ARMSTRONG WORLD INDUSTRIES INC (AWI)

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements, the accompanying notes, the cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements and risk factors included in this report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

OVERVIEW

AWI is an Americas leader in the design and manufacture of innovative interior and exterior architectural applications including ceilings, specialty walls and exterior metal solutions. We manufacture and source products made of numerous materials, including mineral fiber, fiberglass, metal, felt, architectural resin and glass, wood, wood fiber and glass-reinforced-gypsum. We also manufacture ceiling suspension system (grid) products through a joint venture with Worthington Enterprises, Inc. called Worthington Armstrong Venture (“WAVE”).

Acquisitions

In February 2026, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Event Scape Inc. and Eventscape U.S. Holdings Inc. (collectively, “Eventscape”), headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Eventscape is a designer, manufacturer and installer of ceilings, walls and facades made of a broad range of materials. The operations, assets and liabilities of Eventscape are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In December 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of FGM-Parallel LLC (“Parallel”), based in Englewood, Colorado. Parallel is a designer and manufacturer of extruded aluminum products primarily used in exterior architectural applications. The operations, assets and liabilities of Parallel are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In September 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Geometrik Manufacturing, Inc. (“Geometrik”), based in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Geometrik is a designer and manufacturer of wood acoustical ceiling and wall systems. The operations, assets and liabilities of Geometrik are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

Manufacturing Plants

As of June 30, 2026, we operated 24 manufacturing plants, including 20 plants located within the U.S. and four plants in Canada.

WAVE operates seven additional plants in the U.S. to produce suspension system (grid) products, which we use and sell in our ceiling systems.

Reportable Segments

Our operating segments are as follows: Mineral Fiber, Architectural Specialties and Unallocated Corporate.

Mineral Fiber – produces suspended mineral fiber and fiberglass ceiling systems. Our mineral fiber products offer various performance attributes such as acoustical control, rated fire protection, and energy efficiency, along with other health and sustainability features and aesthetic appeal. Ceiling products are primarily sold to resale distributors, ceiling systems contractors and wholesalers, and retailers (including large home centers). The Mineral Fiber segment also includes the results of WAVE, which manufactures and sells suspension system (grid) products and ceiling component products that are invoiced by both AWI and WAVE. Segment results relating to WAVE consist primarily of equity earnings and reflect our 50% equity interest in the joint venture. Ceiling component products consist of ceiling perimeters and trim, in addition to grid products that support drywall ceiling systems, structural and walkable grid systems. For some customers, WAVE sells its suspension system products to AWI for resale to customers. Mineral Fiber segment results reflect those sales transactions. The Mineral Fiber segment also includes all assets and liabilities not specifically allocated to our Architectural Specialties or Unallocated Corporate segment, including all property and related depreciation associated with our Lancaster, Pennsylvania headquarters. Operating results for the Mineral Fiber segment include a significant majority of allocated Corporate administrative expenses that represent a reasonable allocation of general services to support its operations.

Architectural Specialties – designs, produces and sources specialty ceilings, walls, and other interior and exterior architectural applications primarily for use in commercial settings. Products are available in numerous materials, such as metal, felt, architectural resin and glass, wood, wood fiber and glass-reinforced-gypsum in various colors, shapes and designs. These products offer a range of design options and performance attributes such as acoustical control, rated fire protection, light, aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency and building performance. We sell standard, premium and customized products, a portion of which are sourced from third-party producers. Architectural Specialties products are sold mostly to direct customers, primarily ceiling systems contractors, and resale

26

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

distributors. This segment’s revenues are primarily project driven, which can lead to more variability in sales patterns. Operating results for the Architectural Specialties segment include a portion of allocated Corporate administrative expenses that represent a reasonable allocation of general services to support its operations.

Unallocated Corporate – includes certain assets, liabilities, income and expenses that have not been allocated to our other business segments and consists of: cash and cash equivalents, our Overcast Innovations LLC (“Overcast”) investment and related equity earnings and losses, the net funded status of our U.S. Retirement Income Plan (“RIP”), the estimated fair value of interest rate swap contracts, outstanding borrowings under our senior secured credit facility and income tax balances.

Factors Affecting Revenues

For information on our 2026 and 2025 net sales and disaggregated expenses by segment, see Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. For information on our 2026 and 2025 net sales disaggregated by major customer groups, see Note 3 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we define organic results as consolidated and/or Architectural Specialties results excluding the impacts of the Eventscape, Parallel and Geometrik acquisitions. We define inorganic consolidated and/or Architectural Specialties results as the impacts of Eventscape, Parallel and Geometrik.

Markets. We compete in the building product markets of the Americas. We closely monitor publicly available macroeconomic data and trends that provide insight into commercial construction market activity, including, but not limited to, Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”), office vacancy rates, the Architecture Billings Index, new commercial construction starts, state and local government spending, corporate profits and retail sales. The Company continues to monitor the impacts of governmental trade policies, including tariffs, and geopolitical events, including the ongoing conflict in Iran. These matters did not have a material direct impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations in the first six months of 2026 or 2025.

Sales Volumes. For the three months ended June 30, 2026, sales volumes increased $31 million compared to the prior-year period, due primarily to a $15 million increase in organic Architectural Specialties net sales and an $11 million inorganic increase resulting from our February 2026 acquisition of Eventscape, our December 2025 acquisition of Parallel and our September 2025 acquisition of Geometrik. Also contributing to the increase in net sales was a $5 million increase from higher sales volumes in our Mineral Fiber segment. For the six months ended June 30, 2026, sales volumes increased $47 million compared to the prior-year period, due primarily to a $24 million increase in organic Architectural Specialties net sales and a $17 million inorganic increase due to our 2026 and 2025 acquisitions. Also contributing to the increase in net sales was a $6 million increase driven by higher sales volumes in our Mineral Fiber segment.

Average Unit Value. We periodically modify sales prices of our products due to changes in costs for raw materials and energy, market conditions and the competitive environment. Typically, realized price increases are less than announced price increases because of project pricing, competitive adjustments and changing market conditions. We also offer a wide assortment of products that are differentiated by style, design and performance attributes. Pricing and margins for products within the assortment vary. In addition, changes in the relative quantity of products purchased at different price points can impact year-to-year comparisons of net sales and operating income. Within our Mineral Fiber segment, we focus on improving sales dollars per unit sold, or average unit value (“AUV”), as a measure that accounts for the varying assortment of products and like-for-like pricing impacting our revenues.

Favorable AUV increased our total consolidated net sales for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 by $16 million and $27 million, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2025. Our Architectural Specialties segment revenues are primarily generated from individual contracts that include project-specific mixes of manufactured and sourced products. As such, we do not manage or evaluate performance using AUV for this segment but rather attribute all changes in net sales to volume, including gross to net sales adjustments.

During the first quarter of 2026, we implemented price increases on Mineral Fiber ceiling products and WAVE implemented price increases on grid products. In the second quarter of 2026, we announced and implemented price increases on certain Architectural Specialties products, and WAVE announced and implemented price increases on grid products. Also in the second quarter of 2026, we announced price increases on Mineral Fiber products and WAVE announced price increases on grid products, both of which will become effective in the third quarter of 2026. Future pricing actions for Mineral Fiber, Architectural Specialties and WAVE products may be implemented based on numerous factors, including the impact of tariffs, the rate and pace of inflation and its impact on our business and the competitive environment.

Seasonality. Historically, our sales tend to be stronger in the second and third quarters of our fiscal year due to more favorable weather conditions, customer business cycles and the timing of renovation and new construction projects.

27

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Factors Affecting Operating Costs

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses are comprised of direct production costs (principally raw materials, labor, and energy), manufacturing overhead costs, freight, costs to purchase sourced products, tariffs and selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses.

Our largest raw material expenditures are primarily for fiberglass, perlite, recycled paper, and starch. Other raw materials include clays, felt, pigment, architectural resin and glass, wood and wood fiber. We manufacture substantially all of our mineral wool at one of our manufacturing facilities. We use aluminum and steel in the production of metal building products by us and by WAVE. Finally, we also purchase significant amounts of packaging materials and consume substantial amounts of energy, such as electricity and natural gas, and water. Fluctuations in the prices of these inputs impact our financial results. In the second quarter and first half of 2026, higher freight, raw material and energy costs negatively impacted operating income by $4 million and $6 million, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2025.

Acquisition-Related Expenses and Losses

In connect

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Armstrong World Industries, Inc. (“AWI”) is a Pennsylvania corporation incorporated in 1891.

This discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements, the accompanying notes, the cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements and risk factors included in this Form 10-K.

Overview

AWI is an Americas leader in the design and manufacture of innovative interior and exterior architectural applications including ceilings, specialty walls and exterior metal solutions. We manufacture and source products made of numerous materials, including mineral fiber, fiberglass, metal, felt, architectural resin and glass, wood, wood fiber and glass-reinforced-gypsum. We also manufacture ceiling suspension system (grid) products through a joint venture with Worthington Enterprises, Inc. called Worthington Armstrong Venture (“WAVE”).

Acquisitions

In December 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of FGM-Parallel LLC (“Parallel”), based in Englewood, Colorado. Parallel is a designer and manufacturer of extruded aluminum products primarily used in exterior architectural applications. The operations, assets and liabilities of Parallel are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In September 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Geometrik Manufacturing, Inc. (“Geometrik”), based in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Geometrik is a designer and manufacturer of wood acoustical ceiling and wall systems. The operations, assets and liabilities of Geometrik are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In December 2024, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of A. Zahner Company (“Zahner”), based in Kansas City, Missouri. Zahner is a designer and manufacturer of exterior metal architectural solutions. The operations, assets and liabilities of Zahner are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In April 2024, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests in 3form, LLC (“3form”), based in Salt Lake City, Utah from Hunter Douglas, Inc. 3form is a designer and manufacturer of architectural resin and glass products used for specialty walls, partitions and ceilings. The operations, assets and liabilities of 3form are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

In January 2024, we entered into a strategic partnership and equity investment in Overcast Innovations LLC (“Overcast”) with McKinstry Essention, LLC whereby we contributed $5.5 million in exchange for an initial 19.5% ownership interest in Overcast (currently 19.2%). Overcast is a solutions company offering prefabricated ceiling cloud systems, modular grid platforms and engineering design services to reduce waste and inefficiencies in the built environment. Our investment and equity earnings and losses in Overcast are included in our Unallocated Corporate segment.

In October 2023, we acquired a portion of the business and certain assets of Insolcorp, LLC (“Insolcorp”), based in Albemarle, North Carolina. Insolcorp develops, tests and manufactures energy saving products deployed in building and roofing installations. The acquired operations, assets and liabilities of Insolcorp are included in our Mineral Fiber segment.

In July 2023, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of BOK Modern, LLC (“BOK”), based in San Rafael, California. BOK is a designer of exterior metal architectural solutions. The operations, assets and liabilities of BOK are included in our Architectural Specialties segment.

Manufacturing Plants

As of December 31, 2025, we operated 22 manufacturing plants, including 19 plants located within the U.S. and three plants in Canada.

WAVE operates seven additional plants in the U.S. to produce suspension system (grid) products, which we use and sell in our ceiling systems.

23

Reportable Segments

Our operating segments are as follows: Mineral Fiber, Architectural Specialties and Unallocated Corporate.

Mineral Fiber – produces suspended mineral fiber and fiberglass ceiling systems. Our mineral fiber products offer various performance attributes such as acoustical control, rated fire protection, and energy efficiency, along with other health and sustainability features and aesthetic appeal. Ceiling products are primarily sold to resale distributors, ceiling systems contractors and wholesalers, and retailers (including large home centers). The Mineral Fiber segment also includes the results of WAVE, which manufactures and sells suspension system (grid) products and ceiling component products that are invoiced by both AWI and WAVE. Segment results relating to WAVE consist primarily of equity earnings and reflect our 50% equity interest in the joint venture. Ceiling component products consist of ceiling perimeters and trim, in addition to grid products that support drywall ceiling systems, structural and walkable grid systems. For some customers, WAVE sells its suspension system products to AWI for resale to customers. Mineral Fiber segment results reflect those sales transactions. The Mineral Fiber segment also includes all assets and liabilities not specifically allocated to our Architectural Specialties or Unallocated Corporate segment, including all property and related depreciation associated with our Lancaster, Pennsylvania headquarters. Operating results for the Mineral Fiber segment include a significant majority of allocated Corporate administrative expenses that represent a reasonable allocation of general services to support its operations.

Architectural Specialties – designs, produces and sources specialty ceilings, walls, and other interior and exterior architectural applications primarily for use in commercial settings. Products are available in numerous materials, such as metal, felt, architectural resin and glass, wood, wood fiber and glass-reinforced-gypsum in various colors, shapes and designs. These products offer a range of design options and performance attributes such as acoustical control, rated fire protection, light, aesthetic appeal, energy conservation and building performance. We sell standard, premium and customized products, a portion of which are sourced from third-party producers. Architectural Specialties products are sold primarily to direct customers, primarily ceiling systems contractors, and resale distributors. This segment’s revenues are primarily project driven, which can lead to more variability in sales patterns. Operating results for the Architectural Specialties segment include a portion of allocated Corporate administrative expenses that represent a reasonable allocation of general services to support its operations.

Unallocated Corporate – includes certain assets, liabilities, income and expenses that have not been allocated to our other business segments and consists of: cash and cash equivalents, our Overcast investment and related equity earnings and losses, the net funded status of our U.S. Retirement Income Plan (“RIP”), the estimated fair value of interest rate swap contracts, outstanding borrowings under our senior secured credit facility and income tax balances.

Factors Affecting Revenues

For information on our segments’ 2025 net sales by geography and disaggregated expenses, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. For information on our segments’ 2025 net sales disaggregated by major customer groups, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

Markets. We compete in the building product markets of the Americas. We closely monitor publicly available macroeconomic data and trends that provide insight into commercial construction market activity, including, but not limited to, GDP, office vacancy rates, the Architecture Billings Index, new commercial construction starts, state and local government spending, corporate profits and retail sales. The Company continues to monitor the impacts of tariffs and other governmental trade policies and geopolitical events, neither of which had a material direct impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations during 2025 or 2024. In September 2025, GMS, Inc., one of our largest distributor customers, was acquired by The Home Depot, Inc. In addition, in October 2025, Foundation Building Materials, Inc., another one of our largest distributor customers, was acquired by Lowe's Companies, Inc. These acquisitions had no material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations during 2025. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2025, the U.S. federal government experienced a six‑week shutdown of non‑essential operations. While the shutdown contributed to certain short‑term indirect headwinds that impacted our results for the fourth quarter of 2025, these disruptions were temporary in nature and did not have a material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations for the full year ended December 31, 2025.

Several factors and trends within our markets affected our business performance during 2025 compared to 2024, most notably a $94 million increase in net sales within Architectural Specialties due to our December 2024 acquisition of Zahner and April 2024 acquisition of 3form (collectively, the “2024 Acquisitions”). The increase in net sales attributable to the December 2025 acquisition of Parallel and the September 2025 acquisition of Geometrik (collectively, the “2025 Acquisitions”) was not material to consolidated net

24

sales. The following table presents the impact of the 2024 Acquisitions and the 2025 Acquisitions on our net sales (dollar amounts in millions):

Also contributing to the increase in net sales was a $36 million increase in organic Architectural Specialties net sales, partially offset by a $14 million impact from lower sales volumes in our Mineral Fiber segment.

Average Unit Value. We periodically modify sales prices of our products due to changes in costs for raw materials and energy, market conditions and the competitive environment. Typically, realized price increases are less than announced price increases because of project pricing, competitive adjustments and changing market conditions. We also offer a wide assortment of products that are differentiated by style, design and performance attributes. Pricing and margins for products within the assortment vary. In addition, changes in the relative quantity of products purchased at different price points can impact year-to-year comparisons of net sales and operating income. Within our Mineral Fiber segment, we focus on improving sales dollars per unit sold, or average unit value (“AUV”), as a measure that accounts for the varying assortment of products and like-for-like pricing impacting our revenues.

Favorable AUV increased our total consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 by approximately $58 million compared to the same period in 2024. Our Architectural Specialties segment revenues are primarily generated from individual contracts that include project-specific mixes of manufactured and sourced products. As such, we do not track AUV performance for this segment but rather attribute all changes in net sales to volume, including gross to net sales adjustments.

During the first quarter and third quarters of 2025, we implemented price increases on Mineral Fiber ceiling products. During the first and second quarters of 2025, WAVE implemented price increases on grid products. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we announced price increases on Mineral Fiber ceiling products and WAVE announced price increases on grid products that became effective in the first quarter of 2

[Excerpt truncated for page length; the complete text is on the linked full-MD&A page.]