would have been as follows:

The above table considers only changes in our assumed long-term rate of return given the level and mix of invested assets at the beginning of the year, without consideration of possible changes in any of the other assumptions described above that could ultimately accompany any changes in our assumed long-term rate of return.

We determine the discount rates used to value the Company’s pension and postretirement obligations, based upon rates commensurate with current yields on high quality corporate bonds. Given our pension and postretirement obligations as of December 31, 2024, the beginning of the measurement year, if we had assumed a discount rate for both our pension and postretirement benefit plans that was 100 basis points higher or 100 basis points lower than the rates we assumed, the change in our net periodic benefit costs in 2025 would have been as follows:

59

Table of Contents

Given our pension and postretirement obligations as of December 31, 2025, if we had assumed a discount rate for both our pension and postretirement benefit plans that was 100 basis points higher or 100 basis points lower than the rates we assumed, the change in our benefit obligations would have been as follows:

The above tables consider only changes in our assumed discount rates without consideration of possible changes in any of the other assumptions described above that could ultimately accompany any changes in our assumed discount rate. The assumptions used may differ materially from actual results due to, among other factors, changing market and economic conditions and changes in participant demographics. These differences may have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and liquidity.

See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of assumptions used in measuring liabilities relating to our employee benefit plans.

Income Taxes and Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets

Our accounting for income taxes represents our best estimate of various events and transactions. Tax laws are often complex and may be subject to differing interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of inherently complex tax laws. We must also make estimates about when in the future certain items will affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions in which we conduct business.

The Company considers all available factors, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of these factors, a partial or full valuation allowance for categories of deferred tax assets is required. The weight given to these factors is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. Examples of factors considered in determining deferred tax asset realizability include past earnings history, projections of taxable income and tax planning strategies, including the intent and ability to hold certain securities until they recover in value. Changes in tax laws or interpretations of such laws and/or statutory tax rates in countries in which we operate could have an impact on our valuation of net deferred tax assets. If there had been a 1% increase in the global effective income tax rate, the change would have resulted in an approximate $98 million increase in the net deferred income tax asset balance at December 31, 2025.

See Notes 1 and 22 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our income taxes.

Litigation Contingencies

We are a defendant in a large number of litigation matters and are involved in a number of regulatory investigations. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. Liabilities are established when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities related to certain lawsuits, including our asbestos-related liability, are especially difficult to estimate due to the limitation of reliable data and uncertainty regarding numerous variables that can affect liability estimates. On a quarterly and annual basis, we review relevant information with respect to liabilities for litigation, regulatory investigations and litigation-related contingencies to be reflected in our consolidated financial statements. It is possible that an adverse outcome in certain of our litigation and regulatory investigations, including asbestos-related cases, or the use of different assumptions in the determination of amounts recorded could have a material effect upon our consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

See Note 24 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our assessment of litigation contingencies.

60

Table of Contents

Acquisitions and Dispositions

Acquisition of PineBridge Investments

For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of PineBridge Investments, a global asset manager, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

61

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

Overview

In the fourth quarter of 2025, MetLife completed the Strategic Reorganization. As a result, MetLife is organized into the following six segments: Group Benefits; RIS; Asia; Latin America; EMEA; and MIM. In addition, the Company continues to report certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. In conjunction with the Strategic Reorganization, effective January 1, 2025, the Company amended agreements between MIM and other MetLife entities to manage general account investments at current market rate fees, a change from 2024 and 2023. See “Business — Segments and Corporate & Other” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Strategic Reorganization and the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.

Reinsurance Transactions

In 2025, the Company entered into a number of reinsurance agreements. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on these reinsurance transactions.

Key Financial Highlights

•Net income available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders was $3.2 billion, $4.2 billion and $1.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders was $5.9 billion, $5.8 billion and $5.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

62

Table of Contents

Consolidated Results

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders - Decreased $1.1 billion primarily due to the following:

Net Investment Gains (Losses)(1) - Favorable change of $39 million ($31 million, net of income tax):

•Higher gains on foreign currency transactions

•Mark-to-market gains on equity securities in 2025 compared to losses in 2024

•Lower losses on sales of fixed maturity securities

Partially offset by:

•Higher increases to the ACLs on mortgage loans and higher impairments on real estate investments

Net Derivative Gains (Losses)(2) - Unfavorable change of $316 million ($250 million, net of income tax)(3):

•Certain key equity indexes increased in 2025 compared to decreased in 2024 - unfavorable impact to the estimated fair value of short futures

63

Table of Contents

•Changes in the estimated fair value of the underlying assets - unfavorable impact to the estimated fair value of embedded derivatives related to funds withheld on reinsurance agreements

Largely offset by:

•The U.S. dollar weakened against the Japanese yen in 2025 compared to strengthened in 2024 - favorable impact to the estimated fair value of sell-U.S. dollar currency forwards

Market Risk Benefit Remeasurement (Gains) Losses(4) - Unfavorable change of $601 million ($475 million, net of income tax):

•Certain U.S. long-term interest rates increased less significantly in 2025 compared to 2024

Actuarial Assumption Review - Favorable change of $63 million ($38 million, net of income tax):

•The actuarial assumption reviews resulted in gains of $102 million and $64 million for 2025 and 2024, respectively:

◦Of the $102 million gain, gains of $12 million and $1 million were recognized in market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses and net derivative gains (losses), respectively, both of which are discussed above, and a gain of $89 million was recognized in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, which is discussed below

◦Of the $64 million gain, losses of $5 million and $1 million were recognized in market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses and net derivative gains (losses), respectively, both of which are discussed above, and a gain of $70 million was recognized in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, which is discussed below

◦The $38 million increase was primarily driven by (i) updates to policyholder behavior assumptions in the accident & health business in the Asia segment and in the deferred annuities business in Corporate & Other related to lapse experience, (ii) updates to operational assumptions in Corporate & Other related to future premium rate increases for the long-term care business, and (iii) favorable economic conditions in 2025 for the Asia segment, largely offset by (i) less favorable mortality experience in the RIS segment, and (ii) updates made in 2025 to morbidity assumptions in Corporate & Other associated with an increase in incidence rates for the long-term care business

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders(5) - Favorable change of $147 million. See “— Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders.”

Taxes - Unfavorable change in effective tax rate - 27% in 2025 compared to 21% in 2024:

•2025 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 27% compared to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

◦Adjustments related to prior years’ taxes

◦Non-deductible losses

64

Table of Contents

Partially offset by tax benefits from:

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments

◦Tax rate change in Korea

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

•2024 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was equal to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from:

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

Offset by tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

◦Adjustments related to prior years’ taxes

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders - Increased $2.8 billion primarily due to the following:

Net Investment Gains (Losses)(1) - Favorable change of $1.6 billion ($1.3 billion, net of income tax):

•Impairment losses in 2023 for investments disposed of in connection with a reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023

•Lower losses on sales of fixed maturity securities

•Higher gains on sales of real estate investments

Net Derivative Gains (Losses)(2) - Favorable change of $517 million ($408 million, net of income tax)(3):

•Key equity indexes increased less in 2024 compared to 2023 - favorable impact to the estimated fair value of long put options and short futures

Partially offset by:

•Certain long-term interest rates increased more significantly in 2024 compared to 2023 and other long-term interest rates increased in 2024 compared to decreased in 2023 - unfavorable impact to the estimated fair value of receiver swaps

Market Risk Benefit Remeasurement (Gains) Losses(4) - Favorable change of $115 million ($91 million, net of income tax):

•Certain long-term interest rates increased more significantly in 2024 compared to 2023 and other long-term interest rates increased in 2024 compared to decreased in 2023

Partially offset by:

•Key equity indexes increased less in 2024 compared to 2023

65

Table of Contents

Actuarial Assumption Review - Favorable change of $70 million ($55 million, net of income tax):

•Total results for 2024 and 2023 include gains of $64 million and $9 million, respectively:

◦Of the $64 million gain, a loss of $5 million was recognized in MRB remeasurement (gains) losses, a loss of $1 million was recognized in net derivative gains (losses), both of which are discussed above, and a gain of $70 million was recognized in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, which is discussed below

◦Of the $9 million gain, a loss of $4 million was recognized in MRB remeasurement (gains) losses, a loss of $2 million was recognized in net derivative gains (losses), both of which are discussed above, and a gain of $15 million was recognized in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, which is discussed below

◦The $55 million increase was primarily driven by (i) favorable mortality experience in the RIS segment in 2024, (ii) updates made in 2023 to morbidity assumptions in Corporate & Other associated with an increase in incident rates for the long-term care business, and (iii) updates to policyholder behavior assumptions in the Asia segment related to lapse assumptions in the accident & health business, partially offset by updates to policyholder behavior assumptions in Corporate & Other related to claim utilization experience for the long-term care business

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders(5) - Favorable change of $271 million. See “— Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders.”

Taxes - Favorable change in effective tax rate - 21% in 2024 compared to 26% in 2023:

•2024 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was equal to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from:

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method in 2024

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

Offset by tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

◦Adjustments related to prior years’ taxes

•2023 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 26% compared to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

◦Non-taxable investment loss

Partially offset by tax credits from:

◦Low income housing and other tax credits

66

Table of Contents

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

__________________

(1)See “— Investments — Overview” and “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results — Net Investment Gains (Losses)” for information regarding management of our investment portfolio.

(2)See “— Derivatives — Net Derivative Gains (Losses)” for information regarding the use of derivatives to hedge market risk.

(3)Includes amounts relating to investment hedge adjustments, which are also included in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. See “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results” for additional information.

(4)See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s MRBs.

(5)See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for information regarding adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and related measures.

67

Table of Contents

Reconciliations of net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and premiums, fees and other revenues to adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues

Year Ended December 31, 2025

68

Table of Contents

Year Ended December 31, 2024

__________________

(1)Amounts for Group Benefits, RIS, MIM and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.

69

Table of Contents

Year Ended December 31, 2023

__________________

(1)Amounts for Group Benefits, RIS, MIM and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.

70

Table of Contents

Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $5.0 billion, or 10%, compared to 2024. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $5.2 billion, or 10%, compared to 2024, primarily due to growth in the pension risk transfer and U.K. longevity reinsurance businesses in the RIS segment, strong sales and solid persistency across the region in the Latin America segment, and growth in both core and voluntary products in the Group Benefits segment.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $413 million, or 1%, compared to 2023. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $1.2 billion, or 2%, compared to 2023, primarily due to growth in both core and voluntary products in the Group Benefits segment and strong sales and solid persistency across the region in the Latin America segment, partially offset by the decline in Corporate & Other from business run-off.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders - Increased $147 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by approximately $7 million in Corporate & Other as a result of a reinsurance transaction that closed in December 2025

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $54 million, primarily in the Latin America and Asia segments

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $130 million:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on real estate funds, private equity funds and mortgage loan funds, partially offset by lower returns on corporate debt funds

71

Table of Contents

Partially offset by:

•Higher interest credited expenses - higher average interest crediting rates on long-duration products in the Asia segment and growth in long-duration products in the RIS segment, largely offset by lower average interest credited expenses in the Group Benefits and Latin America segments and Corporate & Other

•Recurring investment income decreased - lower average invested assets in Corporate & Other due to business run-off and lower income on derivatives, largely offset by positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions and funding agreement issuances in the RIS segment, higher income on real estate investments (which includes the impact of the fourth quarter 2025 change to the definition of adjusted earnings to exclude depreciation of wholly-owned real estate and REJVs), higher yields on fixed income securities and higher returns on FVO securities

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $301 million:

•Higher average invested assets, primarily in the Asia and Latin America segments

•Higher sales and business growth in the majority of our segments

Partially offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on long-duration products, primarily in the Asia and Latin America segments

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $219 million:

•Lower surrender charges and unfavorable claims experience in the Asia segment

•Unfavorable morbidity results, primarily in the Group Benefits segment

•Lower fees in our annuities business in Corporate & Other

Interest Expense on Debt - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $20 million:

•Subordinated debt securities issuance in March 2025

•Senior note issuances in June 2024, September 2024 and June 2025

Partially offset by:

•Senior note repayments at maturity in April 2024, March 2025 and November 2025

•Decreased interest expense on surplus notes

Expenses - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $152 million:

•Lower expenses consistent with business run-off in Corporate & Other

•Lower employee-related and corporate-related expenses in Corporate & Other

72

Table of Contents

Notable Items - Actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, litigation reserves and settlement costs, and tax adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $69 million on a reported basis:

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders - Increased $271 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by approximately $170 million as a result of the reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023 in Corporate & Other

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $95 million, primarily in the Latin America and Asia segments

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $232 million:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans, as well as the impact of tax equity investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method in 2024, partially offset by lower income on derivatives and real estate investments

Largely offset by:

•Higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type and certain insurance products, primarily in the RIS and Asia segments

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $189 million:

•Higher average invested assets, primarily in the RIS and Latin America segments

•Higher sales and business growth in the EMEA and Latin America segments

Largely offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on long-duration products, primarily in the RIS segment

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $190 million:

•Favorable mortality results, primarily in the Group Benefits segment, higher surrender charges in the Asia segment, and favorable morbidity experience in Corporate & Other, partially offset by unfavorable morbidity experience in the Group Benefits segment

•Favorable change from refinements to certain insurance assets and other liabilities in both years, primarily in the Asia and Group Benefits segments, partially offset by an unfavorable change to certain insurance liabilities in the RIS segment

73

Table of Contents

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $132 million:

•Higher direct expenses, including employee-related and technology costs, in most of the segments

•Higher litigation reserves

Partially offset by:

•Lower corporate-related expenses, primarily in Corporate & Other

Taxes - Unfavorable change in effective tax rate - 24% in 2024 compared to 22% in 2023:

•2024 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 24% compared to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

Partially offset by tax benefits from:

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method in 2024

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

•2023 effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 22% compared to the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from:

◦Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates

Partially offset by tax benefits from:

◦Low income housing and other tax credits

◦Non-taxable investment income

◦Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation

Notable Items - Actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, litigation reserves and settlement costs, and tax adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $88 million on a reported basis:

74

Table of Contents

Segment Results and Corporate & Other

Group Benefits

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $599 million, or 2%, compared to 2024, primarily driven by growth in both core and voluntary products, partially offset by a decrease in premiums related to our participating life contracts, which can fluctuate with claims experience.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $941 million, or 4%, compared to 2023, primarily driven by growth in both core and voluntary products, partially offset by a decrease in premiums related to our participating life contracts, which can fluctuate with claims experience.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $86 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $45 million:

•Interest credited expenses decreased - lower average interest crediting rates on retained asset accounts

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds and real estate funds

Partially offset by:

•Recurring investment income decreased - lower yields on fixed income securities

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $47 million:

•Growth in both core and voluntary products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $41 million:

•Unfavorable morbidity - higher incidence and severity in the disability business, partially offset by favorable rate actions within the dental business

•Unfavorable change from refinements to certain insurance liabilities in both years

Partially offset by:

•Favorable mortality - primarily due to lower claim incidence and severity in our term life business

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $18 million:

•Higher commissions and other variable expenses and higher legal plan utilization exceeded a corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $56 million:

•2025 notable item - unfavorable impact of $2 million - actuarial assumption review

•2024 notable items - unfavorable impact of $58 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, which includes an unfavorable refinement on certain life policies

75

Table of Contents

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $49 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Market Factors - Decreased adjusted earnings by $27 million:

•Recurring investment income decreased - lower income on derivatives, partially offset by higher yields on fixed income securities

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $18 million:

•Growth in both core and voluntary products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $88 million:

•Favorable mortality - primarily due to lower claims incidence in our life business

•Favorable change from refinements to certain insurance and other liabilities in both years

Partially offset by:

•Unfavorable morbidity - (i) higher incidence in the accident & health business, (ii) higher claims in vision, and (iii) higher utilization and the impact of prior year development in dental, partially offset by (a) favorable claims experience and rate actions in our pet insurance business and (b) higher recoveries and a favorable reserve adjustment in 2024 in our disability business

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $43 million:

•Higher legal plan utilization and higher technology, employee-related and various other operating expenses exceeded the corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues

Notable Items - Decreased adjusted earnings by $85 million:

•2024 notable items - unfavorable impact of $58 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, which includes an unfavorable refinement on certain life policies

•2023 notable item - favorable impact of $27 million - actuarial assumption review

Retirement & Income Solutions

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $3.7 billion, or 43%, compared to 2024. The increase was primarily driven by growth in our pension risk transfer and U.K. longevity reinsurance businesses. Changes in premiums were more than offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits, both of which are reported net of ceded reinsurance.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $238 million, or 3%, compared to 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by lower premiums from our pension risk transfer and post-retirement benefit businesses, largely offset by growth in our U.K. longevity reinsurance and institutional income annuities businesses. Changes in premiums were partially offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits, both of which are reported net of ceded reinsurance.

76

Table of Contents

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $4 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $78 million:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds, real estate funds, and mortgage loan funds

•Recurring investment income increased - positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions and funding agreement issuances, largely offset by the impact from a reinsurance transaction coupled with lower income on derivatives and an increase in fees paid to MIM due to the transition to current market rate fees in 2025

Largely offset by:

•Higher interest credited expenses - growth in investment-type and certain insurance products, partially offset by the impact from a reinsurance transaction

Expenses - Increased adjusted earnings by $17 million:

•Impact of certain product movements as a result of the Strategic Reorganization

Notable Items - Decreased adjusted earnings by $91 million:

•2025 notable item - favorable impact of $13 million - actuarial assumption review

•2024 notable item - favorable impact of $104 million - actuarial assumption review

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $41 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Market Factors - Decreased adjusted earnings by $97 million:

•Higher average interest crediting rates primarily on investment-type products

Largely offset by:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans, partially offset by lower income on derivatives

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $62 million:

•Positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions and funding agreement issuances resulted in higher average invested assets

Largely offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on long-duration products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $32 million:

•Unfavorable refinements to certain insurance liabilities

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $39 million:

•Higher expenses, including certain employee-related costs

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $43 million:

•2024 notable item - favorable impact of $104 million - actuarial assumption review

•2023 notable item - favorable impact of $61 million - actuarial assumption review

77

Table of Contents

Asia

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $11 million, or less than 1%, compared to 2024. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $45 million, or 1%, compared to 2024, as increases in premiums in life products in Korea and Bangladesh were largely offset by lower fee income from Japan’s foreign currency-denominated life and annuity products and a decrease in premiums from Japan’s accident & health products.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $212 million, or 3%, compared to 2023. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $149 million, or 2%, compared to 2023, as increases in premiums in Korea and Australia, as well as fee income from Japan’s foreign currency life and annuity products, were partially offset by a decrease in premiums from Japan’s accident & health and yen-denominated life products.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $81 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $16 million:

•Korean won and Australian dollar weakened against the U.S. dollar

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $42 million:

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities and higher income on derivatives

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on real estate funds and private equity funds, partially offset by lower returns on corporate debt funds

Largely offset by:

•Interest credited expenses increased - higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type and certain insurance products

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $110 million:

•Business growth across the region, mainly driven by higher positive net flows, which resulted in higher average invested assets

Largely offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on long-duration products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $113 million:

•Lower surrender charges in Japan

•Unfavorable claims experience in Australia

•Unfavorable change from refinements to certain insurance liabilities in both years

78

Table of Contents

Taxes - Decreased adjusted earnings by $41 million:

•Unfavorable change in Japan - impact from a tax rate change in 2025

•Unfavorable change in Korea - higher dividend withholding tax and impact from a tax rate change in 2025 and tax benefits due to a tax audit settlement in 2024

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $111 million on a reported basis:

•2025 notable item - favorable impact of $70 million - actuarial assumption review

•2024 notable item - unfavorable impact of $41 million - actuarial assumption review

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $339 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $34 million:

•Japanese yen and Korean won weakened against the U.S. dollar

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $193 million:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities

Partially offset by:

•Higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type and certain insurance products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $89 million:

•Higher surrender charges in Japan

•Favorable change from refinements to certain insurance assets and liabilities in both years

Taxes - Increased adjusted earnings by $41 million:

•Favorable change in Japan - lower premium tax due to lower sales and tax benefits from higher foreign earnings taxed at lower rates in 2024

•Favorable change in Korea - tax benefits due to lower dividend withholding tax as a result of a rate decrease and a tax audit settlement in 2024

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $53 million on a reported basis:

•2024 notable item - unfavorable impact of $41 million - actuarial assumption review

•2023 notable item - unfavorable impact of $94 million - actuarial assumption review

79

Table of Contents

Latin America

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $670 million, or 11%, compared to 2024. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $855 million, or 15%, compared to 2024, mainly driven by strong sales and solid persistency across the region.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $209 million, or 4%, compared to 2023. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $544 million, or 10%, compared to 2023, mainly driven by strong sales and solid persistency across the region.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $83 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $35 million:

•Mexican peso weakened against the U.S. dollar

Market Factors - Decreased adjusted earnings by $28 million:

•Recurring investment income decreased - lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans; partially offset by higher returns on our Chilean encaje within FVO securities, driven by an increase in bond index returns

•Other revenues decreased - settlement of foreign currency hedges

Largely offset by:

•Interest credited expenses decreased - lower average interest crediting rates on investment-type products

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $95 million:

•Strong sales of single premium immediate annuities in Chile resulted in higher average invested assets

•Higher sales resulted in higher average invested assets in Mexico and Brazil

Partially offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on investment-type and certain insurance products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $21 million:

•Favorable refinements to certain insurance liabilities primarily in Chile and Mexico in 2024

Expenses - Increased adjusted earnings by $10 million:

•An increase in adjusted premiums, fees, and other revenues exceeded the corresponding increase in expenses

Taxes - Increased adjusted earnings by $6 million:

•Income tax refund in Chile

80

Table of Contents

Partially offset by:

•Tax adjustments in both years - recurring tax item related to inflation and adjustments related to the filing of the tax returns in Chile, Mexico and U.S.

Notable Items - Decreased adjusted earnings by $108 million:

•2025 notable items - unfavorable impact of $104 million comprised of unfavorable impacts of $4 million - actuarial assumption review and $100 million - tax adjustments related to the resolution of an industry-wide value-added tax matter in Mexico

•2024 notable item - favorable impact of $4 million - actuarial assumption review

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $41 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $49 million:

•Chilean and Mexican peso weakened against the U.S. dollar

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $95 million:

•Strong sales of single premium immediate annuities in Chile resulted in higher average invested assets

•Higher sales, primarily in Mexico and Chile

Partially offset by:

•Increase in interest credited expenses on long-duration products

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $22 million:

•Favorable refinements to certain insurance liabilities primarily in Chile and Mexico

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $13 million:

•Higher corporate-related and various other operating expenses, primarily in Mexico and Chile

Other - Decreased adjusted earnings by $15 million, includes

•Higher amortization of DAC

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $4 million:

•2024 notable item - favorable impact of $4 million - actuarial assumption review

81

Table of Contents

EMEA

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $353 million, or 14%, compared to 2024. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $335 million, or 13%, compared to 2024, primarily due to growth in our (i) corporate solutions business in the U.K., the Gulf and Egypt, (ii) credit life business in Turkey and Romania, (iii) accident & health and ordinary life businesses across the region, and (iv) pension business in Turkey.

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $202 million, or 9%, compared to 2023. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $277 million, or 12%, compared to 2023 primarily due to increases in our (i) corporate solutions business in the Gulf, the U.K. and Egypt, (ii) credit life and pension businesses in Turkey and Romania, and (iii) accident & health business across the region.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $84 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $3 million:

•Turkish lira and Egyptian pound weakened against the U.S. dollar

Largely offset by:

•Euro and British pound strengthened against the U.S. dollar

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $20 million:

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities

Partially offset by:

•Interest credited expense increased - higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type products

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $67 million:

•Increase in sales and business growth:

◦Credit life business in Turkey and Romania

◦Accident & health and ordinary life businesses across the region

◦Corporate solutions business in the Gulf, the U.K. and Egypt

◦Pension business in Turkey

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $4 million:

•Favorable underwriting experience across the region

Taxes - Decreased adjusted earnings by $11 million:

•Tax-related adjustments in both years

82

Table of Contents

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings by $4 million on a reported basis:

•2025 notable item - unfavorable impact of $1 million - actuarial assumption review

•2024 notable item - unfavorable impact of $5 million - actuarial assumption review

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $18 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:

Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $12 million:

•Turkish lira and Egyptian pound weakened against the U.S. dollar

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $29 million:

•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $51 million:

•Increase in sales and business growth of:

◦Credit life and pension businesses in Turkey and Romania

◦Corporate solutions business in the Gulf, the U.K. and Egypt

◦Accident & health business across the region

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $4 million:

•Unfavorable change from refinements to certain insurance liabilities in both years

Partially offset by:

•Favorable underwriting experience across the region

Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $36 million:

•Higher direct expenses, including employee-related costs and various other operating expenses across the region

Taxes - Increased adjusted earnings by $13 million

•Tax-related adjustments in both years

Notable Items - Decreased adjusted earnings by $23 million on a reported basis:

•2024 notable item - unfavorable impact of $5 million - actuarial assumption review

•2023 notable items - favorable impact of $18 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments

MetLife Investment Management

Business Overview. Other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $214 million, or 30%, compared to 2024, primarily as a result of the Company amending agreements between MIM and other MetLife entities to manage general account investments at current market rate fees, effective January 1, 2025, a change from 2024. In addition, there was growth in other revenues from an increase in MIM General Account AUM, and net inflows and an acquisition that increased Institutional Client AUM, primarily from real estate, public fixed income and private fixed income.

83

Table of Contents

Other revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were nearly unchanged compared to 2023, as growth in general account revenues was offset by lower Institutional Client revenues primarily from real estate, private fixed income and public fixed income.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Increased $145 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $19 million:

•Higher general account revenues - MIM General Account AUM growth from MetLife’s insurance operations

•Higher Institutional Client revenues - higher Institutional Client AUM from organic business growth and an acquisition, primarily from real estate, public fixed income and private fixed income

Operating Margin Expansion - Increased adjusted earnings by $126 million:

•Transition to current market rate fees in 2025 for general account investments, coupled with expense management

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $15 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Operating Margin Expansion - Decreased adjusted earnings by $15 million:

•Higher corporate-related expenses

84

Table of Contents

Corporate & Other

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders - Decreased $170 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by approximately $7 million as a result of a reinsurance transaction that closed in December 2025

Market Factors - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $151 million:

•Recurring investment income decreased - lower average invested assets due to business run-off and lower yields on mortgage loans, as well as an increase in fees paid to MIM due to the transition to current market rate fees in 2025, partially offset by higher income on real estate investments (which includes the impact of the fourth quarter 2025 change to the definition of adjusted earnings to exclude depreciation of wholly-owned real estate and REJVs)

Largely offset by:

•Interest credited expenses decreased - primarily as a result of the Strategic Reorganization

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds, mortgage loan funds and real estate funds, partially offset by lower returns on corporate debt funds

Volume Growth - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $37 million:

•Decline due to business run-off

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $42 million:

•Lower fees in our annuities business

•Unfavorable morbidity experience in our long-term care business

Partially offset by:

•Lower dividend expense due to business run-off

Interest Expense on Debt - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $20 million:

•Subordinated debt securities issuance in March 2025

•Senior note issuances in June 2024, September 2024 and June 2025

Partially offset by:

•Senior note repayments at maturity in April 2024, March 2025 and November 2025

•Decreased interest expense on surplus notes

Other Expenses - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $138 million:

•Lower expenses consistent with business run-off, largely offset by the impact of certain product movements as a result of the Strategic Reorganization

•Lower employee-related and corporate-related expenses

85

Table of Contents

Taxes - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $19 million:

•Tax adjustments in both years - adjustments related to the filing of the U.S. tax return, partially offset by additional tax credits

Notable Items - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $41 million:

•2025 notable items - unfavorable impact of $19 million comprised of unfavorable impact of $32 million - litigation reserves, partially offset by favorable impact of $13 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments

•2024 notable items - favorable impact of $22 million comprised of favorable impacts of $57 million - tax adjustments related to interest associated with a tax refund and $12 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, partially offset by unfavorable impact of $47 million - litigation reserves

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders - Decreased $22 million primarily due to the following business drivers:

Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by approximately $170 million as a result of the reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023

Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $134 million:

•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds

•Decrease in interest credited expenses on long-duration products

Partially offset by:

•Recurring investment income decreased slightly - lower average invested assets due to business run-off, lower income on derivatives, and lower income on real estate investments, offset by the impact of tax equity investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method in 2024 and higher yields on fixed income securities

Volume Growth - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $40 million:

•Decline due to business run-off

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $27 million:

•Favorable morbidity experience in our long-term care business

•Lower dividend expense due to business run-off

Interest Expense on Debt - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $11 million:

•Surplus notes repayments at maturity in January and February 2024

•Senior note repayment at maturity in April 2024

•Early senior note redemptions in February 2023 and April 2024

•Interest rate decrease on surplus notes

Partially offset by:

•Senior note issuances in July 2023, March 2024, June 2024 and September 2024

Other Expenses - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $30 million:

•Lower costs associated with corporate initiatives and projects, as well as lower employee-related expenses

Partially offset by:

•Higher legal expenses

86

Table of Contents

Taxes - Decreased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $116 million:

•Lower tax preferenced items, primarily due to the impact of tax equity investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method in 2024

Notable Items - Increased adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by $96 million:

•2024 notable items - favorable impact of $22 million comprised of favorable impacts of $57 million - tax adjustments related to interest associated with a tax refund and $12 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments, partially offset by unfavorable impact of $47 million - litigation reserves

•2023 notable items - unfavorable impact of $76 million - litigation reserves, slightly offset by favorable impact of $2 million - actuarial assumption review and other insurance adjustments

87

Table of Contents

Investments

Overview

We maintain a diversified global general account investment portfolio to support our mix of liabilities in our global businesses. We position our portfolio based on relative value and our view of the economy and financial markets. We maintain our focus on the appropriate level of diversification and asset quality.

We manage our investment portfolio using disciplined ALM principles, focusing on cash flow and duration to support our current and future liabilities. Our intent is to match the timing and amount of liability cash outflows with invested assets that have cash inflows of comparable timing and amount, while optimizing risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return. Our investment portfolio is heavily weighted toward fixed income investments, with most of our portfolio invested in fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans. These securities and loans have varying maturities and other characteristics which cause them to be generally well suited for matching the cash flow and duration of insurance liabilities.

Invested Assets and Cash and Cash Equivalents Subject to Ceded Reinsurance

The Company maintains invested assets and cash and cash equivalents that are subject to ceded reinsurance arrangements with third parties and joint ventures. “Reinsurance activity” relates to amounts subject to ceded reinsurance arrangements with third parties and joint ventures, including (i) the related investment returns and expenses which are passed through to the reinsurers and (ii) the corresponding invested assets and cash and cash equivalents. Reinsurance activity, unless otherwise stated, has been excluded from the amounts within the Investments sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about reinsurance.

The following table presents the carrying value of invested assets and cash and cash equivalents subject to ceded reinsurance at:

88

Table of Contents

Mortgage Loans Originated for Third Parties

The Company originates and acquires mortgage loans and, in certain cases, transfers proportional rights to cash flows from certain mortgage loans to third parties under participation agreements, which are recorded as secured borrowings. “Third-party mortgage loan activity” relates to amounts associated with mortgage loans originated and acquired for third parties, including (i) the related investment returns and expenses which are passed through to the third-party lenders and (ii) the corresponding mortgage loan assets. Third-party mortgage loan activity, unless otherwise stated, has been excluded from the amounts within the Investments sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following table presents the information of mortgage loan assets originated and acquired and transferred to third parties:

Current Environment

As a global financial services company, we continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment, the fiscal and monetary policy of governments and central banks around the world and other governmental measures. Global inflation, supply chain disruptions and acts of war continue to impact the global economy and financial markets and have caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment” for further information regarding conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally which may affect us. These factors may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives. See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders” for impacts on our derivatives and analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results and “Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position” in Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for impacts on the net unrealized gain (loss) on our fixed maturity securities AFS.

Selected Country Investments

We have a market presence in numerous countries and, therefore, our investment portfolio, which supports our insurance operations and related policyholder liabilities, as well as our global portfolio diversification objectives, is exposed to risks posed by local political and economic conditions. The countries included in the following table have been the most affected by these risks. The table below presents a summary of selected country fixed maturity securities AFS, at estimated fair value, on a “country of risk basis” (i.e., where the issuer primarily conducts business).

__________________

(1)Sovereign includes government and agency.

(2)The par value and amortized cost, net of ACL, of these securities were $68 million and $35 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025.

89

Table of Contents

We manage direct and indirect investment exposure in the selected countries through fundamental analysis, and we continually monitor and adjust our level of investment exposure. We do not expect that our general account investments in these countries will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Investment Portfolio Results

See “— Overview” for a discussion of our investment portfolio and a summary of how we manage our investment portfolio. Below is a reconciliation of net investment income under GAAP to adjusted net investment income and our yield table. The yield table presentation is consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes, and we believe it enhances understanding of our investment portfolio results.

Reconciliation of Net Investment Income under GAAP to Adjusted Net Investment Income

__________________

(1)See “Financial Measure and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the adjustments made to net investment income under GAAP in calculating adjusted net investment income.

Yield Table

__________________

90

Table of Contents

(1)We calculate annualized yields using adjusted net investment income as a percentage of average quarterly asset carrying values. Asset carrying values utilized in the calculation of yields exclude unrecognized unrealized gains (losses), Third-party mortgage loan activity, Reinsurance activity, collateral received in connection with our securities lending program, annuities funding structured settlement claims, freestanding derivative assets, collateral received from derivative counterparties, contractholder-directed equity securities and FVO securities held by collateralized financing entities. Invested assets reclassified to held-for-sale and ceded policy loans are included in the calculation of yields, but are otherwise excluded from asset carrying values. A yield is not presented for other invested assets, as it is not considered a meaningful measure of performance for this asset class.

(2)Fixed maturity securities in the yield table includes FVO securities; accordingly, investment income (loss) from fixed maturity securities includes amounts from FVO securities of $225 million and $205 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Asset carrying values of FVO securities are included in the calculation of average quarterly fixed maturity securities asset carrying values in the yield calculation.

(3)Investment income from fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans includes prepayment fees.

(4)See “Financial Measure and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of divested businesses.

See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders” for an analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results.

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

We purchase investments to support our insurance liabilities and not to generate net investment gains and losses. However, net investment gains and losses are incurred and can change significantly from period to period due to changes in external influences, including changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity markets; counterparty specific factors such as financial performance, credit rating and collateral valuation; and internal factors such as portfolio rebalancing. Changes in these factors from period to period can significantly impact the levels of provision for credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio, as well as realized gains and losses on investments sold.

See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” for an analysis of the year-over-year changes in realized gains (losses) on investments sold, provision (release) for credit loss and impairments and non-investment portfolio gains (losses).

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities

The following table presents public and private fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities held at: