BECTON DICKINSON & CO (BDX)

Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes presented in this report. Within the tables presented throughout this discussion, certain columns may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages and earnings per share amounts presented are calculated from the underlying amounts. References to years throughout this discussion relate to our fiscal years, which end on September 30.

Company Overview

Description of the Company and Business Segments

Becton, Dickinson and Company (“BD”) is a global medical technology company engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of a broad range of medical supplies, devices, laboratory equipment and diagnostic products used by healthcare institutions, physicians, life science researchers, clinical laboratories, the pharmaceutical industry and the general public. The Company's organizational structure is based upon three principal business segments, BD Medical (“Medical”), BD Life Sciences (“Life Sciences”) and BD Interventional (“Interventional”).

BD’s products are manufactured and sold worldwide. Our products are marketed in the United States and internationally through independent distribution channels and directly to end-users by BD and independent sales representatives. We organize our operations outside the United States as follows: EMEA (which includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa); Greater Asia (which includes countries in Greater China, Japan, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Korea, Australia and New Zealand); Latin America (which includes Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America); and Canada. We continue to pursue growth opportunities in emerging markets, which include the following geographic regions: Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa (collectively referred to below as “EMA”), as well as, Latin America and certain countries within Greater Asia.

Strategic Objectives

BD remains focused on delivering durable growth, creating shareholder value and making appropriate investments for the future. BD 2025, our vehicle for value creation, is anchored in three key pillars: grow, simplify and empower. BD's management team aligns our operating model and investments with these key strategic pillars through continuous focus on the following underlying objectives:

Grow

•Accelerating innovation in smart devices, robotics, analytics, and artificial intelligence in order to enable new care settings, improve outcomes, streamline care workflows, and reduce costs within healthcare settings;

•Focusing on a strong portfolio of core leading products, solutions and services that deliver greater benefits to patients, healthcare workers and researchers;

•Investing in research and development that leads to and expands category leadership, as well as results in a robust product pipeline;

•Leveraging our global scale in order to provide equitable access to affordable medical technologies around the world, including in under-resourced markets;

•Supplementing our internal growth through strategic acquisitions in faster growing market segments; and

•Focusing on cash management and an efficient capital structure in order to drive balance sheet productivity and strong shareholder returns.

Simplify

•Driving operating effectiveness and margin expansion through deployment of our BD Excellence program to increase factory productivity and asset efficiencies;

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•Reducing complexity, increasing agility and improving customer experience by rationalizing our product portfolio, as well as by simplifying and optimizing our architecture and operating model;

•Making strategic investments that prioritize a culture of quality and our quality management system to ensure we are a best-in-class, proactive quality-driven organization;

•Enhancing customer experiences through the digitalization of internal processes and go-to-market approaches;

•Collaborating across our supply chain to responsibly source materials and goods, as well as to reduce environmental impacts; and

•Continuing our investments in an enterprise-wide renewable energy strategy to create more resilient operations.

Empower

•Fostering a purpose-driven culture with a focus on positive impact to all stakeholders–customers, patients, employees, shareholders and communities;

•Cultivating an inclusive work environment that welcomes and celebrates diverse backgrounds and perspectives;

•Growing and enabling talent through training, development and reskilling strategies; and

•Driving sustainability initiatives within our organizational units to support enterprise-wide collaboration towards our sustainability strategy.

In assessing the outcomes of these strategies as well as BD’s financial condition and operating performance, management generally reviews forecast data, monthly actual results, including segment sales, and other similar information. We also consider trends related to certain key financial data, including gross profit margin, selling and administrative expense, investment in research and development, return on invested capital, and cash flows.

Acquisition of Edwards Lifesciences’ Critical Care Product Group

On September 3, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Edwards Lifesciences’ Critical Care product group (“Critical Care”), which we renamed as BD Advanced Patient Monitoring (“Advanced Patient Monitoring”), for total consideration of $3.911 billion. Advanced Patient Monitoring is a global leader in advanced monitoring solutions that expands BD’s portfolio of smart connected care solutions with its growing set of leading monitoring technologies, advanced AI-enabled clinical decision tools and robust innovation pipeline that complement our existing technologies serving operating rooms and intensive care units.

BD reports the results associated with Advanced Patient Monitoring’s product offerings as a separate organizational unit within our Medical segment and additional disclosures relating to this acquisition are provided in Notes 8, 11 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

BD’s Spin-Off of Diabetes Care and Sale of Surgical Instrumentation Platform

In August 2023, we completed the sale of the Interventional segment's Surgical Instrumentation platform. The historical financial results for this platform have not been classified as a discontinued operation.

In April 2022, we completed the spin-off of our former Diabetes Care business as a separate publicly traded company. The historical results of the Diabetes Care business that was contributed in the spin-off were reflected as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements.

Additional disclosures regarding the sale and spin-off are provided in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Key Trends Affecting Results of Operations

Our operations, supply chain, suppliers and customers are exposed to various global macroeconomic factors and we continually evaluate macroeconomic conditions to assess their potential impact to our operations and financial results. Macroeconomic factors which affected our operations and impacted results in fiscal year 2024 included the following:

•As anticipated, market dynamics in China, such as volume-based procurement programs (“VoBP”) and the government’s focus to improve compliance of healthcare practitioners, had an adverse impact on our results of operations and these dynamics could continue to unfavorably impact our results of operations.

•As is further discussed below, our labor costs were generally higher in our fiscal year 2024 compared with the prior-year period.

We have experienced, and may continue to experience, temporary shortages in supply of certain materials or components that are used in our products. The stable flow of global transport is critical to our operations and as such, events affecting the flow of logistics around the globe may adversely impact our supply chain and distribution channels. In general, major disruptions in the sourcing, manufacturing and distribution of our products could adversely impact our results of operations.

In addition, current healthcare delivery has transitioned more care from acute to non-acute settings and has increased focus on chronic disease management; this transition has placed additional financial pressure on hospitals and the broader healthcare system. Healthcare institutions may take actions to mitigate any persistent pressures on their budgets and such actions could impact the future demand for our products and services. Additionally, a deterioration of staffing levels within healthcare systems may affect the prioritization of healthcare services, which could also impact the demand for certain of our products. Also, reductions or delays in governmental research funding and/or higher interest rates could cause customers for our instruments and reagents to delay or forgo purchases of these products.

Certain geopolitical conditions, including the evolving situations in Ukraine, the Middle East and Asia, may impact global macroeconomic conditions, including those discussed above. While these geopolitical conditions have not materially impacted our results of operations to date, the continuation and/or an escalation of these evolving situations may weaken the global economy and could result in additional inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints, including the unavailability and cost of energy.

We continue to invest in research and development, strategic tuck-in acquisitions, geographic expansion, and new product programs to drive further revenue and profit growth. Our ability to sustain our long-term growth will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to expand our core business (including strategic geographical expansion), and develop innovative new products, as well as continue to improve operating efficiency and organizational effectiveness.

We have been mitigating the impacts of the macroeconomic and other factors discussed above through various strategies which leverage our procurement, logistics and manufacturing capabilities. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively mitigate these pressures in future periods and an inability to offset these pressures through our strategies, at least in part, could adversely impact our results of operations. Due to the significant uncertainty that exists relative to the duration and overall impact of the macroeconomic and other factors discussed above, our future operating performance, particularly in the short-term, may be subject to volatility. The impacts of macroeconomic and other conditions on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows are dependent on certain factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.

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Summary of Financial Results

Worldwide revenues in 2024 of $20.178 billion increased 4.2% from the prior-year period. This increase reflected the following impacts:

(a)    Volume/other includes revenues attributable to products, services and licensing.

(b)    Represents the recognition of accruals resulting from recent developments relating to the Italian government medical device pay back legislation, as well as another legal matter, and which substantially relate to years prior to the current fiscal year. Additional disclosures regarding these legislative and legal matters are provided in Notes 6 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Our financial position remains strong, with cash flows from continuing operating activities totaling $3.844 billion in 2024. At September 30, 2024, we had $2.301 billion in cash and equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash. We continued to return value to our shareholders in the form of dividends and during fiscal year 2024, we paid cash dividends to common shareholders of $1.100 billion.

Each reporting period, we face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our worldwide operations to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that fluctuate from the beginning of such period. The fiscal year 2024 impact of foreign currency translation on our revenues is provided above and the impact on our earnings is provided further below. We evaluate our results of operations on both a reported and a foreign currency-neutral basis, which excludes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As exchange rates are an important factor in understanding period-to-period comparisons, we believe the presentation of results on a foreign currency-neutral basis in addition to reported results helps improve investors’ ability to understand our operating results and evaluate our performance in comparison to prior periods. Foreign currency-neutral ("FXN") information compares results between periods as if exchange rates had remained constant period-over-period. We use results on a foreign currency-neutral basis as one measure to evaluate our performance. We calculate foreign currency-neutral percentages by converting our current-period local currency financial results using the prior-period foreign currency exchange rates and comparing these adjusted amounts to our current-period results. These results should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results reported in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Results on a foreign currency-neutral basis, as we present them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not measures of performance presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Results of Operations

Updates to Financial Results Reported in Earnings Release

On November 7, 2024, we furnished a Current Report on Form 8-K that included as an exhibit a press release announcing our financial results for the fourth fiscal quarter and the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 (the “Earnings Release”). On November 22, 2024 and subsequent to furnishing the Earnings Release, we received the Dispensing Warning Letter, as more fully discussed under Item 1. Business— Regulation—FDA

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Warning Letters. A charge of $28 million to recognize our currently estimated liability for future costs expected to be incurred to address the non-conformities identified in the Dispensing Warning Letter was recorded to Cost of products sold for the three-month period and fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. The charge, which is included in the “Specified Items” section below, impacted our financial results for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as follows:

•Cost of product sold (from $11.025 billion reported in the Earnings Release to $11.053 billion);

•Operating Income (from $2.425 billion reported in the Earnings Release to $2.397 billion);

•Net Income from Continuing Operations (from $1.726 billion reported in the Earnings Release to $1.705 billion); and

•Diluted Earnings per Share from Continuing Operations (from $5.93 reported in the Earnings Release to $5.86).

Medical Segment

The following summarizes Medical revenues by organizational unit:

"NM" denotes that the percentage change is not meaningful.

The Medical segment’s revenue growth in 2024 primarily reflected the following.

•Strong global demand for the Medication Delivery Solutions unit’s Vascular Access Management portfolio, as well as strong U.S. demand for medication delivery products, partially offset by the impact of unfavorable market dynamics in China.

•Double-digit growth in sales of infusion systems, as well as higher utilization of infusion sets within the Medication Management Solutions unit, partially offset by an unfavorable comparison to stronger placements of dispensing solutions in 2023.

•Double-digit growth in sales of the Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s prefillable solutions in the biologic drug category, partially offset by customer order patterns relating to other drug categories.

•Overall Medical segment revenue growth in 2024 also reflected the acquired Advanced Patient Monitoring unit’s sales beginning on September 3, 2024.

The Medical segment’s revenue growth in 2023 primarily reflected the following.

•Strong global sales of catheters and other vascular care products in the Medication Delivery Solutions unit were partially offset by the impact of VoBP in China and lower COVID vaccination-related revenues in 2023 compared with these revenues in 2022.

•Strong performance of the Medication Management Solutions unit’s pharmacy automation portfolio, including Parata Systems, which we acquired in fiscal year 2022, and our BD Rowa™ technologies, as well as strong growth in sales of dispensing systems. Revenue growth attributable to the unit’s recent acquisitions was approximately 9.3% in 2023.

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•Continued strong demand for the Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s prefillable solutions in high-growth markets such as the biologic drug category.

Medical segment operating income was as follows:

The Medical segment's operating income as a percentage of revenues in 2024 and 2023, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Medical segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected the following:

◦A favorable comparison to gross margin in 2023, which was impacted by $653 million of charges related to estimated future costs associated with the Medication Management Solutions unit’s remediation efforts related to AlarisTM infusion pumps, as well as lower manufacturing costs, which resulted from continuous improvement projects and other productivity initiatives that enhanced the efficiency of our operations; partially offset by

◦An unfavorable impact of $59 million due to a fair value step-up adjustment relating to Advanced Patient Monitoring's inventory on the acquisition date, higher raw material and labor costs, as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation.

•The Medical segment’s lower gross profit margin in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the following:

◦The $653 million of charges noted above related to product remediation efforts compared with charges in 2022 related to the same efforts of $72 million. The fiscal year 2023 charge impacted gross margin by approximately 6.9%.

◦Higher raw material, labor and freight costs, as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation; partially offset by

◦Lower manufacturing costs resulting from continuous improvement projects and pricing.

•Lower selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected revenue growth that outpaced spending and lower shipping costs. Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 was lower compared with 2022 due to lower selling and shipping costs.

•Research and development expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 was lower compared with 2023, and in 2023 compared with 2022, which reflected revenue growth that outpaced project spending.

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Life Sciences Segment

The following summarizes Life Sciences revenues by organizational unit:

The Life Sciences segment’s revenue growth in 2024 primarily reflected the following:

•Strong growth in sales of the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s specimen management portfolio, partially offset by an unfavorable comparison to higher respiratory testing revenues in 2023, including COVID-19-only diagnostic testing revenues.

•Strong demand for the Biosciences unit’s clinical reagents, offset by a decline in sales of the unit’s instrumentation due to a decline in life science research funding, primarily in the United States and China.

The Life Sciences segment's revenues in 2023 primarily reflected the following:

•Revenues related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus and BD MaxTM Systems in the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit of $73 million compared with revenues in 2022 of $511 million and an unfavorable comparison to stronger sales in 2022 of the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s combination influenza/COVID-19 testing assays, as well as destocking of specimen management products by U.S. distributors in 2023; partially offset by

•Growth in the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s microbiology platform and growth attributable to molecular diagnostic platforms which leveraged our larger installed base of BD MAXTM instruments.

•Strong growth in sales of the Biosciences unit’s reagents and instruments, including recently launched research instruments.

Life Sciences segment operating income was as follows:

The Life Sciences segment's operating income as a percentage of revenues in 2024 and 2023, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Life Sciences segment’s lower gross profit margin in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected higher raw material and labor costs, as well as declines in respiratory illness-related revenues and unfavorable foreign currency translation, partially offset by lower manufacturing costs resulting from continuous improvement projects and other productivity initiatives.

•The Life Sciences segment’s higher gross profit margin in fiscal year 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the following:

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◦Favorable impacts in 2023 from price and continuous improvement projects in our manufacturing facilities; partially offset by

◦The decline in COVID-19-only testing revenues and a decline in licensing income compared with 2022, as well as higher raw material and labor costs in 2023.

•Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 was higher compared with 2023, which primarily reflected lower costs in 2023. Lower selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected lower selling costs and efforts to contain certain administrative costs.

•Lower research and development expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected the progression of current projects. Higher research and development expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022, primarily reflected the decline in segment revenues in 2023 compared with the prior-year period.

Interventional Segment

The following summarizes Interventional revenues by organizational unit:

The Interventional segment’s revenue growth in 2024 primarily reflected the following:

•Strong growth in sales across the Surgery unit’s advanced repair and reconstruction platforms, as well as its infection prevention products; the prior-year period’s revenues included $140 million attributable to the unit’s former Surgical Instrumentation platform, which was sold in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023.

•Double-digit growth attributable to the Peripheral Intervention unit’s peripheral vascular disease platform, partially offset by a decline in sales of our oncology products due to customer ordering patterns and market dynamics in China.

•Double-digit growth in sales of the Urology and Critical Care unit’s PureWickTM offerings and current-year licensing revenue.

The Interventional segment’s revenue growth in 2023 primarily reflected the following:

•Double-digit growth in global sales of the Surgery unit’s advanced repair and reconstruction platforms, as well as strong growth in sales of biosurgery products, was partially offset by a decline in revenues attributable to the sale of the Surgical Instrumentation platform in the fourth quarter.

•Growth driven by global market penetration of the Peripheral Intervention unit’s peripheral vascular disease platform was partially offset by the impact of planned strategic portfolio exits.

•Continued strong demand for the Urology and Critical Care unit’s PureWickTM offerings in the acute and alternative care settings.

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Interventional segment operating income was as follows:

The Interventional segment's operating income as a percentage of revenues in 2024 and 2023, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Interventional segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected favorable impacts from product mix and pricing.

•The Interventional segment’s gross profit margin was flat in 2023 compared with 2022, which primarily reflected:

◦Favorable impacts from price, continuous improvement projects, and a favorable comparison to the prior-year period, which was unfavorably impacted by certain purchase accounting adjustments; offset by

◦Unfavorable impacts of higher raw material, labor and freight costs.

•Lower selling and administrative expense, as well as research and development expense, as percentages of revenues in 2024 compared with 2023, and in 2023 compared with 2022, primarily reflected revenue growth that outpaced spending.

Geographic Revenues

BD’s worldwide revenues by geography were as follows:

U.S. revenue growth in 2024 reflected strong sales in the Medical segment’s Medication Delivery Solutions and Medication Management Solutions units, as well as in the Interventional segment’s Urology and Critical Care unit.

U.S. revenue growth in 2023 was particularly driven by strong sales in the Medical segment’s Medication Management Solutions and Pharmaceutical Systems units and in the Life Sciences segment’s Biosciences unit, as well as by strong sales in the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Urology and Critical Care units. U.S. revenues in 2023 were unfavorably impacted by a decline in COVID-19-only diagnostic testing sales compared with 2022, as discussed further above.

International revenue growth in 2024 was driven by the Medical segment’s Pharmaceutical Systems unit, the Life Sciences segment’s Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit and the Interventional segment’s Peripheral Intervention unit. International revenue growth in 2024 also reflected the unfavorable impact of a $62 million accrual which resulted from recent developments relating to the Italian government medical device pay back legislation and substantially relates to years prior to the current fiscal year. Additional disclosures regarding this matter are provided in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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International revenue growth in 2023 was particularly driven by strong sales in the Medical segment’s Medication Management Solutions and Pharmaceutical Systems units, and in the Life Sciences segment’s Biosciences unit, as well as by strong sales in the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Peripheral Intervention units. International revenues in 2023 were unfavorably impacted by a decline in COVID-19-only diagnostic testing sales compared with 2022, as discussed further above.

Emerging market revenues were as follows:

Emerging market revenue growth in 2024 primarily reflected strong sales in Latin America and in countries other than China within Greater Asia, partially offset by a decline in China driven by unfavorable market dynamics, as further discussed above. Emerging market revenue growth in 2023 was primarily driven by sales in Latin America, South Asia, and in China, despite unfavorable impacts to China revenues from volume-based procurement programs.

Specified Items

Reflected in the financial results for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were the following specified items:

(a)Represents amounts associated with restructuring and integration activities which are recorded in Integration, restructuring and transaction expense and are further discussed below.

(b)Represents transaction costs, which are recorded in Integration, restructuring and transaction expense, and financing impacts, which are recorded in Interest income and Interest expense, associated with the Advanced Patient Monitoring acquisition.

(c)Represents costs recorded to Other operating expense (income), net and incurred in connection with the separation of BD's former Diabetes Care business.

(d)Includes amortization and other adjustments related to the purchase accounting for acquisitions. BD’s amortization expense is recorded in Cost of products sold.

(e)Includes certain (income) expense items which are not part of ordinary operations and affect the comparability of the periods presented. Such items may include certain product remediation costs, certain product liability and legal defense costs, certain investment gains and losses, certain asset impairment charges, and certain pension settlement costs. The amount in 2024 was primarily recorded to Revenues

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and Other operating expense (income), net, and largely related to legislative and legal matters, as further discussed above in our geographic revenue discussion and further below in our discussion of Other operating expense (income), net. Additional disclosures regarding these legislative and legal matters are provided in Notes 6 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The amounts in 2024, 2023 and 2022 included net charges within Cost of products sold of $38 million, $653 million and $72 million, respectively, to record or adjust future costs estimated for product remediation efforts. The amounts in 2023 and 2022 also included pension settlement costs of $57 million and $73 million, respectively, which were recorded to Other expense, net. The amount in 2022 also includes a charge of $54 million related to a noncash asset impairment, which was recorded to Cost of products sold. The amounts in 2023 and 2022 additionally include certain amounts recorded to Other operating expense (income), net, which are detailed further below.

(f)Represents costs incurred to develop processes and systems to establish initial compliance with the European Union Medical Device Regulation and the European Union In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Regulation, which represent a significant, unusual change to the existing regulatory framework. We consider these costs to be duplicative of previously incurred costs and/or one-off costs, which are limited to a specific period of time. These expenses, which are recorded in Cost of products sold and Research and development expense, include the cost of labor, other services and consulting (in particular, research and development and clinical trials) and supplies, travel and other miscellaneous costs.

Gross Profit Margin

The comparisons of gross profit margins in 2024 and 2023 with the prior-year periods reflected the following impacts:

The favorable impact on gross margin from specified items in 2024 compared with 2023 reflected a favorable comparison to specified items recorded in 2023, which included $653 million of charges recorded in the Medical segment to adjust the estimate of future product remediation costs, as noted above, partially offset by an unfavorable impact of $59 million due to a fair value step-up adjustment recorded by the Medical segment in 2024 relating to Advanced Patient Monitoring's inventory on the acquisition date.

The impact of other specified items on gross margin in 2023 compared with 2022 reflected the $653 million of charges recorded in 2023 as noted above related to product remediation efforts, compared with charges in 2022 related to the same efforts of $72 million. The impact of other specified item in 2023 compared with 2022 additionally reflected a non-cash asset impairment charge of $54 million recorded by the Medical segment in 2022.

Operating performance in 2024 and 2023 reflected lower manufacturing costs resulting from our ongoing continuous improvement projects and other productivity initiatives, as well as a favorable impact from pricing. These favorable impacts to operating performance in 2024 were partially offset by higher raw material and labor costs and an unfavorable absorption impact of planned inventory reductions. Operating performance in 2023 was unfavorably impacted by higher raw material, labor and freight costs.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Selling and administrative

Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 was lower compared with 2023, which primarily reflected higher revenues and lower shipping costs in the current-year period, partially offset by higher selling costs.

Lower selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected higher revenues in 2023 and favorable foreign currency translation, partially offset by higher selling costs in 2023, as well as an increase in our deferred compensation plan liability due to market performance. The investment gains on deferred compensation plan assets were recorded to Other expense, net.

Research and development

Lower research and development expense as a percentage of revenues in 2024 compared with 2023, and in 2023 compared with 2022, primarily reflected the progression of current projects and revenue growth that outpaced project spending. Spending in 2024, 2023 and 2022 reflected our continued commitment to invest in new products and platforms.

Integration, restructuring and transaction expense

Integration expense in 2024, 2023 and 2022 primarily included costs related to system integrations and our 2022 acquisition of Parata Systems. Restructuring expense in 2024, 2023 and 2022 primarily included restructuring costs related to simplification and other cost-saving initiatives. Transaction costs in 2024 included legal, advisory and other costs, relating to our agreement to acquire Advanced Patient Monitoring. For further disclosures regarding the costs relating to restructurings, refer to Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Other operating expense (income), net

Other operating expense (income) in 2024, 2023 and 2022 included the following items which are further discussed in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:

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Net Interest Expense

Higher interest expense in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected higher overall interest rates on debt outstanding, as well as higher total debt outstanding at September 30, 2024 compared with September 30, 2023, which reflected debt issued in our third quarter of fiscal year 2024 to fund the cash consideration payable upon our acquisition of Advanced Patient Monitoring. Higher interest expense in 2023 compared with 2022 was largely attributable to the higher levels of commercial paper borrowings outstanding throughout 2023 and higher overall interest rates on debt outstanding. Additional disclosures regarding our financing arrangements and debt instruments are provided in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Higher interest income in 2024 compared with 2023, and in 2023 compared with 2022, primarily reflected higher overall interest rates and levels of cash on hand during the current-year periods, compared with the prior-year periods.

Income Taxes

The income tax rates for continuing operations in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

The effective income tax rate for continuing operations in 2024 compared with 2023 primarily reflected the impact of more favorable discrete items recorded in 2023. The effective income tax rate for continuing operations in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the impact of a remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities upon the approval of a tax incentive.

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Net Income and Diluted Earnings per Share from Continuing Operations

Net income and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Financial Instrument Market Risk

We selectively use financial instruments to manage market risk, primarily foreign currency exchange risk and interest rate risk relating to our ongoing business operations. The counterparties to these contracts are highly rated financial institutions. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Additional disclosures regarding our derivative instruments are provided in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Foreign Exchange Risk

BD and its subsidiaries transact business in various foreign currencies throughout Europe, Greater Asia, Canada and Latin America. We face foreign currency exposure from the effect of fluctuating exchange rates on payables and receivables relating to transactions that are denominated in currencies other than our functional currency. These payables and receivables primarily arise from intercompany transactions. We hedge substantially all such exposures, primarily through the use of forward contracts. We have also hedged the currency exposure associated with investments in certain foreign subsidiaries with instruments such as foreign currency-denominated debt and cross-currency swaps, which are designated as net investment hedges, as well as currency exchange contracts. In order to mitigate transactional foreign currency exposures resulting from anticipated intercompany purchases and sales, we have hedged a portion of this currency risk with certain instruments such as foreign exchange forward and option contracts, which are designated as cash flow hedges. We also face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our worldwide operations, including sales, to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that have fluctuated from the beginning of a reporting period. We did not enter into contracts to hedge cash flows against these foreign currency impacts in fiscal year 2024 or 2023.

Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our balance sheet at fair value. For foreign currency derivatives, market risk is determined by calculating the impact on fair value of an assumed change in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Fair values were estimated based upon observable inputs, specifically spot currency rates and foreign currency prices for similar assets and liabilities.

With respect to the foreign currency derivative instruments outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, the impact that changes in the U.S. dollar would have on pre-tax earnings was estimated as follows:

These calculations do not reflect the impact of exchange gains or losses on the underlying transactions that would substantially offset the results of the derivative instruments.

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Interest Rate Risk

When managing interest rate exposures, we strive to achieve an appropriate balance between fixed and floating rate instruments. We may enter into interest rate swaps to help maintain this balance and manage debt and interest-bearing investments in tandem, since these items have an offsetting impact on interest rate exposure. For interest rate derivative instruments, fair values are measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows using market-based observable inputs including credit risk and interest rate yield curves. Market risk for these instruments is determined by calculating the impact to fair value of an assumed change in interest rates across all maturities.

The impact that changes in interest rates would have on interest rate derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, as well as the effect that changes in interest rates would have on our earnings or cash flows over a one-year period, based upon our overall interest rate exposure, were estimated as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our strong financial position and cash flow performance have provided us with the capacity to accelerate our innovation pipeline through investments in research and development, as well as through strategic acquisitions. We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents, our ability to generate operating cash flow, and if needed, our access to borrowings from our financing facilities provide us with sufficient liquidity to satisfy our foreseeable operating needs. The following table summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows in 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Net Cash Flows from Continuing Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities in 2024 was largely driven by our net income, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net source of cash. This net source of cash primarily reflected higher levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses, as well as lower levels of inventory, which reflects our continued efforts to optimize inventory levels, partially offset by higher levels of trade receivables. Cash flows from operating activities in 2024 additionally reflected a discretionary cash contribution of $150 million to fund our pension obligation.

Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2023 reflected net income, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net use of cash, which was significantly lower than the net use of cash in 2022 due to efforts in 2023 to optimize inventory levels. The net use of cash in 2023 primarily reflected lower levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses, as well as higher levels of trade receivables, partially offset by lower levels of prepaid expenses.

Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2022 reflected net income, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net use of cash. This net use of cash primarily reflected higher levels

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of inventory and prepaid expenses, as well as lower levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses. Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2022 additionally reflected a discretionary cash contribution of $134 million to fund our pension obligation.

Net Cash Flows from Continuing Investing Activities

Capital expenditures

Our investments in capital expenditures are focused on projects that enhance our cost structure and manufacturing capabilities, as well as support our BD 2025 strategy for growth and simplification. Capital expenditures of $725 million, $874 million and $973 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily related to manufacturing capacity expansions. Details of spending by segment are contained in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Purchases of investments, net

Cash outflows from continuing investing activities in 2024 included net purchases of investments, primarily in time deposits, of $421 million.

Acquisitions

Cash outflows for acquisitions in 2024 was attributable to the acquisition of Advanced Patient Monitoring in the fourth quarter of 2024. Cash outflows for acquisitions in 2022 reflected consideration of $1.548 billion associated with our acquisition of Parata Systems in the fourth quarter of 2022, as well as cash payments relating to various strategic acquisitions we have executed as part of our growth strategy, including our acquisitions of MedKeeper, Scanwell Health, Inc, Tissuemed, Ltd., and Venclose, Inc.

Divestitures

Cash inflows relating to our divestiture of the Interventional segment's Surgical Instrumentation platform in 2023 were $540 million. For further discussion, refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Net Cash Flows from Continuing Financing Activities

Net cash from continuing financing activities in 2024, 2023 and 2022 included the following significant cash flows:

Additional disclosures regarding the equity and debt-related financing activities detailed above are provided in Notes 4 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Debt-Related Activities

Certain measures relating to our total debt were as follows:

(a) Represents shareholders’ equity, net non-current deferred income tax liabilities, and debt.

Additional disclosures regarding our debt instruments are provided in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Cash and Short-term Investments

At September 30, 2024, total worldwide cash and equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash, were $2.301 billion. More than half of these assets were held in the United States. We regularly review the amount of cash and short-term investments held outside of the United States and our historical foreign earnings are used to fund foreign investments or meet foreign working capital and property, plant and equipment expenditure needs. To fund cash needs in the United States, we rely on ongoing cash flow from U.S. operations, access to capital markets and remittances from foreign subsidiaries of earnings that are not considered to be permanently reinvested.

Financing Facilities

We have a senior unsecured revolving credit facility in place which will expire in September 2027. The credit facility provides borrowings of up to $2.750 billion, with separate sub-limits of $100 million and $194 million for letters of credit and swingline loans, respectively. The expiration date of the credit facility, which was extended in July 2024, may be extended for up to one additional one-year period, subject to certain restrictions (including the consent of the lenders). The credit facility provides that we may, subject to additional commitments by lenders, request an additional $500 million of financing, for a maximum aggregate commitment under the credit facility of up to $3.250 billion. Proceeds from this facility may be used for general corporate purposes and Becton Dickinson Euro Finance S.à r.l., an indirect, wholly owned finance subsidiary of BD, is authorized as an additional borrower under the credit facility. There were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility at September 30, 2024.

The agreement for our revolving credit facility contains the following financial covenants. We were in compliance with these covenants, as applicable, as of September 30, 2024.

•We are required to have a leverage coverage ratio of no more than:

◦4.25-to-1 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter following the closing of the credit facility; or

◦4.75-to-1 for the four full fiscal quarters following the consummation of a material acquisition.

We may access commercial paper programs over the normal course of our business activities. Our U.S. and multicurrency euro commercial paper programs provide for a maximum amount of unsecured borrowings under the two programs, in aggregate, of $2.750 billion. Proceeds from these programs may be used for working capital purposes and general corporate purposes, which may include acquisitions, share repurchases and repayments of debt. We had $400 million of commercial paper borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2024. We have additional informal lines of credit outside the United States. Also, over the normal course of our business activities, we transfer certain trade receivable assets to third parties under factoring agreements. Additional disclosures regarding sales of trade receivable assets are provided in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Access to Capital and Credit Ratings

Our corporate credit ratings with the rating agencies Standard & Poor's Ratings Services (“S&P”), Moody's Investors Service (“Moody's”) and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) were as follows at September 30, 2024:

Our corporate credit ratings at September 30, 2024 were unchanged compared with our ratings at September 30, 2023.

Lower corporate debt ratings and downgrades of our corporate credit ratings or other credit ratings may increase our cost of borrowing. We believe that given our debt ratings, our financial management policies, our ability to generate cash flow and the diversified nature of our businesses, we would have access to additional short-term and long-term capital should the need arise. A rating reflects only the view of a rating agency and is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Ratings can be revised upward or downward at any time by a rating agency if such rating agency decides that circumstances warrant such a change.

Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. Information regarding our obligations under purchase, debt and lease arrangements are provided in Notes 6, 16 and 18, respectively, to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The following discussion supplements the descriptions of our accounting policies contained in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex and, consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. For any given estimate or assumption made by management, it is possible that other people applying reasonable judgment to the same facts and circumstances could develop different estimates. Actual results that differ from management’s estimates could have an unfavorable effect on our consolidated financial statements. Management believes the following policy areas require more significant judgment:

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues are primarily recognized when the customer obtains control of the product sold, which is generally upon shipment or delivery, depending on the delivery terms specified in the sales agreement. Revenues associated with certain instruments and equipment for which installation is complex, and therefore significantly affects the customer’s ability to use and benefit from the product, are recognized when customer acceptance of these installed products has been confirmed. For leases and for certain service arrangements, including extended warranty and software maintenance contracts, revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term. The majority of revenues relating to extended warranty contracts associated with certain

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instruments and equipment is generally recognized within a few years whereas deferred revenue relating to software maintenance contracts is generally recognized over a longer period.

Our agreements with customers within certain organizational units including Medication Management Solutions, Integrated Diagnostic Solutions and Biosciences, contain multiple performance obligations including both products and certain services noted above. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately may require judgment. The transaction price for these agreements is allocated to each performance obligation based upon its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the amount at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. We generally estimate standalone selling prices using list prices and a consideration of typical discounts offered to customers. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.

Our gross revenues are subject to a variety of deductions, including rebates. These deductions represent estimates of the related obligations and judgment is required when determining the impact on gross revenues for a reporting period. Additional factors considered in the estimate of our rebate liability include the quantification of inventory that is either in stock at or in transit to our distributors, as well as the estimated lag time between the sale of product and the payment of corresponding rebates.

Impairment of Assets

Goodwill assets are subject to impairment reviews at least annually, or whenever indicators of impairment arise. Intangible assets with finite lives, including developed technology, and other long-lived assets, are periodically reviewed for impairment when impairment indicators are present.

We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. Our reporting units represent one level below reporting segments. Our review of goodwill for each reporting unit compares the fair value of the reporting unit, estimated using an income approach, with its carrying value. Our annual goodwill impairment test performed on July 1, 2024 did not result in any impairment charges, as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value.

We generally use the income approach to derive the fair value for impairment assessments. This approach calculates fair value by estimating future cash flows attributable to the assets and then discounting these cash flows to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. We selected this method because we believe the income approach most appropriately measures the value of our income producing assets. This approach requires significant management judgment with respect to future volume, revenue and expense growth rates, changes in working capital use, appropriate discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates. The estimates and assumptions used are consistent with BD’s business plans. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the asset. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates.

Income Taxes

BD maintains valuation allowances where it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are included in our tax provision in the period of change. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, management evaluates factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carryback and carryforward periods, and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of realization of a deferred tax asset.

BD conducts business and files tax returns in numerous countries and currently has tax audits in progress in a number of tax jurisdictions. In evaluating the exposure associated with various tax filing positions, we record accruals for uncertain tax positions based on the technical support for the positions, our past audit experience with similar situations, and the potential interest and penalties related to the matters. BD’s effective tax rate in any given period could be impacted if, upon resolution with taxing authorities, we prevailed in

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positions for which reserves have been established, or we were required to pay amounts in excess of established reserves.

We have reviewed our needs in the United States for possible repatriation of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and we continue to invest foreign subsidiaries earnings outside of the United States to fund foreign investments or meet foreign working capital and property, plant and equipment expenditure needs. As a result, we are permanently reinvested with respect to all of our historical foreign earnings as of September 30, 2024. Additional disclosures regarding our accounting for income taxes are provided in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Contingencies

We are involved, both as a plaintiff and a defendant, in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, including, without limitation, product liability and environmental matters, as further discussed in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. We establish accruals to the extent future losses for individual matters are probable and reasonably estimable based upon our assessment of the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes relative to these matters, as well as the potential ranges of probable losses. Given the uncertain nature of litigation generally, we are not able in all cases to reasonably estimate the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of the litigation to which we are a party.

When appropriate, accruals are developed with the consultation of outside counsel regarding the nature, timing and extent of each matter. The accruals may change in the future as new information for an individual matter becomes available or due to changes in our litigation strategy. We record expected recoveries, up to the amount of loss recognized, from product liability insurance carriers or other parties when realization of recovery is deemed probable.

Given the uncertain nature of litigation, we could incur charges in excess of any currently established accruals and, to the extent available, liability insurance. In the opinion of management, any such future charges, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on BD’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition and/or consolidated cash flows.

Benefit Plans

We have significant net pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit obligations and costs that are measured using actuarial valuations which include assumptions for the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. These assumptions have a significant effect on the amounts reported. In addition to the analysis below, see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional discussion.

The discount rate is selected each year based on investment grade bonds and other factors as of the measurement date (September 30). Specifically for the U.S. plans, we will use a discount rate of 4.98% for 2025, which was based on an actuarially-determined, company-specific yield curve to measure liabilities as of the measurement date. To calculate the pension expense in 2025, we will apply the individual spot rates along the yield curve that correspond with the timing of each future cash outflow for benefit payments in order to calculate interest cost and service cost. Additional disclosures regarding the method to be used in calculating the interest cost and service cost components of pension expense for 2025 are provided in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption, although reviewed each year, changes less frequently due to the long-term nature of the assumption. This assumption does not impact the measurement of assets or liabilities as of the measurement date; rather, it is used only in the calculation of pension expense. To determine the expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets, we consider many factors, including our historical assumptions compared with actual results; benchmark data; expected returns on various plan asset classes, as well as current and expected asset allocations. We will use a long-term expected rate of return on

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plan assets assumption of 7.5% for the U.S. pension plan in 2025. We believe our discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumptions are appropriate based upon the above factors.

Sensitivity to changes in key assumptions for our U.S. pension and other postretirement and postemployment plans are as follows:

•Discount rate — A change of plus (minus) 25 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have an estimated $1 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on the total U.S. net pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit plan costs. This estimate assumes no change in the shape or steepness of the company-specific yield curve used to plot the individual spot rates that will be applied to the future cash outflows for future benefit payments in order to calculate interest and service cost.

•Expected return on plan assets — A change of plus (minus) 25 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have an estimated $4 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on U.S. pension plan costs.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. BD and its representatives may also, from time to time, make certain forward-looking statements in publicly released materials, both written and oral, including statements contained in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases, and our reports to shareholders. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “plan,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “will,” “may,” “anticipate,” “estimate” and other words of similar meaning in conjunction with, among other things, discussions of future operations and financial performance (including volume growth, pricing, sales and earnings per share growth, and cash flows) and statements regarding our strategy for growth, liquidity, future product development, regulatory approvals, competitive position and expenditures. All statements that address our future operating performance or events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future are forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are, and will be, based on management’s then-current views and assumptions regarding future events, developments and operating performance, and speak only as of their dates. Investors should realize that if underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, or risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from our expectations and projections. Investors are therefore cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Furthermore, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events and developments or otherwise, except as required by applicable law or regulations.

The following are some important factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our expectations in any forward-looking statements. For further discussion of certain of these factors, see Item 1A. Risk Factors in this report and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

•General global, regional or national economic downturns and macroeconomic trends, including heightened inflation, capital market volatility, interest rate and currency rate fluctuations, and economic slowdown or recession, that may result in unfavorable conditions that could negatively affect demand for our products and services, impact the prices we can charge for our products and services, disrupt our transportation networks or other aspects of our supply chain, impair our ability to produce our products, or increase borrowing costs.

•The impact of inflation and disruptions in our global supply chain on BD and our suppliers (particularly sole-source suppliers and providers of sterilization services), including fluctuations in the cost and availability of oil-based resins and other raw materials, as well as certain components, used in the production or sterilization of our products, transportation constraints, disruptions and delays, product shortages, energy shortages or increased energy costs, labor shortages or disputes, and increased operating and labor costs.

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•Conditions in international markets, including social and political conditions, geopolitical developments such as the continuation and/or escalation of the evolving situations in Ukraine, the Middle East and Asia, civil unrest, political conflict, terrorist activity, governmental changes, restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders, economic sanctions, export controls, tariffs and other protectionist measures, barriers to market participation (such as local company and products preferences), difficulties in protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights, and governmental expropriation of assets. Our international operations also increase our compliance risks, including risks under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption and bribery laws, as well as regulatory and privacy laws.

•Cost-containment efforts in the U.S. or in other countries in which we do business, such as alternative payment reform, government-imposed pay back provisions, increased use of competitive bidding and tenders, including, without limitation, any expansion of the volume-based procurement process in China or the implementation of similar cost-containment efforts.

•Competitive factors that could adversely affect our operations, including new product introductions and technologies, including the use of artificial intelligence, by our current or future competitors, consolidation or strategic alliances among healthcare companies, distributors and/or payers of healthcare to improve their competitive position or develop new models for the delivery of healthcare, increased pricing pressure due to the impact of low-cost manufacturers, patents attained by competitors (particularly as patents on our products expire), new entrants into our markets and changes in the practice of medicine.

•Changes in the way healthcare services are delivered, including transition of more care from acute to non-acute settings and increased focus on chronic disease management, which may affect the demand for our products and services. Additionally, budget constraints and staffing shortages, particularly shortages of nursing staff, may affect the prioritization of healthcare services, which could also impact the demand for certain of our products and services.

•Our ability to achieve our projected level or mix of product sales, as our earnings forecasts are based on projected sales volumes and pricing of many product types, some of which are more profitable than others.

•Changes in coverage policies or reimbursement levels, or adverse decisions relating to our products and services by governments or third-party payers, which could reduce demand for our products or the price we can charge for such products.

•Product efficacy or safety concerns or non-compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding our products (such as non-compliance of our products with registration requirements resulting from modifications to such products, or other factors, including, but not limited to, with respect to BD Alaris™ pumps and related sets and BD VacutainerTM) resulting in product recalls, lost revenue or other actions being taken with respect to products in the field or the ability to continue selling new products to customers (including restrictions on future product clearances and civil penalties), product liability or other claims and damage to our reputation. As a result of the CareFusion acquisition, our U.S. infusion pump business is operating under a Consent Decree with the FDA. The Consent Decree authorizes the FDA, in the event of any violations in the future, to order our U.S. infusion pump business to cease manufacturing and distributing products, recall products or take other actions, and order the payment of significant monetary damages if the business subject to the decree fails to comply with any provision of the Consent Decree. In accordance with our commitments to the FDA, the overall timing of replacement or remediation of the BD Alaris™ Infusion Systems and return to market in the U.S. may be impacted by, among other things, customer readiness, supply continuity and our continued engagement with the FDA.

•Changes in the domestic and foreign healthcare industry, in medical practices or in patient preferences that result in a reduction in procedures using our products or increased pricing pressures, including cost-reduction measures instituted by and the continued consolidation among healthcare providers.

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•The effects of regulatory or other events (such as public health crises) that adversely impact our supply chain, including our ability to manufacture (including sterilize) our products (particularly where production of a product line or sterilization operations are concentrated in one or a few plants), source materials or components or services from suppliers (including sole-source suppliers) that are needed for such manufacturing (including sterilization), or provide products to our customers, including events that impact key distributors. In particular, there has been increased regulatory focus on the use and emission of ethylene oxide in sterilization processes, and additional regulatory requirements may be imposed in the future that could adversely impact BD or our third-party sterilization providers.

•IT system disruptions, breaches or breakdowns, including through cyberattacks, ransom attacks or cyber-intrusion, which could impair our ability or that of our customers, suppliers and other business partners to conduct business, result in the loss of BD trade secrets or otherwise compromise sensitive information of BD or its customers, suppliers and other business partners, or of patients, including sensitive personal data, or result in efficacy or safety concerns for certain of our products, and result in investigations, legal proceedings, liability, expense or reputational damage or actions by regulatory bodies or civil litigation.

•Difficulties inherent in product development, including the potential inability to successfully continue technological innovation, successfully complete clinical trials, obtain and maintain regulatory approvals and registrations in the U.S. and abroad, obtain intellectual property protection for our products, obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement for new products, or gain and maintain market approval of products, as well as the possibility of infringement claims by competitors with respect to patents or other intellectual property rights, all of which could preclude or delay commercialization of a product. Delays in obtaining necessary approvals or clearances from the FDA or other regulatory agencies or changes in the regulatory process may also delay product launches and increase development costs.

•The impact of changes in U.S. federal or foreign laws and policies that could affect fiscal and tax policies, taxation (including tax reforms, such as the implementation of a global minimum tax, that could adversely impact multinational corporations), and international trade, including import and export regulation and international trade agreements. In particular, tariffs, sanctions or other trade barriers imposed by the U.S. or other countries could adversely impact our supply chain costs or otherwise adversely impact our results of operations.

•Deficit reduction efforts or other actions that reduce the availability of government funding for healthcare and research, which could weaken demand for our products and result in additional pricing pressures, as well as create potential collection risks associated with such sales.

•Fluctuations in university or U.S. and international governmental funding and policies for life sciences research.

•The impact of business combinations or divestitures, including any volatility in earnings relating to acquisition-related costs, and our ability to successfully integrate any business we may acquire.

•Risks relating to our overall level of indebtedness, including our ability to service our debt and refinance our indebtedness, which is dependent upon the capital markets and the overall macroeconomic environment and our financial condition at such time.

•Any impact that public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics may have on our business, the global economy and the global healthcare system. This may include decreases in the demand for our products, disruptions to our operations or the operations of our suppliers and customers, disruptions to our supply chain, or increases in transportation costs.

•The risks associated with the qualification of the spin-off of our former Diabetes Care business as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

•Our ability to penetrate or expand our operations in emerging markets, which depends on local economic and political conditions, and how well we are able to make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities and distribution networks.

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•Our ability to recruit and retain key employees and the impact of labor conditions which could increase employee turnover or increase our labor and operating costs and negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our business.

•Fluctuations in the demand for products we sell to pharmaceutical companies that are used to manufacture, or are sold with, the products of such companies, as a result of funding constraints, consolidation or otherwise.

•The impact of climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change, such as regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, zero-carbon energy and sustainability mandates and related disclosure requirements, and additional taxes on fuel and energy, and changing customer and other stakeholder preferences and requirements, such as those regarding the use of materials of concern, increased demand for products with lower environmental footprints, and for companies to set and demonstrate progress against sustainability goals and greenhouse gas reduction targets.

•Natural disasters, including the impacts of hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, fires, earthquakes and floods and other extreme weather events, global health pandemics, war, terrorism, labor disruptions and international conflicts that could cause significant economic disruption and political and social instability, resulting in decreased demand for our products, adversely affect our manufacturing and distribution capabilities or cause interruptions in our supply chain.

•Pending and potential future litigation or other proceedings asserting, and/or investigations concerning and/or subpoenas and requests seeking information with respect to, alleged violations of law (including in connection with federal and/or state healthcare programs (such as Medicare or Medicaid) and/or sales and marketing practices (such as investigative subpoenas and the civil investigative demands received by BD)), potential anti-corruption and related internal control violations under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, antitrust claims, securities law claims, environmental and product liability matters (including pending claims relating to ethlyene oxide, our hernia repair implant products, surgical continence and pelvic organ prolapse products for women, vena cava filter products and implantable ports, which involve, or could involve in the future, lawsuits seeking class action status or seeking to establish multi-district or other consolidated proceedings), data privacy breaches and patent infringement, and the availability or collectability of insurance relating to any such claims.

•New or changing laws and regulations affecting our domestic and foreign operations, or changes in enforcement practices, including, without limitation, laws relating to sales practices, environmental protection and reporting, price controls, privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, employment, labor, and licensing and regulatory requirements for new products and products in the post-marketing phase. In particular, the U.S. and other countries may impose new requirements regarding registration, labeling or prohibited materials that may require us to re-register products already on the market or otherwise impact our ability to market our products. Environmental laws, particularly with respect to the emission of greenhouse gases, are also becoming more stringent throughout the world, which may increase our costs of operations or necessitate changes in our manufacturing plants or processes or those of our suppliers, or result in liability to BD.

•The effect of adverse media exposure or other publicity regarding BD’s business or operations, including the effect on BD’s reputation or demand for its products.

•The effect of market fluctuations on the value of assets in BD’s pension plans and on actuarial interest rate and asset return assumptions, which could require BD to make additional contributions to the plans or increase our pension plan expense.

•Our ability to obtain the anticipated benefits of restructuring programs, if any, that we may undertake.

The foregoing list sets forth many, but not all, of the factors that could impact our ability to achieve results described in any forward-looking statements. Investors should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors and should not consider this list to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties.

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Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes presented in this report. Within the tables presented throughout this discussion, certain columns may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages and earnings per share amounts presented are calculated from the underlying amounts. References to years throughout this discussion relate to our fiscal years, which end on September 30.

Company Overview

Description of the Company and Business Segments

Becton, Dickinson and Company (“BD”) is a global medical technology company engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of a broad range of medical supplies, devices, laboratory equipment and diagnostic products used by healthcare institutions, physicians, life science researchers, clinical laboratories, the pharmaceutical industry and the general public. The Company's organizational structure is based upon three principal business segments, BD Medical (“Medical”), BD Life Sciences (“Life Sciences”) and BD Interventional (“Interventional”).

BD’s products are manufactured and sold worldwide. Our products are marketed in the United States and internationally through independent distribution channels and directly to end-users by BD and independent sales representatives. We organize our operations outside the United States as follows: EMEA (which includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa); Greater Asia (which includes countries in Greater China, Japan, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Korea, Australia and New Zealand); Latin America (which includes Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America); and Canada. We continue to pursue growth opportunities in emerging markets, which include the following geographic regions: Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and certain countries within Greater Asia. We are primarily focused on certain countries whose healthcare systems are expanding.

Strategic Objectives

BD remains focused on delivering durable growth, creating shareholder value and making appropriate investments for the future. BD 2025, our vehicle for value creation, is anchored in three key pillars: grow, simplify and empower. BD's management team aligns our operating model and investments with these key strategic pillars through continuous focus on the following underlying objectives:

Grow

•Developing and maintaining a strong portfolio of leading products and solutions that address significant unmet clinical needs, improve outcomes, and reduce costs;

•Focusing on our core products, services and solutions that deliver greater benefits to patients, healthcare workers and researchers;

•Investing in research and development that leads to and expands category leadership, as well as results in a robust product pipeline;

•Accelerating innovation in smart devices, robotics, analytics, and artificial intelligence in order to enable new care settings, streamline care workflows and remove administrative burdens for healthcare providers;

•Leveraging our global scale in order to provide equitable access to affordable medical technologies around the world, including in under-resourced markets;

•Supplementing our internal growth through strategic acquisitions in faster growing market segments; and

•Focusing on cash management and an efficient capital structure in order to drive balance sheet productivity and strong shareholder returns.

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Simplify

•Driving operating effectiveness and margin expansion by increasing factory productivity and asset efficiencies;

•Reducing complexity, increasing agility and improving customer experience by rationalizing our product portfolio, as well as by simplifying and optimizing our architecture and operating model;

•Making strategic investments which prioritize a culture of quality and our quality management system to ensure we are a best-in-class, proactive quality-driven organization;

•Enhancing customer experiences through the digitalization of internal processes and go-to-market approaches;

•Working across our supply chain to responsibly source materials and goods, as well as to reduce environmental impacts; and

•Creating more resilient operations through investments in an enterprise-wide renewable energy strategy.

Empower

•Fostering a purpose-driven culture with a focus on positive impact to all stakeholders–customers, patients, employees, shareholders and communities;

•Cultivating an inclusive work environment that welcomes and celebrates diverse backgrounds and perspectives;

•Growing and enabling talent through training, development and reskilling strategies; and

•Driving sustainability initiatives within our organizational units to support enterprise-wide collaboration towards our sustainability strategy.

In assessing the outcomes of these strategies as well as BD’s financial condition and operating performance, management generally reviews forecast data, monthly actual results, including segment sales, and other similar information. We also consider trends related to certain key financial data, including gross profit margin, selling and administrative expense, investment in research and development, return on invested capital, and cash flows.

BD’s Spin-Off of Diabetes Care and Sale of Surgical Instrumentation Platform

On April 1, 2022, we completed the spin-off of our former Diabetes Care business as a separate publicly traded company. The historical results of the Diabetes Care business that was contributed in the spin-off were reflected as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2023, we completed the sale of the Interventional segment's Surgical Instrumentation platform. The historical financial results for this platform have not been classified as a discontinued operation. Additional disclosures regarding the spin-off and sale are provided in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Key Trends Affecting Results of Operations

Our operations, supply chain, suppliers and customers are exposed to various global macroeconomic factors. The factors which were most impactful to our fiscal year 2023 results included the following:

•Inflation continued to drive higher costs of raw materials, electronic components, labor, energy, and logistical services. We expect inflation to persist into our fiscal year 2024, but at levels lower than our fiscal year 2023.

•A limited supply of skilled labor in certain markets drove higher overall labor costs, as noted above, and we expect labor availability will continue to be a macroeconomic challenge for our operations.

•The availability of energy sources in certain markets, as well as the availability of certain raw materials and electronic components on a global basis.

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•Logistics capacity constraints eased in our fiscal year 2023 compared to 2022 and lead times improved in most key routes. However, adequate supply of transportation capacity is critical to our operations and constrained capacity may unfavorably impact our results of operations.

Current healthcare delivery has transitioned more care from acute to non-acute settings and has increased focus on chronic disease management; this transition has placed additional financial pressure on hospitals and the broader healthcare system. Healthcare institutions may take actions to mitigate any persistent pressures on their budgets and such actions could impact the future demand for our products and services. Additionally, a worsening of staffing shortages within healthcare systems may affect the prioritization of healthcare services, which could also impact the demand for certain of our products.

Certain geopolitical conditions, including the evolving situations in Ukraine, the Middle East and Asia, may contribute to the macroeconomic conditions discussed above. While these geopolitical conditions have not materially impacted our results of operations to date, the continuation and/or an escalation of these evolving situations may further weaken the global economy and could result in additional inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints, including the unavailability and cost of energy.

Additionally, governments in China and other countries use various mechanisms to control healthcare expenditures, including increased use of competitive bidding and tenders as well as price regulation. During our fiscal year 2023, regional and national volume-based procurement programs (“VoBP”) established by the government in China unfavorably impacted our revenues and we anticipate that these programs may continue to impact our results of operations.

We continue to invest in research and development, strategic tuck-in acquisitions, geographic expansion, and new product programs to drive further revenue and profit growth. Our ability to sustain our long-term growth will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to expand our core business (including geographical expansion), develop innovative new products, and continue to improve operating efficiency and organizational effectiveness.

We have been mitigating the impacts of the macroeconomic and other factors discussed above through various strategies which leverage our procurement, logistics and manufacturing capabilities. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively mitigate these pressures in future periods and an inability to offset these pressures through our strategies, at least in part, could adversely impact our results of operations. Due to the significant uncertainty that exists relative to the duration and overall impact of the macroeconomic and other factors discussed above, our future operating performance, particularly in the short-term, may be subject to volatility. The impacts of macroeconomic and other conditions on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows are dependent on certain factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Summary of Financial Results

Worldwide revenues in 2023 of $19.372 billion increased 2.7% from the prior-year period. This increase reflected the following impacts:

Our fiscal year 2023 revenues reflected sales in our Life Sciences segment related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus and BD MaxTM Systems of $73 million, compared with revenues from such testing products in 2022 of $511 million.

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Our financial position remains strong, with cash flows from continuing operating activities totaling $2.990 billion in 2023. At September 30, 2023, we had $1.489 billion in cash and equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash. We continued to return value to our shareholders in the form of dividends. During fiscal year 2023, we paid cash dividends of $1.114 billion, including $1.046 billion paid to common shareholders and $68 million paid to preferred shareholders.

Each reporting period, we face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our worldwide operations to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that fluctuate from the beginning of such period. A stronger U.S. dollar, compared to the prior-year period, resulted in an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact to our revenues and earnings during our fiscal year 2023. We evaluate our results of operations on both a reported and a foreign currency-neutral basis, which excludes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As exchange rates are an important factor in understanding period-to-period comparisons, we believe the presentation of results on a foreign currency-neutral basis in addition to reported results helps improve investors’ ability to understand our operating results and evaluate our performance in comparison to prior periods. Foreign currency-neutral ("FXN") information compares results between periods as if exchange rates had remained constant period-over-period. We use results on a foreign currency-neutral basis as one measure to evaluate our performance. We calculate foreign currency-neutral percentages by converting our current-period local currency financial results using the prior-period foreign currency exchange rates and comparing these adjusted amounts to our current-period results. These results should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results reported in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Results on a foreign currency-neutral basis, as we present them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not measures of performance presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Results of Operations

Medical Segment

The following summarizes Medical revenues by organizational unit:

The Medical segment’s revenue growth in 2023 reflected the following.

•Strong global sales of catheters and other vascular care products in the Medication Delivery Solutions unit were partially offset by the impact of VoBP in China and lower COVID vaccination-related revenues in 2023 compared with these revenues in 2022.

•Strong performance of the Medication Management Solutions unit’s pharmacy automation portfolio, including Parata Systems, which we acquired in fiscal year 2022, and our BD Rowa™ technologies, as well as strong growth in sales of dispensing systems. Revenue growth attributable to the unit’s recent acquisitions was approximately 9.3% in 2023.

•Continued strong demand for the Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s prefillable solutions in high-growth markets such as the biologic drug category.

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The Medical segment’s revenue growth in 2022 reflected the following.

•Strong global sales of the Medication Delivery Solutions unit’s catheters and other vascular care products, which were particularly driven by competitive gains for peripherally inserted intravenous catheter and flush products.

•Strong growth in global placements of the Medication Management Solutions unit’s dispensing systems, partially offset by an unfavorable comparison to revenues in 2021, which benefited from pandemic-related demand for infusion pumps and sets. Our acquisition of Parata Systems in 2022 also contributed to 2022 revenue growth in the Medication Management Solutions unit.

•Continued high demand for Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s prefillable solutions in the high-growth markets for biologic drugs and vaccines.

Medical segment operating income was as follows:

The Medical segment's operating income in 2023 and 2022, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Medical segment’s lower gross profit margin in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the following:

◦Charges of $653 million, which unfavorably impacted gross profit margin in 2023 by approximately 6.9%, related to estimated future costs associated with the Medication Management Solutions unit’s remediation efforts related to AlarisTM infusion pumps, compared with charges in 2022 of $72 million.

◦Higher raw material, labor and freight costs, as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation; partially offset by

◦Lower manufacturing costs resulting from continuous improvement projects, which enhanced the efficiency of our operations, and pricing.

•The Medical segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected the following:

◦Favorable product mix with higher sales of high value-added products in the Medication Delivery Systems and Medication Management Solutions units.

◦Continuous improvement projects which enhanced the efficiency of our operations, as well as favorable impacts from price and foreign currency translation; partially offset by

◦Higher raw material and freight costs, a noncash asset impairment charge of $54 million recorded to write down the carrying value of certain fixed assets, as well as charges of $72 million recorded in 2022 for estimated future remediation costs, as noted above, compared with charges of $56 million in 2021.

•Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 was lower compared with 2022 due to lower selling and shipping costs. Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2022 was lower compared with 2021, which reflected efforts to contain certain selling, travel and other administrative activities, partially offset by higher shipping costs.

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•Research and development expense as a percentage of revenues was lower in 2023 compared with 2022, and in 2022 compared with 2021, which reflected revenue growth that outpaced the timing of project spending.

Life Sciences Segment

The following summarizes Life Sciences revenues by organizational unit:

As previously discussed above, the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s revenues related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus and BD MaxTM Systems in 2023 were $73 million compared with revenues in 2022 of $511 million, which compared to revenues related to such products of $1.956 billion in 2021.

The Life Sciences segment’s revenues in 2023 also reflected the following:

•An unfavorable comparison to stronger sales in 2022 of the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s combination influenza/COVID-19 testing assays, as well as destocking of specimen management products by U.S. distributors in 2023, were partially offset by growth in the unit’s microbiology platform and growth attributable to molecular diagnostic platforms which leverage our larger installed base of BD MAXTM instruments.

•Strong growth in sales of the Biosciences unit’s reagents and instruments, including our recently launched research instruments.

The Life Sciences segment's revenues in 2022 also reflected the following:

•Wide clinical adoption of the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s broader respiratory panel and the expanded base of instruments we installed during the peak levels of the pandemic to facilitate COVID-19-only testing, as well as growth attributable to the unit’s specimen management products due to a recovery of routine lab testing to pre-pandemic levels.

•Strong growth in sales of the Biosciences unit's reagents and instruments, including recently launched research instruments, as well as demand driven by continued adoption of the unit’s e-commerce platform.

Life Sciences segment operating income was as follows:

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The Life Sciences segment's operating income in 2023 and 2022, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Life Sciences segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the following:

◦Favorable impacts in 2023 from price and continuous improvement projects in our manufacturing facilities; partially offset by

◦The decline in COVID-19-only testing revenues and a decline in licensing income compared with 2022, as well as higher raw material and labor costs in 2023.

•The Life Sciences segment’s lower gross profit margin in fiscal year 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected the following:

◦The decline in COVID-19-only testing revenues compared with 2021, higher raw material and freight costs; partially offset by

◦A favorable comparison to the prior-year period, which reflected approximately $93 million of excess and obsolete inventory expenses related to COVID-19-only testing inventory, as well as favorable impacts in 2022 from continuous improvement projects in our manufacturing facilities, price, product mix, foreign currency translation and a benefit from licensing income.

•Lower selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue in 2023 compared with 2022, primarily reflected lower selling costs and efforts to contain certain administrative costs. Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2022 was higher compared with 2021 primarily due to the decline in revenues in 2022 compared with 2021.

•Higher research and development expense as a percentage of revenue in 2023 compared with 2022, and also in 2022 compared with 2021, primarily reflected the declines in segment revenues in both 2023 and 2022, compared with the prior-year periods.

Interventional Segment

The following summarizes Interventional revenues by organizational unit:

The Interventional segment’s revenue growth in 2023 reflected the following:

•Double-digit growth in global sales of the Surgery unit’s advanced repair and reconstruction platforms, as well as strong growth in sales of biosurgery products, was partially offset by a decline in revenues attributable to the unit’s sale of its Surgical Instrumentation platform in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023.

•Growth driven by global market penetration of the Peripheral Intervention unit’s peripheral vascular disease platform was partially offset by the impact of planned strategic portfolio exits.

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•Continued strong demand for the Urology and Critical Care unit’s PureWickTM offerings in the acute and alternative care settings.

The Interventional segment’s revenue growth in 2022 reflected the following:

•Strong global sales of the Surgery unit’s advanced repair and reconstruction platforms, as well as a benefit from the unit’s fiscal year 2021 acquisition of Tepha, Inc.

•Strong sales of the Peripheral Intervention unit’s oncology products and growth attributable to the unit’s fiscal year 2022 acquisition of Venclose, Inc. and the relaunch of our VenovoTM system. The Peripheral Intervention unit’s revenues in 2022 were unfavorably impacted during the second half of the fiscal year by supply constraints and hospital labor shortages.

•Strong demand for the Urology and Critical Care unit’s acute urology products.

Interventional segment operating income was as follows:

The Interventional segment's operating income in 2023 and 2022, compared with the prior-year periods, reflected the following:

•The Interventional segment’s gross profit margin was flat in 2023 compared with 2022, which primarily reflected:

◦Favorable impacts from price, continuous improvement projects, and a favorable comparison to the prior-year period, which was unfavorably impacted by certain purchase accounting adjustments; offset by

◦Unfavorable impacts of higher raw material, labor and freight costs.

•The Interventional segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected favorable impacts from price, favorable product mix and foreign currency translation, which were partially offset by higher freight costs.

•Lower selling and administrative expense as percentages of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022 reflected revenue growth that outpaced spending in 2023. Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues was higher in 2022 compared with 2021, as 2021 benefited from the curtailment of certain selling, travel and other administrative activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

•Lower research and development expense as percentages of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022, and also in 2022 compared with 2021, primarily reflected revenue growth that outpaced spending in both 2023 and 2022.

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Geographic Revenues

BD’s worldwide revenues by geography were as follows:

U.S. revenue growth in 2023 was particularly driven by strong sales in the Medical segment’s Medication Management Solutions and Pharmaceutical Systems units and in the Life Sciences segment’s Biosciences unit, as well as by strong sales in the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Urology and Critical Care units. U.S. revenues in 2023 were unfavorably impacted by a decline in COVID-19-only diagnostic testing sales compared with 2022, as discussed further above.

U.S. revenue growth in 2022 was driven by strong sales in all of the Medical segment’s units, as well as in the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Urology and Critical Care units. U.S. revenue growth in 2022 was unfavorably impacted by a comparison to 2021, which substantially benefited from sales in the Life Sciences segment's Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing.

International revenue growth in 2023 was particularly driven by strong sales in the Medical segment’s Medication Management Solutions and Pharmaceutical Systems units, and in the Life Sciences segment’s Biosciences unit, as well by as strong sales in the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Peripheral Intervention units. International revenues in 2023 were unfavorably impacted by a decline in COVID-19-only diagnostic testing sales compared with 2022, as discussed further above.

The decline in international revenues in 2022 was primarily driven by an unfavorable comparison to 2021, which substantially benefited from sales in the Life Sciences segment's Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing. This fiscal year 2022 decline in international revenues was partially offset by strong sales in all of the Medical segment’s units, as well as in the Life Sciences segment’s Biosciences unit and the Interventional segment’s Surgery and Peripheral Intervention units.

Emerging market revenues were as follows:

Emerging market revenue growth in 2023 and 2022 was primarily driven by sales in Latin America, South Asia, and in China, despite unfavorable impacts to China revenues from volume-based procurement programs in 2023 and from pandemic-related lockdowns in 2022.

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Specified Items

Reflected in the financial results for 2023, 2022 and 2021 were the following specified items:

(a)Represents amounts associated with integration and restructuring activities which are primarily recorded in Acquisition-related integration and restructuring expense and are further discussed below.

(b)Represents costs recorded to Other operating (income) expense, net and incurred in connection with the separation of BD's former Diabetes Care business.

(c)Includes amortization and other adjustments related to the purchase accounting for acquisitions. BD’s amortization expense is recorded in Cost of products sold.

(d)Includes certain (income) expense items which are not part of ordinary operations and affect the comparability of the periods presented. Such items may include certain product remediation costs, certain product liability and legal defense costs, certain investment gains and losses, certain asset impairment charges, and certain pension settlement costs. The amounts in 2023, 2022, and 2021 include net charges of $653 million, $72 million and $56 million, respectively, which were recorded within Cost of products sold related to the estimate of probable future product remediation costs. The amounts in 2023 and 2022 also include pension settlement costs of $57 million and $73 million, respectively, which were recorded to Other expense, net. The amount in 2022 also includes a charge of $54 million related to a noncash asset impairment, which was recorded to Cost of products sold. The amounts in 2023, 2022 and 2021 additionally include certain amounts recorded to Other operating (income) expense, net, which are detailed further below, including a $268 million gain recorded in 2023 on the sale of our Surgical Instrumentation platform.

(e)Represents costs incurred to develop processes and systems to establish initial compliance with the European Union Medical Device Regulation and the European Union In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Regulation, which represent a significant, unusual change to the existing regulatory framework. We consider these costs to be duplicative of previously incurred costs and/or one-off costs, which are limited to a specific period of time. These expenses, which are recorded in Cost of products sold and Research and development expense, include the cost of labor, other services and consulting (in particular, research and development and clinical trials) and supplies, travel and other miscellaneous costs.

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Gross Profit Margin

The comparison of gross profit margins in 2023 and 2022 and the comparison of gross profit margins in 2022 and 2021 reflected the following impacts:

The impact of other specified items on gross margin in 2023 compared with 2022, and also in 2022 compared with 2021, reflected charges of $653 million, $72 million and $56 million, in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the estimate of probable future product remediation costs, as further discussed above. The impacts of other specified items on the comparisons of gross margin above additionally reflected a non-cash asset impairment charge of $54 million recorded in the Medical segment in 2022.

Operating performance in 2023 and 2022 reflected the following:

•Favorable impacts attributable to our ongoing continuous improvement projects and pricing.

•The unfavorable impacts of higher raw material, labor and freight costs.

•Operating performance in 2022 additionally reflected the optimization of our product mix and the recovery of pre-pandemic demand for products with higher margins as well as a favorable comparison to 2021, which included approximately $93 million of excess and obsolete inventory expenses related to COVID-19-only testing inventory which were recognized by the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses in 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

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Selling and administrative

Lower selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected higher revenues in 2023 and favorable foreign currency translation, partially offset by higher selling costs in 2023, as well as an increase in our deferred compensation plan liability due to market performance. The investment gains on deferred compensation plan assets were recorded to Other expense, net.

Higher selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected higher shipping and selling costs in 2022, partially offset by a decrease in our deferred compensation plan liability due to market performance and favorable foreign currency translation.

Research and development

Lower research and development expense as a percentage of revenues in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected revenue growth that outpaced the timing of project spending. Research and development expense as a percentage of revenues was flat in 2022 compared with 2021, which primarily reflected the timing of project spending. Spending in 2023, 2022 and 2021 reflected our continued commitment to invest in new products and platforms.

Acquisitions and other restructurings

Restructuring expense in 2023, 2022 and 2021 primarily included restructuring costs related to simplification and other cost saving initiatives. Integration expense in 2023 and 2022 included system integration costs and integration expense in 2021 included costs incurred due to our acquisition of C.R. Bard, Inc. in fiscal year 2018. For further disclosures regarding the costs relating to restructurings, refer to Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Other operating (income) expense, net

Other operating (income) expense in 2023, 2022 and 2021 included the following items which are further discussed in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:

Net Interest Expense

Higher interest expense in 2023 compared with 2022 was largely attributable to the higher levels of commercial paper borrowings outstanding throughout 2023 and higher overall interest rates on debt outstanding. Lower interest expense in 2022 compared with 2021 reflected lower overall interest rates on debt outstanding during 2022 and the impact of debt repayments. Additional disclosures regarding our financing

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arrangements and debt instruments are provided in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Higher interest income in 2023 compared with 2022 was largely attributable to higher interest rates and levels of cash in 2023.

Income Taxes

The income tax rates for continuing operations in 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

The effective income tax rate for continuing operations in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily reflected the impact of a remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities upon the approval of a tax incentive. The effective income tax rate for continuing operations in 2022 primarily reflected a tax impact from specified items that was less favorable compared with the benefits associated with specified items recognized in 2021.

Net Income and Diluted Earnings per Share from Continuing Operations

Net income and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations in 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Financial Instrument Market Risk

We selectively use financial instruments to manage market risk, primarily foreign currency exchange risk and interest rate risk relating to our ongoing business operations. The counterparties to these contracts are highly rated financial institutions. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Foreign Exchange Risk

BD and its subsidiaries transact business in various foreign currencies throughout Europe, Greater Asia, Canada and Latin America. We face foreign currency exposure from the effect of fluctuating exchange rates on payables and receivables relating to transactions that are denominated in currencies other than our functional currency. These payables and receivables primarily arise from intercompany transactions. We hedge substantially all such exposures, primarily through the use of forward contracts. We have also hedged the currency exposure associated with investments in certain foreign subsidiaries with instruments such as foreign currency-denominated debt and cross-currency swaps, which are designated as net investment hedges, as well as currency exchange contracts. We also face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our worldwide operations, including sales, to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that have fluctuated from the beginning of a reporting period. We did not enter into contracts to hedge cash flows against these foreign currency fluctuations in fiscal year 2023 or 2022.

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Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our balance sheet at fair value. For foreign currency derivatives, market risk is determined by calculating the impact on fair value of an assumed change in foreign exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Fair values were estimated based upon observable inputs, specifically spot currency rates and foreign currency prices for similar assets and liabilities.

With respect to the foreign currency derivative instruments outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 2022, the impact that changes in the U.S. dollar would have on pre-tax earnings was estimated as follows:

These calculations do not reflect the impact of exchange gains or losses on the underlying transactions that would substantially offset the results of the derivative instruments.

Interest Rate Risk

When managing interest rate exposures, we strive to achieve an appropriate balance between fixed and floating rate instruments. We may enter into interest rate swaps to help maintain this balance and manage debt and interest-bearing investments in tandem, since these items have an offsetting impact on interest rate exposure. For interest rate derivative instruments, fair values are measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows using market-based observable inputs including credit risk and interest rate yield curves. Market risk for these instruments is determined by calculating the impact to fair value of an assumed change in interest rates across all maturities.

The impact that changes in interest rates would have on interest rate derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 2022, as well as the effect that changes in interest rates would have on our earnings or cash flows over a one-year period, based upon our overall interest rate exposure, were estimated as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our strong financial position and cash flow performance have provided us with the capacity to accelerate our innovation pipeline through investments in research and development, as well as through strategic acquisitions. We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents, our ability to generate operating cash flow, and if needed, our access to borrowings from our financing facilities provide us with sufficient liquidity to satisfy our foreseeable operating needs. The following table summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows in 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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Net Cash Flows from Continuing Operating Activities

Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2023 reflected net income, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net use of cash, which was significantly lower than the net use of cash in 2022 due to efforts in 2023 to optimize inventory levels. The net use of cash in 2023 primarily reflected lower levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses, as well as higher levels of trade receivables, partially offset by lower levels of prepaid expenses.

Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2022 reflected net income, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net use of cash. This net use of cash primarily reflected higher levels of inventory and prepaid expenses, as well as lower levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses. Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2022 additionally reflected a discretionary cash contribution of $134 million to fund our pension obligation.

Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2021 reflected higher net income, which was driven by strong revenue performance, adjusted by a change in operating assets and liabilities that was a net source of cash. This net source of cash primarily reflected higher levels of accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by higher levels of prepaid expenses, inventory and trade receivables. Cash flows from continuing operating activities in 2021 additionally reflected a $16 million discretionary cash contribution to fund our pension obligation.

Net Cash Flows from Continuing Investing Activities

Capital expenditures

Our investments in capital expenditures are focused on projects that enhance our cost structure and manufacturing capabilities, as well as support our BD 2025 strategy for growth and simplification. Capital expenditures of $874 million, $973 million and $1.194 billion in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to manufacturing capacity expansions. Details of spending by segment are contained in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Acquisitions

Cash outflows for acquisitions in 2022 included a cash payment of $1.548 billion associated with our acquisition of Parata Systems in the fourth quarter of 2022, as well as cash payments relating to various strategic acquisitions we have executed as part of our growth strategy, including our acquisitions of MedKeeper, Scanwell Health, Inc, Tissuemed, Ltd., and Venclose, Inc. Cash outflows for acquisitions in 2021 included a cash payment relating to the strategic acquisition of Tepha, Inc.

Divestitures

Cash inflows relating to our divestiture of the Interventional segment's Surgical Instrumentation platform in 2023 were $540 million. For further discussion, refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Net Cash Flows from Continuing Financing Activities

Net cash from continuing financing activities in 2023, 2022 and 2021 included the following significant cash flows:

Additional disclosures regarding the equity and debt-related financing activities detailed above are provided in Notes 4 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Debt-Related Activities

Certain measures relating to our total debt were as follows:

(a) Represents shareholders’ equity, net non-current deferred income tax liabilities, and debt.

Additional disclosures regarding our debt instruments are provided in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Cash and Short-term Investments

At September 30, 2023, total worldwide cash and equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash, were $1.489 billion. These assets were largely held in the United States. We regularly review the amount of cash and short-term investments held outside of the United States and our historical foreign earnings are used to fund foreign investments or meet foreign working capital and property, plant and equipment expenditure needs. To fund cash needs in the United States, we rely on ongoing cash flow from U.S. operations, access to capital markets and remittances from foreign subsidiaries of earnings that are not considered to be permanently reinvested.

Financing Facilities

We have a five-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility in place which will expire in September 2026. The credit facility, which was amended and restated in January 2023, provides borrowings of up to $2.750 billion, with separate sub-limits of $100 million and $194 million for letters of credit and swingline loans, respectively. The expiration date of the credit facility may be extended for up to two additional one-year periods, subject to certain restrictions (including the consent of the lenders). The credit facility provides that we may, subject to additional commitments by lenders, request an additional $500 million of financing, for a maximum aggregate commitment under the credit facility of up to $3.250 billion. Proceeds from this facility

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may be used for general corporate purposes and Becton Dickinson Euro Finance S.à r.l., an indirect, wholly owned finance subsidiary of BD, is authorized as an additional borrower under the credit facility. There were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility at September 30, 2023.

The agreement for our revolving credit facility contains the following financial covenants. We were in compliance with these covenants, as applicable, as of September 30, 2023.

•We are required to have a leverage coverage ratio of no more than:

◦4.25-to-1 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter following the closing of the credit facility; or

◦4.75-to-1 for the four full fiscal quarters following the consummation of a material acquisition.

We may access commercial paper programs over the normal course of our business activities. In March 2023, we amended the agreement for our U.S. commercial paper program. The amendment provided, among other things, an increase of the maximum amount of unsecured borrowings available under the program to $2.750 billion. Also in March 2023, we entered into an agreement to establish a multicurrency euro commercial paper program. This multicurrency program allows for a maximum amount of unsecured borrowings that, when aggregated with the amount outstanding under the U.S. commercial paper program, will not exceed $2.750 billion at any time. Proceeds from these programs may be used for working capital purposes and general corporate purposes, which may include acquisitions, share repurchases and repayments of debt. We had no commercial paper borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2023. We have additional informal lines of credit outside the United States. Also, over the normal course of our business activities, we transfer certain trade receivable assets to third parties under factoring agreements. Additional disclosures regarding sales of trade receivable assets are provided in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Access to Capital and Credit Ratings

Our corporate credit ratings with the rating agencies Standard & Poor's Ratings Services (“S&P”), Moody's Investor Service (“Moody's”) and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) were as follows at September 30, 2023:

Our corporate credit ratings at September 30, 2023 were unchanged compared with our ratings at September 30, 2022. S&P, Moody’s and Fitch assigned ratings of A-2, P-2 and F2, respectively, to the multicurrency euro commercial paper program we entered into in March 2023. These ratings were consistent with the ratings already assigned to our U.S. commercial paper program.

Lower corporate debt ratings and downgrades of our corporate credit ratings or other credit ratings may increase our cost of borrowing. We believe that given our debt ratings, our financial management policies, our ability to generate cash flow and the non-cyclical, geographically diversified nature of our businesses, we would have access to additional short-term and long-term capital should the need arise. A rating reflects only the view of a rating agency and is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Ratings can be revised upward or downward at any time by a rating agency if such rating agency decides that circumstances warrant such a change.

Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. Information regarding our obligations under purchase, debt and lease arrangements are provided in Notes 6, 16 and 18, respectively, to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Critical Accounting Policies

The following discussion supplements the descriptions of our accounting policies contained in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex and, consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. For any given estimate or assumption made by management, it is possible that other people applying reasonable judgment to the same facts and circumstances could develop different estimates. Actual results that differ from management’s estimates could have an unfavorable effect on our consolidated financial statements. Management believes the following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements:

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues are primarily recognized when the customer obtains control of the product sold, which is generally upon shipment or delivery, depending on the delivery terms specified in the sales agreement. Revenues associated with certain instruments and equipment for which installation is complex, and therefore significantly affects the customer’s ability to use and benefit from the product, are recognized when customer acceptance of these installed products has been confirmed. For certain service arrangements, including extended warranty and software maintenance contracts, revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term. The majority of revenues relating to extended warranty contracts associated with certain instruments and equipment is generally recognized within a few years whereas deferred revenue relating to software maintenance contracts is generally recognized over a longer period.

Our agreements with customers within certain organizational units including Medication Management Solutions, Integrated Diagnostic Solutions and Biosciences, contain multiple performance obligations including both products and certain services noted above. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately may require judgment. The transaction price for these agreements is allocated to each performance obligation based upon its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the amount at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. We generally estimate standalone selling prices using list prices and a consideration of typical discounts offered to customers. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.

Our gross revenues are subject to a variety of deductions, including rebates. These deductions represent estimates of the related obligations and judgment is required when determining the impact on gross revenues for a reporting period. Additional factors considered in the estimate of our rebate liability include the quantification of inventory that is either in stock at or in transit to our distributors, as well as the estimated lag time between the sale of product and the payment of corresponding rebates.

Impairment of Assets

Goodwill assets are subject to impairment reviews at least annually, or whenever indicators of impairment arise. Intangible assets with finite lives, including developed technology, and other long-lived assets, are periodically reviewed for impairment when impairment indicators are present.

We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. Our reporting units represent one level below reporting segments. Our review of goodwill for each reporting unit compares the fair value of the reporting unit, estimated using an income approach, with its carrying value. Our annual goodwill impairment

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test performed on July 1, 2023 did not result in any impairment charges, as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value.

We generally use the income approach to derive the fair value for impairment assessments. This approach calculates fair value by estimating future cash flows attributable to the assets and then discounting these cash flows to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. We selected this method because we believe the income approach most appropriately measures the value of our income producing assets. This approach requires significant management judgment with respect to future volume, revenue and expense growth rates, changes in working capital use, appropriate discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates. The estimates and assumptions used are consistent with BD’s business plans. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the asset. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates.

Income Taxes

BD maintains valuation allowances where it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are included in our tax provision in the period of change. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, management evaluates factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carryback and carryforward periods, and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of realization of a deferred tax asset.

BD conducts business and files tax returns in numerous countries and currently has tax audits in progress in a number of tax jurisdictions. In evaluating the exposure associated with various tax filing positions, we record accruals for uncertain tax positions based on the technical support for the positions, our past audit experience with similar situations, and the potential interest and penalties related to the matters. BD’s effective tax rate in any given period could be impacted if, upon resolution with taxing authorities, we prevailed in positions for which reserves have been established, or we were required to pay amounts in excess of established reserves.

We have reviewed our needs in the United States for possible repatriation of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and we continue to invest foreign subsidiaries earnings outside of the United States to fund foreign investments or meet foreign working capital and property, plant and equipment expenditure needs. As a result, we are permanently reinvested with respect to all of our historical foreign earnings as of September 30, 2023. Additional disclosures regarding our accounting for income taxes are provided in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Contingencies

We are involved, both as a plaintiff and a defendant, in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, including, without limitation, product liability and environmental matters, as further discussed in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses. We establish accruals to the extent probable future losses are estimable (and in the case of environmental matters, without considering possible third-party recoveries). A determination of the amount of accruals for these contingencies is made after analysis of each individual matter. When appropriate, the accrual is developed with the consultation of outside counsel and, in the case of certain mass tort litigation, actuarial specialists regarding the nature, timing and extent of each matter. The accruals may change in the future due to new developments in each matter or changes in our litigation strategy. We record expected recoveries from product liability insurance carriers or other parties when realization of recovery is deemed probable.

Given the uncertain nature of litigation generally, we are not able in all cases to estimate the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of the litigation to which we are a party. In view of these uncertainties, we could incur charges in excess of any currently established accruals and, to the extent available, liability insurance. In the opinion of management, any such future charges, individually or in the

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aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on BD’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition and/or consolidated cash flows.

Benefit Plans

We have significant net pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit obligations that are measured using actuarial valuations which include assumptions for the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. These assumptions have a significant effect on the amounts reported. In addition to the analysis below, see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional discussion.

The discount rate is selected each year based on investment grade bonds and other factors as of the measurement date (September 30). Specifically for the U.S. plans, we will use a discount rate of 6.01% for 2024, which was based on an actuarially-determined, company-specific yield curve to measure liabilities as of the measurement date. To calculate the pension expense in 2024, we will apply the individual spot rates along the yield curve that correspond with the timing of each future cash outflow for benefit payments in order to calculate interest cost and service cost. Additional disclosures regarding the method to be used in calculating the interest cost and service cost components of pension expense for 2024 are provided in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption, although reviewed each year, changes less frequently due to the long-term nature of the assumption. This assumption does not impact the measurement of assets or liabilities as of the measurement date; rather, it is used only in the calculation of pension expense. To determine the expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets, we consider many factors, including our historical assumptions compared with actual results; benchmark data; expected returns on various plan asset classes, as well as current and expected asset allocations. We will use a long-term expected rate of return on plan assets assumption of 7.5% for the U.S. pension plan in 2024. We believe our discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumptions are appropriate based upon the above factors.

Sensitivity to changes in key assumptions for our U.S. pension and other postretirement and postemployment plans are as follows:

•Discount rate — A change of plus (minus) 25 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have an estimated $5 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on the total U.S. net pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit plan costs. This estimate assumes no change in the shape or steepness of the company-specific yield curve used to plot the individual spot rates that will be applied to the future cash outflows for future benefit payments in order to calculate interest and service cost.

•Expected return on plan assets — A change of plus (minus) 25 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have an estimated $3 million favorable (unfavorable) impact on U.S. pension plan costs.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. BD and its representatives may also, from time to time, make certain forward-looking statements in publicly released materials, both written and oral, including statements contained in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases, and our reports to shareholders. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “plan,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “will,” “may,” “anticipate,” “estimate” and other words of similar meaning in conjunction with, among other things, discussions of future operations and financial performance (including volume growth, pricing, sales and earnings per share growth, and cash flows) and statements regarding our strategy for growth, liquidity, future product development, regulatory approvals, competitive position and expenditures. All statements that address our future operating performance or events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future are forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are, and will be, based on management’s then-current views and

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assumptions regarding future events, developments and operating performance, and speak only as of their dates. Investors should realize that if underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, or risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from our expectations and projections. Investors are therefore cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Furthermore, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events and developments or otherwise, except as required by applicable law or regulations.

The following are some important factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our expectations in any forward-looking statements. For further discussion of certain of these factors, see Item 1A. Risk Factors in this report and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

•General global, regional or national economic downturns and macroeconomic trends, including heightened inflation, capital market volatility, interest rate and currency rate fluctuations, and economic slowdown or recession, that may result in unfavorable conditions that could negatively affect demand for our products and services, impact the prices we can charge for our products and services, disrupt our supply chain. impair our ability to produce our products, or increase borrowing costs.

•The impact of inflation and disruptions in our global supply chain on BD and our suppliers (particularly sole-source suppliers and providers of sterilization services), including fluctuations in the cost and availability of oil-based resins and other raw materials, as well as certain components, used in the production or sterilization of our products, transportation constraints and delays, product shortages, energy shortages or increased energy costs, labor shortages or disputes, and increased operating and labor costs.

•Conditions in international markets, including social and political conditions, geopolitical developments such as the ongoing situations in Ukraine, the Middle East and Asia, civil unrest, terrorist activity, governmental changes, restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders, economic sanctions, export controls, tariffs and other protectionist measures and barriers to market participation (such as local company and products preferences), difficulties in protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights and governmental expropriation of assets. Our international operations also increase our compliance risks, including risks under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption and bribery laws, as well as regulatory and privacy laws.

•Competitive factors that could adversely affect our operations, including new product introductions and technologies (for example, new forms of drug delivery or novel medical therapies) by our current or future competitors, consolidation or strategic alliances among healthcare companies, distributors and/or payers of healthcare to improve their competitive position or develop new models for the delivery of healthcare, increased pricing pressure due to the impact of low-cost manufacturers, patents attained by competitors (particularly as patents on our products expire), new entrants into our markets and changes in the practice of medicine.

•Changes in the way healthcare services are delivered, including transition of more care from acute to non-acute settings and increased focus on chronic disease management, which may affect the demand for our products and services. Additionally, budget constraints and staffing shortages, particularly shortages of nursing staff, may affect the prioritization of healthcare services, which could also impact the demand for certain of our products and services.

•Our ability to achieve our projected level or mix of product sales, as our earnings forecasts are based on projected sales volumes and pricing of many product types, some of which are more profitable than others.

•Changes in the coverage or reimbursement landscape, or adverse decisions relating to our products by governments or third-party payers, which could reduce demand for our products or the price we can charge for such products.

•Cost-containment efforts in the U.S. or in other countries in which we do business, such as alternative payment reform and increased use of competitive bidding and tenders, including, without limitation, any

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expansion of the volume-based procurement process in China or the implementation of similar cost-containment efforts.

•Risks relating to our overall level of indebtedness, including our ability to service our debt and refinance our indebtedness, which is dependent upon the capital markets and the overall macroeconomic environment and our financial condition at such time.

•Changes in the domestic and foreign healthcare industry or in medical practices that result in a reduction in procedures using our products or increased pricing pressures, including cost-reduction measures instituted by and the continued consolidation among healthcare providers.

•The effects of regulatory or other events (such as public health crises) that adversely impact our supply chain, including our ability to manufacture (including sterilize) our products (particularly where production of a product line or sterilization operations are concentrated in one or more plants), source materials or components or services from suppliers (including sole-source suppliers) that are needed for such manufacturing (including sterilization), or provide products to our customers, including events that impact key distributors. In particular, there has been increased regulatory focus on the use and emission of ethylene oxide in sterilization processes, and additional regulatory requirements have been proposed and may be imposed in the future that could adversely impact BD or our third-party sterilization providers.

•Security breaches of our information and technology systems or our products, which could impair our ability to conduct business, result in the loss of BD trade secrets or otherwise compromise sensitive information of BD or its customers, suppliers and other business partners, or of patients, including sensitive personal data, or result in product efficacy or safety concerns for certain of our products, and result in actions by regulatory bodies or civil litigation.

•Product efficacy or safety concerns regarding our products resulting in product holds or recalls, regulatory action on the part of the FDA or foreign counterparts (including restrictions on future product clearances and civil penalties), declining sales and product liability claims, and damage to our reputation. As a result of the CareFusion acquisition, our U.S. infusion pump business is operating under a Consent Decree with the FDA. The Consent Decree authorizes the FDA, in the event of any violations in the future, to order our U.S. infusion pump business to cease manufacturing and distributing products, recall products or take other actions, and order the payment of significant monetary damages if the business subject to the decree fails to comply with any provision of the Consent Decree. In accordance with our commitments to the FDA, the overall timing of replacement or remediation of the BD Alaris™ Infusion Systems and return to market in the U.S. may be impacted by, among other things, customer readiness, supply continuity and our continued engagement with the FDA.

•Difficulties inherent in product development, including the potential inability to successfully continue technological innovation, successfully complete clinical trials, obtain and maintain regulatory approvals and registrations in the U.S. and abroad, obtain intellectual property protection for our products, obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement for new products, or gain and maintain market approval of products, as well as the possibility of infringement claims by competitors with respect to patents or other intellectual property rights, all of which could preclude or delay commercialization of a product. Delays in obtaining necessary approvals or clearances from the FDA or other regulatory agencies or changes in the regulatory process may also delay product launches and increase development costs.

•Any impact that public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, including COVID-19, may have on our business, the global economy and the global healthcare system. This may include decreases in the demand for our products, disruptions to our operations or the operations of our suppliers and customers, disruptions to our supply chain, or increases in transportation costs.

•The impact of changes in U.S. federal or foreign laws and policies that could affect fiscal and tax policies, taxation (including tax reforms, such as the implementation of a global minimum tax, that could adversely impact multinational corporations), and international trade, including import and export

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regulation and international trade agreements. In particular, tariffs, sanctions or other trade barriers imposed by the U.S. or other countries could adversely impact our supply chain costs or otherwise adversely impact our results of operations.

•The risks associated with the spin-off of our former Diabetes Care business, including factors that could adversely affect our ability to realize the expected benefits of the spin-off, or the qualification of the spin-off as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

•The impact of business combinations or divestitures, including any volatility in earnings relating to acquisition-related costs, and our ability to successfully integrate any business we may acquire.

•Our ability to penetrate or expand our operations in emerging markets, which depends on local economic and political conditions, and how well we are able to make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities and distribution networks.

•Deficit reduction efforts or other actions that reduce the availability of government funding for healthcare and research, which could weaken demand for our products and result in additional pricing pressures, as well as create potential collection risks associated with such sales.

•Fluctuations in university or U.S. and international governmental funding and policies for life sciences research.

•Our ability to recruit and retain key employees and the impact of labor conditions which could increase employee turnover or increase our labor and operating costs and negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our business.

•Fluctuations in the demand for products we sell to pharmaceutical companies that are used to manufacture, or are sold with, the products of such companies, as a result of funding constraints, consolidation or otherwise.

•The impact of climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change, such as regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, zero-carbon energy and sustainability mandates, and additional taxes on fuel and energy, and changing customer preferences and requirements, such as those regarding the use of materials of concern, increased demand for products with lower environmental footprints, and for companies to set and demonstrate progress against greenhouse gas reduction plans and targets.

•Natural disasters, including the impacts of hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, fires, earthquakes and floods and other extreme weather events, global health pandemics, war, terrorism, labor disruptions and international conflicts that could cause significant economic disruption and political and social instability, resulting in decreased demand for our products, adversely affect our manufacturing and distribution capabilities or cause interruptions in our supply chain.

•Pending and potential future litigation or other proceedings asserting, and/or investigations concerning and/or subpoenas and requests seeking information with respect to, alleged violations of law (including in connection with federal and/or state healthcare programs (such as Medicare or Medicaid) and/or sales and marketing practices (such as investigative subpoenas and the civil investigative demands received by BD)), potential anti-corruption and related internal control violations under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, antitrust claims, securities law claims, product liability (which may involve lawsuits seeking class action status or seeking to establish multi-district litigation proceedings, including pending claims relating to our hernia repair implant products, surgical continence products for women, vena cava filter products and implantable ports), claims with respect to environmental matters, data privacy breaches and patent infringement, and the availability or collectability of insurance relating to any such claims.

•New or changing laws and regulations affecting our domestic and foreign operations, or changes in enforcement practices, including, without limitation, laws relating to sales practices, environmental protection and reporting, price controls, privacy, cybersecurity, and licensing and regulatory

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requirements for new products and products in the post-marketing phase. In particular, the U.S. and other countries may impose new requirements regarding registration, labeling or prohibited materials that may require us to re-register products already on the market or otherwise impact our ability to market our products. Environmental laws, particularly with respect to the emission of greenhouse gases, are also becoming more stringent throughout the world, which may increase our costs of operations or necessitate changes in our manufacturing plants or processes or those of our suppliers, or result in liability to BD.

•The effect of adverse media exposure or other publicity regarding BD’s business or operations, including the effect on BD’s reputation or demand for its products.

•The effect of market fluctuations on the value of assets in BD’s pension plans and on actuarial interest rate and asset return assumptions, which could require BD to make additional contributions to the plans or increase our pension plan expense.

•Our ability to obtain the anticipated benefits of restructuring programs, if any, that we may undertake.

•Issuance of new or revised accounting standards by the FASB or the SEC.

The foregoing list sets forth many, but not all, of the factors that could impact our ability to achieve results described in any forward-looking statements. Investors should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors and should not consider this list to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties.

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Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes presented in this report. Within the tables presented throughout this discussion, certain columns may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages and earnings per share amounts presented are calculated from the underlying amounts. References to years throughout this discussion relate to our fiscal years, which end on September 30.

Company Overview

Description of the Company and Business Segments

Becton, Dickinson and Company (“BD”) is a global medical technology company engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of a broad range of medical supplies, devices, laboratory equipment and diagnostic products used by healthcare institutions, physicians, life science researchers, clinical laboratories, the pharmaceutical industry and the general public. The Company's organizational structure is based upon three principal business segments, BD Medical (“Medical”), BD Life Sciences (“Life Sciences”) and BD Interventional (“Interventional”).

BD’s products are manufactured and sold worldwide. Our products are marketed in the United States and internationally through independent distribution channels and directly to end-users by BD and independent sales representatives. We organize our operations outside the United States as follows: EMEA (which includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa); Greater Asia (which includes countries in Greater China, Japan, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Korea, Australia and New Zealand); Latin America (which includes Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America); and Canada. We continue to pursue growth opportunities in emerging markets, which include the following geographic regions: Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and certain countries within Greater Asia. We are primarily focused on certain countries whose healthcare systems are expanding.

Strategic Objectives

BD remains focused on delivering durable growth, creating shareholder value and making appropriate investments for the future. BD 2025, our vehicle for value creation, is anchored in three key pillars: grow, simplify and empower. BD's management team aligns our operating model and investments with these key strategic pillars through continuous focus on the following underlying objectives:

Grow

•Developing and maintaining a strong portfolio of leading products and solutions that address significant unmet clinical needs, improve outcomes, and reduce costs;

•Focusing on our core products, services and solutions that deliver greater benefits to patients, healthcare workers and researchers;

•Investing in research and development that leads to and expands category leadership, as well as results in a robust product pipeline;

•Accelerating innovation in smart connected care, enabling new care settings and improving chronic disease outcomes;

•Leveraging our global scale to expand our reach in providing access to affordable medical technologies around the world, including emerging markets;

•Supplementing our internal growth through strategic acquisitions in faster growing market segments;

•Driving an efficient capital structure and strong shareholder returns.

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Simplify

•Driving operating effectiveness and margin expansion by increasing factory productivity and asset efficiencies;

•Reducing complexity and improving customer experience by rationalizing our product portfolio and through the simplification and optimization of our operating model;

•Making strategic investments to advance quality culture and our core quality management system to serve our patients and ensure we are a best-in-class, proactive quality-driven organization;

•Working across our supply chain to responsibly source materials and goods, as well as to reduce environmental impacts;

•Creating more resilient operations through investments in an enterprise-wide renewable energy strategy;

•Focusing on cash management in order to improve balance sheet productivity.

Empower

•Fostering a purpose-driven culture with a focus on positive impact to all stakeholders–customers, patients, employees and communities;

•Improving our ability to serve customers and enhance customer experiences through the digitalization of internal processes and go-to-market approaches;

•Driving sustainability initiatives within our organizational units to support enterprise-wide collaboration towards our sustainability strategy;

•Cultivating an inclusive work environment that welcomes and celebrates diverse talent and perspectives;

•Growing and enabling talent through training, development and reskilling strategies.

In assessing the outcomes of these strategies as well as BD’s financial condition and operating performance, management generally reviews forecast data, monthly actual results, including segment sales, and other similar information. We also consider trends related to certain key financial data, including gross profit margin, selling and administrative expense, investment in research and development, return on invested capital, and cash flows.

BD’s Spin-Off of Diabetes Care

On April 1, 2022, BD completed the separation and distribution of Embecta, formerly BD's Diabetes Care business, into a separate, publicly-traded company. The historical results of the Diabetes Care business (previously included in BD’s Medical segment), as well as interest expense related to indebtedness incurred by Embecta prior to the spin-off date, have been reflected as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements for all periods prior to the spin-off date of April 1, 2022. Additional disclosures regarding our spin-off of the Diabetes Care business are provided in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Key Trends Affecting Results of Operations

As noted above, our products are manufactured and sold worldwide, which exposes our operations, supply chain and suppliers to various global macroeconomic factors. The factors which were most impactful to our fiscal year 2022 results and that continue to be impactful to our operating results include the following:

•Inflation, which has increased the costs of raw materials, components, labor, energy, and logistical services;

•Availability of skilled labor (especially in North America), global energy sources, raw materials and electronic components; and

•Constrained logistics capacity related to the movement of goods around the globe.

During fiscal year 2022, the shortages of certain raw materials and components, delays in global transportation and labor shortages in our manufacturing facilities increased lead times for some of our product

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offerings. Also, significant inflationary pressures impacted our supply chain costs in certain areas throughout 2022. We experienced higher costs for raw materials, particularly resins, as well as for electronic components and freight. These increased costs put pressure on our operating expenses and the costs of our investments. We have been mitigating these inflationary pressures through the following:

•Driving strategic procurement initiatives to leverage alternative sources of raw material and transportation;

•Implementing cost-containment measures, as well as intensifying continuous improvement and restructuring programs in our manufacturing and distribution facilities;

•Continuing strategic product line rationalization programs as part of our simplification strategy; and

•Optimizing our sales through product allocation and customer management.

The COVID-19 pandemic continued to drive volatile global economic conditions during our fiscal year 2022. Utilization rates for most of our products have recovered compared to pre-pandemic levels; however, future resurgences in COVID-19 infections or new strains of the virus may affect the prioritization of non-acute versus acute healthcare utilization, which may temporarily weaken future demand for certain of our products and increase the demand for other of our products. The pandemic has contributed to the inflationary pressures and supply chain disruptions discussed above and these challenges could persist if governments impose lockdowns, quarantine requirements and other restrictions in order to control rates of COVID-19 infections, such as in China.

Additionally, the pandemic has escalated challenges that existed for global healthcare systems prior to the pandemic, including budget constraints and staffing shortages, particularly shortages of nursing staff. Changes in the ways healthcare services are delivered, including the transition of more care from acute to non-acute settings and increased focus on chronic disease management, may place additional financial pressure on hospitals and the broader healthcare system. Healthcare institutions may take actions to mitigate any persistent pressures on their budgets and such actions could impact the future demand for our products and services. Additionally, staffing shortages within healthcare systems may affect the prioritization of healthcare services, which could also impact the demand for certain of our products.

Geopolitical conditions may also impact our operations. Our operations in Russia and Ukraine are not material to our financial results, and as such, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine did not materially impact our results of operations in 2022. However, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict and/or an escalation of the conflict beyond its current scope may further weaken the global economy and could result in additional inflationary pressures and supply chain constraints, including the unavailability and cost of energy. Due to the significant uncertainty that exists relative to the duration and overall impact of the macroeconomic factors discussed above, our future operating performance, particularly in the short-term, may be subject to volatility. The impacts of macroeconomic conditions on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows are dependent on certain factors, including those discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Summary of Financial Results

Worldwide revenues in 2022 of $18.870 billion decreased 1.4% from the prior-year period. This decrease reflected the following impacts:

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While resurgences of COVID-19 infections have continued to occur in various countries around the world, demand for our SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics tests and injection devices used for COVID-19 vaccinations has declined from the peak testing and vaccination levels reached earlier in the pandemic. As such, our fiscal year 2022 revenues in our Life Sciences segment reflected sales related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus, BD VeritorTM At-Home and BD MaxTM Systems of $511 million, compared with revenues from such testing products in 2021 of $1.956 billion.

Volume in 2022 was driven by demand for our core products and reflected strong demand across all of our segments’ units, particularly in the Medical segment’s Medication Delivery Solutions and Pharmaceutical Systems units, as well as in the Life Sciences segment’s Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit.

We continue to invest in research and development, strategic tuck-in acquisitions, geographic expansion, and new product programs to drive further revenue and profit growth. Our ability to sustain our long-term growth will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to expand our core business (including geographical expansion), develop innovative new products, and continue to improve operating efficiency and organizational effectiveness. As further discussed above, current global economic conditions have been relatively volatile due to various macroeconomic factors. We are mitigating the inflationary pressures on our businesses through the various strategies discussed above. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively mitigate such inflationary pressures in future periods, and an inability to offset inflationary pressures, at least in part, through the strategies discussed above could adversely impact our results of operations.

Our financial position remains strong, with cash flows from continuing operating activities totaling $2.471 billion in 2022. At September 30, 2022, we had $1.167 billion in cash and equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash. We continued to return value to our shareholders in the form of dividends. During fiscal year 2022, we paid cash dividends of $1.082 billion, including $992 million paid to common shareholders and $90 million paid to preferred shareholders. We also repurchased approximately $500 million of our common stock during fiscal year 2022.

Each reporting period, we face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our worldwide operations to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that fluctuate from the beginning of such period. A stronger U.S. dollar, compared to the prior-year period, resulted in an unfavorable foreign currency translation impact to our revenues during 2022. The flow of foreign currency impacts to our earnings depends on various factors including our inventory turnover, our ability to leverage our global supply chain and the current-period mix of our sales, from both a product and geographic perspective. These factors resulted in a favorable foreign currency impact to earnings during 2022.

We evaluate our results of operations on both a reported and a foreign currency-neutral basis, which excludes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As exchange rates are an important factor in understanding period-to-period comparisons, we believe the presentation of results on a foreign currency-neutral basis in addition to reported results helps improve investors’ ability to understand our operating results and evaluate our performance in comparison to prior periods. Foreign currency-neutral ("FXN") information compares results between periods as if exchange rates had remained constant period-over-period. We use results on a foreign currency-neutral basis as one measure to evaluate our performance. We calculate foreign currency-neutral percentages by converting our current-period local currency financial results using the prior-period foreign currency exchange rates and comparing these adjusted amounts to our current-period results. These results should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results reported in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Results on a foreign currency-neutral basis, as we present them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not measures of performance presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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Results of Operations

Medical Segment

The following summarizes Medical revenues by organizational unit:

(a)Prior-period amounts were recast to reflect former intercompany transactions with Embecta.

The Medication Delivery Solutions unit’s revenue growth in 2022 reflected strong global sales of catheters and vascular care products, which were particularly driven by competitive gains for peripherally inserted intravenous catheter and flush products. Fiscal year 2022 revenues in the Medication Management Solutions unit reflected strong growth in global placements of dispensing systems, partially offset by an unfavorable comparison to the prior-year period, which benefited from pandemic-related demand for infusion pumps and sets. Our acquisition of Parata Systems in 2022 also contributed to revenue growth in the Medication Management Solutions unit. The Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s strong revenue growth in 2022 reflected continued high demand for our prefillable solutions in the high-growth markets for biologic drugs and vaccines.

The Medical segment’s revenue growth in 2021 was aided by a favorable comparison to 2020, which was impacted by COVID-19 pandemic-related declines, particularly in the United States and China. These prior-year pandemic-related declines impacted our Medication Delivery Solutions unit. Fiscal year 2021 revenue growth in the Medication Delivery Solutions unit reflected strong demand for our core offerings, including U.S. demand for catheters and vascular care products, as well as strong global demand for syringes resulting from COVID-19 vaccination efforts. In the Medication Management Solutions unit, lower revenues in 2021 reflected an unfavorable comparison to 2020, which benefited from global pandemic-related infusion pump orders. The Pharmaceutical Systems unit’s revenue growth in 2021 was enabled by capacity expansion efforts and was driven by continued strong demand for our pre-filled devices, which reflected the vial to pre-filled device conversion for biologics, vaccines, and other injectable drugs.

Medical segment operating income was as follows:

The Medical segment's operating income in 2022 was driven by improved gross profit margin and lower operating expenses. Operating income in 2021 was primarily driven by improved gross profit margin.

•The Medical segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected the following:

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◦Favorable product mix with higher sales of high value-added products in the Medication Delivery Systems and Medication Management Solutions units.

◦Lower manufacturing costs resulting from continuous improvement projects which enhanced the efficiency of our operations, as well as favorable impacts from price and foreign currency translation; partially offset by

◦Higher raw material and freight costs, a noncash asset impairment charge of $54 million recorded to write down the carrying value of certain fixed assets, as well as charges of $72 million recorded in 2022 for estimated future costs within the Medication Management Solutions unit associated with remediation efforts related to AlarisTM infusion pumps, compared with charges of $56 million in 2021.

•The Medical segment’s higher gross profit margin in 2021 compared with 2020 primarily reflected the following:

◦A favorable comparison to 2020, which was unfavorably impacted by increased levels of manufacturing overhead costs that were recognized in the period because of the COVID-19 pandemic, rather than capitalized within inventory, and $244 million of net charges recorded in 2020, compared with charges of $56 million in 2021, for remediation efforts related to AlarisTM infusion pumps, as also discussed above;

◦Lower manufacturing costs resulting from continuous improvement projects which enhanced the efficiency of our operations;

◦The unfavorable impacts from foreign currency translation, investments in simplification and other cost saving initiatives, higher raw material and freight costs, as well as product quality remediation expenses.

•Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2022 was lower compared with 2021, which reflected efforts to contain certain selling, travel and other administrative activities, partially offset by higher shipping costs. Selling and administrative expense as a percentage of revenues in 2021 was flat compared with 2020 primarily due to the increase in revenues in 2021, offset by higher travel and other administrative costs compared with 2020, which benefited from cost containment measures enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

•Research and development expense as a percentage of revenues was lower in 2022 compared with 2021, which reflected revenue growth that outpaced the timing of project spending. Research and development expense as a percentage of revenues was higher in 2021 compared with 2020, which reflected our commitment to research and development through continued reinvestment into our growth initiatives.

Life Sciences Segment

The following summarizes Life Sciences revenues by organizational unit:

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The Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s revenues related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus, BD VeritorTM At-Home and BD MaxTM Systems in 2022 of $511 million, were lower as compared with revenues from such testing products in 2021 of $1.956 billion. The Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s fiscal year 2022 revenues benefited from wide clinical adoption of our broader respiratory panel and the expanded base of instruments we installed during the peak levels of the pandemic to facilitate COVID-19-only testing. The Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit’s revenues also reflected growth in sales of our specimen management products due to a recovery of routine lab testing to pre-pandemic levels. The Biosciences unit's revenue growth in 2022 was driven by strong growth in sales of our reagents and instruments, including our recently launched research instruments. Demand for the Biosciences unit’s research reagents was favorably impacted by continued adoption of the unit’s e-commerce platform.

The Life Sciences segment's revenues in 2021 primarily reflected a favorable comparison to 2020, which was significantly impacted by pandemic-related declines in both units. Revenue growth in the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit was also driven by sales related to COVID-19-only diagnostic testing on the BD VeritorTM Plus and BD MaxTM Systems. Routine diagnostic testing levels in the Integrated Diagnostic Solutions unit continued to improve over the course of 2021 and the unit benefited from high demand for our specimen management portfolio, automated blood cultures and ID/AST testing solutions. The Biosciences unit's revenue growth in 2021 benefited from strong demand for instruments and reagents as lab utilization returned to normal levels.

Life Sciences segment operating income was as follows:

The Life Sciences segment's operating income in 2022 was driven by lower gross profit margin and higher operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. Operating income in 2021 reflected improved gross profit margin and operating expense performance.

•The Life Sciences segment’s lower gross profit margin in 2022 compared with 2021 primarily reflected the following: