Sunrun Inc. (RUN)

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Sunrun’s (the “Company,” “our,” “we”) mission is to connect people to the cleanest energy on earth. Sunrun transformed the solar industry in 2007 by removing financial barriers and democratizing access to locally-generated, renewable energy. Today, Sunrun is the nation’s leading provider of clean energy as a subscription service, offering residential solar and storage with no upfront costs. Sunrun’s innovative products and solutions can connect homes to the cleanest energy on earth, providing them with energy security, predictability, and peace of mind. Sunrun also manages energy services that benefit communities, utilities, and the electric grid while enhancing customer value.

We are engaged in the design, development, installation, sale, ownership and maintenance of residential energy systems (“Projects”) in the United States. We provide clean, solar energy typically at savings compared to traditional utility energy. Our primary customers are residential homeowners. We also offer battery storage along with solar energy systems to our customers in select markets and sell our services to certain commercial developers through our multi-family and new homes offerings. After inventing the residential solar service model and recognizing its market potential, we have built the infrastructure and capabilities necessary to acquire and serve customers in a low-cost and scalable manner. Today, our scalable operating platform provides us with a number of distinct advantages. First, we are able to drive distribution by marketing our solar service offerings through multiple channels, including our partner network and direct-to-consumer operations. This approach supports broad sales and installation capabilities, which together allow us to achieve capital-efficient growth. Second, we are able to provide differentiated solutions to our customers that, combined with a great customer experience, we believe will drive meaningful margin advantages for us over the long term as we strive to create and serve the industry’s most valuable and satisfied customer base.

Our core solar service offerings are provided through our lease and power purchase agreements, which we refer to as our “Customer Agreements,” and which provide customers with simple, predictable pricing for solar energy that is insulated from rising retail electricity prices. They also provide customers who opt for storage offerings the benefit of increased resiliency from backup energy and enhanced energy management capabilities. While customers have the option to purchase an energy system outright from us, most of our customers choose to buy solar as a service from us through our Customer Agreements without the significant upfront investment of purchasing an energy system. With our solar service offerings, we install energy systems on our customers’ homes and provide them with the solar power produced by those systems for typically a 20- or 25-year initial term. In addition, we monitor, maintain and insure the system during the term of the contract. In exchange, we receive predictable cash flows from high credit quality customers and qualify for tax and other benefits. We finance portions of these tax benefits and cash flows through tax equity, non-recourse debt and project equity structures ("Funds") in order to fund our upfront costs, overhead and growth investments. We develop valuable customer relationships that can extend beyond this initial contract term and provide us an opportunity over time to integrate additional solar, battery storage, electrification and distributed power plant offerings into a smart solution for each home and community. Since our founding, we have continued to invest in a platform of services and tools to enable large scale operations for us and our partner network, and these partners include energy system integrators, sales partners, installation partners and other strategic partners. The platform includes processes and software, as well as fulfillment and acquisition of marketing leads. We believe our platform empowers new market entrants and smaller industry participants to profitably serve our large and underpenetrated market without making the significant investments in technology and infrastructure required to compete effectively against established industry players. Our platform provides the support for our multi-channel model, which drives broad customer reach and capital-efficient growth.

Delivering a differentiated customer experience is core to our strategy. We emphasize a customized solution, including a design specific to each customer’s home and pricing configurations that typically drive both customer savings and value to us. We believe that our passion for engaging our customers, developing a trusted

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brand, and providing a customized solar service offering resonates with our customers who are accustomed to a traditional residential power market that is often overpriced and lacking in customer choice.

We have experienced substantial growth in our business and operations since our inception in 2007, as well as through our acquisition of Vivint Solar on October 8, 2020. As of June 30, 2026, we operated the largest fleet of residential energy systems in the United States. We have a Networked Solar Energy Capacity of 8,732 megawatts (“MW”) as of June 30, 2026, which represents the aggregate MW production capacity of our energy systems that have been recognized as deployments, from our inception through the measurement date. Gross Earning Assets as of June 30, 2026 were approximately $22.2 billion. Please see the section entitled “Key Operating Metrics” for more details on how we calculate Networked Solar Energy Capacity and Gross Earning Assets.

We also have a long track record of attracting low-cost capital from a variety of sources, including tax equity and debt investors. Since inception we have raised investment funds to finance the installation of energy systems.

Market & Macroeconomic Environment

Our business and financial performance also depend on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions. We face global macroeconomic challenges, particularly in light of volatility in interest rates, uncertainty in markets, inflationary trends, navigating complex and evolving regulatory and tax frameworks, and the dynamics of the global trade environment, including the imposition of tariffs. Federal tax policies and regulations, as well as state regulatory frameworks, also affect our business and financial performance.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025 and the six months ended June 30, 2026, we observed market uncertainty, including as a result of ongoing announcements and developments related to tariffs, trade policy, war and global conflict, inflationary pressures, elevated interest rates, the market impacts of proposed or newly enacted regulatory frameworks in markets within which we do business and within our industry and supply constraints. In particular, elevated interest rates, have resulted and may continue to result in a decrease in our advance rates, reducing the proceeds we receive from certain Funds. Because our financing structure is sensitive to volatility in interest rates, higher rates increase our cost of capital and may decrease the amount of capital available to us to finance the deployment of new energy systems. These market dynamics, some of which we expect will continue into the foreseeable future, despite the December 2025 reduction in federal interest rates, have impacted and may continue to impact our business and financial results.

Additionally, our operations and supply chains are subject to risks related to uncertainties in trade regulations and policies, including changes in tariffs, duties, trade barriers, and other restrictions imposed by both domestic and international governments. These trade policy uncertainties may increase our costs, disrupt our supply chain, limit our ability to operate in certain markets, or require us to modify our current business practices. Changes in trade agreements, import/export regulations, and retaliatory measures between countries could further impact the availability and cost of materials necessary for our products and services. While the Company is not a direct importer of modules and batteries, many of the Company's suppliers import products and components from jurisdictions that are subject to tariffs, which could significantly increase component expenses for key products, such as lithium-ion battery cells used in our energy storage systems that are currently sourced primarily from China. Despite our efforts, and efforts of our suppliers, to identify qualified suppliers outside of these jurisdictions, these tariffs and potential future trade restrictions could adversely impact our supply chain costs, the pricing of our products and, consequently, negatively affect consumer demand for our products.

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At the federal level, tax policy and associated regulations have a direct impact on our business. The most notable tax legislation affecting our business is the OBBB that President Trump signed into law on July 4, 2025. The new law adjusts tax policies that Sunrun relies upon, including the 48E Clean Electricity Investment Credit and its associated “bonus” credits. While the law maintains the full 48E credit for energy storage through 2033, it shortens the availability of the 48E credit for solar facilities to the end of 2027. The law also applies new PFE restrictions to the 48E credit, which could potentially deny tax credits to entities owned, controlled, or influenced by certain specified foreign entities, and for projects that use certain components or receive “material assistance” from a PFE, thereby potentially increasing costs, reducing demand, or restricting access to tax credits. Further, the law ended the Section 25D Residential Clean Energy Credit starting on January 1, 2026. Changes in the law relating to the Section 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit could also affect Sunrun indirectly, through our suppliers. The implementation of the OBBB through the federal regulatory process could also directly affect our business, including from uncertainty prior to the issuance of guidance or formal rulemaking processes, which may result in delays for monetizing tax credits. For further information regarding possible impacts of the OBBB on our business, see Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors—"Risks Related to Regulation and Policy—Federal tax policy impacts the competitiveness of our service offerings to customers and our market” and “Risks Related to Taxes and Accounting—Our ability to provide our storage and solar service offerings to customers on an economically viable basis depends in part on our ability to finance these systems with fund investors who seek particular tax and other benefits” and “—Our business depends in part on the availability of utility rebates, tax credits and other benefits, tax exemptions and exclusions, and other financial incentives on the federal, state, and/or local levels. We may be adversely affected by changes in, and application of, these laws or other incentives to us, and the expiration, elimination or reduction of these benefits could advers

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Results of Operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 in Item 7 of Part II, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

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Customer Agreements and Incentives. The $320.1 million increase in Revenue from Customer Agreements was primarily due to new systems placed in service in 2025 and a full year of revenue recognized in 2025 for systems placed in service in 2024 versus only a partial amount of such revenue related to the period in which the assets were in service in 2024. Revenue from incentives consisted primarily of sales of SRECs. The $6.3 million decrease when compared to the prior year related to the timing and volume of SREC sales, which were responsive to market conditions.

Energy Systems and Product Sales. Revenue from energy systems sales increased by $673.6 million compared to the prior year primarily due to a transaction that Sunrun entered into in the third quarter of 2025 whereby certain storage and energy systems subject to newly originated Customer Agreements are sold to a third-party investor; however, Sunrun continues to maintain the customer experience and servicing relationships and can sell future goods and services to these customers. Product sales decreased by $68.1 million compared to the prior year primarily due to the lower average sales price of solar energy products, as well as lower sales volume of solar energy products to installers of solar energy systems compared to the prior year, due to easing of supply chain constraints.

Cost of Customer Agreements and Incentives. The $113.1 million increase in Cost of customer agreements and incentives was primarily due to the new systems placed in service in 2025, plus a full year of costs recognized in 2025 for systems placed in service in 2024 versus only a partial amount of such expenses related to the period in which the assets were in service in 2024.

The Cost of customer agreements and incentives decreased to 70% of customer agreements and incentives revenue during 2025, from 78% in the prior year. This decrease is primarily due to customer pricing increases

catching up to costs.

Cost of Energy Systems and Product Sales. There was a $237.4 million increase in Cost of energy systems and product sales, which was primarily due to the corresponding net increase in the energy systems and product sales discussed above.

The Cost of energy systems and product sales decreased to 68% of energy systems and product sales revenue during 2025, when compared with 101% in the prior year, primarily due to the increase in system sales to a third-party investor related to the transaction Sunrun entered in Q3 2025 discussed above, as well as a $22.1 million increase in inventory reserves recorded in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 related to the wind-down of the AEE Solar operations with no such comparable activity in 2025.

Sales and Marketing Expense. The $92.1 million increase in Sales and marketing expense was primarily attributable to increases in costs to acquire customers through our sales lead generating partners, partially offset by a decrease in headcount driving lower employee compensation. Included in sales and marketing expense were $95.3 million and $76.2 million of amortization of costs to obtain Customer Agreements for 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Research and Development Expense. The $3.2 million decrease in Research and development expense was primarily attributable to a decrease in support-related consulting costs, as well as a decline in employee compensation.

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General and Administrative Expense. The $32.9 million increase in General and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in employee compensation costs. Additionally, there were increases related to information technology related consulting costs, when compared to the prior year period.

Goodwill impairment. The $3.1 billion decrease in Goodwill impairment expense related to an impairment charge of $3.1 billion that was a result of an interim impairment test performed during the fourth quarter of 2024. For further detail, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statement included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Non-Operating Expenses

Interest expense, net. The increase in Interest expense, net of $148.4 million is primarily related to additional non-recourse debt entered into in 2025. Included in net interest expense is $38.1 million and $34.8 million of non-cash interest recognized under Customer Agreements that have a significant financing component for 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other (expense) income, net. The decrease in other income of $215.0 million related primarily to losses on derivatives recognized in 2025, as well as to gains on extinguishment of debt during 2024, with no such comparable activity in 2025.

Income Tax Benefit

The increase in Income tax benefit of $140.4 million primarily relates to increased proceeds from investment tax credit transfers and a reduction of goodwill impairment, which was partially offset by an overall increase in valuation allowance on certain tax credits and net operating losses, a decrease in pre-tax loss, and a decrease in losses allocable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests.

Given our net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2025, we do not expect to pay income tax, including in connection with our 2025 income tax provision, until our net operating losses are fully utilized. As of December 31, 2025, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal, state, and foreign income tax purposes of approximately $720.7 million, $3.5 billion, and $1.3 billion, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2028 for federal purposes, in 2026 for state purposes, and in 2031 for foreign purposes. In addition, federal and certain state net operating loss carryforwards generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 total $2.6 billion and $371.4 million, respectively, and have indefinite carryover periods and do not expire.

Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

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The decrease in Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests was primarily the result of an addition of only six new investment funds in 2025, as compared to the addition of seven new investment funds in 2024, for which the HLBV method was used in determining the amount of net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests. Investment funds generally allocate more loss to the noncontrolling interest in the first several years after fund formation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash of $823.4 million, which consisted of cash held in checking and savings accounts with financial institutions. We finance our operations mainly through a variety of financing fund arrangements that we have formed with fund investors, cash generated from our sources of revenue and borrowings from secured credit facilities arrangements with syndicates of banks and from secured

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