Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. (CFFN)

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The Company and the Bank may from time to time make written or oral "forward-looking statements," including statements contained in documents filed or furnished by the Company with the SEC. These forward-looking statements may be included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the exhibits attached to it, in the Company's reports to stockholders, in the Company's press releases, and in other communications by the Company, which are made in good faith pursuant to the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

These forward-looking statements include statements about our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The words "may," "could," "should," "would," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "plan" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions expressed in the forward-looking statements:

•our ability to maintain overhead costs at reasonable levels;

•our ability to generate a sufficient volume of loans in order to maintain the loan portfolio balance at a level desired by management;

•our ability to invest funds in wholesale or secondary markets at favorable yields;

•our ability to access cost-effective funding and maintain sufficient liquidity;

•our ability to expand our commercial banking, treasury management, and wealth management products and services across our market areas;

•fluctuations in deposit flows;

•transactions or activities that would result in the recapture of base-year, tax basis bad debt reserves;

•the future earnings and capital levels of the Bank, the impact of potential pre-1988 bad debt recapture and the continued non-objection by our primary federal banking regulators, to the extent required, to distribute capital from the Bank to the Company, which could affect the Company's income tax expense and the Company's ability to pay dividends in accordance with its dividend policy and/or repurchase shares;

•the strength of the U.S. economy in general and in the local economies in which we conduct operations, including areas where we have purchased large amounts of correspondent loans, originated commercial loans, and entered into commercial loan participations;

•changes in real estate values, unemployment levels, general economic trends, and the level and direction of loan delinquencies and charge-offs may require changes in the estimates of the adequacy of the ACL and adversely affect our business;

•increases in classified and/or non-performing assets, which may require the Bank to increase the ACL, charge-off loans and incur elevated collection and carrying costs, or not recognize income for a period of time, related to such non-performing assets;

•results of examinations of the Bank and the Company by their respective primary federal banking regulators, including the possibility that the regulators may, among other things, require us to increase our ACL;

•changes in accounting principles, policies, or guidelines;

•the effects of, and changes in, monetary and interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("FRB");

•the effects of, and changes in, trade and fiscal policies and foreign and military policies of the United States government;

•inflation, interest rate, market, monetary, and currency fluctuations and the effects of a potential economic recession or slower economic growth;

•the impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks and related negative press about the banking industry in general on investor or depositor sentiment;

•the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and the perceived overall value of these products and services by users, including the features, pricing, and quality compared to competitors' products and services;

•the willingness of users to substitute competitors' products and services for our products and services;

•our success in gaining regulatory approval of our products and services and branching locations, when required;

•the impact of interpretations of, and changes in, financial services laws and regulations, including laws concerning taxes, banking, securities, consumer protection, trust and insurance and the impact of other governmental initiatives affecting the financial services industry;

•the ability to attract and retain skilled employees;

•implementing business initiatives may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated;

•significant litigation;

•technological changes and the costs thereof;

•our ability to maintain the security of our financial, accounting, technology, and other operating systems and facilities, including the ability to withstand cyberattacks;

•changes in consumer spending, borrowing, and saving habits; and

•our success at managing the risks involved in our business.

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This list of factors is not all inclusive. For a discussion of risks and uncertainties related to our business that could adversely impact our operations and/or financial results, see "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company or the Bank.

As used in this Form 10-Q, unless we specify or the context indicates otherwise, "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Capitol Federal Financial, Inc. a Maryland corporation, and its subsidiaries. "Capitol Federal Savings," and "the Bank," refer to Capitol Federal Savings Bank, a federal savings bank and the wholly-owned subsidiary of Capitol Federal Financial, Inc.

The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and capital resources of the Company. The Bank comprises almost all of the consolidated assets and liabilities of the Company and the Company is dependent primarily upon the performance of the Bank for the results of its operations. Because of this relationship, references to management actions, strategies and results of actions apply to both the Bank and the Company except where the context indicates otherwise. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, filed with the SEC.

Available Information

Financial and other Company information, including press releases, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports can be obtained free of charge from our investor relations website, https://ir.capfed.com. SEC filings are available on our website immediately after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC, and are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our most critical accounting estimate is our methodology used to determine the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. This estimate is important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations, involves a high degree of complexity, and requires management to make difficult and subjective judgments that may require assumptions about highly uncertain matters. The use of different judgments, assumptions, and estimates could affect reported results materially. This critical accounting estimate and its application is reviewed at least annually by the audit committee of our Board of Directors. For a full discussion of our critical accounting estimates, see "Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

Executive Summary

The following summary should be read in conjunction with the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section in its entirety.

The Company recognized net income of $40.5 million, or $0.32 per share, for the current year six-month period compared to net income of $30.8 million, or $0.24 per share, for the prior year six-month period. The increase in net income was due mainly to higher net interest income, partially offset by higher non-interest expense and a higher provision for credit losses. The net interest margin increased 33 basis points, from 1.89% for the prior year six-month period to 2.22% for the current year six-month period. The increase was due mainly to growth in the higher yielding commercial loan portfolio.

The Bank continues its progression from a primarily retail oriented financial institution to a full-service consumer and commercial bank by strategically investing in technology, products and employees, allowing us to offer new products and services and deliver first-in-class service to our customers. For additional discussion, see the "Strategic Banking Initiatives" section below.

The Company's efficiency ratio was 53.05% for the current year six-month period compared to 59.23% for the prior year six-month period. The improvement in the efficiency ratio was due primarily to higher net interest income compared to the prior year period, partially offset by higher non-interest expense. The Company's operating expense ratio (annualized) for the current year six-month period was 1.24% compared to 1.18% for the prior year six-month period. The operating expense ratio was higher in the current year period due mainly to higher non-interest expense, partially offset by higher average assets compared to the prior year period.

The loan portfolio totaled $8.11 billion at March 31, 2026, a $2.2 million increase from September 30, 2025, which was attributable to $201.8 million increase in commercial loans, offset by a $196.8 million decrease in one- to four-family loans, as the Bank continued to redirect cash flows received from the one- to four-family loan portfolio to the commercial loan portfolio. The growth in the

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commercial loan portfolio was primarily in commercial real estate loans. The weighted average DSCR for commercial loan originations and new participations during the six months ended March 31, 2026 was 2.35x and the weighted average LTV for commercial real estate and construction loans originated and new participations was 70%. The weighted average DSCR and LTV for our commercial real estate and construction loan portfolio was 1.76x and 63%, respectively, at March 31, 2026.

The Bank's asset quality remains strong, reflected in the continued low level of loan delinquency and charge-off ratios. At March 31, 2026, loans 30 to 89 days delinquent were 0.15% of total loans receivable, net, and loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure were 0.17% of total loans receivable, net. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Asset Quality - Delinquent and nonaccrual loans and OREO" below for additional discussion. During the current year six-month period, the Bank had net charge-offs ("NCOs") of $156 thousand.

Total deposits were $6.92 billion at March 31, 2026, an increase of $333.0 million compared to September 30, 2025. The increase was due mainly to growth in the Bank's non-maturity deposit portfolio. Management continues to focus on grow

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and capital resources of the Company. The Bank comprises almost all of the consolidated assets and liabilities of the Company and the Company is dependent primarily upon the performance of the Bank for the results of its operations. Because of this relationship, references to management actions, strategies and results of actions apply to both the Bank and the Company except where the context indicates otherwise.

Executive Summary

The following summary should be read in conjunction with the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section in its entirety.

The Company recognized net income of $68.0 million, or $0.52 per share, for fiscal year 2025 compared to net income of $38.0 million, or $0.29 per share, for the prior fiscal year. The increase in net income was due mainly to higher net interest and non-interest income, partially offset by higher non-interest expense. Non-interest income was lower in the prior fiscal year due mainly to the net losses on the sale of securities associated with the securities strategy. See additional discussion regarding the securities strategy in the "Securities Strategy to Improve Earnings" section below. Excluding the effects of the net loss associated with the securities strategy, earnings per share ("EPS") would have been $0.37 for the prior fiscal year. The increase in EPS, excluding the effects of the net loss associated with the securities strategy, was due primarily to higher net interest income in the current fiscal year.

The net interest margin increased 19 basis points, from 1.77% for the prior fiscal year to 1.96% for the current fiscal year. The increase was due mainly to higher yields on the loan portfolio due to the continued shift of loan balances from the one- to four-family loan portfolio to the higher yielding commercial loan portfolio, which outpaced the increase in the cost of deposits.

The Bank continues to transition from a primarily retail oriented financial institution to one with an expanded focus on commercial customers by strategically growing all aspects of commercial banking through investments in technology, people, products, and services. The Bank is active in commercial lending markets even when the lending opportunity is outside of the Bank's local footprint. For additional discussion, see the "Strategic Banking Initiatives" section below.

The Company's efficiency ratio was 58.33% for the current fiscal year compared to 66.91% for the prior fiscal year. Excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, the efficiency ratio would have been 61.97% for the prior fiscal year. The improvement in the efficiency ratio, excluding the net losses from the securities strategy, was due primarily to higher net interest income compared to the prior fiscal year, partially offset by higher non-interest expense. The Company's operating expense ratio for the current fiscal year was 1.22% compared to 1.17% for the prior fiscal year. The operating expense ratio was higher in the current fiscal year due mainly to higher non-interest expense.

Total assets were $9.78 billion at September 30, 2025, an increase of $251.1 million from September 30, 2024. The increase was due primarily to growth in the loan portfolio, which was largely funded with deposit growth, mainly through the Bank's high yield savings account offering.

Total loans receivable increased $204.6 million from September 30, 2024. The increase was due mainly to the commercial loan portfolio, which increased $607.0 million, or approximately 40%, during the current fiscal year, due primarily to commercial real estate loan growth. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $400.0 million in one- to four-family loans. It is expected that repayments from our one- to four-family loan portfolio will continue to be directed toward supporting commercial loan growth, aligning with our ongoing commitment to expand commercial banking services. Maintaining strong credit quality remains a top priority as we grow our commercial loan portfolio. The weighted average debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR") for commercial loan originations and purchases during the current fiscal year was 1.76x and the weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") for commercial real estate and construction loans originated and purchased was 65%. The weighted average DSCR and LTV for our commercial real estate and construction loans was 1.65x and 61%, respectively, at September 30, 2025.

The Bank's asset quality remains strong, reflected in the continued low level of loan delinquency and charge-off ratios. At September 30, 2025, loans 30 to 89 days delinquent were 0.15% of total loans receivable, net, and loans 90 or more days

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delinquent or in foreclosure were 0.09% of total loans receivable, net. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Asset Quality - Delinquent and nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned ("OREO")" below for additional discussion. During the current fiscal year, net charge-offs ("NCOs") were $198 thousand.

Total liabilities at September 30, 2025 were $8.73 billion, an increase of $235.7 million from September 30, 2024. The increase was due mainly to deposit growth, largely through the Bank's high yield savings account offering, which increased $364.5 million. Management has continued to focus on retaining and growing deposits through the Bank's high yield savings account product, which, as of September 30, 2025, had an annual percentage yield of 4.00% for accounts that meet the $10 thousand minimum balance requirement. The increase in deposits was partially offset by a $228.8 million decrease in borrowings due to principal repayments made on the Bank's amortizing FHLB advances, along with borrowings that matured but were not replaced. Management estimates that the Bank had $2.92 billion in liquidity available at September 30, 2025, based on the Bank's blanket collateral agreement with FHLB and unencumbered securities.

Stockholders' equity totaled $1.05 billion at September 30, 2025, an increase of $15.4 million from September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank's capital ratios exceeded the well-capitalized requirements. The Bank's community bank leverage ratio ("CBLR") as of September 30, 2025 was 9.6%. During the current fiscal year, the Company paid regular quarterly cash dividends totaling $44.2 million, or $0.34 per share and repurchased 618,260 shares for $3.9 million.

At September 30, 2025, the gap between the Bank's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities projected to reprice within one year was $(983.6) million, or (10.1)% of total assets, compared to $(1.51) billion, or (15.8)% of total assets, at September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank exceeded internal policy thresholds for sensitivity to changes in interest rates. See additional discussion in "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

Securities Strategy to Improve Earnings

In October 2023, the Company initiated a securities strategy (the "securities strategy") by selling $1.30 billion of securities, representing 94% of its securities portfolio. Since the Company did not have the intent to hold the $1.30 billion of securities to maturity at September 30, 2023, the Company recognized an impairment loss on those securities of $192.6 million which was reflected in the Company's financial statements for the quarter and fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The securities strategy allowed the Company to improve its earnings stream going forward, beginning in the quarter ended December 31, 2023, by redeploying most of the proceeds into then-current market rate securities. The Company utilized the remaining proceeds to deleverage the balance sheet. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed the sale of securities and recognized $13.3 million ($10.0 million net of tax), or $0.08 per share, of additional loss. See additional information regarding the impact of the securities strategy on our financial measurements in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Average Balance Sheets" below. The $1.30 billion of securities sold had a weighted average yield of 1.22% and an average duration of 3.6 years. With the proceeds from the sale of the securities, the Company purchased $632.0 million of securities yielding 5.75%, paid down $500.0 million of borrowings with a weighted average cost of 4.70%, and held the remaining cash at the FRB of Kansas City earning interest at the reserve balance rate until such time as it could be used to fund commercial lending activities or for other Bank operations.

Strategic Banking Initiatives

The Company is committed to its progression to a full-service commercial bank and is investing in technology, people, products and services to make that happen. Our investments in technology to date have allowed us to launch new services and products, while the addition of seasoned and well-connected commercial bankers, and trust and wealth advisors gives us access to an exciting new customer group. Expanding our product suite of treasury management services enables us to service this new customer group, and expanded marketing and business development has increased the depth of customer relationships. Having completed the second year since embarking on our digital transformation, we have seen our efforts bear fruit and expect progress to accelerate going forward.

Strategic Actions. The long-term success of this transformation is predicated on management's continued focus on deepening relationships with consumer and commercial customers. Management and the Board have committed resources through the growth of talented, skilled and experienced bankers, investments in technology, expanded marketing and outreach, as well as the development and increased internal monitoring of performance metrics that ensure we are on the path to achieve our performance objectives. Through our experienced relationship managers, we deliver customized solutions

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using advanced digital platforms, and sophisticated cash management tools. Additionally, we are leveraging our centralized organizational structure to respond quickly to customers. We are actively pursuing opportunities to expand our non-interest-bearing deposit base and diversify fee-based revenue streams through strategic growth in treasury management services, trust and wealth management services, insurance, and small business banking.

Commercial Lending. During the current fiscal year, we closed on $901.9 million in commercial loans compared to $350.6 million in the prior fiscal year and commercial loans continue to grow as a percentage of our overall loan portfolio. As of September 30, 2025, commercial loans comprised 26% of our loan portfolio compared to 19% at the prior fiscal year end. To maintain strong credit quality, in addition to disciplined underwriting and ongoing credit administration, we monitor concentration levels by collateral type, geographic location and borrowing relationship. During the current fiscal year, the Bank implemented commercial loan pricing and profitability software that provides insights based on the full customer banking relationship. We also implemented software that provides market insight regarding competitor pricing to assist loan officers when preparing a loan offering. This has increased our ability to profitably compete with other financial institutions in our markets as well as those outside our markets.

Treasury Management. The Bank services commercial customers through a competitive suite of treasury management products and an experienced team of treasury management officers. This team is focused on the deposit and cash management needs of commercial customers and growing this line of business through the acquisition of new customers located both in our immediate market areas, and those who we lend to outside of our local market areas. Additionally, this fiscal year, the Bank deployed a team of business development officers tasked with growing the deposit base within the small business customer segment, focused on serving small businesses in our market areas with a dedicated line of products specifically designed for these customers. The Bank expects to introduce digital onboarding for small business customers using industry-leading risk management and screening tools, which will replace many manual verification tasks. Additionally, as we add more sophisticated commercial clients, we are evaluating new technology in order to capture a larger share of their business with additional products and services. Within calendar year 2026, we expect to implement new technology for lockbox services, integrated accounts receivables, purchase cards and corporate cards. While the majority of our commercial deposit growth in fiscal year 2025 resulted from commercial loan covenants and provisions, our treasury management officers and business development officers often land depository relationships independent of a lending relationship. This will be a focus area for our sales teams as the Bank continues to diversify funding sources and seeks to increase fee revenue tied to depository accounts.

Digital Banking. We are advancing towards a seamless digital banking experience for all customers, enhancing the Bank's ability to attract and retain deposits. This strategy includes a new deposit account onboarding platform that was implemented in November 2024 and digital banking enhancements for debit cardholders which will allow customers to begin using their card immediately online and in digital wallets without waiting for the delivery of a physical card. These enhancements are projected to be implemented in the second quarter of fiscal year 2026. Since changing core and digital providers in August 2023, the Bank has taken advantage of our open-source platforms through the evaluation of add-on technologies that will integrate into our digital banking experience for consumers, small businesses, and commercial customers.

Private Banking, Trust and Wealth Management. We are preparing to implement a comprehensive suite of private banking products and services which is a new line of business for the Bank. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, the Bank added several seasoned and well-connected wealth management professionals to focus on these products and services. Their expertise in private banking and related areas will support our new private banking efforts and is expected to transform our trust and wealth management business. Private banking relationships are defined as customers with $5 million or more in personal relationships with the Bank by way of loans, deposits, or assets under management. Private banking customers began onboarding during the first quarter of fiscal year 2026. We believe that our private banking line of business will be a gateway to driving off-balance sheet revenue and bridge the gap between high-net-worth depository customers, small business owners or key commercial customers, and corporate trustee opportunities for the Bank.

Stockholder Value. Delivering long-term sustainable stockholder value will continue to be our North Star while also maintaining a strong capital position. As part of our historically robust and disciplined approach to capital management, our approach continues to generate returns to stockholders through dividend payments and share repurchases. Total dividends declared and paid during fiscal year 2025 were $44.3 million. The Company repurchased 618,260 shares for $3.9 million during fiscal year 2025, all of which occurred in the last quarter of the fiscal year. Since completing our second-step conversion in December 2010, we have returned $2.01 billion to stockholders through $1.57 billion in cash dividends and

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$439.9 million of share repurchases. For fiscal year 2026, it is the intention of the Board of Directors to continue the regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.085 per share and to seek further opportunities for value-enhancing share repurchases.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our most critical accounting estimate is the methodology used to determine the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. This estimate is important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations, involves a high degree of complexity, and requires management to make difficult and subjective judgments that may require assumptions about highly uncertain matters.  The use of different judgments, assumptions, and estimates could affect reported results materially.  This critical accounting estimate and its application is reviewed at least annually by our audit committee. The following is a description of our critical accounting estimate and an explanation of the methods and assumptions underlying its application.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The ACL is a valuation amount that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and represents management's estimate of total expected credit losses for the Company's loans over their remaining contractual lives, as of the balance sheet date. The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures represents expected credit losses on unfunded portions of existing loans and commitments to originate or purchase loans that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company, as of the balance sheet date.

Management estimates the ACL utilizing a discounted cash flow model by projecting future loss rates which are dependent upon forecasted economic indices and applying qualitative factors when deemed appropriate by management. The key assumptions used in projecting future loss rates include the economic forecast, the forecast and reversion to mean time periods, and prepayment and curtailment assumptions. The assumptions are used to calculate and aggregate estimated cash flows for the time period that remains in each loan's contractual life. The cash flows are discounted back to the balance sheet date using each loan's effective yield, to arrive at a present value of expected cash flows, which is compared to the amortized cost basis of the loan pool to determine the amount of ACL required by the calculation. Management then considers qualitative factors when assessing the overall level of ACL. See "Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Receivable" and "Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures" within "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for additional information.

One of the most significant judgments used in projecting loss rates when estimating the ACL is the macroeconomic forecast provided by a third party. The economic indices sourced from the macroeconomic forecast and used in projecting loss rates are the national unemployment rate, changes in commercial real estate prices, changes in home values, changes in the United States consumer price index, and changes in the United States gross domestic product. The economic index used in the calculation to which the calculation is most sensitive is the national unemployment rate. Each reporting period, several macroeconomic forecast scenarios are considered by management. Management selects the macroeconomic forecast(s) that is/are most reflective of expectations at that point in time. Changes in the macroeconomic forecast could significantly impact the calculated estimated credit losses between reporting periods.

Other key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model include the forecast and reversion to mean time periods and prepayment and curtailment assumptions. The calculation is less sensitive to these assumptions than the macroeconomic forecasts. The macroeconomic forecast is applied for a reasonable and supportable time period before reverting to long-term historical averages for each economic index. The forecast and reversion to mean time period used for each economic index at September 30, 2025 was four quarters. Prepayment and curtailment assumptions are generally based on the Company's historical experience and are adjusted by management as deemed necessary. The prepayment and curtailment assumptions vary for each respective loan pool in the model.

The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is calculated by applying the ACL to loan ratio for each respective loan pool, as calculated by the discounted cash flow model discussed above, to an adjusted off-balance sheet credit exposures balance. The off-balance sheet credit exposures balance is adjusted to account for the likelihood that funding of the related balance will occur. Management generally determines the likelihood of funding based on historical experience, but it may be adjusted by management as deemed necessary based upon their knowledge of the composition of the underlying off-balance sheet credit exposure balances.

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The ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may be materially affected by qualitative factors, for items not reflected in the economic forecast and/or discounted cash flow model, but which are deemed appropriate by management's current assessment of the risks related to the loan portfolio and/or external factors. Such qualitative factors may include changes in the Company's loan portfolio composition and credit concentrations, changes in the balances and/or trends in asset quality and/or loan credit performance, changes in lending underwriting standards, the effect of other external factors such as significant unique events or conditions, and actual and/or expected changes in economic conditions, real estate values, and/or other economic developments. Management applied qualitative factors at September 30, 2025 to account for large dollar commercial real estate loan concentrations and potential risk of loss in market value for newer one- to four-family loans. The qualitative factors applied at September 30, 2025, and the importance and levels of the qualitative factors applied, may change in future periods depending on the level of changes to items such as the uncertainty of economic conditions and management's assessment of the level of credit risk within the loan portfolio as a result of such changes, compared to the amount of ACL calculated by the model. The evaluation of qualitative factors is inherently imprecise and requires significant management judgment. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses - Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the qualitative factors applied at September 30, 2025.

The ACL and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures were $24.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively, at September 30, 2025, compared to $23.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, at September 30, 2024. During the current fiscal year, the Company updated the regression analyses used in the discounted cash flow model which resulted in some changes to the amounts and levels of ACL calculated by the model for commercial loans. The regression analyses were updated in order to assist management in estimating expected credit losses in the commercial loan portfolio due to growth in this portfolio, including growth in market areas outside of the Bank's local market footprint. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Allowance For Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the regression analysis update that occurred during fiscal year 2025.

While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the adequacy of the ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is determined by certain factors outside of the Company's control, such as the performance of our loan portfolio, changes in the economic environment including economic uncertainty, changes in interest rates, and the view of the regulatory authorities toward classification of assets and the level of ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. Additionally, the level of ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may fluctuate based on the balance and mix of the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet credit exposures. If actual results differ significantly from our assumptions, our ACL and reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures may not be sufficient to cover inherent losses in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our ACL and an increase in the provision for credit losses.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of Recent Accounting Pronouncements, see "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

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Financial Condition

The following table summarizes the Company's financial condition at the dates indicated.

Loans Receivable. The Bank originates or participates with other lenders in commercial loans, either secured by real estate or for commercial and industrial purposes, and first mortgages on owner-occupied, one- to four-family residences. The Bank also originates consumer loans primarily secured by one- to four-family residential properties. The Bank historically purchased loans secured by one- to four-family residences from correspondent lenders but suspended that line of business during fiscal year 2024. During fiscal year 2025, the loan portfolio mix continued to shift from one- to four-family loans to commercial loans. Total loans, net at September 30, 2025 were $8.11 billion, an increase of $204.6 million from September 30, 2024. The increase in the loan portfolio was due mainly to a $607.0 million increase in commercial loans, partially offset by a $400.0 million decrease in one-to four-family loans.

As a result of continued high interest rates and a lack of housing inventory, which has reduced the volume of housing market transactions, our one- to four-family origination and refinance activity has slowed, directly impacting the Bank's one- to four-family loan portfolio. Management expects the Bank's one- to four-family originated loan portfolio will continue to decrease as the affordability of housing remains challenging, there is a limited supply of homes for sale and we compete with nationwide online mortgage originators. It is expected that cash flows generated from the repayments of our one- to four-family portfolio will continue to be used to fund commercial loan growth.

The Bank originates one- to four-family loans primarily in our market areas of Kansas and Missouri. The balance of originated one- to four-family loans was $3.77 billion as of September 30, 2025 and represented 64% of the Bank's one- to four-family loan portfolio.

The Bank previously purchased one- to four-family loans, on a loan-by-loan basis, from a select group of correspondent lenders ("correspondent purchased"). Loan purchases enabled the Bank to attain geographic diversification in its one- to four-family loan portfolio. We generally paid a premium of 0.50% to 1.00% of the loan balance to purchase these loans, and 1.00% of the loan balance to purchase the servicing of these loans. The premium paid is amortized against the interest earned over the life of the loan, which reduces the loan yield. If a loan pays off before the scheduled maturity date, the remaining premium is recognized as a reduction of interest income. At September 30, 2025 the balance of one- to four-family correspondent purchased loans was $2.00 billion, or 34% of the Bank's one- to four-family loan portfolio, and is included in the one- to four-family purchased amount in the tables below. As noted above, the Bank suspended its one- to four-family correspondent lending channels during fiscal year 2024.

The Bank also previously purchased one- to four-family loans from correspondent and nationwide lenders in bulk loan packages. The majority of the Bank's bulk purchased loans as of September 30, 2025 are guaranteed by one seller. The Bank has not experienced any losses with this group of loans since the loan package was purchased in August 2012. At September 30, 2025 the balance of one- to four-family bulk purchased loans was $114.2 million and is included in the one- to four-family purchased amount in the tables below.

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The Bank originates owner-occupied construction-to-permanent loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in Kansas and Missouri. The Bank's owner-occupied construction-to-permanent loan program combines the construction loan and the permanent loan into one loan, allowing the borrower to secure the same interest rate structure throughout the construction period and the permanent loan term.

The Bank's commercial loan portfolio is composed of commercial real estate loans, commercial construction loans and commercial and industrial loans. Our commercial real estate loans include a variety of property types, including hotels, senior housing facilities, multi-family dwellings, retail buildings, and office buildings located in Kansas, Missouri, Texas, and 19 other states as of September 30, 2025. The Bank's commercial and industrial loan portfolio consists largely of loans secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. These loans are generally made to borrowers located in Kansas and Missouri. The Bank regularly monitors the level of risk in the entire commercial loan portfolio, including concentrations in such factors as geographic location, collateral type, tenant profile, borrowing relationship, and lending relationship in the case of participation loans, among other factors.

Commercial borrowers are generally required to provide financial information annually, including borrower financial statements, subject property rental rates and income, maintenance costs, updated real estate property tax and insurance payments, and personal financial information for the guarantor(s). This allows the Bank to monitor compliance with loan covenants and review the borrower's performance, including cash flows from operations, debt service coverage, and comparison of performance to projections and year-over-year performance trending. Additionally, the Bank monitors and performs site visits, or in the case of participation loans, obtains updates from the lead bank as needed to determine the condition of the collateral securing the loan. Depending on the financial strength of the project and/or the complexity of the borrower's financials, the Bank may also perform a global analysis of cash flows to account for all other properties owned by the borrower or guarantor. If signs of weakness are identified, the Bank may begin performing more frequent financial and/or collateral reviews or initiate contact with the borrower, or the lead bank will contact the borrower if the loan is a participation loan, to ensure cash flows from operations are maintained at a satisfactory level to meet the debt requirements.

The Bank mitigates the risk of commercial real estate construction lending during the construction period by monitoring inspection reports from an independent third-party, project budget, percentage of completion, on-site inspections and percentage of advanced funds. Commercial and industrial loans are monitored through a review of borrower performance as indicated by borrower financial statements, borrowing base reports, accounts receivable aging reports, and inventory aging reports. These reports are required to be provided by the borrowers monthly, quarterly, or annually depending on the nature of the borrowing relationship.

The Bank offers a variety of secured consumer loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, home improvement loans, vehicle loans, and loans secured by savings deposits. The Bank also originates a very limited amount of unsecured loans. Generally, consumer loans are originated in the Bank's market areas. The majority of our consumer loan portfolio is comprised of home equity lines of credit, which have adjustable interest rates. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank had the first mortgage, or was in the first lien position on the majority of the unpaid principal balance of the Bank's home equity lines of credit.

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The following table presents information related to the composition of our loan portfolio in terms of dollar amounts, weighted average rates, and percentage of total as of the dates indicated.

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The following table presents the contractual maturity of our loan portfolio, along with associated weighted average yields, at September 30, 2025. Loans that have adjustable interest rates are shown as maturing in the period during which the contract is due. The table does not reflect the effects of possible prepayments or enforcement of due on sale clauses.

(1)Includes demand loans, loans having no stated maturity, and overdraft loans.

(2)Construction loans are presented based upon the contractual maturity date, which includes the permanent financing period for construction-to-permanent loans.

(3)For home equity loans, including those that do not have a stated maturity date, the maturity date calculated assumes the borrower always makes the required minimum payment. The majority of home equity loans assume a maximum term of 240 months.

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The following table presents, as of September 30, 2025, the amount of loans due after September 30, 2026, and whether these loans have fixed or adjustable interest rates.

Loan Activity - The following table summarizes activity in the loan portfolio, along with weighted average rates where applicable, for the periods indicated, excluding changes in ACL, deferred loan fees/discounts, and premiums/deferred costs. Loans that were paid off as a result of refinances are included in repayments. Loan endorsements are not included in the activity in the following table because a new loan is not generated at the time of the endorsement. The endorsed balance and rate are included in the ending loan portfolio balance and rate. Commercial loan renewals are not included in the activity presented in the following table unless new funds are disbursed at the time of renewal. The renewal balance and rate are included in the ending loan portfolio balance and rate.

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The following table presents loan origination, refinance, and participation activity for the periods indicated, excluding endorsement activity, along with associated weighted average rates and percent of total. Commercial loan renewals are not included in the activity in the following table except to the extent new funds are disbursed at the time of renewal. Loan originations, participations, and refinances are reported together.

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One- to Four-Family Loans - The following table presents, for our portfolio of one- to four-family loans, the amount, percent of total, weighted average rate, weighted average credit score, weighted average LTV, and average balance per loan as of September 30, 2025. Credit scores were updated in September 2025 from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency. The LTVs were based on the current loan balance and either the lesser of the purchase price or original appraisal, or the most recent Bank appraisal, if available. In most cases, the most recent appraisal was obtained at the time of origination.

The following table presents origination and refinance activity for our one- to four-family loan portfolio, excluding endorsement activity, along with the weighted average rate, weighted average LTV and weighted average credit score for the current fiscal year. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank had one- to four-family loan and refinance commitments totaling $42.0 million at a weighted average rate of 6.29%.

Commercial Loans - The table below presents commercial loan origination and participation activity for the year ended September 30, 2025, along with weighted average LTV and weighted average DSCR. For commercial real estate and commercial construction loans, the LTV is calculated using the gross loan amount (composed of unpaid principal and undisbursed amounts) and the collateral value at the time of origination. For existing real estate, the "as is" value is used. If the property is to be constructed, the "as completed" value of the collateral is utilized. The DSCR is calculated based on historical borrower performance, or projected borrower performance for newly formed entities with no performance history.

The following table presents commercial loan disbursements, excluding lines of credit, during the year ended September 30, 2025.

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The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by type of primary collateral as of the dates indicated. Management anticipates fully funding the majority of the undisbursed amounts, as most are not cancellable by the Bank.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of non-owner occupied and owner occupied loans within the Bank's commercial real estate loan portfolio as of the dates indicated.

The following table presents management's funding expectations for the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction undisbursed amounts and commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2025. Due to the nature of a revolving line of credit, management is unable to project funding expectations for those balances, so those amounts are presented separately.

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The following table summarizes the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by the state in which the collateral is located, as of the dates indicated.

The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans by unpaid principal balance, aggregated by type of primary collateral and state, along with weighted average LTV and weighted average DSCR as of September 30, 2025. The LTV is calculated using the gross loan amount (composed of unpaid principal and undisbursed amounts) as of September 30, 2025 and the most current collateral value available, which is most often the value at origination/purchase. The DSCR is calculated at the time of origination and is updated at the time of subsequent loan renewals, financial reviews (for applicable loans and lending relationships), and any other time management is aware of changes that may impact the DSCR. The DSCR presented in the table below is based on the DSCR at the time of origination unless an updated DSCR has been calculated or the loan has reached the end of its stabilization period. In general, commercial borrowers with total loans of $2.5 million or more are reviewed at least annually to monitor financial performance.

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The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of the Bank's commercial real estate and commercial construction loans aggregated by type of primary collateral, along with weighted average rate, LTV, and DSCR as of September 30, 2025.

The following table presents the Bank's commercial real estate and construction loans, including unpaid principal and undisbursed amounts, along with outstanding loan commitments as of September 30, 2025, categorized by aggregate gross loan and commitment amount, along with average loan amount, and weighted average rate, LTV, and DSCR. For loans over $50.0 million, there was $266.5 million of such loans related to hotels in Arizona, California, New York, and Texas, $143.1 million related to multi-family properties in Kansas, and $59.5 million related to an office building in Texas. The largest loan included in the table below was $86.0 million, which was fully disbursed as of September 30, 2025, and is collateralized by a hotel in Arizona.

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The following table summarizes the Bank's commercial and industrial loans by loan purpose as of the dates indicated. Of the $301.9 million of commercial and industrial loans at September 30, 2025, 63%, or $190.2 million, had a gross loan balance of $5 million or more. The largest commercial and industrial lending relationship at September 30, 2025 had a gross loan balance of $81.7 million, which represented 27% of the gross commercial and industrial loan balance at September 30, 2025. This lending relationship is part of the $103.2 million loans- to one-borrower group discussed in "Part I. Item 1. Business - Regulation and Supervision." In addition, the Bank had four commercial and industrial loan commitments totaling $15.7 million, with a weighted average rate of 7.03%, at September 30, 2025. No commitments are presented in the table below. The recent growth in this portfolio aligns with the Bank's strategy to grow all aspects of commercial banking. Management anticipates growth will continue in the commercial and industrial loan portfolio, but it will likely fluctuate over time due to the nature of these loans.

The following table summarizes the Bank's commercial and industrial loans by the state in which the borrower is located, as of September 30, 2025.

.

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The following table presents the Bank's commercial and industrial loan portfolio, including unpaid principal and undisbursed amounts, along with outstanding loan commitments as of September 30, 2025, categorized by aggregate gross loan and commitment amounts and average loan amount. For loans over $15.0 million, there was $54.7 million related to working capital loans in Kansas and $29.9 million related to a loan to purchase equipment in Missouri. The largest loan included in the table below was $36.0 million, of which $28.6 million was undisbursed as of September 30, 2025. The loan is for working capital purposes and the borrower is located in Kansas. This loan is part of the $103.2 million loans- to one-borrower group discussed in "Part I. Item 1. Business - Regulation and Supervision."

Asset Quality

Delinquent and nonaccrual loans and OREO. The following table presents the Company's 30 to 89 day delinquent loans at the dates indicated. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans less related charge-offs, if any. Of the loans 30 to 89 days delinquent at September 30, 2025 and 2024, approximately 49% and 66%, respectively, were 59 days or less delinquent.

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The following table presents the Company's nonaccrual loans and OREO at the dates indicated. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans less related charge-offs, if any. Nonaccrual loans are loans that are 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure and other loans required to be reported as nonaccrual pursuant to accounting and/or regulatory reporting requirements and/or internal policies, even if the loans are current. At all dates presented, there were no loans 90 or more days delinquent that were still accruing interest. Non-performing assets include nonaccrual loans and OREO. The increase in nonaccrual commercial real estate loans less than 90 days delinquent from September 30, 2024 to September 30, 2025 was due primarily to two participation loans related to the same borrowing relationship that were moved to substandard during the current fiscal year. See the asset classification discussion below for additional information regarding these loans.

(1)Includes loans required to be reported as nonaccrual pursuant to internal policies, even if the loans are current.

(2)Real estate-related consumer loans where we also hold the first mortgage are included in the one- to four-family category as the underlying collateral is one- to four-family property.

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The following table presents the states where the properties securing ten percent or more of the total amount of the Bank's one- to four-family loans, excluding construction loans, are located and the corresponding balance of loans 30 to 89 days delinquent, 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure, and weighted average LTV for loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure at September 30, 2025. The amounts in the table represent the unpaid principal balance of the loans, less related charge-offs, if any. The LTVs were based on the current loan balance and either the lesser of the purchase price or original appraisal, or the most recent Bank appraisal, if available.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of commercial real estate loans, aggregated by state, that were 30 to 89 days delinquent or 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure, and the weighted average LTV and weighted average DSCR for loans 90 or more days delinquent or in foreclosure at September 30, 2025. See additional discussion regarding the Bank's commercial real estate loan DSCRs and LTVs in the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Loans Receivable - Commercial Loans" section above.

Classified Loans. In accordance with the Bank's asset classification policy, management regularly reviews the problem assets in the Bank's portfolio to determine whether any assets require classification. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for asset classification definitions.

The following table presents the amortized cost of loans classified as special mention or substandard at the dates presented. See below for further discussion on the changes in commercial real estate loan classifications across periods.

Special Mention: The increase in commercial real estate special mention loans at September 30, 2025 compared to September 30, 2024 was due mainly to a $36.3 million hotel participation loan and a $15.3 million CRA loan that were classified as special mention at September 30, 2025.

The $36.3 million hotel participation loan is taking longer than anticipated to stabilize. During fiscal year 2025, the loan was classified as substandard but the borrower took actions during the last quarter of fiscal year 2025 to strengthen the credit and the occupancy and cashflow for the hotel continued to improve, so the classification was changed to special mention as of

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September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the loan was not delinquent and the Bank's LTV was 44% based on an appraisal completed approximately two years ago.

The $15.3 million CRA loan was classified as special mention at September 30, 2025 because the underlying property has been slow to stabilize and the borrower was delinquent on payments during the current fiscal year; however, the loan has never been 90 or more days delinquent and was not delinquent at September 30, 2025. Based on the original appraisal completed approximately four years ago, the Bank's LTV was 76% as of September 30, 2025.

Substandard: The increase in substandard commercial real estate loans at September 30, 2025 compared to September 30, 2024 was due mainly to two participation loans related to the same borrowing relationship, totaling $40.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and secured by a hotel. The borrower is working on a recapitalization plan which is anticipated to be completed later in calendar year 2025 or early in calendar year 2026. During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, the Bank entered into an agreement with the borrower which allows the borrower to not make payments on these loans until later in calendar year 2025 to allow time to complete the recapitalization process. As a result, the loans were considered nonaccrual and classified as substandard as of September 30, 2025. The loans were not delinquent at September 30, 2025 due to the terms of the agreement. As of September 30, 2025, the combined Bank LTV on the loans was 45% based on an appraisal completed in the past six months. The Bank has had a participation relationship with the lead bank of these two loans for over ten years, and the Bank holds the same percentage interest in the loans as the lead bank. Both loans are recourse with a personal guaranty and have strong LTVs. The borrower group (developer, owner and guarantors) are seasoned commercial real estate developers with over 40 years of experience. There have been no charge-offs, nor has management set aside a specific valuation allowance associated with these loans as of September 30, 2025, due to the strong LTVs.

Allowance for Credit Losses. The following table presents the distribution of our ACL and the ratio of ACL to loans receivable, by loan type, at the dates indicated. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates", "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information regarding the Bank's ACL, including management's qualitative factors.

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The increase in the ratio of ACL to total loans as of September 30, 2205 compared to September 30, 2024 was due primarily to changes in the loan portfolio mix due to the continued growth in commercial loans which have a higher ACL to total loan ratio than one- to four-family loans. The increase was partially offset by the regression analyses update discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates". Based on management's evaluation of the credit risk within the Bank's commercial real estate loan portfolio, taking into consideration DSCRs and LTVs, management believes the Bank's ACL ratio for commercial real estate loans is appropriate for the related credit risk.

Historically, the Bank has maintained very low delinquency ratios and NCO rates. Over the past two years, the Bank's highest ratio of commercial loans 90 days or more delinquent to total commercial loans at a quarter end was 0.22%. The highest such ratio for one- to four-family originated and correspondent loans, combined, was 0.12%. The amount of total NCOs during the current fiscal year was $198 thousand. The majority of the NCOs during the current fiscal year related to one single-family bulk purchased loan. During the 10-year period ended September 30, 2025, the Bank recognized $999 thousand of total NCOs. As of September 30, 2025, the ACL balance was $24.0 million and the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures totaled $5.5 million, which management believes is adequate for the credit risk characteristics in our loan portfolio.

The following table presents ACL activity and related ratios at the dates and for the periods indicated. On October 1, 2023, the Bank adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"), which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors. The Company applied a modified retrospective approach when adopting ASU 2022-02, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment which is reflected in the table below ("ASU 2022-02 Adoption").

The ratio of NCOs to average non-performing assets during the current fiscal year was lower than the prior fiscal year due to a higher balance of non-performing assets compared to the prior fiscal year. The ratio of ACL to nonaccrual loans was lower at the end of the current fiscal year compared to the prior fiscal year due to a higher balance of nonaccrual loans. See the "Delinquent and nonaccrual loans and OREO" discussion above for additional discussion regarding the increase in nonaccrual loans from the prior fiscal year. The increase in the ratio of the ACL to total loans as of September 30, 2025 from September 30, 2024 is discussed above. The ratio of ACL at end of period to NCOs during the period was lower in the current fiscal year due to higher NCOs. See "Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses" for additional information related to ACL activity by specific loan categories.

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The following table presents NCOs, average loans, and NCOs as a percentage of average loans, by loan type, for the periods indicated.