Science Applications International Corp (SAIC) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations, and quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Form 10-K, as well as Part II, Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for the year ended January 28, 2022, which provides additional information on comparisons of fiscal 2022 and 2021. It contains forward-looking statements (which may be identified by words such as those described in “Risk Factors—Forward-Looking Statement Risks” in Part I, Item 1A of this report), including statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations with respect to, among other things, trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; backlog; our industry; government budgets and spending; market opportunities; the impact of competition; and the impact of acquisitions. Such statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. Risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this report. Due to such risks, uncertainties and assumptions, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake any obligation to update these factors or to publicly announce the results of any changes to our forward-looking statements due to future results or developments.

We use the terms "SAIC," the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” to refer to Science Applications International Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Company utilizes a 52/53 week fiscal year ending on the Friday closest to January 31, with fiscal quarters typically consisting of 13 weeks. Fiscal 2023 began on January 29, 2022 and ended on February 3, 2023, fiscal 2022 began on January 30, 2021 and ended on January 28, 2022, and fiscal 2021 began on February 1, 2020 and ended on January 29, 2021. Fiscal 2023 consisted of 53 weeks with the extra week occurring in the fourth quarter, while fiscal 2022 and 2021 consisted of 52 weeks.

Business Overview

We are a leading technology integrator providing full life cycle services and solutions in the technical, engineering and enterprise information technology (IT) markets. We developed our brand by addressing our customers’ mission critical needs and solving their most complex problems for over 50 years. As one of the largest pure-play technology service providers to the U.S. government, we serve markets of significant scale and opportunity. Our primary customers are the departments and agencies of the U.S. government. We serve our customers through approximately 1,900 active contracts and task orders and employ approximately 25,000 individuals who are led by an experienced executive team of proven industry leaders. Our long history of serving the U.S. government has afforded us the ability to develop strong and longstanding relationships with some of the largest customers in the markets we serve. Substantially all of our revenues and tangible long-lived assets are generated and located in the United States.

Economic Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks

In fiscal 2023, we generated 98% of our revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, including subcontracts on which we perform. Our business performance is affected by the overall level of U.S. government spending and the alignment of our offerings and capabilities with the budget priorities of the U.S. government. Appropriations measures passed in December 2022 provided full funding for the federal government through the end of government fiscal year 2023. In October 2021, the Federal debt ceiling was increased by $480 billion and in December 2021 was further increased by $2.5 trillion. In January 2023, the Federal debt ceiling was reached and the U.S. Department of the Treasury is currently operating under “extraordinary measures.”

Adverse changes in fiscal and economic conditions could materially impact our business. Some changes that could have an adverse impact on our business include adverse regulations, the implementation of future spending reductions (including sequestration), delayed passage of appropriations bills resulting in temporary or full-year continuing resolutions, extreme inflationary increases adversely impacting fixed-price contracts, inability to increase or suspend the Federal debt ceiling, and potential government shutdowns.

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Spending packages, including the infrastructure bill, Inflation Reduction Act, and CHIPS and Science Act, as well as future potential spending packages, may provide additional opportunity in areas of SAIC focus such as digital modernization, cyber, microelectronics support, and climate resiliency.

The U.S. government has increasingly relied on contracts that are subject to a competitive bidding process (including indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ), U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) schedules, and other multi-award contracts), which has resulted in greater competition and increased pricing pressure. Additionally, the U.S. government has put renewed emphasis on increasing the number of small business prime set aside contracts that further reduce the addressable market in some areas.

Despite the budget and competitive pressures affecting the industry, we believe we are well-positioned to protect and expand existing customer relationships and benefit from opportunities that we have not previously pursued. Our scale, size, and prime contractor leadership position are expected to help differentiate us from our competitors, especially on large contract opportunities. We believe our long-term, trusted customer relationships and deep technical expertise provide us with the sophistication to handle highly complex, mission-critical contracts. Our value proposition is found in the proven ability to serve as a trusted adviser to our customers. In doing so, we leverage our expertise and scale to help them execute their mission.

We succeed as a business based on the solutions we deliver, our past performance, and our ability to compete on price. Our solutions are inspired through innovation based on adoption of best practices and technology integration of the best capabilities available. Our past performance was achieved by employees dedicated to supporting our customers' most challenging missions. Our current cost structure and ongoing efforts to reduce costs by strategic sourcing and developing repeatable offerings sold "as a service" and as managed services in a more commercial business model are expected to allow us to compete effectively on price in an evolving environment. Our ability to be competitive in the future will continue to be driven by our reputation for successful program execution, competitive cost structure, development of new pricing and business models, and efficiencies in assigning the right people, at the right time, in support of our contracts.

On July 2, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Halfaker and Associates, LLC (Halfaker). The acquisition of Halfaker, in alignment with our long-term strategy, grows the Company's digital transformation portfolio while expanding its ability to support the government's healthcare mission.

On March 13, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Unisys Federal, a former operating unit of Unisys Corporation. The acquisition of Unisys Federal, in alignment with our long-term strategy, positions SAIC as a leading government services technology integrator in digital transformation, and is highly accretive across all key financial metrics.

See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this report for additional discussion of our industry and regulatory environment.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

While we are continuing to monitor the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic did not have a material impact to revenues and operating income during fiscal 2023. The full extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business and our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) allowed for the deferral of certain payroll tax payments through December 31, 2020 and we deferred total payments of approximately $103 million. The first installment (approximately $51 million) of these deferred payroll taxes was paid during fiscal 2022 and the second and final installment was paid during fiscal 2023.

We have not experienced a significant impact to our liquidity or access to capital as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As discussed in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” we believe that our existing cash on hand, generation of future operating cash flows, and access to bank financing and capital markets will provide adequate resources to meet our short-term liquidity and long-term capital needs. As of February 3, 2023 we were in compliance with our debt covenants and we have not been required to obtain additional financing, or make significant modifications to our capital deployment strategy, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Management of Operating Performance and Reporting

Our business and program management process is directed by professionals focused on serving our customers by providing high quality services in achieving program requirements. These professionals carefully monitor contract margin performance by constantly evaluating contract risks and opportunities. Throughout each contract’s life cycle, program managers review performance and update contract performance estimates to reflect their understanding of the best information available.

We evaluate our results of operations by considering the drivers causing changes in revenues, operating income and operating cash flows. Given that revenues fluctuate on our contract portfolio over time due to contract awards and completions, changes in customer requirements, and increases or decreases in ordering volume of materials, we evaluate significant trends and fluctuations resulting from these factors. Whether performed by our employees or by our subcontractors, we primarily provide services and, as a result, our cost of revenues are predominantly variable. We also analyze our cost mix (labor, subcontractor and materials) in order to understand operating margin because programs with a higher proportion of SAIC labor are generally more profitable. Changes in cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues other than from revenue volume or cost mix are normally driven by fluctuations in shared or corporate costs, or cumulative revenue adjustments due to changes in estimates.

Changes in operating cash flows are described with regard to changes in cash generated through the rendering of services, significant drivers of fluctuations in assets or liabilities and the impacts of changes in timing of cash receipts or disbursements.

Results of Operations

The primary financial performance measures we use to manage our business and monitor results of operations are revenues, operating income and cash flows from operating activities. The following table summarizes our results of operations:

Revenues. Revenues increased $310 million from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 due to ramp up on new and existing contracts, four additional working days in the current year period, and the acquisition of Halfaker (approximately $72 million), partially offset by contract completions and lower net favorable changes in contract estimates. Adjusting for the impact of acquired and divested revenues and the estimated impact of the additional four working days in fiscal 2023, revenues grew approximately 1.5%.

Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues increased $281 million from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 primarily due to ramp up on new and existing contracts, four additional working days in the current year period, and the acquisition of Halfaker.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A). SG&A increased $30 million from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher restructuring costs (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report) and the acquisition of Halfaker.

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Acquisition and integration costs. Acquisition and integration costs decreased $43 million from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 primarily due to the acquisitions of Halfaker and Koverse in the prior year period.

Operating Income. Operating income as a percentage of revenues increased from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023 primarily due to improved profitability across our contract portfolio and lower acquisition and integration costs, partially offset by higher restructuring costs and lower net favorable changes in contract estimates.

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities were $532 million for fiscal 2023, which represented an increase of $14 million from fiscal 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher cash provided by the Master Accounts Receivable Purchase Agreement (MARPA Facility) (see Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements), the timing of collections and other changes in working capital, partially offset by tax payments associated with Section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code and cash payments during the year associated with certain change in control provisions related to the acquisition of Halfaker (see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements).

Non-GAAP Measures

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. While we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are also useful for management and investors in evaluating our financial information, they should be considered as supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliations, definitions, and how we believe these measures are useful to management and investors are provided below. Other companies may define similar measures differently.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. The performance measure EBITDA is calculated by taking net income and excluding interest and loss on sale of receivables, provision for income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is a performance measure that excludes costs that we do not consider to be indicative of our ongoing performance. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by taking EBITDA and excluding acquisition and integration costs, impairments, restructuring costs, and any other material non-recurring costs. Integration costs are costs to integrate acquired companies including costs of strategic consulting services, facility consolidation and employee related costs such as retention and severance costs. The acquisition and integration costs relate to the Company’s acquisitions. See Note 1 and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report for information related to our restructuring and impairment costs.

We believe that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provide management and investors with useful information in assessing trends in our ongoing operating performance and may provide greater visibility in understanding the long-term financial performance of the Company.

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EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented were calculated as follows:

(1)    Adjustment reflects the portion of acquisition and integration costs and restructuring and impairment costs recovered through the Company's indirect rates in accordance with U.S. government Cost Accounting Standards.

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues decreased to 8.8% for fiscal 2023, compared to 9.3% for fiscal 2022, primarily due to lower net favorable changes in contract estimates and higher indirect expenses, partially offset by improved profitability across our contract portfolio.

Other Key Performance Measures

In addition to the financial measures described above, we believe that bookings and backlog are useful measures for management and investors to evaluate our potential future revenues. We also consider measures such as contract types and cost of revenues mix to be useful for management and investors to evaluate our operating income and performance.

Net Bookings and Backlog. Net bookings represent the estimated amount of revenues to be earned in the future from funded and negotiated unfunded contract awards that were received during the period, net of adjustments to estimates on previously awarded contracts. We calculate net bookings as the period’s ending backlog plus the period’s revenues less the prior period’s ending backlog and initial backlog obtained through acquisitions.

Backlog represents the estimated amount of future revenues to be recognized under negotiated contracts as work is performed. We do not include in backlog estimates of revenues to be derived from IDIQ contracts, but rather record backlog and bookings when task orders are awarded on these contracts. Given that much of our revenue is derived from IDIQ contract task orders that renew annually, bookings on these contracts tend to refresh annually as the task orders are renewed. Additionally, we do not include in backlog contract awards that are under protest until the protest is resolved in our favor.

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We segregate our backlog into two categories as follows:

•Funded Backlog. Funded backlog for contracts with government agencies primarily represents estimated amounts of revenue to be earned in the future from contracts for which funding is appropriated less revenues previously recognized on these contracts. It does not include the unfunded portion of contracts in which funding is incrementally appropriated or authorized on a quarterly or annual basis by the U.S. government and other customers even though the contract may call for performance over a number of years. Funded backlog for contracts with non-government customers represents the estimated value on contracts, which may cover multiple future years, under which we are obligated to perform, less revenues previously recognized on these contracts.

•Negotiated Unfunded Backlog. Negotiated unfunded backlog represents estimated amounts of revenue to be earned in the future from negotiated contracts for which funding has not been appropriated or otherwise authorized and from unexercised priced contract options. Negotiated unfunded backlog does not include any estimate of future potential task orders expected to be awarded under IDIQ, GSA Schedules or other master agreement contract vehicles, with the exception of certain IDIQ contracts where task orders are not competitively awarded and separately priced but instead are used as a funding mechanism, and where there is a basis for estimating future revenues and funding on future anticipated task orders.

We expect to recognize revenue from a substantial portion of our funded backlog within the next twelve months. However, the U.S. government can adjust the scope of services of or cancel contracts at any time. Similarly, certain contracts with commercial customers include provisions that allow the customer to cancel prior to contract completion. Most of our contracts have cancellation terms that would permit us to recover all or a portion of our incurred costs and fees (contract profit) for work performed.

The estimated value of our total backlog as of the dates presented was:

We had net bookings worth an estimated $7.4 billion and $9.4 billion during fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Contract Types. Our earnings and profitability may vary materially depending on changes in the proportionate amount of revenues derived from each type of contract. For a discussion of the types of contracts under which we generate revenues, see “Business—Contract Types” in Part I, Item 1 of this report. The following table summarizes revenues by contract type as a percentage of revenues for the periods presented:

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Cost of Revenues Mix. We generate revenues by providing a customized mix of services to our customers. The profit generated from our service contracts is affected by the proportion of cost of revenues incurred from the efforts of our employees (which we refer to below as labor-related cost of revenues), the efforts of our subcontractors and the cost of materials used in the performance of our service obligations under our contracts. Contracts performed with a higher proportion of SAIC labor are generally more profitable. The following table presents cost mix for the periods presented:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As a services provider, our business generally requires minimal infrastructure investment. We expect to fund our ongoing working capital, commitments and any other discretionary investments with cash on hand, future operating cash flows and, if needed, borrowings under our $1.0 billion Revolving Credit Facility and $300 million MARPA Facility.

We anticipate that our future cash needs will be for working capital, capital expenditures, and contractual and other commitments. We consider various financial measures when we develop and update our capital deployment strategy, which include evaluating cash provided by operating activities, free cash flow and financial leverage. When our cash generation enables us to exceed our target average minimum cash balance, we intend to deploy excess cash through dividends, share repurchases, debt prepayments or strategic acquisitions.

Our ability to fund these needs will depend, in part, on our ability to generate cash in the future, which depends on our future financial results. Our future results are subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors that may be outside of our direct control. Although we believe that the financing arrangements in place will permit us to finance our operations on acceptable terms and conditions for at least the next year, our future access to, and the availability of financing on acceptable terms and conditions will be impacted by many factors (including our credit rating, capital market liquidity and overall economic conditions). Therefore, we cannot ensure that such financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or that such financing will be available at all. Nevertheless, we believe that our existing cash on hand, generation of future operating cash flows, and access to bank financing and capital markets will provide adequate resources to meet our short-term liquidity and long-term capital needs.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, we amended our Credit Facility. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report for additional information.

Upon the acquisition of Halfaker in fiscal 2022, we drew $100 million on our incremental senior secured Term Loan A2 Facility due October 2023. The proceeds were used for the purchase of Halfaker.

Upon the acquisition of Unisys Federal in fiscal 2021, we drew $600 million on our incremental senior secured Term Loan B2 Facility due March 2027 and issued $400 million of Senior Notes due 2028. In addition, in February 2020 we sold $200 million of accounts receivable under our MARPA Facility. The proceeds were used for the purchase of Unisys Federal.

Borrowings under our Term Loan Facilities, our MARPA Facility, and our Revolving Credit Facility incur interest at a variable rate. In accordance with our risk management objectives, we hold fixed interest rate swap agreements to hedge the variability in interest payment cash flows on a substantial portion of our outstanding variable rate debt. These instruments are accounted for as cash flow hedges. Under the swap agreements, we pay the fixed rate and the counterparties to the agreement pay a floating interest rate.

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Our Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions including financial covenants and covenants restricting the Company's ability to merge or consolidate with another entity or undertake other fundamental changes, enter into property sale and leaseback transactions, and incur liens. The Company’s dividends and share repurchases may be limited under certain leverage ratios, and we may be required to make an annual debt prepayment based on our cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report for a more complete understanding of our Credit Facility.

We currently maintain credit ratings from major U.S. rating agencies. Failure to maintain acceptable ratings could have an adverse effect on the Company’s future cost of capital and any significant increase in the level of our borrowings could negatively impact these ratings.

Beginning in fiscal 2023, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures immediately in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to amortize such expenditures over five years for tax purposes. This provision resulted in an increase to income taxes payable of approximately $94 million, offset by a corresponding increase to net deferred tax assets in fiscal 2023. The actual impact will depend on the amount of research and development costs incurred by the Company, whether Congress modifies, or repeals this provision and whether new guidance and interpretive rules are issued by the U.S. Treasury, among other factors. While the impact to income taxes payable is most significant in fiscal 2023, this impact will decrease over the five-year amortization period and is anticipated to be immaterial in year six.

During fiscal 2023, we repurchased approximately 2.6 million shares of our common stock for $245 million from the open market in connection with our existing share repurchase program. Since the program’s inception in December of 2013, we have repurchased 17.0 million shares for $1,191 million.

The following table summarizes our principal contractual commitments as of February 3, 2023:

(1)Amounts include an estimate of future variable interest payments on the Term Loan Facilities based on scheduled outstanding principal amounts, current applicable margin and projected 1-month Term SOFR as of February 3, 2023. The amounts presented in this table exclude the effects of interest rate swaps used to hedge against changes in 1-month Term SOFR.

(2)Excludes purchase orders for services or products to be delivered pursuant to U.S. government contracts in which we have full recourse under normal contract termination clauses.

(3)Other liabilities primarily consist of liabilities associated with deferred compensation plan obligations and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. Deferred compensation plan obligations due in fiscal 2024 are based on participants’ payment elections on retirement and estimated retirement ages. Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits due in fiscal 2024 are based on the fiscal year in which the reversals of timing positions are likely to occur.

See respective notes to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report for further information about our long-term debt (Note 11), lease payment obligations (Note 15), liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits (Note 10), and letters of credit and surety bonds (Note 17).

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Historical Cash Flow Trends

The following table summarizes our cash flows:

Cash Provided by Operating Activities. Refer to “Results of Operations” above for a discussion of the changes in cash provided by operating activities between fiscal 2023 and 2022.

Cash Used in Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities decreased in fiscal 2023 compared to the prior year period primarily due to cash paid for the acquisitions of Halfaker and Koverse in the prior year period.

Cash Used in/Provided by Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities increased in fiscal 2023 compared to the prior year period primarily due to borrowings obtained to finance the Halfaker acquisition in the prior year period of $100 million, a $90 million voluntary principal prepayment during the third quarter of fiscal 2023, and higher share repurchases of $37 million, partially offset by a $35 million voluntary principal prepayment during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.

Commitments and Contingencies

We are subject to a number of reviews, investigations, claims, lawsuits and other uncertainties related to our business. For a discussion of these items, see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies, as well as the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, gains and losses during the reporting periods. Management evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates and assumptions have been prepared on the basis of the most current reasonably available information and, in some cases, are our basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates and assumptions may change in the future as more current information is available.

Management believes that our critical accounting policies and estimates are those that are both material to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments. Typically, the circumstances that make these judgments difficult, subjective and complex have to do with making estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. These policies are described below.

Revenue Recognition. We generate our revenues primarily from long-term contracts in which we provide technical, engineering and enterprise IT services directly for the U.S. government and as a subcontractor with other contractors engaged in work for the U.S. government. We evaluate the nature of the contract and the services provided when determining the accounting method utilized for each contract. We recognize a significant portion of our revenues using a cost input measure of progress that requires us to rely on the skill and expertise of our engineers, program managers and business management professionals in the many areas of cost estimation. These estimates of costs can span several years and take into account many factors including the availability, productivity and cost of labor, potential delays in our performance and the level of future indirect cost allocations.

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Many of our contracts include forms of variable consideration such as reimbursable costs, award and incentive fees, usage-based pricing, service-level penalties, performance bonuses, and other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. Variable amounts are generally determined upon our achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and may be based upon customer discretion. At contract inception, we estimate the transaction price and may include variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. When developing these estimates, we consider the customer, contract terms, the complexity of the work and related risks, the extent of customer discretion, historical experience and the potential of a significant reversal of revenue.

Changes in Estimates on Contracts. Changes in estimates of revenues, cost of revenues or profits related to performance obligations satisfied over time are recognized in operating income in the period in which such changes are made for the inception-to-date effect of the changes. Changes in these estimates can occur routinely over the performance period for a variety of reasons, which include: changes in scope; changes in cost estimates due to unanticipated cost growth or reassessments of risks impacting costs; changes in the estimated transaction price, such as variable amounts for incentive or award fees; and performance being better or worse than previously estimated.

Many of the Company's contracts recognize revenue using a cost input measure (cost-to-cost), which requires estimates of total costs at completion. For contracts using a cost input measure, when total expected contract costs exceed total estimated contract revenues, the Company recognizes the total estimated loss in the quarter identified. Total estimated losses are inclusive of any unexercised options that are probable of award, only if they increase the amount of the loss. Aggregate net changes in contract estimates increased operating income by $4 million, $13 million and $9 million for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For additional information related to changes in estimates on contracts, including gross favorable and unfavorable adjustments as well as the impact to earnings per share, see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report.

Business Combinations. We record all tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at fair value as of the acquisition date. The excess amount of the aggregated purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.

The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are determined using either an income, cost or market approach. Each of these valuation methods requires significant judgment, including analysis of historical performance and estimates of future performance. Estimates can be affected by contract performance and other factors that may cause final amounts to differ materially from original estimates.

Under the income approach, fair value is based on the present value of future cash flows to be generated over the remaining economic life of an asset or liability being measured. This method includes estimates for projections of revenues and expenses, royalty rates, tax rates, contributory asset charges, discount rates, and tax amortization benefits. Under the cost approach, fair value is measured by determining the replacement cost of an asset. Under the market approach, the fair value reflects the price and other relevant information of market transactions for comparable assets, liabilities or groups of assets and liabilities. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach often use market multiples derived from a set of comparables.

The valuations are based on information that existed as of the acquisition date. During the measurement period that shall not exceed one year from the acquisition date, we may adjust provisional amounts recorded for assets acquired and liabilities assumed to reflect new information that we have subsequently obtained regarding facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill is recorded as the difference between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather tested for potential impairment annually at the beginning of the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. The Company estimates and compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying value including goodwill. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the amount of impairment expense is equal to the difference between the reporting unit’s fair value and the reporting unit’s carrying value.

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Determining the fair value of each reporting unit involves judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using either a market approach, income approach, or a combination of both. For our annual impairment analysis, we reconcile the aggregate fair value of all of our reporting units to our market capitalization as of the measurement date.

Under the income approach, we estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using a multi-year discounted cash flow model that involves assumptions about projected future revenue growth, operating margins, income tax rates, capital expenditures, discount rate and terminal value. The discount rate is an estimate of the cost of capital that a market participant would expect for the respective reporting unit. The terminal value represents the present value in the last year of the projection period of all subsequent cash flows into perpetuity.

Under the market approach, we estimate the fair value of a reporting unit based on multiples of earnings derived from observable market data of comparable public companies. We evaluate companies within our industry that have operations with observable and comparable economic characteristics and are similar in nature, scope and size to the reporting unit being compared. We analyze historical acquisitions in our industry to estimate a control premium that we incorporate into the fair value estimate of a reporting unit under the market approach.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed our annual goodwill impairment testing and determined that each reporting unit's fair value significantly exceeded its carrying value.

In addition, determining the carrying value of each reporting unit requires judgment and involves the assignment of assets and liabilities to the reporting units based on a systematic and rational allocation methodology. Certain assets and liabilities may be specifically identified and assigned to a reporting unit based on the information contained within our financial systems; whereas, other assets and liabilities may be allocated using measurable relationships or other basis for allocation.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the method that best reflects how their economic benefits are utilized or, if a pattern of economic benefits cannot be reliably determined, on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with finite lives are assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Income Taxes. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid and includes judgments related to matters for which ultimate resolution may not become known until the final resolution of an examination by taxing authorities or the statute of limitations lapses.

We record net deferred tax assets to the extent we believe these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making this determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent operating results. If we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount or would no longer be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future as currently recorded, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance, which would either decrease or increase, respectively, the provision for income taxes.

Recently Issued But Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

For information on recently issued but not yet adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained within this report.