grepcent / static financial knowledge base

DEERE & CO (DE)

CIK: 0000315189. SIC: 3523 Farm Machinery & Equipment. Latest 10-K as of: 2025-12-18.

SIC breadcrumb: Manufacturing > Industrial And Commercial Machinery And Computer Equipment > SIC 3523 Farm Machinery & Equipment

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=315189. Latest filing source: 0001104659-25-122321.

Informational only - descriptive public-record data, not investment advice.

Selected Fundamentals

MetricValueUnitFYFiled
Revenue45,684,000,000USD20252025-12-18
Net income5,027,000,000USD20252025-12-18
Assets105,996,000,000USD20252025-12-18

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2025-12-18. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000315189.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Metric20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Revenue26,644,000,00029,738,000,00037,358,000,00039,258,000,00035,540,000,00044,024,000,00052,577,000,00061,251,000,00051,716,000,00045,684,000,000
Net income1,523,900,0002,159,000,0002,368,000,0003,253,000,0002,751,000,0005,963,000,0007,131,000,00010,166,000,0007,100,000,0005,027,000,000
Operating income3,140,000,0002,609,000,0003,574,000,0004,476,000,0004,415,000,0004,305,000,0008,012,000,0009,508,000,00012,958,000,0009,039,000,000
Diluted EPS4.816.687.2410.158.6918.9923.2834.6325.6218.50
Operating cash flow3,769,700,0002,196,000,0001,822,000,0003,412,000,0007,483,000,0007,726,000,0004,699,000,0008,589,000,0009,231,000,0007,459,000,000
Capital expenditures644,400,000595,000,000896,000,0001,120,000,000820,000,000848,000,0001,134,000,0001,498,000,0001,640,000,0001,360,000,000
Dividends paid761,300,000764,000,000806,000,000943,000,000956,000,0001,040,000,0001,313,000,0001,427,000,0001,605,000,0001,720,000,000
Share buybacks205,400,0006,000,000958,000,0001,253,000,000750,000,0002,538,000,0003,597,000,0007,216,000,0004,007,000,0001,138,000,000
Assets57,918,000,00065,786,000,00070,108,000,00073,011,000,00075,091,000,00084,114,000,00090,030,000,000104,087,000,000107,320,000,000105,996,000,000
Liabilities51,373,700,00056,211,800,00058,803,000,00061,580,000,00062,147,000,00065,680,000,00069,673,000,00082,201,000,00084,395,000,00079,989,000,000
Stockholders' equity6,520,000,0009,557,300,00011,288,000,00011,413,000,00012,937,000,00018,431,000,00020,262,000,00021,785,000,00022,836,000,00025,950,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents4,335,800,0009,334,900,0003,904,000,0003,857,000,0007,066,000,0008,017,000,0004,774,000,0007,458,000,0007,324,000,0008,276,000,000
Free cash flow3,125,300,0001,601,000,000926,000,0002,292,000,0006,663,000,0006,878,000,0003,565,000,0007,091,000,0007,591,000,0006,099,000,000

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Metric20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Net margin5.72%7.26%6.34%8.29%7.74%13.54%13.56%16.60%13.73%11.00%
Operating margin9.79%12.02%11.98%11.25%12.11%18.20%18.08%21.16%17.48%
Return on equity23.37%22.59%20.98%28.50%21.26%32.35%35.19%46.67%31.09%19.37%
Return on assets2.63%3.28%3.38%4.46%3.66%7.09%7.92%9.77%6.62%4.74%
Liabilities / equity7.885.885.215.404.803.563.443.773.703.08

Financial Charts

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-05-28. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000315189.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

QuarterEnd DateRevenueNet IncomeDiluted EPSMethod
2022-Q32022-07-316.16reported discrete quarter
2023-Q12023-01-296.55reported discrete quarter
2023-Q22023-04-309.65reported discrete quarter
2023-Q32023-07-3015,801,000,0002,978,000,00010.20reported discrete quarter
2023-Q42023-10-2915,412,000,0002,369,000,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2024-Q12024-01-2812,185,000,0001,751,000,0006.23reported discrete quarter
2024-Q22024-04-2815,235,000,0002,370,000,0008.53reported discrete quarter
2024-Q32024-07-2813,152,000,0001,734,000,0006.29reported discrete quarter
2024-Q42024-10-2711,144,000,0001,245,000,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2025-Q12025-01-268,508,000,000869,000,0003.19reported discrete quarter
2025-Q22025-04-2712,763,000,0001,804,000,0006.64reported discrete quarter
2025-Q32025-07-2712,018,000,0001,289,000,0004.75reported discrete quarter
2025-Q42025-11-0212,394,000,0001,065,000,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2026-Q12026-02-019,611,000,000656,000,0002.42reported discrete quarter
2026-Q22026-05-0313,369,000,0001,773,000,0006.55reported discrete quarter

Quarterly Charts

Macro Cross-References

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001104659-26-067311.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-05-28. Report date: 2026-05-03.

Item 2.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

All amounts are presented in millions of U.S. dollars unless otherwise specified.

Overview

Organization

Deere & Company is a global leader in the production of agricultural, turf, construction, and forestry equipment and solutions. John Deere Financial provides financing for John Deere equipment, parts, services, and other inputs customers need to run their operations. Our operations are managed through the Production & Precision Agriculture (PPA), Small Agriculture & Turf (SAT), Construction & Forestry (CF), and Financial Services operating segments. References to “equipment operations” include PPA, SAT, and CF, while references to “agriculture and turf” include both PPA and SAT.

Trends and Economic Conditions

Industry Sales Outlook for Fiscal Year 2026 (in units)

Agriculture and Turf

Construction and Forestry

Company Trends

Our Leap Ambitions, a set of focused goals designed to guide the implementation of our Smart Industrial Operating Model, feature multi-year financial and operational goals, emphasizing the use of our differentiated equipment and service solutions, including automation, autonomy, digitalization, lifecycle solutions, and Solutions as a Service (SaaS).

Deeper integration of technology into equipment to enable customers to do more with less remains a persistent market trend. Customers seek to improve profitability, productivity, and sustainability by selecting our equipment and technology solutions. These technologies are incorporated into customer operations across the varied production systems that we serve. While we continue to benefit from the adoption of these technologies, revenue from SaaS products did not represent a significant percentage of our revenues in the periods presented.

Company Outlook for 2026

Large agriculture sales are expected to remain subdued in North America and to soften in South America resulting in decreased sales volume for PPA in 2026 compared to 2025. SAT and CF sales are expected to improve in 2026. Our net sales are expected to increase in 2026 compared to 2025, with the anticipated decline in PPA sales more than offset by improvements in CF and SAT.

Agriculture and Turf Industry Outlook for 2026

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in the U.S. and Canada for large agriculture equipment is expected to decrease compared to 2025 levels driven by elevated farm input costs and ongoing global market uncertainty. These factors are expected to be partially offset by robust demand for commodities and tightening supply which are expected to support improvements in crop prices. In addition, government programs in the U.S. continue to support farmers’ short-term liquidity, and recent biofuel policy changes may help provide future demand for U.S. farmers.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
We expect small agricultural and turf equipment sales to be flat to up slightly from 2025 levels in the U.S. and Canada. The dairy and livestock market continues to maintain strong margins, supporting ongoing product demand. A modest recovery is anticipated in the turf sector following several years of contraction.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
In Europe, the industry is forecasted to be flat to up slightly. While elevated interest rates continue to influence purchasing decisions, customer profitability and equipment replacement activity remain relatively stable. The

30

Column 1Column 2Column 3
crop farming sector continues to experience subdued conditions; however, favorable dairy market margins are expected to continue to provide ongoing support to overall industry demand.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in South America is expected to decrease. Although crop production and yields remain strong and crop prices have improved, high interest rates, elevated input costs, and a stronger Brazilian real are pressuring farm profitability and reducing near-term equipment demand.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Industry sales in Asia are forecasted to be roughly flat, mainly driven by demand in India.

Construction and Forestry Industry Outlook for 2026

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Industry sales in the U.S. and Canada for construction and compact construction equipment are projected to be slightly higher compared to 2025. Favorable industry fundamentals, including strong customer backlogs supported by large projects, infrastructure investment, and data center construction activity, continue to offset softness in residential construction.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global forestry markets are expected to decrease slightly due to continued pressure from weak residential construction demand and lower log and lumber prices.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global roadbuilding markets are forecasted to be up compared to 2025 driven by increased road construction spending across multiple geographies.

Financial Services Outlook for 2026

Net IncomeDown
(–) Average portfolioUnfavorable
(–) Prior period special itemsUnfavorable
+ Financing spreadsFavorable
+ Provision for credit lossesFavorable

Additional Trends

Agricultural Market Business Cycle. The agricultural market is affected by various factors including commodity prices, acreage planted, crop yields, government policies, and uncertainty in macroeconomic trends. These factors affect farmers’ income and sentiment which may result in varying demand for our equipment. In 2026, we may experience the following effects due to unfavorable market conditions: lower sales volumes, higher sales incentives, and elevated receivable write-offs.

Global Trade Policies. In 2025, new tariffs were imposed in the U.S. for imports from a broad range of countries and on certain materials. Several countries also implemented retaliatory tariffs on imports from the U.S. and introduced additional trade barriers.

Incremental import tariffs adversely affected the cost of our products and components beginning in 2025 and continue to do so in 2026. The direct impact of these incremental tariffs incurred was $372 in the first six months of 2026, net of the tariff recovery described below, and approximately $95 in the first six months of 2025. These amounts exclude the impact of tariffs on our suppliers and market demand.

On February 20, 2026, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a decision invalidating tariffs imposed pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). On April 20, 2026, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) launched a system to process IEEPA tariff refund claims. Based on the eligibility parameters established by the CBP for the initial phase of the refund process, we prepared and filed a refund claim in the amount of $272, which has been accepted by the CBP. We recorded a recovery for this initial amount as we concluded the refund is probable and reasonably estimable. The recovery was allocated 20%, 30%, and 50% to PPA, SAT, and CF, respectively, decreasing cost of sales. Trade policies continue to evolve, causing uncertainty in the agriculture and construction industries. We are actively taking steps to mitigate potential impacts on our business, to the extent possible, including adjusting sourcing strategies, pursuing product exemptions, and identifying cost reduction opportunities.

Changes in the agricultural market business cycle and global trade policies are driven by factors outside of our control, and as a result, we cannot reasonably foresee when these conditions may subside.

Legal Proceeding – On January 15, 2025, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), along with the Attorneys General of the States of Illinois and Minnesota filed a lawsuit against us in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Western Division. The Attorneys General of the States of Arizona, Michigan, and Wisconsin joined the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleges monopolization and unfair competition in violation of the federal and state antitrust laws. Plaintiffs seek a permanent injunction and other equitable relief to allow owners of our equipment, as well as independent repair providers, access to our repair tools and any other repair resources available to authorized John Deere dealers. We are in discussions with the FTC and plaintiff states with respect to a potential resolution. At this stage, we are unable to estimate the potential impact on our business.

31

Other Items of Concern and Uncertainties – Other items that could impact our results are:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
slower economic growth and inflation
Column 1Column 2Column 3
global and regional political conditions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
shifts in energy, including positions with respect to biofuels, positions on government subsidies of farming, and changes in energy prices
Column 1Column 2Column 3
input costs, including the availability and price of fertilizers as a result of the conflict in the Middle East
Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital market disruptions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
foreign currency and capital control policies
Column 1Column 2Column 3
right to repair and agriculture data privacy regulations and legislation
Column 1Column 2Column 3
weather conditions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
marketplace pace of adoption and monetization of technologies we have invested in
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to strengthen our digital capabilities, artificial intelligence, automation, and autonomy
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain
Column 1Column 2Column 3
significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
volatility in the prices of many commodities

Consolidated Results – 2026 Compared with 2025

Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
Deere & CompanyMay 3April 27%May 3April 27%
(In millions of dollars, except per share amounts)20262025Change20262025Change
Net sales and revenues$13,369$12,763+5$22,981$21,272+8
Net income attributable to Deere & Company1,7731,804-22,4292,673-9
Diluted earnings per share6.556.648.979.82

Net sales and revenues increased 5% and 8% for the quarter and year-to-date periods, respectively, primarily due

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2025-12-18. Report date: 2025-11-02.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. All amounts are presented in millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise specified. For comparison of 2024 to 2023 results, refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2024 Form 10-K, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

OVERVIEW

Deere & Company is a global leader in the production of agricultural, turf, construction, and forestry equipment and solutions. John Deere Financial provides financing for John Deere equipment, parts, services, and other inputs customers need to run their operations. Our operations are managed through the Production & Precision Agriculture (PPA), Small Agriculture & Turf (SAT), Construction & Forestry (CF), and Financial Services (FS) operating segments. References to “equipment operations” include PPA, SAT, and CF, while references to “agriculture and turf” include both PPA and SAT.

Net Sales and Revenues by Segment in 2025

TRENDS & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Industry Sales Outlook for Fiscal 2026

Agriculture and Turf

Construction and Forestry

Company Trends

In 2022, we introduced our Leap Ambitions, a set of focused goals designed to guide the implementation of our Smart Industrial Operating Model. These Ambitions are built upon a foundation of product quality and manufacturing excellence, supported by a best-in-class dealer channel, and enabled by employees dedicated to solving some of the world’s most important problems. To build on our accomplishments and lay the foundation for sustained growth as we move toward 2030, in December 2025 we refined our Ambitions. Our refined Ambitions feature multi-year financial and operational goals, emphasizing the use of our differentiated equipment and service solutions, including automation, autonomy, digitalization, lifecycle solutions, and Solutions as a Service (SaaS).

Deeper integration of technology into equipment to enable customers to do more with less remains a persistent market trend. Customers seek to improve profitability, productivity, and sustainability by selecting our equipment and technology solutions. These technologies are incorporated into customer operations across the varied production systems in which we serve. While we continue to benefit from the adoption of these technologies, revenue from SaaS products did not represent a significant percentage of our revenues in 2025.

32

Table of Contents

Company Outlook for 2026

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Large agriculture sales in North America are expected to remain subdued.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Small agriculture & turf and construction & forestry sales are expected to improve in 2026.

Agriculture and Turf Outlook for 2026

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in the U.S. and Canada for large agriculture equipment is expected to decrease further amidst challenging farm fundamentals for row crop farmers, which pressures short-term liquidity. Although the used equipment market is improving, it continues to constrain investments in new machines. These factors are partially offset by strong crop yields and consumption, recent U.S. trade agreements, growing demand for biofuels, and supportive government subsidies.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
We expect small agricultural and turf equipment sales to be flat to up slightly from 2025 levels in the U.S. and Canada. The dairy and livestock segment continues to generate profits driven by solid beef prices. A modest recovery is anticipated in the turf sector following an inflection in the housing market and growth in the overall economy.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
In Europe, the industry is forecasted to be flat to up slightly supported by strong dairy margins, a stabilizing interest rate environment, and improving crop yields.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in South America is expected to be flat. In Brazil, while soybean and corn acreage is expected to grow, demand is projected to be tempered by high interest rates, strong global crop yields weighing on prices, and uncertainty over global trade policies. In Argentina, equipment demand is anticipated to moderate after robust growth in 2025.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Industry sales in Asia are forecasted to be down slightly.

Construction and Forestry Outlook for 2026

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Industry sales in the U.S. and Canada for earthmoving and compact construction equipment are projected to remain flat to slightly higher, supported by modest growth in construction markets. Record employment levels, strong construction backlogs, and U.S. government infrastructure spending continue to provide a solid foundation for the industry. Moreover, declining interest rates, increased investment in rental fleets, and surging data center construction starts are adding further momentum. These positive drivers are expected to be partially tempered by restrained investments in the private commercial sector.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global forestry markets are expected to be flat.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global roadbuilding markets are forecasted to remain flat at strong levels.

Financial Services Outlook for 2026

Net IncomeDown
(-) Average portfolioUnfavorable
(-) Prior period special itemsUnfavorable
+ Financing spreadsFavorable

Additional Trends

Agricultural Market Business Cycle – The agricultural market is affected by various factors including commodity prices, acreage planted, crop yields, government policies, and uncertainty in macroeconomic trends. These factors affect farmers’ income and sentiment which may result in varying demand for our equipment. In 2025, we experienced the following effects due to unfavorable market conditions: lower sales volumes, greater reliance on sales incentives, and elevated receivable write-offs.

Global Trade Policies – During 2025, new tariffs were imposed in the U.S. for imports from a broad range of countries and on certain materials. Several countries also implemented or proposed retaliatory tariffs on imports from the U.S. and introduced additional trade barriers. Trade policies impact us in various ways. We are a net exporter of agriculture and turf equipment from the U.S. Nearly 80% of our domestic sales are assembled in the U.S., with the remaining products imported primarily from Europe, Mexico, India, and Japan. During 2025, incremental import tariffs adversely affected the cost of our products and components and may continue to do so in 2026. In addition, retaliatory tariffs by regions outside the U.S., currently in effect or adopted in the future, may impact the prices and profitability of our exported products. In 2025, the direct impact of incremental tariffs incurred by us was approximately $600, excluding the impact of tariffs on our suppliers and market demand. Trade policies are evolving, causing uncertainty in the agriculture and construction industries. We are actively taking steps to mitigate potential impacts on our business, to the extent possible.

On November 5, 2025, the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments on tariffs imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The court may provide tariff relief and the potential recovery of amounts previously paid. We are monitoring developments in this case and its impact on our future financial statements and business.

Changes in the agricultural market business cycle and global trade policies are driven by factors outside of our control, and as a result we cannot reasonably foresee when these conditions will fully subside.

Legal Proceeding – On January 15, 2025, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), along with the Attorneys General of the States of Illinois and Minnesota filed a lawsuit against us in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Western Division. The Attorneys General of the States of Arizona, Michigan, and Wisconsin joined the lawsuit. The lawsuit alleges monopolization and unfair competition in violation of the federal and state antitrust laws. Plaintiffs seek a permanent injunction and other equitable relief to allow owners of our equipment, as

33

Table of Contents

well as independent repair providers, access to our repair tools and any other repair resources available to authorized John Deere dealers. We are in preliminary discussions with the FTC with respect to a potential resolution. At this stage, we are unable to estimate the potential impact on our business.

Other Items of Concern and Uncertainties – Other items that could impact our results are:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
global and regional political conditions, including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflicts in the Middle East
Column 1Column 2Column 3
shifts in energy, including positions with respect to biofuels, economic, and positions on government subsidies of farming
Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital market disruptions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
foreign currency and capital control policies
Column 1Column 2Column 3
right to repair regulations and legislation
Column 1Column 2Column 3
weather conditions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
marketplace pace of adoption and monetization of technologies we have invested in
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to strengthen our digital capabilities, artificial intelligence, automation, and autonomy
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain
Column 1Column 2Column 3
significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
volatility in the prices of many commodities
Column 1Column 2Column 3
slower economic growth

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS2025 compared to 2024

Highlights

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net income declined in 2025 compared to 2024, driven by declining market conditions.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
We continue to focus on structural profitability and strategically investing in solutions that deliver value to our customers.

Net Sales and Revenues

Net Sales (Equipment Operations)

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net sales decreased in 2025 primarily due to lower sales volumes driven by declining market conditions (see Business Segment Results).

Net Income (Attributable to Deere & Company)

Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) ($ per share)

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net income and diluted EPS decreased driven by lower sales.

Other Significant Statement of Consolidated Income Changes

An explanation of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statements of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company20252024% Change
Cost of sales to net sales72.4%68.8%+5
(-) TariffsUnfavorable
(-) Lower volumesUnfavorable
+ Material costsFavorable
Increased due to higher tariffs and higher overhead costs from production inefficiencies associated with lower volumes, partially offset by reduced material costs and lower employee profit-sharing incentives.
Other income1,0191,198-15
Lower due to a decrease in revenues from certain licenses, reduced investment income, and prior year legal settlements (see Note 4). These items were partially offset by increased extended warranty premiums earned.
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,6634,840-4
Decreased due to lower employee profit-sharing incentives, the favorable impact from Banco John Deere S.A. (BJD) deconsolidation (see Note 4), and prior year employee separation programs' expenses (see Note 4). These items were partially offset by an increase in accrued losses on unresolved legal matters (see Note 4).
Interest expense3,1703,348-5
Decreased due to lower average borrowing rates and lower average borrowings.
Other operating expenses1,1241,257-11
Lower due to higher pension benefits (see Note 9) and foreign exchange gains, partially offset by increased depreciation of equipment on operating leases.
Provision for income taxes1,2592,094-40
Decreased as a result of lower pretax income and the favorable impact of tax special items (see Note 4).

Column 1Column 2
BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2025 compared to 2024

The equipment operations segment results were impacted by incremental tariffs in 2025. The cost of additional tariffs was included in the “Production Costs” and “Other” categories. Each equipment operations segment experienced lower shipment volumes during 2025. Economic uncertainty, low commodity prices, elevated interest rates in the first half of the year, and higher used inventory levels contributed to lower shipment volumes for large and small agriculture. Decreases in rental purchases, lower levels of multi-family and commercial real estate construction, trade uncertainty, and elevated interest rates in the first half of the year

34

Table of Contents

contributed to lower shipment volumes for construction equipment. Current period results were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

Production & Precision Agriculture Operations

20252024% Change
Net sales$17,311$20,834-17
Sales volume and other-17
Price realization+1
Currency translation-1
Operating profit2,6714,514-41
Operating margin15.4%21.7%

Sales volumes decreased 30% in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by an increase of 22% in Brazil. Price realization was up 1% in the U.S. and Canada. In Brazil, price realization was up 4% as demand was strong due to higher grower production. Price realization in the rest of the world was down slightly due to moderating market conditions.

Operating profit decreased primarily due to lower sales volumes/ sales mix, partially offset by price realization.

Production & Precision Agriculture Operating Profit

2025 compared to 2024

Small Agriculture & Turf Operations

20252024% Change
Net sales$10,224$10,969-7
Sales volume and other-8
Price realization+1
Currency translation
Operating profit1,2071,627-26
Operating margin11.8%14.8%

Sales volumes decreased 17% in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by an increase of 26% in India and 5% in Europe. Price realization was 1% in the U.S. and Canada and roughly flat outside the U.S. and Canada driven by moderating market conditions.

Operating profit decreased primarily due to lower sales volumes/ sales mix and higher tariffs, partially offset by price realization.

Small Agriculture & Turf Operating Profit

2025 compared to 2024

Construction & Forestry Operations

20252024% Change
Net sales$11,382$12,956-12
Sales volume and other-10
Price realization-2
Currency translation
Operating profit1,0282,009-49
Operating margin9.0%15.5%

Sales volumes decreased 15% in the U.S. and Canada and were roughly flat outside the U.S. and Canada. Price realization decreased 3% in the U.S. and Canada due to incremental incentive programs deployed to address pressures from the competitive environment and was flat outside the U.S. and Canada.

Operating profit decreased primarily due to lower sales volumes/ sales mix, unfavorable price realization, and higher tariffs.

Construction & Forestry Operating Profit

2025 compared to 2024

35

Table of Contents

Financial Services Operations

20252024% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$6,289$6,493-3
Average balance of receivables and leases excluding BJD-1
Interest expense2,9233,182-8
Average borrowings-3
Average borrowing rates-5
Net income890696+28

The average balance of receivables and leases financed was 5% lower compared to the prior year, primarily due to the deconsolidation of BJD (see Note 4). Revenue also decreased due to a lower average portfolio. Net income increased as a result of special items (see Note 4), lower selling, administrative and general expenses, favorable financing spreads, and a lower provision for credit losses.

Financial Services Net Income

2025 compared to 2024

Special Items

The impact of special items on the segments’ operating profit in 2025 and 2024 is presented below (see Note 4).

PPASATCFFSTotal
2025 Expense (benefit)
Litigation accrual$47$24$24$95
Impairment28171661
BJD measurement$(32)(32)
Total expense (benefit)754140(32)124
2024 Expense (benefit)
Legal settlements(17)(40)(57)
Impairment2828
Employee-separation programs77432210152
BJD measurement5959
Total expense (benefit)6071(18)69182
Year over year change$15$(30)$58$(101)$(58)

BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2024 compared to 2023

Please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2024 Form 10-K.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY2025 compared to 2024

We have access to global markets at a reasonable cost. Sources of liquidity include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand
Column 1Column 2Column 3
funds from operations
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the issuance of commercial paper and term debt
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the securitization of retail notes
Column 1Column 2Column 3
bank lines of credit

We closely monitor our cash requirements. Based on the available sources of liquidity, we expect to meet our funding needs in the short term (next 12 months) and long term (beyond 12 months). We are forecasting lower operating cash flows from equipment operations in 2026 compared with 2025, driven by a decrease in net income adjusted for non-cash provisions, partially offset by higher cash flows generated from inventory reductions.

We operate in multiple industries, which have unique funding requirements. The equipment operations are capital intensive. Historically, these operations have been subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for inventories and receivables from dealers. The financial services operations rely on their ability to raise substantial amounts of funds to finance their receivable and lease portfolios.

Key Metrics and Balance Sheet Changes

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities increased to maintain liquidity and improve leverage.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
See the detailed cash flow discussion in the next section.

Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable – Net

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Receivables are generated from the sales of goods and services to customers.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Limited change driven by flat sales in the second half of the year compared to prior period.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
3% of receivables were outstanding for periods exceeding 12 months, reflecting a decrease from the prior year.

Financing Receivables and Equipment on Operating Leases

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The decrease is primarily due to lower retail sales.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Acquisition volumes were down 13% compared to the prior period.

36

Table of Contents

Inventories

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Inventories increased primarily due to higher CF inventory driven by reduced demand.

Property and Equipment

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Cash expenditures were $1.3 billion in 2025.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Capital expenditures are forecasted to be $1.4 billion in 2026.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Accounts payable increased due to higher trade payables.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Accrued expenses decreased primarily due to lower accrued taxes, employee benefits, and derivative liabilities.

Borrowings

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Borrowings decreased corresponding with the level of financing receivable and lease portfolios.

Unused Credit Lines

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase in unused credit lines was due to an increase in bank lines of credit.

Financial Services Ratio of Interest-Bearing Debt to Stockholder’s Equity

CASH FLOWS2025, 2024, and 2023

202520242023
Net cash provided by operating activities$7,459$9,231$8,589
Net cash used for investing activities(2,057)(6,464)(8,749)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(4,579)(2,717)2,808
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash77(37)31
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$900$13$2,679

Cash inflows from operating activities were $7.5 billion in 2025, driven by net income adjusted for non-cash provisions and a decrease in receivables related to sales, partially offset by an other postretirement benefit (OPEB) contribution.

Cash outflows from investing activities were $2.1 billion in 2025. The primary drivers were purchases of property and equipment and investments in equipment on operating leases, partially offset by collections of receivables from unconsolidated affiliates.

Cash outflows from financing activities were $4.6 billion in 2025, due to dividends paid, lower borrowings, and repurchases of common stock.

Cash Returned to Shareholders

Cash returned to shareholders decreased $2.8 billion in 2025 as we managed cash flows through the declining business cycle in accordance with our use-of-cash priorities by decreasing share repurchases.

DEBT RATINGS

To access public debt capital markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings to our debt securities as an indicator of credit quality for fixed income investors. A security rating is not a recommendation by the rating agency to buy, sell, or hold our securities. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw ratings based on its assessment of our current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. Each agency’s rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions, reduced access to debt capital markets, and may adversely impact our liquidity.

37

Table of Contents

The senior long-term and short-term debt ratings and outlook currently assigned to unsecured company securities by the rating agencies engaged by us are as follows:

​ ​Senior​ ​​ ​ ​
Long-TermShort-TermOutlook
Fitch RatingsA+F1Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.A1Prime-1Stable
Standard & Poor’sAA-1Stable

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND CASH REQUIREMENTS2026 and Beyond

Our material cash requirements include the following:

Borrowings – As of November 2, 2025, we had $17.2 billion of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $2.3 billion. The securitization borrowing payments are based on the expected liquidation of the retail notes. See Notes 12 and 19 for additional borrowing details. These payments will likely be replaced with new borrowings to finance the receivable and lease portfolio, which is expected to be lower in 2026.

Purchase Obligations – As of November 2, 2025, our outstanding purchase obligations were $6.1 billion, with $4.5 billion payable within one year. These purchase obligations are noncancelable.

Other Cash Requirements – In addition to our contractual obligations, we have the following commitments:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital expenditures of $1.4 billion are planned for 2026
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected quarterly cash dividends throughout 2026 (subject to change at the discretion of our Board of Directors)
Column 1Column 2Column 3
total pension and OPEB contributions in 2026 are expected to be approximately $250

Share repurchases will be considered as a means of deploying excess cash to shareholders once the previously mentioned requirements are met.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES​​

The timely preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Those estimates affect reported amounts in these financial statements. Changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect. The following estimates are the most critical to our financial statements:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
sales incentives
Column 1Column 2Column 3
product warranties
Column 1Column 2Column 3
postretirement benefit obligations
Column 1Column 2Column 3
allowance for credit losses
Column 1Column 2Column 3
operating lease residual values
Column 1Column 2Column 3
income taxes

These items require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. Our accounting policies are described primarily in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements.

Sales Incentives

We provide sales incentives to dealers. These incentives are offered in two forms:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
volume bonuses – awarded based on a dealer’s sales volume and performance
Column 1Column 2Column 3
retail sales incentive programs – discounts or financing programs that are due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer

The estimated cost of these programs is based on:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical data
Column 1Column 2Column 3
announced and expected incentive programs
Column 1Column 2Column 3
field inventory levels
Column 1Column 2Column 3
forecasted sales volumes

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of the sales incentive costs. The final cost is determined at the end of the volume bonus measurement period or at the time of the retail sale.

There are numerous programs available at any time, and new programs may be announced after we record the equipment sale to the dealer. Changes in the mix and types of sales incentive programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. Actual cost differences from the original cost estimate are recognized in “Net sales.”

Sales Incentive Accruals

The accruals recorded against receivables relate to programs where we have the contractual right and the intent to offset against existing receivables. The decrease in 2025 resulted from lower sales.

A key assumption of the retail sales incentive accrual is the predictive value of the historical percentage of retail sales incentive costs to retail sales. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of 1.0%. Holding other assumptions constant, a 1.0% change would have modified the sales incentive accrual by about $106.

Product Warranties

A standard warranty is provided as an assurance that our equipment will function as intended. The standard warranty period varies by product, region, and component.

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of future warranty costs, based on the following calculation:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical claims rate experience – multiplied by –
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the estimated population

The historical claims rate is determined by a review of five-year claims costs. The estimated population is based on dealer

38

Table of Contents

inventories and retail sales. These estimates are reviewed quarterly. Adjustments are also made for current quality developments.

Product Warranty Accruals

The decrease in 2025 is the result of lower sales volumes.

Product warranty accrual estimates are affected by the historical percent of warranty claims costs as a percentage of gross sales. Over the last five fiscal years, the percent has varied plus or minus 0.14%. Holding all other assumptions constant, if this estimated cost experience percent would have increased or decreased 0.14%, the warranty accrual at November 2, 2025, would have changed by approximately $70.

Postretirement Benefit Obligations

The pension and OPEB defined benefit plan obligations and expenses require the use of estimates. The main estimate is the present value of the projected future benefit payments. These future benefit payments extend several decades.

The estimates are based on existing retirement plan provisions. No assumption is made regarding any potential changes to benefit provisions beyond those to which we are presently committed (e.g., in existing labor contracts).

The key assumptions used by our actuaries to calculate the estimates include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
discount rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
health care cost trend rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected long-term return on plan assets
Column 1Column 2Column 3
compensation increases
Column 1Column 2Column 3
retirement rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
mortality rates
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected contributions

Assumptions are set each year-end. These assumptions are not changed during the year unless there is a significant plan event. Actual results that differ from the assumptions affect future expenses and obligations.

The key pension and OPEB amounts follow:

202520242023
Pension and OPEB net benefit$(153)$(86)$(13)
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets (as a percent)6.96.86.2
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets1,1181,075995
Actual return (loss) on pension and OPEB plan assets1,0521,962(395)
Pension assets, net of pension liabilities2,3622,0032,076
OPEB liabilities, net of OPEB assets5411,1911,001

The increase in the 2025 pension and OPEB net benefit was due to an increase in the expected long-term rates of return on pension plan assets.

The effect of hypothetical changes to selected assumptions on our major U.S. retirement benefit plans would be as follows:

November 2, 20252026
IncreaseIncrease
Percentage(Decrease)(Decrease)
AssumptionsChangePBO/APBO*Expense
Pensions:
Discount rate**+/-.5$(474)/524$8/20
Expected return on assets+/-.5(63)/63
OPEB:
Discount rate**+/-.5(134)/145(5)/1
Expected return on assets+/-.5(14)/14
Health care cost trend rate**+/-1.0255/(223)31/(36)

*    Projected benefit obligation (PBO) for pension plans and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for OPEB plans.

**  Pretax impact on service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains or losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of the receivable portfolio. The allowance is measured on a collective basis for receivables with similar risk characteristics. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Risk characteristics include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
finance product category
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market
Column 1Column 2Column 3
geography
Column 1Column 2Column 3
credit risk
Column 1Column 2Column 3
remaining balance

We utilize the following loss forecast models to estimate expected credit losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Linear regression models are used for large and complex retail customer receivable pools, which represent more than 90% of retail customer receivables. These statistical models utilize independent variables, or predictive features, to estimate lifetime default rates, which are subsequently adjusted for expected recoveries to arrive at lifetime credit loss estimates. Independent variables include credit quality at time of application, remaining account balance, delinquency status, and various economic factors, such as commodity prices, employment levels, and housing data. The economic factors include forward-looking conditions over our reasonable and supportable forecast period.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Weighted average remaining maturity (WARM) models are used for smaller and less complex retail customer receivable pools.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Historical loss rate models are used on wholesale receivables, with consideration of current economic conditions and dealer financial risk.

39

Table of Contents

Management reviews each model’s output quarterly, and qualitative adjustments are incorporated as necessary to arrive at management’s best estimate of expected credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

During 2025, the allowance for credit losses increased, primarily due to higher expected losses on agriculture and turf customer accounts as a result of elevated delinquencies and a decline in market conditions.

While we believe our allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of our existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses. Within the retail customer receivable portfolio, credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including credit quality at time of application, remaining account balances, current delinquency levels, various economic factors, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts. Changes in any of these factors could impact our credit losses. Conversely, within the wholesale receivable portfolio, changes in economic conditions have historically had limited impact on credit losses.

Holding all other factors constant, a 10% increase in the linear regression models’ forecasted defaults and a simultaneous 10% decrease in recovery rates would have resulted in a $60 increase to the allowance for credit losses at November 2, 2025.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Equipment on operating leases is depreciated to the estimated residual value over the lease term. The residual values are based on several factors, including:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
lease term
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected hours of usage
Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical wholesale sales prices
Column 1Column 2Column 3
return experience
Column 1Column 2Column 3
intended equipment use
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market dynamics and trends
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer residual value guarantees

We review residual value estimates during the lease term. Depreciation is adjusted over the remaining lease term if residual estimates are revised. Impairments are recorded when events or circumstances necessitate.

At the end of the majority of leases, the equipment is disposed in the following sequence:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The lessee has the option to purchase the equipment for the contractual residual value.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The dealer has the option to purchase the equipment.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The equipment is sold to a third party at the equipment’s fair value. In this situation, we may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the residual value and the sale price.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Hypothetically, if (a) future market values for this equipment were to decrease 10% from our present estimates, and (b) all the equipment on operating leases were returned to us for remarketing at the end of the lease term, the total unfavorable impact after consideration of dealer residual value guarantees would be approximately $65. This amount would be recognized as higher depreciation expense over the remaining term of the operating leases, or potentially as an impairment.

Income Taxes

We are subject to federal, state, and foreign income taxes, which can be complex. Implementing these tax laws requires significant judgment and interpretation. Changes in tax laws could materially affect our consolidated financial statements. We record our tax positions in the following categories:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
current taxes
Column 1Column 2Column 3
deferred taxes
Column 1Column 2Column 3
uncertain tax positions

Deferred income taxes represent temporary differences between the tax and the financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. This will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Loss carryforwards and tax credits are significant components of deferred tax asset balances. These assets are reviewed regularly for the following:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
the likelihood of recoverability from future taxable income
Column 1Column 2Column 3
reversal of deferred tax liabilities
Column 1Column 2Column 3
tax planning strategies

Valuation allowances are established when we determine that the deferred tax benefit may not be realized. The recoverability analysis requires significant judgment and relies on estimates. The valuation allowance as of November 2, 2025, was $1.6 billion. Changes in foreign income tax laws, income for certain jurisdictions, or our tax structure could impact the valuation allowance balance.

Some tax positions contain significant uncertainties. These positions may be challenged or disallowed by taxing authorities. If it is likely the position will be disallowed, no tax benefit is recorded. If it is likely the position will be sustained, a tax benefit is recognized. The ultimate resolution could take many years. This may result in a payment that is significantly different from the original estimate.

See Note 8 for further information on income taxes.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained herein, including in the section entitled “Overview,” “Trends and Economic Conditions,” and “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” relating to future events, expectations, and trends constitute “forward-looking

40

Table of Contents

statements” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve factors that are subject to change, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect all lines of our operations generally while others could more heavily affect a particular line of business.

Forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and current assumptions, expectations, and projections about future events and should not be relied upon. Except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise our forward-looking statements. Many factors, risks, and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Among these factors are risks related to:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
the agricultural business cycle, which can be unpredictable and is affected by factors such as farm income, international trade, world grain stocks, crop yields, available farm acres, soil conditions, prices for commodities and livestock, input costs, government farm programs, availability of transport for crops, as well as adverse macroeconomic conditions, including unemployment, inflation, interest rate volatility, changes in consumer practices due to slower economic growth or a recession, and regional or global liquidity constraints
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the uncertainty of government policies and actions with respect to the global trade environment including increased and proposed tariffs announced by the U.S. government and retaliatory trade regulations
Column 1Column 2Column 3
political, economic, and social instability in the geographies in which we operate, including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflicts in the Middle East
Column 1Column 2Column 3
worldwide demand for food and different forms of renewable energy impacting the price of farm commodities and consequently the demand for our equipment
Column 1Column 2Column 3
rationalization, restructuring, relocation, expansion, and/or reconfiguration of manufacturing and warehouse facilities
Column 1Column 2Column 3
accurately forecasting customer demand for products and services, and adequately managing inventory
Column 1Column 2Column 3
uncertainty of our ability to sell products domestically or internationally, manage increased costs of production, absorb or pass on increased pricing, and accurately predict financial results and industry trends
Column 1Column 2Column 3
availability and price of raw materials, components, and whole goods
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in climate patterns, unfavorable weather events, and natural disasters
Column 1Column 2Column 3
suppliers’ and manufacturers’ business practices and compliance with laws applicable to topics such as human rights, safety, environmental, and fair wages
Column 1Column 2Column 3
higher interest rates and currency fluctuations which could adversely affect the U.S. dollar, customer confidence, access to capital, and demand for our products and solutions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
ability to adapt in highly competitive markets, including understanding and meeting customers’ changing expectations
Column 1Column 2Column 3
for products and solutions, including delivery and utilization of precision technology
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to execute business strategies, including our Smart Industrial Operating Model and refined Leap Ambitions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer practices and their ability to manage new and used inventory, distribute our products, and to provide support and service for precision technology solutions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to realize anticipated benefits of acquisitions and joint ventures, including challenges with successfully integrating operations and internal control processes
Column 1Column 2Column 3
negative claims or publicity that damage our reputation or brand
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to attract, develop, engage, and retain qualified employees
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the impact of workforce reductions on company culture, employee retention and morale, and institutional knowledge
Column 1Column 2Column 3
labor relations and contracts, including work stoppages and other disruptions
Column 1Column 2Column 3
security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, technology failures, and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure and products
Column 1Column 2Column 3
leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning within our business processes
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes to existing laws and regulations, including the implementation of new, more stringent laws, as well as compliance with a variety of U.S., foreign, and international laws, regulations, and policies relating to, but not limited to the following: advertising, anti-bribery and anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, antitrust, consumer finance, cybersecurity, data privacy, encryption, environmental (including climate change and engine emissions), farming, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, foreign ownership and investment, health and safety, human rights, import / export and trade, labor and employment, product liability, tariffs, tax, telematics, and telecommunications
Column 1Column 2Column 3
governmental and other actions designed to address climate change in connection with a transition to a lower-carbon economy
Column 1Column 2Column 3
warranty claims, post-sales repairs or recalls, product liability litigation, and regulatory investigations because of the deficient operation of our products
Column 1Column 2Column 3
investigations, claims, lawsuits, or other legal proceedings, including the lawsuit filed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Attorneys General of the States of Arizona, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin alleging that we unlawfully withheld self-repair capabilities from farmers and independent repair providers
Column 1Column 2Column 3
loss of or challenges to intellectual property rights

Further information concerning us and our businesses, including factors that could materially affect our financial results, is included in our other filings with the SEC (including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). There also may be other factors that we cannot anticipate or that are not described herein because we do not currently perceive them to be material.

41

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA

The supplemental consolidating data presented on the subsequent pages is presented for informational purposes. Equipment operations represent the enterprise without Financial Services. Equipment operations include Production & Precision Agriculture operations, Small Agriculture & Turf operations, Construction & Forestry operations, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses not reflected within Financial Services. Transactions between the equipment operations and Financial Services have been eliminated to arrive at the consolidated financial statements.

Equipment operations and Financial Services participate in different industries. Equipment operations primarily generate earnings and cash flows by manufacturing and selling equipment, service parts, and technology solutions to dealers and retail customers. Financial Services finance sales and leases by dealers of new and used equipment that is largely manufactured by equipment operations. Those earnings and cash flows generally are the difference between the finance income received from customer payments less interest expense, and depreciation on equipment subject to an operating lease. The two businesses are capitalized differently and have separate performance metrics. The supplemental consolidating data is also used by management due to these differences.

INCOME STATEMENTS
For the Years Ended November 2, 2025, October 27, 2024, and October 29, 2023
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202520242023202520242023202520242023202520242023
Net Sales and Revenues​ ​​ ​​ ​
Net sales$38,917$44,759$55,565$38,917$44,759$55,565
Finance and interest income521596636$5,768$6,035$5,055$(541)$(872)$(1,008)5,7485,7594,6831​
Other income8211,006858521458499(323)(266)(354)1,0191,1981,0032, 3, 4​
Total40,25946,36157,0596,2896,4935,554(864)(1,138)(1,362)45,68451,71661,251
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales28,19030,80337,739(31)(28)(24)28,15930,77537,7154​
Research and development expenses2,3112,2902,1772,3112,2902,177
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,8563,7913,6118151,059994(8)(10)(10)4,6634,8404,5954​
Interest expense3723964112,9233,1822,362(125)(230)(320)3,1703,3482,4531​
Interest compensation to Financial Services414640687(414)(640)(687)1​
Other operating expenses(29)1332171,4391,3541,396(286)(230)(321)1,1241,2571,2923, 4, 5​
Total35,11438,05344,8425,1775,5954,752(864)(1,138)(1,362)39,42742,51048,232
Income before Income Taxes5,1458,30812,2171,1128988026,2579,20613,019
Provision for income taxes1,0201,8872,6852392071861,2592,0942,871
Income after Income Taxes4,1256,4219,5328736916164,9987,11210,148
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates(17)(29)41753(24)7
Net Income4,1086,3929,5368906966194,9987,08810,155
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(29)(12)(11)(29)(12)(11)
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$4,137$6,404$9,547$890$696$619$5,027$7,100$10,166

1 Elimination of intercompany interest income and expense.

2 Elimination of equipment operations’ margin from inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

3 Elimination of income and expenses between equipment operations and Financial Services related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets.

4 Elimination of intercompany service revenues and fees.

5 Elimination of Financial Services’ lease depreciation expense related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases.

42

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
As of November 2, 2025 and October 27, 2024
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
​ ​ ​2025​ ​ ​20242025​ ​ ​20242025​ ​ ​20242025​ ​ ​2024
ASSETS​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Cash and cash equivalents$6,340$5,615$1,936$1,709$8,276$7,324
Marketable securities2171251,1941,0291,4111,154
Receivables from Financial Services4,6493,043$(4,649)$(3,043)6​
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net1,3161,2575,9006,225(1,899)(2,156)5,3175,3267​
Financing receivables – net887844,48744,23144,57544,309
Financing receivables securitized – net126,8308,7216,8318,723
Other receivables1,8092,193658427(64)(75)2,4032,5457​
Equipment on operating leases – net7,6007,4517,6007,451
Inventories7,4067,0937,4067,093
Property and equipment – net8,0477,54632348,0797,580
Goodwill4,1883,9594,1883,959
Other intangible assets – net892999892999
Retirement benefits3,1812,8399483(2)(1)3,2732,9218​
Deferred income taxes2,5072,2624643(269)(219)2,2842,0869​
Other assets2,2182,1941,244715(1)(3)3,4612,906
Assets held for sale2,9442,944
Total Assets$42,859$39,205$70,021$73,612$(6,884)$(5,497)$105,996$107,320
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Short-term borrowings$414$911$13,382$12,622$13,796$13,533
Short-term securitization borrowings126,5958,4296,5968,431
Payables to Equipment Operations4,6493,043$(4,649)$(3,043)6​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses12,75713,5343,1163,243(1,964)(2,234)13,90914,5437​
Deferred income taxes347434356263(269)(219)4344789​
Long-term borrowings8,7566,60334,78836,62643,54443,229
Retirement benefits and other liabilities1,6462,25066105(2)(1)1,7102,3548​
Liabilities held for sale1,8271,827
Total liabilities23,92123,73462,95266,158(6,884)(5,497)79,98984,395
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (Note 2)51825182
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity25,95022,8367,0697,454(7,069)(7,454)25,95022,83610​
Noncontrolling interests6767
Financial Services' equity(7,069)(7,454)7,0697,45410​
Adjusted total stockholders' equity18,88715,3897,0697,45425,95622,843
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity$42,859$39,205$70,021$73,612$(6,884)$(5,497)$105,996$107,320

6 Elimination of receivables / payables between equipment operations and Financial Services.

7 Primarily reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to Financial Services.

8 Reclassification of net pension assets / liabilities.

9 Reclassification of deferred tax assets / liabilities in the same taxing jurisdictions.

10 Elimination of Financial Services’ equity.

43

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended November 2, 2025, October 27, 2024, and October 29, 2023
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202520242023202520242023202520242023202520242023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income$4,108$6,392$9,536$890$696$619$4,998$7,088$10,155
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (credit) for credit losses18147278296(23)296310(16)
Depreciation and amortization1,2801,2201,1231,0821,0401,016$(133)$(142)$(135)2,2292,1182,00411​
Impairments and other adjustments732818(32)9717341125191
Share-based compensation expense15120813015120813012​
Distributed earnings of Financial Services1,368250215(1,368)(250)(215)13​
Provision (credit) for deferred income taxes(369)(97)(959)81(197)169(288)(294)(790)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables related to sales(91)(13)(58)1,175434(4,195)1,084421(4,253)14, 16​
Inventories(138)1,011474(137)(223)(195)(275)78827915​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(617)(1,429)1,352109277449257112(971)(251)(1,040)83016​
Accrued income taxes payable/receivable(112)(218)8(24)95(31)(136)(123)(23)
Retirement benefits(814)(215)(164)(51)(12)(6)(865)(227)(170)
Other394(38)36714740(51)(66)(145)(64)475(143)25211, 12, 15​
Net cash provided by operating activities5,1006,90511,9192,4802,3322,315(121)(6)(5,645)7,4599,2318,589
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Collections of receivables (excluding receivables related to sales)27,03726,02924,128(557)(867)(1,077)26,48025,16223,05114​
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities469959440733127486832186
Proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases1,9171,9291,9811,9171,9291,981
Cost of receivables acquired (excluding receivables related to sales)(26,623)(29,152)(29,229)283336457(26,340)(28,816)(28,772)14​
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired(101)(82)(101)(82)
Purchases of marketable securities(125)(209)(173)(578)(846)(318)(703)(1,055)(491)
Purchases of property and equipment(1,358)(1,636)(1,494)(2)(4)(4)(1,360)(1,640)(1,498)
Cost of equipment on operating leases acquired(3,053)(3,464)(3,234)185302264(2,868)(3,162)(2,970)15​
Decrease (increase) in investment in Financial Services(10)4(870)10(4)87017​
Decrease (increase) in trade and wholesale receivables1,16121(5,783)(1,161)(21)5,78314​
Collections of receivables from unconsolidated affiliates190317507
Loans to unconsolidated affiliates(109)(109)
Collateral on derivatives – net(1)(1)183413(11)182413(12)
Other(90)(125)(176)(61)(8)31363(148)(127)(142)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,449)(1,867)(2,737)629(4,349)(12,312)(1,237)(248)6,300(2,057)(6,464)(8,749)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net proceeds (payments) in short-term borrowings (original maturities three months or less)14428(113)(2,683)(1,884)4,121(2,539)(1,856)4,008
Change in intercompany receivables/payables(1,695)1,4592,0901,695(1,459)(2,090)
Proceeds from borrowings issued (original maturities greater than three months)2,36915934210,79217,93715,08713,16118,09615,429
Payments of borrowings (original maturities greater than three months)(923)(1,123)(901)(11,341)(12,109)(7,012)(12,264)(13,232)(7,913)
Repurchases of common stock(1,138)(4,007)(7,216)(1,138)(4,007)(7,216)
Capital investment from (returned to) Equipment Operations10(4)870(10)4(870)17​
Dividends paid(1,720)(1,605)(1,427)(1,368)(250)(215)1,368250215(1,720)(1,605)(1,427)13​
Other(53)(46)(7)(26)(67)(66)(79)(113)(73)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(3,016)(5,135)(7,232)(2,921)2,16410,6951,358254(655)(4,579)(2,717)2,808
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash86(15)24(9)(22)777(37)31
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash721(112)1,974179125705900132,679
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year5,6435,7553,7811,9901,8651,1607,6337,6204,941
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Year$6,364$5,643$5,755$2,169$1,990$1,865$8,533$7,633$7,620

11 Elimination of depreciation on leases related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

12 Reclassification of share-based compensation expense.

13 Elimination of dividends from Financial Services to the equipment operations, which are included in the equipment operations operating activities.

14 Primarily reclassification of receivables related to the sale of equipment.

15 Reclassification of direct lease agreements with retail customers.

16 Reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to Financial Services.

17 Elimination of change in investment from equipment operations to Financial Services.

44

Table of Contents

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

​ ​ ​2025202420232022202120202019201820172016
Net sales and revenues$45,684$51,716$61,251$52,577$44,024$35,540$39,258$37,358$29,738$26,644
Net sales38,91744,75955,56547,91739,73731,27234,88633,35125,88523,387
Finance and interest income5,7485,7594,6833,3653,2963,4503,4933,1072,7322,511
Research and development expenses2,3112,2902,1771,9121,5871,6441,7831,6581,3731,394
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,6634,8404,5953,8633,3833,4773,5513,4553,0982,791
Interest expense3,1703,3482,4531,0629931,2471,4661,204899764
Net income*5,0277,10010,1667,1315,9632,7513,2532,3682,1591,524
Return on net sales12.9%15.9%18.3%14.9%15.0%8.8%9.3%7.1%8.3%6.5%
Return on beginning Deere & Company stockholders’ equity22.0%32.6%50.2%38.7%46.1%24.1%28.8%24.8%33.1%22.6%
Comprehensive income*5,7016,50810,0996,6298,9632,8192,0813,2223,221627
Net income per share – basic*$18.55$25.73$34.80$23.42$19.14$8.77$10.28$7.34$6.76$4.83
​– diluted*18.5025.6234.6323.2818.998.6910.157.246.684.81
Dividends declared per share6.485.885.054.363.613.043.042.582.402.40
Dividends paid per share6.335.764.834.283.323.042.972.492.402.40
Average number of common shares outstanding (in millions) – basic270.9276.0292.2304.5311.6313.5316.5322.6319.5315.2
​– diluted271.7277.1293.6306.3314.0316.6320.6327.3323.3316.6
Total assets$105,996$107,320$104,087$90,030$84,114$75,091$73,011$70,108$65,786$57,918
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net5,3175,3267,7396,4104,2084,1715,2305,0043,9253,011
Financing receivables – net44,57544,30943,67336,63433,79929,75029,19527,05425,10423,702
Financing receivables securitized – net6,8318,7237,3355,9364,6594,7034,3834,0224,1595,127
Equipment on operating leases – net7,6007,4516,9176,6236,9887,2987,5677,1656,5945,902
Inventories7,4067,0938,1608,4956,7814,9995,9756,1493,9043,341
Property and equipment – net8,0797,5806,8796,0565,8205,8175,9735,8685,0685,171
Short-term borrowings13,79613,53317,93912,59210,9198,58210,78411,06210,0356,911
Short-term securitization borrowings6,5968,4316,9955,7114,6054,6824,3213,9574,1194,998
Long-term borrowings43,54443,22938,47733,59632,88832,73430,22927,23725,89123,703
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity25,95022,83621,78520,26218,43112,93711,41311,2889,5576,520
Book value per share*$95.99$84.03$77.37$67.82$59.83$41.25$36.45$35.45$29.70$20.71
Capital expenditures$1,304$1,624$1,537$1,176$867$762$1,084$969$586$668
Number of employees (at year-end)73,14675,84782,95682,23975,55069,63473,48974,41360,47656,767

*    Attributable to Deere & Company.

45

Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT MARKET RISK INFORMATION

We are naturally exposed to various interest rate and foreign currency risks. As a result, we enter into derivative transactions to manage this exposure and not for speculative purposes.

From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage our interest rate exposure. We also have entered into derivative agreements related to the management of foreign currency transaction risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Results of Operations – Interest rates volatility impacts us in several ways, primarily affecting the demand for our products, financing spreads for the financial services operations, and the value of our investments.

Fair Value Measurement – Quarterly, we use a combination of cash flow models to assess the sensitivity of our financial instruments with interest rate exposure to changes in market interest rates. The models calculate the effect of adjusting interest rates as follows:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for financing receivables are discounted at the current prevailing rate for each receivable portfolio
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for marketable securities are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for unsecured borrowings are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads for similarly rated borrowers
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for securitized borrowings are discounted at the swap yield curve plus a market credit spread for similarly rated borrowers
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for interest rate swaps are projected and discounted using forward rates from the swap yield curve at the repricing dates

The net impact on these financial instruments’ fair values, which would be caused by decreasing or increasing the interest rates by 10% from the market rates at November 2, 2025, and October 27, 2024, would have been approximately $150 and $75, respectively.

Foreign Currency Risk

We have foreign currency exposures at some of our foreign and domestic operations related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the functional currencies. We hedge significant currency exposures for our equipment operations. Worldwide foreign currency exposures are reviewed quarterly. Based on the anticipated and committed foreign currency cash inflows, outflows, and hedging policy for the next twelve months, we estimate that a hypothetical 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies through 2026 would decrease the 2026 expected net cash inflows by approximately $100. At October 27, 2024, a hypothetical 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar under similar assumptions and calculations indicated a potential $25 increase in the 2025 net cash inflows. The estimated impacts on net cash outflows and inflows by currency follow:

20262025
Australian dollar$(75)$(75)
Brazilian real(50)25
British pound(50)(50)
Canadian dollar25
Euro50100
Indian rupee25
Japanese yen5050
Mexican peso5025
Polish zloty(25)(25)
Swedish krona(25)
All other(50)(50)
Total increase (decrease)$(100)$25

In addition, in 2025 we entered into a cross-currency interest rate swap designated as a net investment hedge of foreign currency exposure from investments in foreign subsidiaries.

In the financial services operations, our policy is to manage foreign currency risk through hedging strategies if the currency of the borrowing does not match the currency of the receivable portfolio. As a result, a hypothetical 10% adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other foreign currencies would not have a material effect on the financial services cash flows.

46

Table of Contents

DEERE & COMPANY

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME

For the Years Ended November 2, 2025, October 27, 2024, and October 29, 2023

​ ​ ​2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2024​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2023
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$38,917$44,759$55,565
Finance and interest income5,7485,7594,683
Other income1,0191,1981,003
Total45,68451,71661,251
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales28,15930,77537,715
Research and development expenses2,3112,2902,177
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,6634,8404,595
Interest expense3,1703,3482,453
Other operating expenses1,1241,2571,292
Total39,42742,51048,232
Income of Consolidated Group before Income Taxes6,2579,20613,019
Provision for income taxes1,2592,0942,871
Income of Consolidated Group4,9987,11210,148
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates(24)7
Net Income4,9987,08810,155
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(29)(12)(11)
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$5,027$7,100$10,166
Per Share Data
Basic$18.55$25.73$34.80
Diluted18.5025.6234.63
Dividends declared6.485.885.05
Dividends paid6.335.764.83
Average Shares Outstanding (in millions of shares)
Basic270.9276.0292.2
Diluted271.7277.1293.6

MD&A history

Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. The latest 10-K appears above; prior years are below.

FY 2024 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001558370-24-016169.

Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2024-12-12. Report date: 2024-10-27.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. All amounts are presented in millions of dollars, unless otherwise specified. For comparison of 2023 to 2022 results, refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2023 Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

Deere & Company is a global leader in the production of agricultural, turf, construction, and forestry equipment and solutions. John Deere Financial provides financing for John Deere equipment, parts, services, and other inputs customers need to run their operations. Our operations are managed through the production and precision agriculture (PPA), small agriculture and turf (SAT), construction and forestry (CF), and financial services operating segments. References to “equipment operations” include PPA, SAT, and CF, while references to “agriculture and turf” include both PPA and SAT.

Net Sales and Revenues by Segment in 2024

TRENDS & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Industry Sales Outlook for Fiscal 2025

Agriculture and Turf

Construction and Forestry

Company Trends

Customers seek to improve profitability, productivity, and sustainability through integrating technology into their operations. Deeper integration of technology into equipment is a persistent market trend. These technologies are incorporated into products within each of our operating segments. We expect this trend to persist for the foreseeable future. Our Smart Industrial Operating Model and Leap Ambitions are intended to capitalize on this market trend. Engaged acres are an indicator we use to understand customer utilization of our technology. We are investing in a Solutions as a Service business model to increase technology adoption and utilization by our customers. Solutions as a Service products did not represent a significant percentage of our revenues in 2024.

Company Outlook for 2025

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Agriculture and turf equipment sales are projected to decline in 2025 due to contraction of agriculture markets globally.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Construction equipment sales are projected to decline in 2025 as healthy end markets are offset by continued uncertainty in equipment purchases. Roadbuilding equipment sales are anticipated to be generally flat.

Agriculture and Turf Outlook for 2025

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in the U.S. and Canada is expected to further moderate amidst weak farm fundamentals, high interest rates, elevated used inventory levels, and short-term farmer liquidity concerns heading into the 2025 growing season.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
We expect small agricultural equipment sales to be down from 2024 levels in the U.S. and Canada. The dairy and livestock segment is anticipated to have another year of strong profitability as elevated livestock and hay prices are further enhanced by low input feed costs. This is projected to be more than offset by restrained demand in the turf and compact utility tractor markets as single family home sales and home improvement spending remain stagnant amid high interest rates.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
In Europe, the industry is forecasted to be down as farm fundamentals in the region continue to deteriorate, but at a moderated pace relative to 2024. Adverse factors include depressed yields from unfavorable weather, reduced regional commodity prices due to a mixture of excess grain inflows from Ukraine and global pricing pressures, persistently elevated input costs, and unfavorable agriculture legislation. These issues coupled with high interest rates and elevated industry inventory

29

Table of Contents

levels are expected to keep industry equipment demand at low levels throughout 2025.

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Demand in South America is expected to be flat. In Brazil, we expect crop prices to decline in 2025 offset by decreasing input costs and improving yields as drought concerns abate. These factors coupled with continued acreage expansion and recent appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Brazilian real will offer further profitability tailwinds to farmers. Across the rest of South America, strong yields are expected to be offset by low commodity prices and elevated interest rates. Argentina industry sales are forecasted to improve as the currency stabilizes amid agricultural industry recovery.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Industry sales in Asia are forecasted to be down slightly, as foundational technology adoption and improving agriculture fundamentals in India provide moderate demand.

Construction and Forestry Outlook for 2025

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Construction equipment industry sales are forecasted to be down in the U.S. and Canada from 2024 levels. The decline is due to projected modest growth in single family housing starts and U.S. government infrastructure spending, which is expected to be more than offset by further slowdowns in multi-family housing developments, non-residential buildings, and reduced spending in oil and gas. Historically low levels of earthmoving rental purchases and rising used inventories are expected to further pressure equipment sales as market uncertainty persists.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global forestry markets are expected to be flat to down as challenged global markets stabilize at low demand levels.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Global roadbuilding markets are forecasted to be generally flat, as a modest recovery in Europe is expected to compensate for a slight slowdown in other geographies.

Financial Services Outlook for 2025

Net IncomeUp
+ Provision for credit lossesFavorable
+ Prior period special itemsFavorable
(-) Financing spreadsUnfavorable

Additional Trends

Interest Rates – While interest rates in the U.S. began to decrease in the fourth quarter of 2024, they remained elevated. Increased rates impacted us in several ways, primarily affecting the demand for our products and financing spreads for the financial services operations.

The markets for our agriculture, turf, and construction products were negatively impacted in 2024 by elevated interest rates and their effect on borrowing costs for our customers.

Rising interest rates have historically impacted our borrowing costs sooner than the benefit is realized from receivable and lease portfolios.

Agricultural Market Business Cycle – The agricultural market is affected by various factors including commodity prices, acreage planted, crop yields, and government policies. These factors affect farmers’ income and may result in varying demand for our equipment. In 2024, we experienced unfavorable market

conditions which resulted in lower sales volumes, higher sales incentives, higher receivable write-offs, and an increase in expected credit losses.

We introduced cost reduction measures to manage our profitability and inventory levels. In the third quarter of 2024, we implemented employee-separation programs for our salaried workforce to help meet our strategic priorities while reducing overlap and redundancy in roles and responsibilities. The programs’ total pretax expenses are estimated to be approximately $165, of which $157 was recorded in 2024 (see Note 4). Annual pretax savings from these programs are estimated to be about $220. Approximately $100 of savings was realized in 2024.

Changes in interest rates and the agricultural market business cycle are driven by factors outside of our control, and as a result we cannot reasonably foresee when these conditions will fully subside.

Other Items of Concern and Uncertainties – Other items that could impact our results are:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
global and regional political conditions, including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
shifts in energy, economic, tax, and trade policies following the 2024 U.S. presidential and congressional elections,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
new or retaliatory tariffs,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital market disruptions,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
foreign currency and capital control policies,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
regulations and legislation regarding right to repair or right to modify,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
weather conditions,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
marketplace adoption and monetization of technologies we have invested in,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to strengthen our digital capabilities, automation, autonomy, and alternative power technologies,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
workforce reductions’ impact on employee retention, morale, and institutional knowledge,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
volatility in the prices of many commodities, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
slower economic growth.

30

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS2024 compared to 2023

Highlights

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net income declined in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by declining market conditions.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
We continue to focus on structural profitability and strategically investing in solutions that deliver value to our customers.

Net Sales and Revenues

Net Sales (Equipment Operations)

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net sales decreased in 2024 primarily due to lower sales volumes driven by declining market conditions (see Business Segment Results).

Net Income (Attributable to Deere & Company)

Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) ($ per share)

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Net income and diluted EPS decreased driven by lower sales.

Other Significant Statement of Consolidated Income Changes

An explanation of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statement of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company20242023% Change
Cost of sales to net sales68.8%67.9%+1
(-) Overhead CostsUnfavorable
+ Price realizationFavorable
+ Material costsFavorable
Increased mostly due to higher overhead costs from reduced volumes resulting in production inefficiencies partially offset by sales price realization, lower material costs, and lower employee profit-sharing incentives.
Finance and interest income$5,759$4,683+23
Increased primarily due to higher average financing receivable portfolios and higher average financing rates.
Other income1,1981,003+19
Higher primarily due to investment income earned on international marketable securities, legal settlements (see Note 4), and increased revenues from services.
Deere & Company20242023% Change
Research and development expenses$2,290$2,177+5
Higher due to continued focus on developing new technology solutions and product introductions.
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,8404,595+5
Increased mostly due to higher provision for credit losses, employee separation programs' expenses, and higher employee pay driven by merit increases, partially offset by the effect of a prior year accounting treatment correction (see Note 4).
Interest expense3,3482,453+36
Increased due to higher average borrowing rates and higher average borrowings.
Other operating expenses1,2571,292-3
Lower due to foreign exchange, higher pension benefits (see Note 9), and a settlement of an insurance claim recovery at an international location.
Provision for income taxes2,0942,871-27
Decreased as a result of lower pretax income, adjustments to valuation allowance on deferred tax, and the favorable impact of discrete tax benefits. These items were partially offset by prior years' favorable income tax ruling in Brazil.

Column 1Column 2
BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2024 compared to 2023

Each equipment operations segment experienced lower shipment volumes partially offset by price realization during 2024. Rising global grain stocks, lower commodity prices, elevated interest rates, and the effect of inventory management contributed to lower shipment volumes for large and small agriculture. Declines in housing starts, decreases in rental purchases, lower levels of commercial real estate construction, and the effect of inventory management contributed to lower shipment volumes for construction equipment.

Production costs were favorable in 2024 due to lower material and employee profit-sharing incentives costs, partially offset by higher manufacturing overhead costs driven by lower volumes and production inefficiencies.

Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

20242023% Change
Net sales$20,834$26,790-22
Sales volume and other-24
Price realization+2
Currency translation
Operating profit4,5146,996-35
Operating margin21.7%26.1%

Sales volumes decreased 17 percent in the U.S. and Canada, 40 percent in Brazil, and 30 percent in Europe. Price realization in the U.S. and Canada was 3 percent driven by inflation, which was partially offset by an increase in retail and pool funds sales incentives. Price realization was flat outside the U.S. and Canada

31

Table of Contents

due to moderating market conditions. Current period results were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

Production & Precision Agriculture Operating Profit

2024 compared to 2023

Small Agriculture and Turf Operations

20242023% Change
Net sales$10,969$13,980-22
Sales volume and other-24
Price realization+2
Currency translation
Operating profit1,6272,472-34
Operating margin14.8%17.7%

Sales volumes decreased 22 percent in the U.S. and Canada, 28 percent in Europe, and 45 percent in Mexico.

Price realization was 3 percent in the U.S. and Canada and 1 percent outside the U.S. and Canada driven by inflation. Current period results were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

Small Agriculture & Turf Operating Profit

2024 compared to 2023

Construction and Forestry Operations

20242023% Change
Net sales$12,956$14,795-12
Sales volume and other-12
Price realization
Currency translation
Operating profit2,0092,695-25
Operating margin15.5%18.2%

Sales volumes decreased 15 percent in the U.S. and Canada and 8 percent outside the U.S. and Canada. Price realization was about flat in the U.S. and Canada driven by moderating market conditions

and 1 percent outside the U.S. and Canada. Current and prior period results were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

Construction & Forestry Operating Profit

2024 compared to 2023

Financial Services Operations

20242023% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$6,493$5,554+17
Average balance of receivables and leases+12
Interest expense3,1822,362+35
Average borrowing rates+20
Average borrowings+12
Net income696619+12

Average wholesale receivables increased 26 percent driven by higher dealer used inventory levels. While new retail note volumes moderated due to reduced retail demand, average retail portfolio levels grew due to higher volumes in recent years resulting in a 9 percent increase. Revenue also increased due to higher average financing rates. Excluding the impact of a one-time correction of the accounting treatment for financing incentives offered to John Deere dealers in 2023 (see Note 4), net income declined as a result of a higher provision for credit losses and less-favorable financing spreads driven primarily by the receivable portfolio mix. These factors were partially offset by income earned on higher average portfolio balances.

Financial Services Net Income

2024 compared to 2023

32

Table of Contents

BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2023 compared to 2022

Please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2023 Form 10-K.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY2024 compared to 2023

We have access to global markets at a reasonable cost. Sources of liquidity include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
funds from operations,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the issuance of commercial paper and term debt,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the securitization of retail notes, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
bank lines of credit.

We closely monitor our cash requirements. Based on the available sources of liquidity, we expect to meet our funding needs in the short term (next 12 months) and long term (beyond 12 months). We are forecasting lower operating cash flows from equipment operations in 2025 compared with 2024 driven by a decrease in net income adjusted for non-cash provisions, partially offset by higher cash flows generated from inventory reductions.

We operate in multiple industries, which have unique funding requirements. The equipment operations are capital intensive. Historically, these operations have been subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for inventories and receivables from dealers. The financial services operations rely on their ability to raise substantial amounts of funds to finance their receivable and lease portfolios.

The assets and liabilities of Banco John Deere S.A. (BJD) were reclassified to held for sale in the third quarter of 2024 and are therefore not included within the 2024 balances reflected below (see Note 4).

Key Metrics and Balance Sheet Changes

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase was primarily driven by higher operating cash flow.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
See the detailed cash flow discussion in the next section.

Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable – Net

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Receivables are generated from the sales of goods and services to customers.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The decrease was driven by lower sales.

Column 1Column 2Column 3
6 percent of receivables were outstanding for periods exceeding 12 months caused by increased dealer inventory levels.

Financing Receivables and Equipment on Operating Leases

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase is due to higher wholesale receivable portfolios due to an increase in dealer used inventory levels and higher retail notes, partially offset by the reclassification of BJD receivables to “Assets held for sale” (see Note 4).
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Acquisition volumes were flat compared to prior period.

Inventories

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Inventories decreased due to lower forecasted demand.

Property and Equipment

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Cash expenditures were $1.6 billion in 2024.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Capital expenditures are forecasted to be $1.6 billion in 2025.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Accounts payable decreased due to lower trade payables.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Accrued expenses decreased due to lower derivative liabilities and dealer sales incentives.

Borrowings

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Borrowings increased corresponding with the level of financing receivable and lease portfolios, partially offset by the reclassification of BJD borrowings to “Liabilities held for sale” (see Note 4).

Unused Credit Lines

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase in unused credit lines was due to a decrease in commercial paper outstanding.

33

Table of Contents

Financial Services Ratio of Interest-Bearing Debt to Stockholder’s Equity

CASH FLOWS2024, 2023, and 2022

202420232022
Net cash provided by operating activities$9,231$8,589$4,699
Net cash used for investing activities(6,464)(8,749)(8,485)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(2,717)2,808826
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(37)31(224)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$13$2,679$(3,184)

Cash inflows from operating activities were $9.2 billion in 2024, driven by net income adjusted for non-cash provisions and lower inventories and receivables from a decline in sales. These items were partially offset by a decrease in vendor payables and a reduction in dealer sales incentive accruals.

Cash outflows from investing activities were $6.5 billion in 2024 due to growth in the financing receivable and lease portfolios and capital expenditures.

Cash outflows from financing activities were $2.7 billion in 2024, as repurchases of common stock and dividends paid were partially offset by higher borrowings.

Cash Returned to Shareholders

Cash returned to shareholders decreased $3.0 billion in 2024 as we managed cash flows through the declining business cycle in accordance with our use-of-cash priorities.

DEBT RATINGS

To access public debt capital markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings to our debt securities as an indicator of credit quality for fixed income investors. A security rating is not a recommendation by the rating agency to buy, sell, or hold our securities. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw ratings based on its assessment of our current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. Each agency’s rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Lower credit ratings generally

result in higher borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions, reduced access to debt capital markets, and may adversely impact our liquidity.

The senior long-term and short-term debt ratings and outlook currently assigned to unsecured company securities by the rating agencies engaged by us are as follows:

Senior
Long-TermShort-TermOutlook
Fitch RatingsA+F1Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.A1Prime-1Stable
Standard & Poor’sAA-1Stable

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND CASH REQUIREMENTS2025 and Beyond

Our material cash requirements include the following:

Borrowings – As of October 27, 2024, we had $17.6 billion of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $2.5 billion. The securitization borrowing payments are based on the expected liquidation of the retail notes. See Notes 12 and 19 for additional borrowing details. These payments will likely be replaced with new borrowings to finance the receivable and lease portfolio, which is expected to be lower in 2025.

Purchase Obligations – As of October 27, 2024, our outstanding purchase obligations were $3.2 billion, with $2.8 billion payable within one year. These purchase obligations are noncancelable.

Other Cash Requirements – In addition to our contractual obligations, we have the following commitments:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital expenditures of $1.6 billion are planned for 2025,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected quarterly cash dividend throughout 2025 (subject to change at the discretion of our Board of Directors), and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
total pension and other postretirement benefit (OPEB) contributions in 2025 are expected to be approximately $760 including a voluntary OPEB contribution of up to $520 (see Note 7).

Share repurchases will be considered as a means of deploying excess cash to shareholders, once the previously mentioned requirements are met.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES​​

The timely preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Those estimates affect reported amounts in these financial statements. Changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect. The following estimates are the most critical to our financial statements:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
sales incentives,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
product warranties,

34

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2Column 3
postretirement benefit obligations,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
allowance for credit losses,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
operating lease residual values, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
income taxes.

These items require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. Our accounting policies are described primarily in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements.

Sales Incentives

We provide sales incentives to dealers. These incentives are offered in two forms:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
volume bonuses – awarded based on a dealer’s sales volume and performance, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
retail sales incentive programs – discounts or financing programs that are due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer.

The estimated cost of these programs is based on:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical data,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
announced and expected incentive programs,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
field inventory levels, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
forecasted sales volumes.

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of the sales incentive costs. The final cost is determined at the end of the volume bonus measurement period or at the time of the retail sale.

There are numerous programs available at any time, and new programs may be announced after we record the equipment sale to the dealer. Changes in the mix and types of sales incentive programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. Actual cost differences from the original cost estimate are recognized in “Net sales.”

Sales Incentive Accruals

The accruals recorded against receivables relate to programs where we have the contractual right and the intent to offset against existing receivables. The decrease in 2024 resulted from lower sales.

A key assumption of the retail sales incentive accrual is the predictive value of the historical percent of retail sales incentive costs to retail sales. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of 1.0 percent. Holding other assumptions constant, a 1.0 percent change would have modified the sales incentive accrual by about $135.

Product Warranties

A standard warranty is provided as an assurance that our equipment will function as intended. The standard warranty period varies by product and region.

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of future warranty costs, based on the following calculation:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical claims rate experience – multiplied by –
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the estimated population.

The historical claims rate is determined by a review of five-year claims costs. The estimated population is based on dealer inventories and retail sales. These estimates are reviewed quarterly. Adjustments are also made for current quality developments.

Product Warranty Accruals

The decrease in 2024 is the result of lower sales volumes.

Product warranty accrual estimates are affected by the historical percent of warranty claims costs as a percentage of gross sales. Over the last five fiscal years, the percent has varied plus or minus .09 percent. Holding all other assumptions constant, if this estimated cost experience percent would have increased or decreased .09 percent, the warranty accrual at October 27, 2024 would have changed by approximately $50.

Postretirement Benefit Obligations

The pension and OPEB plan obligations (defined benefit) and expenses require the use of estimates. The main estimate is the present value of the projected future benefit payments. These future benefit payments extend several decades.

The estimates are based on existing retirement plan provisions. No assumption is made regarding any potential changes to benefit provisions beyond those to which we are presently committed (e.g., in existing labor contracts).

The key assumptions used by our actuaries to calculate the estimates include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
discount rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
health care cost trend rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected long-term return on plan assets,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
compensation increases,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
retirement rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
mortality rates, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected contributions.

Assumptions are set each year-end. These assumptions are not changed during the year unless there is a significant plan event. Actual results that differ from the assumptions affect future expenses and obligations.

35

Table of Contents

The key pension and OPEB amounts follow:

202420232022
Pension and OPEB net (benefit) cost$(86)$(13)$176
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets (as a percent)6.86.25.0
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets1,075995836
Actual return (loss) on pension and OPEB plan assets1,962(395)(3,565)
Pension assets, net of pension liabilities2,0032,0762,690
OPEB liabilities, net of OPEB assets1,1911,0011,205

The increase in the 2024 pension and OPEB net benefit was due to an increase in the expected long-term rates of return on pension plan assets and the Canadian pension settlement charge recognized in 2023 (see Note 7).

The effect of hypothetical changes to selected assumptions on our major U.S. retirement benefit plans would be as follows:

October 27, 20242025
IncreaseIncrease
Percentage(Decrease)(Decrease)
AssumptionsChangePBO/APBO*Expense
Pensions:
Discount rate**+/-.5$(495)/550$4/7
Expected return on assets+/-.5(63)/63
OPEB:
Discount rate**+/-.5(138)/149(3)/1
Expected return on assets+/-.5(11)/11
Health care cost trend rate**+/-1.0263/(230)33/(35)

*    Projected benefit obligation (PBO) for pension plans and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for OPEB plans.

**  Pretax impact on service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains or losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of the receivable portfolio. The allowance is measured on a collective basis for receivables with similar risk characteristics. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Risk characteristics include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
finance product category,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
geography,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
credit risk, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
remaining balance.

We utilize the following loss forecast models to estimate expected credit losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Linear regression models are used for large and complex retail customer receivable pools, which represent more than 90 percent of retail customer receivables. These statistical models utilize independent variables, or predictive features, to estimate lifetime default rates, which are subsequently adjusted for expected recoveries to arrive at lifetime credit loss
Column 1Column 2Column 3
estimates. Independent variables include credit quality at time of application, remaining account balance, delinquency status, and various economic factors, such as commodity prices, employment levels, and housing data.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Weighted average remaining maturity (WARM) models are used for smaller and less complex retail customer receivable pools.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Historical loss rate models are used on wholesale receivables, with consideration of current economic conditions and dealer financial risk.

Management reviews each model’s output quarterly, and qualitative adjustments are incorporated as necessary to arrive at management’s best estimate of expected credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

During 2024, we determined that the financial services business in Brazil met the held for sale criteria. The receivables in Brazil were reclassified to “Assets held for sale.” The associated allowance for credit losses was reversed and a valuation allowance for the assets held for sale was recorded (see Note 4). Excluding the business in Brazil, the allowance for credit losses increased, primarily due to higher expected losses as a result of elevated delinquencies and a decline in market conditions. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the allowance on revolving charge accounts, driven by write-offs of seasonal financing program accounts and recoveries expected on those accounts in the future.

While we believe our allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of our existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses. Within the retail customer receivable portfolio, credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including credit quality at time of application, remaining account balances, current delinquency levels, various economic factors, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts. Changes in any of these factors could impact our credit losses. Conversely, changes in economic conditions have historically had limited impact on credit losses within the wholesale receivable portfolio.

Holding all other factors constant, a 10 percent increase in the linear regression models’ forecasted defaults and a simultaneous 10 percent decrease in recovery rates would have resulted in a $70 increase to the allowance for credit losses at October 27, 2024.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Equipment on operating leases is depreciated to the estimated residual value over the lease term. The residual values are based on several factors, including:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
lease term,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected hours of usage,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical wholesale sales prices,

36

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2Column 3
return experience,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
intended equipment use,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market dynamics and trends, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer residual value guarantees.

We review residual value estimates during the lease term. Depreciation is adjusted over the remaining lease term if residual estimates are revised. Impairments are recorded when events or circumstances necessitate.

At the end of the majority of leases, the equipment is disposed in the following sequence:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The lessee has the option to purchase the equipment for the contractual residual value.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The dealer has the option to purchase the equipment.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The equipment is sold to a third party at the equipment’s fair value. In this situation, we may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the residual value and the sale price.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Hypothetically, if (a) future market values for this equipment were to decrease 10 percent from our present estimates, and (b) all the equipment on operating leases were returned to us for remarketing at the end of the lease term, the total unfavorable impact after consideration of dealer residual value guarantees would be approximately $75. This amount would be recognized as higher depreciation expense over the remaining term of the operating leases, or potentially as an impairment.

Income Taxes

We are subject to federal, state, and foreign income taxes. These tax laws can be complex. Significant judgment and interpretation is required to implement them. Changes in tax laws could materially affect our consolidated financial statements. We record our tax positions in the following categories:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
current taxes,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
deferred taxes, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
uncertain tax positions.

Deferred income taxes represent temporary differences between the tax and the financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. This will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Loss carryforwards and tax credits are significant components of deferred tax asset balances. These assets are reviewed regularly for the following:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
the likelihood of recoverability from future taxable income,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
tax planning strategies.

Valuation allowances are established when we determine that the deferred tax benefit may not be realized. The recoverability

analysis requires significant judgment and relies on estimates. The valuation allowance as of October 27, 2024 was $1.6 billion. Changes in foreign income tax laws, income for certain jurisdictions, or our tax structure could impact the valuation allowance balance.

Some tax positions contain significant uncertainties. These positions may be challenged or disallowed by taxing authorities. If it is likely the position will be disallowed, no tax benefit is recorded. If it is likely the position will be sustained, a tax benefit is recognized. The ultimate resolution could take many years. This may result in a payment that is significantly different from the original estimate.

See Note 8 for further information on income taxes.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained herein, including in the section entitled “Overview” relating to future events, expectations, and trends constitute “forward-looking statements” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve factors that are subject to change, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect all lines of our operations generally while others could more heavily affect a particular line of business.

Forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and current assumptions, expectations, and projections about future events and should not be relied upon. Except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise our forward-looking statements. Many factors, risks, and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Among these factors are risks related to:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
the agricultural business cycle, which can be unpredictable and is affected by factors such as world grain stocks, harvest yields, available farm acres, acreage planted, soil conditions, prices for commodities and livestock, input costs, availability of transport for crops as well as adverse macroeconomic conditions, including unemployment, inflation, interest rate volatility, changes in consumer practices due to slower economic growth, and regional or global liquidity constraints; these constraints may impact our customers and dealers, resulting in higher provisions for credit losses and write-offs;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
uncertainty of government policies and actions after recent U.S. elections in respect to global trade, tariffs, trade agreements, and energy, and the uncertainty of our ability to internationally sell products based on these actions and policies;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
higher interest rates and currency fluctuations which could adversely affect the U.S. dollar, customer confidence, access to capital, and demand for our products and solutions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to adapt in highly competitive markets, including understanding and meeting customers’ changing expectations for products and solutions, including delivery and utilization of precision technology;

37

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2Column 3
housing starts and supply, real estate and housing prices, levels of public and non-residential construction, and infrastructure investment;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
political, economic, and social instability of the geographies in which we operate, including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
worldwide demand for food and different forms of renewable energy impacting the price of farm commodities and consequently the demand for our equipment;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
availability and price of raw materials, components, and whole goods;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
suppliers’ and manufacturers’ business practices and compliance with applicable laws such as human rights, safety, environmental, and fair wages;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in climate patterns, unfavorable weather events, and natural disasters;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
loss of or challenges to intellectual property rights;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
rationalization, restructuring, relocation, expansion and/or reconfiguration of manufacturing and warehouse facilities;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to execute business strategies, including our Smart Industrial Operating Model and Leap Ambitions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to understand and meet customers’ changing expectations and demand for our products and solutions, including delivery and utilization of precision technology;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
accurately forecasting customer demand for products and services and adequately managing inventory;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer practices and their ability to manage inventory and distribution of our products and to provide support and service for precision technology solutions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to realize anticipated benefits of acquisitions and joint ventures, including challenges with successfully integrating operations and internal control processes;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
negative claims or publicity that damage our reputation or brand;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to attract, develop, engage, and retain qualified employees;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the impact of workforce reductions on company culture, employee retention and morale, and institutional knowledge;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
labor relations and contracts, including work stoppages and other disruptions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, technology failures, and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure and products;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning within our business processes;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes to governmental communications channels (radio frequency technology);
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes to existing laws and regulations, including the implementation of new, more stringent laws, as well as compliance with a variety of U.S., foreign and international laws, regulations, and policies relating to, but not limited to the following: advertising, anti-bribery and anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, antitrust, consumer finance, cybersecurity, data privacy, encryption, environmental (including climate
Column 1Column 2Column 3
change and engine emissions), farming, health and safety, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, foreign ownership and investment, human rights, import / export and trade, tariffs, labor and employment, product liability, telematics, and telecommunications;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
governmental and other actions designed to address climate change in connection with a transition to a lower-carbon economy;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
investigations, claims, lawsuits, or other legal proceedings; and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
warranty claims, post-sales repairs or recalls, product liability litigation, and regulatory investigations as a result of the deficient operation of our products.

Further information concerning us and our businesses, including factors that could materially affect our financial results, is included in our other filings with the SEC (including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). There also may be other factors that we cannot anticipate or that are not described herein because we do not currently perceive them to be material.

38

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA

The supplemental consolidating data presented on the subsequent pages is presented for informational purposes. Equipment operations represent the enterprise without financial services. Equipment operations include production and precision agriculture operations, small agriculture and turf operations, construction and forestry operations, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses not reflected within financial services. Transactions between the equipment operations and financial services have been eliminated to arrive at the consolidated financial statements.

Equipment operations and financial services participate in different industries. Equipment operations primarily generate earnings and cash flows by manufacturing and selling equipment, service parts, and technology solutions to dealers and retail customers. Financial services finance sales and leases by dealers of new and used equipment that is largely manufactured by equipment operations. Those earnings and cash flows generally are the difference between the finance income received from customer payments less interest expense, and depreciation on equipment subject to an operating lease. The two businesses are capitalized differently and have separate performance metrics. The supplemental consolidating data is also used by management due to these differences.

INCOME STATEMENTS
For the Years Ended October 27, 2024, October 29, 2023, and October 30, 2022
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202420232022202420232022202420232022202420232022
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$44,759$55,565$47,917$44,759$55,565$47,917
Finance and interest income596636213$6,035$5,055$3,583$(872)$(1,008)$(431)5,7594,6833,3651​
Other income1,0068581,261458499502(266)(354)(468)1,1981,0031,2952, 3, 4​
Total46,36157,05949,3916,4935,5544,085(1,138)(1,362)(899)51,71661,25152,577
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales30,80337,73935,341(28)(24)(3)30,77537,71535,3384​
Research and development expenses2,2902,1771,9122,2902,1771,912
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,7913,6113,1371,059994735(10)(10)(9)4,8404,5953,8634​
Interest expense3964113903,1822,362799(230)(320)(127)3,3482,4531,0621​
Interest compensation to Financial Services640687299(640)(687)(299)1​
Other operating expenses1332173501,3541,3961,386(230)(321)(461)1,2571,2921,2753, 4, 5​
Total38,05344,84241,4295,5954,7522,920(1,138)(1,362)(899)42,51048,23243,450
Income before Income Taxes8,30812,2177,9628988021,1659,20613,0199,127
Provision for income taxes1,8872,6851,7182071862892,0942,8712,007
Income after Income Taxes6,4219,5326,2446916168767,11210,1487,120
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates(29)46534(24)710
Net Income6,3929,5366,2506966198807,08810,1557,130
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(12)(11)(1)(12)(11)(1)
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$6,404$9,547$6,251$696$619$880$7,100$10,166$7,131

1 Elimination of intercompany interest income and expense.

2 Elimination of equipment operations’ margin from inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

3 Elimination of income and expenses between equipment operations and financial services related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets.

4 Elimination of intercompany service revenues and fees.

5 Elimination of financial services’ lease depreciation expense related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases.

39

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
As of October 27, 2024 and October 29, 2023
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
20242023202420232024202320242023
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$5,615$5,720$1,709$1,738$7,324$7,458
Marketable securities1251041,0298421,154946
Receivables from Financial Services3,0434,516$(3,043)$(4,516)6​
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net1,2571,3206,2258,687(2,156)(2,268)5,3267,7397​
Financing receivables – net786444,23143,60944,30943,673
Financing receivables securitized – net28,7217,3358,7237,335
Other receivables2,1931,813427869(75)(59)2,5452,6237​
Equipment on operating leases – net7,4516,9177,4516,917
Inventories7,0938,1607,0938,160
Property and equipment – net7,5466,84334367,5806,879
Goodwill3,9593,9003,9593,900
Other intangible assets – net9991,1339991,133
Retirement benefits2,8392,9368372(1)(1)2,9213,0078​
Deferred income taxes2,2622,1334368(219)(387)2,0861,8149​
Other assets2,1941,948715559(3)(4)2,9062,503
Assets held for sale2,9442,944
Total Assets$39,205$40,590$73,612$70,732$(5,497)$(7,235)$107,320$104,087
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Short-term borrowings$911$1,230$12,622$16,709$13,533$17,939
Short-term securitization borrowings28,4296,9958,4316,995
Payables to Equipment Operations3,0434,516$(3,043)$(4,516)6​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses13,53414,8623,2433,599(2,234)(2,331)14,54316,1307​
Deferred income taxes434452263455(219)(387)4785209​
Long-term borrowings6,6037,21036,62631,26743,22938,477
Retirement benefits and other liabilities2,2502,032105109(1)(1)2,3542,1408​
Liabilities held for sale1,8271,827
Total liabilities23,73425,78666,15863,650(5,497)(7,235)84,39582,201
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (Note 3)82978297
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity22,83621,7857,4547,082(7,454)(7,082)22,83621,78510​
Noncontrolling interests7474
Financial Services' equity(7,454)(7,082)7,4547,08210​
Adjusted total stockholders' equity15,38914,7077,4547,08222,84321,789
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity$39,205$40,590$73,612$70,732$(5,497)$(7,235)$107,320$104,087

6 Elimination of receivables / payables between equipment operations and financial services.

7 Primarily reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services.

8 Reclassification of net pension assets / liabilities.

9 Reclassification of deferred tax assets / liabilities in the same taxing jurisdictions.

10 Elimination of financial services’ equity.

40

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended October 27, 2024, October 29, 2023, and October 30, 2022
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202420232022202420232022202420232022202420232022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income$6,392$9,536$6,250$696$619$880$7,088$10,155$7,130
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (credit) for credit losses1473296(23)189310(16)192
Provision for depreciation and amortization1,2201,1231,0411,0401,0161,050$(142)$(135)$(196)2,1182,0041,89511​
Impairments and other adjustments2818889717312519188
Share-based compensation expense208130852081308512​
Gain on remeasurement of previously held equity investment(326)(326)
Distributed earnings of Financial Services250215444(250)(215)(444)13​
Provision (credit) for deferred income taxes(97)(959)8(197)169(74)(294)(790)(66)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables related to sales(13)(58)(189)434(4,195)(2,294)421(4,253)(2,483)14, 16​
Inventories1,011474(1,924)(223)(195)(167)788279(2,091)15​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(1,429)1,3521,444277449143112(971)(454)(1,040)8301,13316​
Accrued income taxes payable/receivable(218)816695(31)(25)(123)(23)141
Retirement benefits(215)(164)(1,016)(12)(6)1(227)(170)(1,015)
Other(38)36725040(51)(287)(145)(64)53(143)2521611, 12, 15​
Net cash provided by operating activities6,90511,9196,2392,3322,3151,877(6)(5,645)(3,417)9,2318,5894,699
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Collections of receivables (excluding receivables related to sales)26,02924,12822,400(867)(1,077)(1,493)25,16223,05120,90714​
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities99597331277983218679
Proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases1,9291,9812,0931,9291,9812,093
Cost of receivables acquired (excluding receivables related to sales)(29,152)(29,229)(26,903)336457603(28,816)(28,772)(26,300)14​
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired(82)(498)(82)(498)
Purchases of marketable securities(209)(173)(76)(846)(318)(174)(1,055)(491)(250)
Purchases of property and equipment(1,636)(1,494)(1,131)(4)(4)(3)(1,640)(1,498)(1,134)
Cost of equipment on operating leases acquired(3,464)(3,234)(2,879)302264225(3,162)(2,970)(2,654)15​
Decrease (increase) in investment in Financial Services4(870)7(4)870(7)17​
Decrease (increase) in trade and wholesale receivables21(5,783)(3,601)(21)5,7833,60114​
Collateral on derivatives – net(1)5413(11)(647)413(12)(642)
Other(125)(176)(137)(8)31146337(127)(142)(86)
Net cash used for investing activities(1,867)(2,737)(1,830)(4,349)(12,312)(9,621)(248)6,3002,966(6,464)(8,749)(8,485)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net proceeds (payments) in short-term borrowings (original maturities three months or less)28(113)136(1,884)4,1213,716(1,856)4,0083,852
Change in intercompany receivables/payables1,4592,090(1,633)(1,459)(2,090)1,633
Proceeds from borrowings issued (original maturities greater than three months)15934213817,93715,08710,22018,09615,42910,358
Payments of borrowings (original maturities greater than three months)(1,123)(901)(1,356)(12,109)(7,012)(7,089)(13,232)(7,913)(8,445)
Repurchases of common stock(4,007)(7,216)(3,597)(4,007)(7,216)(3,597)
Capital investment from Equipment Operations(4)870(7)4(870)717​
Dividends paid(1,605)(1,427)(1,313)(250)(215)(444)250215444(1,605)(1,427)(1,313)13​
Other(46)(7)6(67)(66)(35)(113)(73)(29)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(5,135)(7,232)(7,619)2,16410,6957,994254(655)451(2,717)2,808826
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash(15)24(209)(22)7(15)(37)31(224)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash(112)1,974(3,419)125705235132,679(3,184)
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year5,7553,7817,2001,8651,1609257,6204,9418,125
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Year$5,643$5,755$3,781$1,990$1,865$1,160$7,633$7,620$4,941
Components of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents$5,615$5,720$3,767$1,709$1,738$1,007$7,324$7,458$4,774
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (Assets held for sale)116116
Restricted cash (Other assets)283514165127153193162167
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash$5,643$5,755$3,781$1,990$1,865$1,160$7,633$7,620$4,941

11 Elimination of depreciation on leases related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

12 Reclassification of share-based compensation expense.

13 Elimination of dividends from financial services to the equipment operations, which are included in the equipment operations operating activities.

14 Primarily reclassification of receivables related to the sale of equipment.

15 Reclassification of direct lease agreements with retail customers.

16 Reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services.

17 Elimination of change in investment from equipment operations to financial services.

41

Table of Contents

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

2024202320222021202020192018201720162015
Net sales and revenues$51,716$61,251$52,577$44,024$35,540$39,258$37,358$29,738$26,644$28,863
Net sales44,75955,56547,91739,73731,27234,88633,35125,88523,38725,775
Finance and interest income5,7594,6833,3653,2963,4503,4933,1072,7322,5112,381
Research and development expenses2,2902,1771,9121,5871,6441,7831,6581,3731,3941,410
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,8404,5953,8633,3833,4773,5513,4553,0982,7912,868
Interest expense3,3482,4531,0629931,2471,4661,204899764680
Net income*7,10010,1667,1315,9632,7513,2532,3682,1591,5241,940
Return on net sales15.9%18.3%14.9%15.0%8.8%9.3%7.1%8.3%6.5%7.5%
Return on beginning Deere & Company stockholders’ equity32.6%50.2%38.7%46.1%24.1%28.8%24.8%33.1%22.6%21.4%
Comprehensive income*6,50810,0996,6298,9632,8192,0813,2223,221627994
Net income per share – basic*$25.73$34.80$23.42$19.14$8.77$10.28$7.34$6.76$4.83$5.81
– diluted*25.6234.6323.2818.998.6910.157.246.684.815.77
Dividends declared per share5.885.054.363.613.043.042.582.402.402.40
Dividends paid per share5.764.834.283.323.042.972.492.402.402.40
Average number of common shares outstanding (in millions) – basic276.0292.2304.5311.6313.5316.5322.6319.5315.2333.6
– diluted277.1293.6306.3314.0316.6320.6327.3323.3316.6336.0
Total assets$107,320$104,087$90,030$84,114$75,091$73,011$70,108$65,786$57,918$57,883
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net5,3267,7396,4104,2084,1715,2305,0043,9253,0113,051
Financing receivables – net44,30943,67336,63433,79929,75029,19527,05425,10423,70224,809
Financing receivables securitized – net8,7237,3355,9364,6594,7034,3834,0224,1595,1274,835
Equipment on operating leases – net7,4516,9176,6236,9887,2987,5677,1656,5945,9024,970
Inventories7,0938,1608,4956,7814,9995,9756,1493,9043,3413,817
Property and equipment – net7,5806,8796,0565,8205,8175,9735,8685,0685,1715,181
Short-term borrowings13,53317,93912,59210,9198,58210,78411,06210,0356,9118,425
Short-term securitization borrowings8,4316,9955,7114,6054,6824,3213,9574,1194,9984,585
Long-term borrowings43,22938,47733,59632,88832,73430,22927,23725,89123,70323,775
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity22,83621,78520,26218,43112,93711,41311,2889,5576,5206,743
Book value per share*$84.03$77.37$67.82$59.83$41.25$36.45$35.45$29.70$20.71$21.29
Capital expenditures$1,624$1,537$1,176$867$762$1,084$969$586$668$655
Number of employees (at year end)75,84782,95682,23975,55069,63473,48974,41360,47656,76757,180

*     Attributable to Deere & Company.

42

Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT MARKET RISK INFORMATION

We are naturally exposed to various interest rate and foreign currency risks. As a result, we enter into derivative transactions to manage this exposure and not for speculative purposes.

From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage our interest rate exposure. We also have foreign currency exposures at some of our foreign and domestic operations related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the functional currencies. We have entered into derivative agreements related to the management of these foreign currency transaction risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Results of Operations – Central bank policy rates increased in 2022 and 2023 and have remained elevated. Increased rates impacted us in several ways, primarily affecting the demand for our products and financing spreads for the financial services operations. Increased interest rates have historically impacted our borrowings sooner than the benefit is realized from the financing receivable and equipment on operating lease portfolios.

Fair Value Measurement – Quarterly, we use a combination of cash flow models to assess the sensitivity of our financial instruments with interest rate exposure to changes in market interest rates. The models calculate the effect of adjusting interest rates as follows:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for financing receivables are discounted at the current prevailing rate for each receivable portfolio,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for marketable securities are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for unsecured borrowings are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads for similarly rated borrowers,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for securitized borrowings are discounted at the swap yield curve plus a market credit spread for similarly rated borrowers, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for interest rate swaps are projected and discounted using forward rates from the swap yield curve at the repricing dates.

The net impact in these financial instruments’ fair values which would be caused by decreasing or increasing the interest rates by 10 percent from the market rates at October 27, 2024, and October 29, 2023, would have been approximately $75 and $10, respectively.

Reference Rate Reform – We transitioned our financing, funding, and hedging portfolios from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) to alternative reference rates in 2023, and in 2024, we transitioned certain portfolios from the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) to an alternative reference rate. These transition activities did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Foreign Currency Risk

We hedge significant currency exposures for our equipment operations. Worldwide foreign currency exposures are reviewed quarterly. Based on the anticipated and committed foreign currency cash inflows, outflows, and hedging policy for the next twelve months, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies through 2025 would increase the 2025 expected net cash inflows by approximately $25. At October 29, 2023, a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar under similar assumptions and calculations indicated a potential $25 increase on the 2024 net cash inflows. The estimated impacts on net cash inflows by currency follow:

20252024
Australian dollar$(75)$(75)
Brazilian real2525
British pound(50)(50)
Canadian dollar25
Euro10075
Japanese yen5075
Mexican peso2525
Polish zloty(25)(25)
All other(50)(25)
Total increase$25$25

In the financial services operations, our policy is to manage foreign currency risk through hedging strategies if the currency of the borrowings does not match the currency of the receivable portfolio. As a result, a hypothetical 10 percent adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other foreign currencies would not have a material effect on the financial services cash flows.

43

Table of Contents

DEERE & COMPANY

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME

For the Years Ended October 27, 2024, October 29, 2023, and October 30, 2022

202420232022
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$44,759$55,565$47,917
Finance and interest income5,7594,6833,365
Other income1,1981,0031,295
Total51,71661,25152,577
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales30,77537,71535,338
Research and development expenses2,2902,1771,912
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,8404,5953,863
Interest expense3,3482,4531,062
Other operating expenses1,2571,2921,275
Total42,51048,23243,450
Income of Consolidated Group before Income Taxes9,20613,0199,127
Provision for income taxes2,0942,8712,007
Income of Consolidated Group7,11210,1487,120
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates(24)710
Net Income7,08810,1557,130
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(12)(11)(1)
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$7,100$10,166$7,131
Per Share Data
Basic$25.73$34.80$23.42
Diluted25.6234.6323.28
Dividends declared5.885.054.36
Dividends paid5.764.834.28
Average Shares Outstanding (in millions of shares)
Basic276.0292.2304.5
Diluted277.1293.6306.3

FY 2023 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001558370-23-019812.

Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2023-12-15. Report date: 2023-10-29.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. All amounts are presented in millions of dollars, unless otherwise specified. For comparison of 2022 to 2021 results, refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2022 Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

Deere & Company is a global leader in the production of agricultural, turf, construction, and forestry equipment and solutions. John Deere Financial provides financing for John Deere equipment, parts, service, and other input costs customers need to run their operations. Our operations are managed through the production and precision agriculture (PPA), small agriculture and turf (SAT), construction and forestry (CF), and financial services operating segments. References to “equipment operations” include PPA, SAT, and CF, while references to “agriculture and turf” include both PPA and SAT.

Net Sales and Revenues by Segment in 2023

Smart Industrial Operating Model and Leap Ambitions

We announced the Smart Industrial Operating Model in 2020. This operating model is based on three focus areas:

Column 1Column 2
(a)Production systems: A strategic alignment of products and solutions around our customers’ operations.
Column 1Column 2
(b)Technology stack: Investments in technology, as well as research and development, that deliver intelligent solutions to our customers through digital capabilities, automation, autonomy, and alternative power technologies.
Column 1Column 2
(c)Lifecycle solutions: The integration of our aftermarket and support capabilities to more effectively manage customer equipment, service, and technology needs across the full lifetime of a John Deere product.

Our Leap Ambitions were launched in 2022. These ambitions are designed to boost economic value and sustainability for our customers. The ambitions align across our customers’ production systems seeking to optimize their operations to deliver better outcomes with fewer resources.

TRENDS & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Industry Sales Outlook for Fiscal 2024

Company Trends – Customers seek to improve profitability, productivity, and sustainability through technology. Integration of technology into equipment is a persistent market trend. Our Smart Industrial Operating Model and Leap Ambitions are intended to capitalize on this market trend. These technologies are incorporated into products within each of our operating segments. We expect this trend to persist for the foreseeable future. The investments in these technologies and in establishing a Solutions as a Service business model might increase our operating costs and may decrease operating margins during the transition period. Most notably in 2023, we introduced See & Spray™ Ultimate and a new model of See & Spray™ Premium. These technologies were introduced on a limited basis and did not represent a significant percentage of our sales in 2023.

Company Outlook for 2024

Column 1Column 2
Demand is expected to decline in 2024.
Column 1Column 2
Production volumes will decline to more normal levels in 2024.

Agriculture and Turf Outlook for 2024

Column 1Column 2
We expect large agricultural equipment sales to decline in 2024 in North America, Europe, and South America.
Column 1Column 2
Demand for small agricultural equipment is expected to moderate in Europe.
Column 1Column 2
Turf and utility equipment product sales are expected to be lower due to the overall U.S. economic condition and elevated interest rates.

Market Conditions:

Column 1Column 2
Agricultural fundamentals are expected to moderate in 2024 due to lower commodity prices and elevated interest rates, offset by declining input costs and improved customer financials.

29

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2
The dairy and livestock sector continues to benefit from elevated protein and hay prices.
Column 1Column 2
Farm input costs in Europe are declining. Grain prices vary from favorable in Western Europe to depressed in Eastern Europe due to the Russia/Ukraine war.
Column 1Column 2
Dealer inventories are elevated in Brazil due to inventory oversupply driven by weakening demand in the second half of 2023.
Column 1Column 2
Industry sales in Asia are impacted by moderating demand in India, the world’s largest tractor market by number of units.
Column 1Column 2
The fleet average age is older than in prior business cycles. Combines are in line with the historical average age, while tractors are slightly older than historical averages.

Construction and Forestry Outlook for 2024

Market Conditions:

Column 1Column 2
Construction equipment industry sales are forecasted to be down from 2023 levels.
Column 1Column 2
Benefits from rental fleet replenishment, the energy industry, and U.S. infrastructure spending are expected to partially offset moderation in residential home, office, and retail construction.
Column 1Column 2
Roadbuilding demand remains strong, similar to 2023 in the U.S., largely offset by softening demand in Europe.

Financial Services Outlook for 2024

Net IncomeUp moderately
+ Nonrecurring prior period special itemsFavorable
+ Higher average portfolioFavorable
(-) Financing spreadsUnfavorable
(-) Recoveries on operating lease dispositionsUnfavorable

Additional Trends – We experienced supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures in 2022. While these issues moderated in 2023, the effect on production schedules and central bank policy interest rates continued in 2023. These changes are discussed below.

Supply Chain Impact on Production Schedules. We experienced supply chain improvements compared to 2022, with a return to normal in 2023. The ease in supply chain disruptions contributed to higher levels of production compared to prior year. As a result, our production schedules in 2023 were more aligned with the customers’ seasonal use of our products, marking a return to historical seasonal production patterns and on-time product delivery. Additionally, supply chain improvements contributed to reductions in premium freight costs, moderation in material cost increases, and disciplined inventory management in 2023. In 2022, supply chain disruptions impacted many aspects of our business, including receiving past due deliveries from suppliers, parts availability, increased production costs, and higher inventory levels.

Interest Rates. Central bank policy interest rates increased in 2022 and 2023. Increased rates impacted us in several ways, primarily affecting the financing spreads for the financial services operations, and may impact future demand for our products.

Most retail customer receivables are fixed rate. Wholesale financing receivables generally are variable rate. Both types of

receivables are financed with fixed and floating rate borrowings. We manage our exposure to interest rate fluctuations by matching our receivables with our funding sources. We also enter into interest rate swap agreements to match our interest rate exposure.

Rising interest rates have historically impacted our borrowings sooner than the benefit is realized from receivable and lease portfolios. As a result, our financial services operations experienced $170 (after-tax) less favorable financing spreads in 2023 compared to 2022. If interest rates continue to rise, we expect to continue experiencing spread compression in 2024.

Demand for our products is negatively impacted by rising interest rates. We expect higher borrowing costs for our customers to primarily affect discretionary and residential product sales in 2024.

Rising interest rates are driven by factors outside of our control, and as a result, we cannot reasonably foresee when this condition will subside.

Agricultural Market Business Cycle. The agricultural market is affected by various factors including commodity prices, acreage planted, crop yields, and government policies. These factors affect farmers’ income and may result in lower demand for equipment. We may experience any of the following effects during unfavorable market conditions: lower net sales, higher sales discounts, higher receivable write-offs, or losses on equipment on operating leases. A potential benefit is that customers may invest in integrated technology solutions and precision agriculture to lower input costs and improve margins.

Other Items of Concern and Uncertainties – Other items that could impact our results are:

Column 1Column 2
global and regional political conditions, including the war in Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war,
Column 1Column 2
economic, tax, and trade policies,
Column 1Column 2
new or retaliatory tariffs,
Column 1Column 2
capital market disruptions,
Column 1Column 2
foreign currency and capital control policies,
Column 1Column 2
regulations and legislation regarding right to repair,
Column 1Column 2
weather conditions,
Column 1Column 2
marketplace adoption and monetization of technologies we have invested in,
Column 1Column 2
our ability to strengthen our digital capabilities, automation, autonomy, and alternative power technologies,
Column 1Column 2
changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment,
Column 1Column 2
significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates,
Column 1Column 2
volatility in the prices of many commodities, and
Column 1Column 2
slower economic growth or possible recession.

Column 1Column 2

30

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS2023 compared to 2022

Highlights

Column 1Column 2
Net income rose in 2023 compared to 2022, driven by strong market conditions.
Column 1Column 2
We continue to focus on structural profitability and strategically investing in solutions that deliver value to our customers.

Net Sales and Revenues

Net Sales (Equipment Operations)

Column 1Column 2
Favorable industry fundamentals and strong demand for farm and construction equipment drove the sales increases in 2023.

Net Income (Attributable to Deere & Company)

Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) ($ per share)

Column 1Column 2
Net income and diluted EPS grew at a faster rate than sales due to our ability to keep cost increases below price realization.

Other Significant Statement of Consolidated Income Changes –

An explanation of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statement of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company20232022% Change
Cost of sales to net sales67.9%73.7%-8
+ Price realizationFavorable
(-) Production costsUnfavorable
Price realization was 12 percent driven by strong demand. Production costs increased due to a moderate rise in material cost and manufacturing overhead. These factors were partially offset by lower freight costs and production efficiencies generated by easing supply chain disruptions.
Other income$1,003$1,295-23
Other income was lower due to a non-cash gain on the remeasurement of the previously held equity investment in the Deere-Hitachi joint venture in 2022.
Research and development expenses2,1771,912+14
Research and development expenditures were higher due to continued focus on developing new technology solutions and new product introductions.
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,5953,863+19
Selling, administrative and general expenses rose due to higher salary expenses driven by inflationary conditions, profit-sharing incentives, and an increase in expenses to support the Leap Ambitions framework. Also impacting the current year was a cumulative correction of the accounting treatment for financing incentives offered to John Deere dealers (see Note 4).
Interest expense2,4531,062+131
Interest expense increased due to higher average borrowing rates and higher average borrowings.
Other operating expenses1,2921,275+1
See Note 9 for more information.
Provision for income taxes2,8712,007+43
Consistent with higher pretax income.

Column 1Column 2

31

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2
BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2023 compared to 2022

Each equipment operation segment experienced price realization during 2023, as orderbooks were full and most product lines were on allocation. These factors contributed to higher shipment volumes for large agriculture and construction equipment.

Production costs were unfavorable in 2023 due to higher material costs, profit-sharing incentive compensation, and manufacturing overhead costs, partially offset by lower freight costs and improved production efficiency. Material costs were higher in the first three quarters of 2023 but continued to moderate through the year. In the fourth quarter of 2023, material costs were lower than in the prior year.

Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

20232022% Change
Net sales$26,790$22,002+22
Sales volume and other+7
Price realization+15
Currency translation
Operating profit6,9964,386+60
Operating margin26.1%19.9%

Sales volumes increased 10 percent in the U.S. and Canada, 32 percent in Australia, and 9 percent in Western Europe, partially offset by the effect of suspension of shipments to Russia. Price realization was 17 percent in the U.S. and Canada and 12 percent outside the U.S. and Canada, driven by strong demand. Prior period results were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

Small Agriculture and Turf Operations

20232022% Change
Net sales$13,980$13,381+4
Sales volume and other-4
Price realization+9
Currency translation-1
Operating profit2,4721,949+27
Operating margin17.7%14.6%

Sales volumes decreased 8 percent in the U.S. and Canada but increased 18 percent in Mexico and 2 percent in Western Europe.

Price realization was 8 percent in the U.S. and Canada driven by inflation and 12 percent in Western Europe driven by strong demand.

Construction and Forestry Operations

20232022% Change
Net sales$14,795$12,534+18
Sales volume and other+9
Price realization+10
Currency translation-1
Operating profit2,6952,014+34
Operating margin18.2%16.1%

Sales volumes increased 18 percent in the U.S. and Canada but decreased 6 percent outside the U.S. and Canada driven by lower sales in Brazil and the suspension of shipments to Russia. Price realization was 12 percent in the U.S. and Canada driven by strong demand, and 7 percent outside the U.S. and Canada. Results in both periods were impacted by special items (see Note 4).

32

Table of Contents

Financial Services Operations

20232022% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$5,554$4,085+36
Average balance of receivables and leases+19
Interest expense2,362799+196
Average borrowings+20
Average borrowing rates+143
Net income619880-30

Average wholesale receivables increased 72 percent and retail notes increased 13 percent driven by higher equipment sales. Revenue also increased due to higher average financing rates. Net income declined as a result of unfavorable financing spreads and a correction of the accounting treatment for financing incentives offered to John Deere dealers (see Note 4). In 2022, financial services increased the provision for credit losses in Russia and recorded an intercompany benefit from the equipment operations, which guarantees financial services’ investments in certain international markets, including Russia (see Note 4). The Russia-related impacts are displayed in the “Other” bar below.

BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS2022 compared to 2021

Please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2022 Form 10-K.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY2023 compared to 2022

We have access to global markets at a reasonable cost. Sources of liquidity include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
funds from operations,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the issuance of commercial paper and term debt,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the securitization of retail notes, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
bank lines of credit.

We closely monitor our cash requirements. Based on the available sources of liquidity, we expect to meet our funding needs in the short term (next 12 months) and long term (beyond 12 months). We

are forecasting lower operating cash flows in 2024 compared with 2023 as identified previously in Trends and Economic Conditions.

We operate in multiple industries, which have unique funding requirements. The equipment operations are capital intensive. Historically, these operations have been subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for inventories and receivables from dealers. However, the patterns of seasonality have been affected by the supply chain disruptions experienced during fiscal year 2022.

The financial services operations rely on their ability to raise substantial amounts of funds to finance their receivable and lease portfolios.

Key Metrics and Balance Sheet Changes

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Column 1Column 2Column 3
See the detailed cash flow discussion in the next section.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase was primarily driven by higher operating cash flow.

Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable – Net

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Receivables are generated from the sales of goods to customers.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The increase was driven by higher sales.

Financing Receivables and Equipment on Operating Leases

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Acquisition volumes were 30 percent higher driven by higher retail volumes due to increased retail sales and higher wholesale receivables.

Inventories

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Inventories decreased due to easing of supply disruption constraints and moderation of future demand.

Property and Equipment

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Cash expenditures were $1.5 billion in 2023.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Capital expenditures are forecast to be $1.9 billion in 2024.

33

Table of Contents

Borrowings

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Borrowings increased corresponding with the level of the financing receivable and lease portfolios.

Unused Credit Lines

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The decrease in unused credit lines was due to an increase in commercial paper outstanding to fund growth in the receivable portfolios.

Financial Services Ratio of Interest-Bearing Debt to Stockholder’s Equity

CASH FLOWS2023, 2022, and 2021

202320222021
Net cash provided by operating activities$8,589$4,699$7,726
Net cash used for investing activities(8,749)(8,485)(5,750)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities2,808826(1,078)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash31(224)55
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$2,679$(3,184)$953

Operating cash flows in 2023 were higher due to an increase in net income and lower inventory offset by higher receivables related to sales, while operating cash flows in 2022 were impacted by a $1 billion other postretirement benefit (OPEB) contribution.

Cash outflows from investing activities were $8.7 billion in 2023 due to growth in the financing receivable and lease portfolios, and purchases of property and equipment.

Cash inflows from financing activities were $2.8 billion in 2023, as higher borrowings were partially offset by repurchases of common stock and dividends paid.

Cash Returned to Shareholders

Cash returned to shareholders increased $3.7 billion in 2023.

Column 1Column 2
Column 1Column 2
DEBT RATINGS

To access debt markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings to our debt. These ratings are an indicator of credit quality for fixed income investors. A debt rating is not a recommendation by the rating agency to buy, sell, or hold. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw company ratings based on its assessment of our current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. Lower credit ratings or negative changes to ratings outlooks generally result in higher borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions, and reduced access to debt capital markets, and may adversely impact our liquidity.

The senior long-term and short-term debt ratings and outlook currently assigned to unsecured company securities by the rating agencies engaged by us are as follows:

Senior
Long-TermShort-TermOutlook
Fitch RatingsA+F1Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.A2Prime-1Positive
Standard & Poor’sAA-1Stable

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND CASH REQUIREMENTS2024 and Beyond

Our material cash requirements include the following:

Borrowings – As of October 29, 2023, we had $21.2 billion of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $2.2 billion. The securitization borrowing payments are based on the expected liquidation of the retail notes. See Notes 12 and 19 for additional borrowing details. These payments will likely be replaced with new borrowings to finance the receivable and lease portfolio, which is expected to grow in 2024.

Purchase Obligations – As of October 29, 2023, our outstanding purchase obligations were $4.5 billion, with $4.1 billion payable within one year. These purchase obligations are noncancelable.

Other Cash Requirements – In addition to our contractual obligations, we have the following commitments:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
capital expenditures of $1.9 billion are planned for 2024,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected quarterly cash dividend throughout 2024 (subject to change at the discretion of our Board of Directors), and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
total pension and OPEB contributions in 2024 are expected to be approximately $225.

Share repurchases will be considered as a means of deploying excess cash to shareholders, once the previously mentioned requirements are met.

Column 1Column 2

34

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES​​

The timely preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Those estimates affect reported amounts in these financial statements. Changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect. The following estimates are the most critical to our financial statements:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
sales incentives,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
product warranties,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
postretirement benefit obligations,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
allowance for credit losses,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
operating lease residual values, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
income taxes.

These items require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. Our accounting policies are described primarily in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements.

Sales Incentives

We provide sales incentives to dealers. These incentives are offered in two forms:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
volume bonuses – awarded based on a dealer’s sales volume and performance, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
retail sales incentive programs – discounts or financing programs that are due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer.

The estimated cost of these programs is based on:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical data,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
announced and expected incentive programs,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
field inventory levels, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
forecasted sales volumes.

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of the sales incentive costs. The final cost is determined at the end of the volume bonus measurement period or at the time of the retail sale.

There are numerous programs available at any time, and new programs may be announced after we record the equipment sale to the dealer. Changes in the mix and types of sales incentive programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. Actual cost differences from the original cost estimate are recognized in “Net sales.”

Sales Incentive Accruals

The accruals recorded against receivables relate to programs where we have the contractual right and the intent to offset against existing receivables. The increase in each of 2023 and 2022 primarily resulted from higher retail sales. Additional factors in

2023 were higher incentives for dealer market share and incentives provided to offset elevated interest rates.

A key assumption of the retail sales incentive accrual is the predictive value of the historical percent of retail sales incentive costs to retail sales. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of .7 percent. Holding other assumptions constant, .7 percent change would have modified the sales incentive accrual by $105.

Product Warranties

A standard warranty is provided as an assurance that our equipment will function as intended. The standard warranty period varies by product and region.

At the time a sale is recognized, we record an estimate of future warranty costs, based on the following calculation:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical claims rate experience – multiplied by –
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the estimated population.

The historical claims rate is determined by a review of five-year claims costs. The estimated population is based on dealer inventories and retail sales. These estimates are reviewed quarterly. Adjustments are also made for current quality developments.

Product Warranty Accruals

The increase in each of 2023 and 2022 related to higher sales volumes, partially offset by a decrease in the warranty rate.

Product warranty accrual estimates are affected by the historical percent of warranty claims costs as a percentage of gross sales. During this time, the percent has varied plus or minus .12 percent. Holding all other assumptions constant, if this estimated cost experience percent would have increased or decreased .12 percent, the warranty accrual at October 29, 2023 would have changed by approximately $81.

Postretirement Benefit Obligations

The pension and OPEB plan obligations (defined benefit) and expenses require the use of estimates. The main estimate is the present value of the projected future benefit payments. These future benefit payments extend several decades.

The estimates are based on existing retirement plan provisions. No assumption is made regarding any potential changes to benefit provisions beyond those to which we are presently committed (e.g., in existing labor contracts).

The key assumptions used by our actuaries to calculate the estimates include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
discount rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
health care cost trend rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected long-term return on plan assets,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
compensation increases,

35

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2Column 3
retirement rates,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
mortality rates, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected contributions.

Assumptions are set each year-end. These assumptions are not changed during the year unless there is a significant plan event. Actual results that differ from the assumptions affect future expenses and obligations.

The key pension and OPEB amounts follow:

202320222021
Pension and OPEB net (benefit) cost$(13)$176$197
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets (as a percent)6.25.05.9
Long-term expected return on pension and OPEB plan assets995836876
Actual return (loss) on pension and OPEB plan assets(395)(3,565)3,616
Pension assets, net of pension liabilities2,0762,6902,665
OPEB liabilities, net of OPEB assets1,0011,2053,175

The reduction in the 2023 pension and OPEB net (benefit) cost was due to increased expected long-term return rates on plan assets and increased discount rates.

The effect of hypothetical changes to selected assumptions on our major U.S. retirement benefit plans would be as follows:

October 29, 20232024
IncreaseIncrease
Percentage(Decrease)(Decrease)
AssumptionsChangePBO/APBO*Expense
Pension
Discount rate**+/-.5$(414)/456$3/(3)
Expected return on assets+/-.5(63)/63
OPEB
Discount rate**+/-.5(120)/130(4)/5
Expected return on assets+/-.5(10)/10
Health care cost trend rate**+/-1.0231/(202)39/(34)
Column 1Column 2
*Projected benefit obligation (PBO) for pension plans and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for OPEB plans.
Column 1Column 2
**Pretax impact on service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains or losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of the receivable portfolio. The allowance is measured on a collective basis for receivables with similar risk characteristics. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Risk characteristics include:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
finance product category,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
geography,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
credit risk, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
remaining balance.

We utilize the following loss forecast models to estimate expected credit losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
Transition matrix models are used for large and complex retail customer receivable pools. These models are used for more than 90 percent of retail customer receivables. Historical portfolio performance and current delinquency levels are used to forecast future defaults. Estimated recovery rates are applied to the estimated default balance to calculate the expected credit losses.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Weighted average remaining maturity (WARM) models are used for smaller and less complex retail customer receivable pools.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Historical loss rate models are used on wholesale receivables, with consideration of current economic conditions and dealer financial risk.

The model output is adjusted for forecasted economic conditions, which may include the following economic indicators:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
commodity prices,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
industry equipment sales,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
unemployment rates, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
housing starts.

Management reviews each model’s output quarterly, and qualitative adjustments are incorporated as necessary.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance decreased in 2023 due to the disposition of the receivable portfolio in Russia (see Note 11). Excluding the portfolio in Russia, the allowance increased slightly as higher portfolio balances and higher expected losses on turf and construction customer accounts. The allowance increased in 2022 due to higher reserves related to the economic uncertainty in Russia.

While we believe our allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of our existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses, specifically:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
For the wholesale receivable portfolio: Changes in economic conditions have historically had limited impact on credit losses.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
Within the retail customer receivable portfolio: Credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including historical portfolio performance, current economic conditions, current delinquency levels, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts.

36

Table of Contents

Holding all other factors constant, a 10 percent increase in the transition matrix models’ forecasted defaults and a simultaneous 10 percent decrease in recovery rates would have resulted in a $53 increase to the allowance for credit losses at October 29, 2023.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Equipment on operating leases is depreciated to the estimated residual value over the lease term. The residual values are based on several factors, including:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
lease term,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
expected hours of usage,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
historical wholesale sales prices,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
return experience,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
intended equipment use,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
market dynamics and trends, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer residual value guarantees.

We review residual value estimates during the lease term. Depreciation is adjusted over the remaining lease term if residual estimates are revised. Impairments are recorded when events or circumstances necessitate.

At the end of the majority of leases, the equipment is disposed in the following sequence:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
The lessee has the option to purchase the equipment for the contractual residual value.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The dealer has the option to purchase the equipment.
Column 1Column 2Column 3
The equipment is sold to a third party at the equipment’s fair value. In this situation, we may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the residual value and the sale price.

Operating Lease Residual Values

Hypothetically, if (a) future market values for this equipment were to decrease 10 percent from our present estimates and (b) all the equipment on operating leases were returned to us for remarketing at the end of the lease term, the total unfavorable impact after consideration of dealer residual value guarantees would be approximately $90. This amount would be recognized as higher depreciation expense over the remaining term of the operating leases, or potentially as an impairment.

Income Taxes

We are subject to federal, state, and foreign income taxes. These tax laws can be complex. Significant judgment and interpretation is required to implement them. Changes in tax laws could materially affect our consolidated financial statements. We record our tax positions in the following categories:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
current taxes,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
deferred taxes, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
uncertain tax positions.

Deferred income taxes represent temporary differences between the tax and the financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities.

This will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Loss carryforwards and tax credits are significant components of deferred tax asset balances. These assets are reviewed regularly for the following:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
the likelihood of recoverability from future taxable income,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
tax planning strategies.

Valuation allowances are established when we determine that the deferred tax benefit may not be realized. The recoverability analysis requires significant judgment and relies on estimates. The valuation allowance as of October 29, 2023 was $1.6 billion. Changes in foreign income tax laws, income for certain jurisdictions, or our tax structure could impact the valuation allowance balance.

Some tax positions contain significant uncertainties. These positions may be challenged or disallowed by taxing authorities. If it is likely the position will be disallowed, no tax benefit is recorded. If it is likely the position will be sustained, a tax benefit is recognized. The ultimate resolution could take many years. This may result in a payment that is significantly different from the original estimate.

See Note 8 for further information on income taxes.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained herein, including in the section entitled “Overview” relating to future events, expectations, and trends constitute “forward-looking statements” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve factors that are subject to change, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect all lines of our operations generally while others could more heavily affect a particular line of business.

Forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and current assumptions, expectations, and projections about future events and should not be relied upon. Except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise our forward-looking statements. Many factors, risks, and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Among these factors are risks related to:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in U.S., foreign and international laws, regulations, and policies relating to trade, spending, taxing, banking, monetary, environmental (including climate change and engine emission), and farming policies;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
political, economic, and social instability of the geographies in which we operate, including the ongoing wars between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
adverse macroeconomic conditions, including unemployment, inflation, rising interest rates, changes in consumer practices due to slower economic growth or possible recession, and regional or global liquidity constraints;

37

Table of Contents

Column 1Column 2Column 3
growth and sustainability of non-food uses for crops (including ethanol and biodiesel production);
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to execute business strategies, including our Smart Industrial Operating Model, Leap Ambitions, and mergers and acquisitions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to understand and meet customers’ changing expectations and demand for our products and solutions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
accurately forecasting customer demand for products and services and adequately managing inventory;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to integrate new technology, including automation and machine learning, and deliver precision technology and solutions to customers;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes to governmental communications channels (radio frequency technology);
Column 1Column 2Column 3
our ability to adapt in highly competitive markets;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
dealer practices and their ability to manage distribution of our products and support and service precision technology solutions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
changes in climate patterns, unfavorable weather events, and natural disasters;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
governmental and other actions designed to address climate change in connection with a transition to a lower-carbon economy;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
higher interest rates and currency fluctuations which could adversely affect the U.S. dollar, customer confidence, access to capital, and demand for our products and solutions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
stress in the banking sector may have adverse impacts on vendors or customers as well as on our ability to access cash deposits;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
availability and price of raw materials, components, and whole goods;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
delays or disruptions in our supply chain;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
labor relations and contracts, including work stoppages and other disruptions;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
the ability to attract, develop, engage, and retain qualified personnel;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, technology failures, and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure and products;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
loss of or challenges to intellectual property rights;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
compliance with evolving U.S. and foreign laws, including economic sanctions, data privacy, and environmental laws and regulations;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
legislation introduced or enacted that could affect our business model and intellectual property, such as so-called right to repair or right to modify legislation;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
investigations, claims, lawsuits, or other legal proceedings;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
events that damage our reputation or brand;
Column 1Column 2Column 3
world grain stocks, available farm acres, soil conditions, harvest yields, prices for commodities and livestock, input costs, and availability of transport for crops; and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
housing starts and supply, real estate and housing prices, levels of public and non-residential construction, and infrastructure investment.

Further information concerning our businesses, including factors that could materially affect our financial results, is included in our filings with the SEC (including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). There also may be other factors that we cannot anticipate or that are not described herein because we do not currently perceive them to be material.

38

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA

The supplemental consolidating data presented on the subsequent pages is presented for informational purposes. The equipment operations represents the enterprise without financial services. The equipment operations includes production and precision agriculture operations, small agriculture and turf operations, construction and forestry operations, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses not reflected within financial services. Transactions between the “equipment operations” and “financial services” have been eliminated to arrive at the consolidated financial statements.

The equipment operations and financial services participate in different industries. The equipment operations generate earnings and cash flows by manufacturing and selling equipment, service parts, and technology solutions to dealers and retail customers. Financial services finances sales and leases by dealers of new and used equipment that is largely manufactured by us. Those earnings and cash flows generally are the difference between the finance income received from customer payments less interest expense, and depreciation on equipment subject to an operating lease. The two businesses are capitalized differently and have separate performance metrics. The supplemental consolidating data is also used by management due to these differences.

INCOME STATEMENTS
For the Years Ended October 29, 2023, October 30, 2022, and October 31, 2021
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202320222021202320222021202320222021202320222021
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$55,565$47,917$39,737$55,565$47,917$39,737
Finance and interest income636213133$5,055$3,583$3,442$(1,008)$(431)$(279)4,6833,3653,2961​
Other income8581,261941499502352(354)(468)(302)1,0031,2959912, 3​
Total57,05949,39140,8115,5544,0853,794(1,362)(899)(581)61,25152,57744,024
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales37,73935,34129,119(24)(3)(3)37,71535,33829,1164​
Research and development expenses2,1771,9121,5872,1771,9121,587
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,6113,1372,887994735504(10)(9)(8)4,5953,8633,3834​
Interest expense4113903682,362799687(320)(127)(62)2,4531,0629931​
Interest compensation to Financial Services687299217(687)(299)(217)1​
Other operating expenses2173501811,3961,3861,453(321)(461)(291)1,2921,2751,3435, 6​
Total44,84241,42934,3594,7522,9202,644(1,362)(899)(581)48,23243,45036,422
Income before Income Taxes12,2177,9626,4528021,1651,15013,0199,1277,602
Provision for income taxes2,6851,7181,3861862892722,8712,0071,658
Income after Income Taxes9,5326,2445,06661687687810,1487,1205,944
Equity in income of unconsolidated affiliates461834371021
Net Income9,5366,2505,08461988088110,1557,1305,965
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(11)(1)2(11)(1)2
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$9,547$6,251$5,082$619$880$881$10,166$7,131$5,963

1 Elimination of intercompany interest income and expense.

2 Elimination of equipment operations’ margin from inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

3 Elimination of financial services’ income related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets and intercompany service revenues.

4 Elimination of intercompany service fees.

5 Elimination of financial services’ lease depreciation expense related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases.

6 Elimination of equipment operations’ expense related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets and intercompany service expenses.

39

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
As of October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
20232022202320222023202220232022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$5,720$3,767$1,738$1,007$7,458$4,774
Marketable securities10461842673946734
Receivables from Financial Services4,5166,569$(4,516)$(6,569)7​
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net1,3201,2738,6876,434(2,268)(1,297)7,7396,4108​
Financing receivables – net644743,60936,58743,67336,634
Financing receivables securitized – net7,3355,9367,3355,936
Other receivables1,8131,670869832(59)(10)2,6232,4928​
Equipment on operating leases – net6,9176,6236,9176,623
Inventories8,1608,4958,1608,495
Property and equipment – net6,8436,02136356,8796,056
Goodwill3,9003,6873,9003,687
Other intangible assets – net1,1331,2181,1331,218
Retirement benefits2,9363,6667266(1)(2)3,0073,7309​
Deferred income taxes2,1339406845(387)(161)1,81482410​
Other assets1,9481,794559626(4)(3)2,5032,417
Total Assets$40,590$39,208$70,732$58,864$(7,235)$(8,042)$104,087$90,030
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Short-term borrowings$1,230$1,040$16,709$11,552$17,939$12,592
Short-term securitization borrowings6,9955,7116,9955,711
Payables to Equipment Operations4,5166,569$(4,516)$(6,569)7​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses14,86212,9623,5993,170(2,331)(1,310)16,13014,8228​
Deferred income taxes452380455276(387)(161)52049510​
Long-term borrowings7,2107,91731,26725,67938,47733,596
Retirement benefits and other liabilities2,0322,351109108(1)(2)2,1402,4579​
Total liabilities25,78624,65063,65053,065(7,235)(8,042)82,20169,673
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (Note 3)97929792
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity21,78520,2627,0825,799(7,082)(5,799)21,78520,26211​
Noncontrolling interests4343
Financial Services' equity(7,082)(5,799)7,0825,79911​
Adjusted total stockholders' equity14,70714,4667,0825,79921,78920,265
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity$40,590$39,208$70,732$58,864$(7,235)$(8,042)$104,087$90,030

7 Elimination of receivables / payables between equipment operations and financial services.

8 Primarily reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services.

9 Reclassification of net pension assets / liabilities.

10 Reclassification of deferred tax assets / liabilities in the same taxing jurisdictions.

11 Elimination of financial services’ equity.

40

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended October 29, 2023, October 30, 2022, and October 31, 2021
Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202320222021202320222021202320222021202320222021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income$9,536$6,250$5,084$619$880$881$10,155$7,130$5,965
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (credit) for credit losses737(23)189(13)(16)192(6)
Provision for depreciation and amortization1,1231,0411,0431,0161,0501,140$(135)$(196)$(133)2,0041,8952,05012​
Impairments and other adjustments1888501731918850
Share-based compensation expense1308582130858213​
Gain on remeasurement of previously held equity investment(326)(326)
Distributed earnings of Financial Services215444555(215)(444)(555)14​
Provision (credit) for deferred income taxes(959)8(369)169(74)(72)(790)(66)(441)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables related to sales(58)(189)(105)(4,195)(2,294)1,074(4,253)(2,483)96915, 17, 18​
Inventories474(1,924)(1,835)(195)(167)(662)279(2,091)(2,497)16​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses1,3521,4441,58944914357(971)(454)2388301,1331,88417​
Accrued income taxes payable/receivable816613(31)(25)(2)(23)14111
Retirement benefits(164)(1,016)30(6)1(1)(170)(1,015)29
Other367250(162)(51)(287)(25)(64)53(183)25216(370)12, 13, 16​
Net cash provided by operating activities11,9196,2395,9002,3151,8771,965(5,645)(3,417)(139)8,5894,6997,726
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Collections of receivables (excluding receivables related to sales)24,12822,40020,527(1,077)(1,493)(1,568)23,05120,90718,95915​
Proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases1,9812,0932,0941,9812,0932,094
Cost of receivables acquired (excluding receivables related to sales)(29,229)(26,903)(25,305)4576031,652(28,772)(26,300)(23,653)15​
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired(82)(498)(244)(82)(498)(244)
Purchases of property and equipment(1,494)(1,131)(845)(4)(3)(3)(1,498)(1,134)(848)
Cost of equipment on operating leases acquired(3,234)(2,879)(2,627)264225895(2,970)(2,654)(1,732)16​
Increase (decrease) in investment in Financial Services(870)7(8)870(7)819​
Decrease (increase) in trade and wholesale receivables(5,783)(3,601)1,3645,7833,601(1,364)15​
Collateral on derivatives – net(1)5(7)(11)(647)(274)(12)(642)(281)
Other(290)(213)70(160)(81)(84)337(31)(447)(257)(45)18​
Net cash used for investing activities(2,737)(1,830)(1,034)(12,312)(9,621)(4,308)6,3002,966(408)(8,749)(8,485)(5,750)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net proceeds (payments) in short-term borrowings (original maturities three months or less)(113)136654,1213,7167534,0083,852818
Change in intercompany receivables/payables2,090(1,633)(354)(2,090)1,633354
Proceeds from borrowings issued (original maturities greater than three months)3421381115,08710,2208,71115,42910,3588,722
Payments of borrowings (original maturities greater than three months)(901)(1,356)(94)(7,012)(7,089)(6,996)(7,913)(8,445)(7,090)
Repurchases of common stock(7,216)(3,597)(2,538)(7,216)(3,597)(2,538)
Capital investment from Equipment Operations870(7)8(870)7(8)19​
Dividends paid(1,427)(1,313)(1,040)(215)(444)(555)215444555(1,427)(1,313)(1,040)14​
Other(7)687(66)(35)(37)(73)(29)50
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(7,232)(7,619)(3,863)10,6957,9942,238(655)4515472,808826(1,078)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash24(209)417(15)1431(224)55
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash1,974(3,419)1,044705235(91)2,679(3,184)953
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year3,7817,2006,1561,1609251,0164,9418,1257,172
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Year$5,755$3,781$7,200$1,865$1,160$925$7,620$4,941$8,125
Components of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents$5,720$3,767$7,188$1,738$1,007$829$7,458$4,774$8,017
Restricted cash (Other assets)35141212715396162167108
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash$5,755$3,781$7,200$1,865$1,160$925$7,620$4,941$8,125

12 Elimination of depreciation on leases related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

13 Reclassification of share-based compensation expense.

14 Elimination of dividends from financial services to the equipment operations, which are included in the equipment operations operating activities.

15 Primarily reclassification of receivables related to the sale of equipment.

16 Reclassification of direct lease agreements with retail customers.

17 Reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services.

18 Elimination and reclassification of the effects of financial services partial financing of the construction and forestry retail locations sales and subsequent collection of those amounts.

19 Elimination of investment from equipment operations to financial services.

41

Table of Contents

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

2023202220212020201920182017201620152014
Net sales and revenues$61,251$52,577$44,024$35,540$39,258$37,358$29,738$26,644$28,863$36,067
Net sales55,56547,91739,73731,27234,88633,35125,88523,38725,77532,961
Finance and interest income4,6833,3653,2963,4503,4933,1072,7322,5112,3812,282
Research and development expenses2,1771,9121,5871,6441,7831,6581,3731,3941,4101,437
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,5953,8633,3833,4773,5513,4553,0982,7912,8683,266
Interest expense2,4531,0629931,2471,4661,204899764680664
Net income*10,1667,1315,9632,7513,2532,3682,1591,5241,9403,162
Return on net sales18.3%14.9%15.0%8.8%9.3%7.1%8.3%6.5%7.5%9.6%
Return on beginning Deere & Company stockholders’ equity50.2%38.7%46.1%24.1%28.8%24.8%33.1%22.6%21.4%30.8%
Comprehensive income*10,0996,6298,9632,8192,0813,2223,2216279942,072
Net income per share – basic*$34.80$23.42$19.14$8.77$10.28$7.34$6.76$4.83$5.81$8.71
– diluted*34.6323.2818.998.6910.157.246.684.815.778.63
Dividends declared per share5.054.363.613.043.042.582.402.402.402.22
Dividends paid per share4.834.283.323.042.972.492.402.402.402.13
Average number of common shares outstanding (in millions) – basic292.2304.5311.6313.5316.5322.6319.5315.2333.6363.0
– diluted293.6306.3314.0316.6320.6327.3323.3316.6336.0366.1
Total assets$104,087$90,030$84,114$75,091$73,011$70,108$65,786$57,918$57,883$61,267
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net7,7396,4104,2084,1715,2305,0043,9253,0113,0513,278
Financing receivables – net43,67336,63433,79929,75029,19527,05425,10423,70224,80927,422
Financing receivables securitized – net7,3355,9364,6594,7034,3834,0224,1595,1274,8354,602
Equipment on operating leases – net6,9176,6236,9887,2987,5677,1656,5945,9024,9704,016
Inventories8,1608,4956,7814,9995,9756,1493,9043,3413,8174,210
Property and equipment – net6,8796,0565,8205,8175,9735,8685,0685,1715,1815,578
Short-term borrowings17,93912,59210,9198,58210,78411,06210,0356,9118,4258,018
Short-term securitization borrowings6,9955,7114,6054,6824,3213,9574,1194,9984,5854,553
Long-term borrowings38,47733,59632,88832,73430,22927,23725,89123,70323,77524,318
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity21,78520,26218,43112,93711,41311,2889,5576,5206,7439,063
Book value per share*$77.37$67.82$59.83$41.25$36.45$35.45$29.70$20.71$21.29$26.23
Capital expenditures$1,537$1,176$867$762$1,084$969$586$668$655$1,004
Number of employees (at year end)82,95682,23975,55069,63473,48974,41360,47656,76757,18059,623

*     Attributable to Deere & Company.

42

Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT MARKET RISK INFORMATION

We are naturally exposed to various interest rate and foreign currency risks. As a result, we enter into derivative transactions to manage this exposure and not for speculative purposes.

From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage our interest rate exposure. We also have foreign currency exposures at some of our foreign and domestic operations related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the functional currencies. We have entered into derivative agreements related to the management of these foreign currency transaction risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Results of Operations – Central bank policy rates increased in 2022 and 2023. Rising interest rates have historically impacted our borrowings sooner than the benefit is realized from the financing receivable and equipment on operating lease portfolios. As a result, our financial services operations experienced spread compression in 2023. If interest rates continue to rise, we expect to continue experiencing spread compression in 2024.

Fair Value Measurement – Quarterly, we use a combination of cash flow models to assess the sensitivity of our financial instruments with interest rate exposure to changes in market interest rates. The models calculate the effect of adjusting interest rates as follows:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for financing receivables are discounted at the current prevailing rate for each receivable portfolio,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for marketable securities are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for unsecured borrowings are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads for similarly rated borrowers,
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for securitized borrowings are discounted at the swap yield curve plus a market credit spread for similarly rated borrowers, and
Column 1Column 2Column 3
cash flows for interest rate swaps are projected and discounted using forward rates from the swap yield curve at the repricing dates.

The net impact in these financial instruments’ fair values which would be caused by decreasing or increasing the interest rates by 10 percent from the market rates at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 would have been approximately $10 and $50, respectively.

Reference Rate Reform – We transitioned our financing, funding, and hedging portfolios from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) to alternative reference rates in 2023. In 2024, we will transition certain portfolios from the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) to an alternative reference rate. These transition activities did not / are not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

Foreign Currency Risk

In the equipment operations, the practice is to hedge significant currency exposures. Worldwide foreign currency exposures are reviewed quarterly. Based on the anticipated and committed foreign currency cash inflows, outflows, and hedging policy for the next twelve months, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies through 2024 would increase the 2024 expected net cash inflows by approximately $25. At October 29, 2023, a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar under similar assumptions and calculations indicated a potential $125 decrease on the 2023 net cash inflows. The estimated impacts by currency follow:

20242023
Australian dollar$(75)$(100)
Brazilian real25(150)
British pound(50)(25)
Canadian dollar(25)
Euro7550
Japanese yen75125
Mexican peso2525
Polish Zloty(25)(25)
All other(25)
Total increase (decrease)$25$(125)

In the financial services operations, our policy is to manage foreign currency risk through hedging strategies if the currency of the borrowings does not match the currency of the receivable portfolio. As a result, a hypothetical 10 percent adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other foreign currencies would not have a material effect on the financial services cash flows.

43

Table of Contents

DEERE & COMPANY

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME

For the Years Ended October 29, 2023, October 30, 2022, and October 31, 2021

202320222021
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$55,565$47,917$39,737
Finance and interest income4,6833,3653,296
Other income1,0031,295991
Total61,25152,57744,024
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales37,71535,33829,116
Research and development expenses2,1771,9121,587
Selling, administrative and general expenses4,5953,8633,383
Interest expense2,4531,062993
Other operating expenses1,2921,2751,343
Total48,23243,45036,422
Income of Consolidated Group before Income Taxes13,0199,1277,602
Provision for income taxes2,8712,0071,658
Income of Consolidated Group10,1487,1205,944
Equity in income of unconsolidated affiliates71021
Net Income10,1557,1305,965
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(11)(1)2
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$10,166$7,131$5,963
Per Share Data
Basic$34.80$23.42$19.14
Diluted34.6323.2818.99
Dividends declared5.054.363.61
Dividends paid4.834.283.32
Average Shares Outstanding (In millions of shares)
Basic292.2304.5311.6
Diluted293.6306.3314.0

FY 2022 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001558370-22-018703.

Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2022-12-15. Report date: 2022-10-30.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote understanding of the financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K).

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED

OCTOBER 30, 2022, OCTOBER 31, 2021, AND NOVEMBER 1, 2020

OVERVIEW

Organization

The company generates net sales from the sale of equipment to John Deere dealers and distributors. The company manufactures and distributes a full line of agricultural equipment; a variety of commercial and consumer equipment; and a broad range of equipment for construction, roadbuilding, and forestry. These operations (collectively known as the “equipment operations”) are managed through the production and precision agriculture, small agriculture and turf, and construction and forestry operating segments. The company’s financial services segment provides credit services, which finance sales and leases of equipment by John Deere dealers. In addition, the financial services segment provides wholesale financing to dealers of the foregoing equipment, finances retail revolving charge accounts, and offers extended equipment warranties.

Smart Industrial Operating Model and Leap Ambitions

The company’s Smart Industrial operating model is focused on making significant investments, strengthening the company’s capabilities in digital, automation, autonomy, and alternative propulsion technologies. These technologies are intended to increase worksite efficiency, improve yields, lower input costs, and ease labor constraints. The company’s Leap Ambitions are goals designed to boost economic value and sustainability for the company’s customers. The company anticipates opportunities in this area, as the company and its customers have a vested interest in sustainable practices.

Trends and Economic Conditions

Industry Trends for Fiscal Year 2023 – Industry sales of large agricultural machinery in the U.S. and Canada for 2023 are forecasted to increase 5 to 10 percent compared to 2022. Industry sales of small agricultural and turf equipment in the U.S. and Canada are expected to be flat to down 5 percent in 2023. Industry sales of agricultural machinery in Europe are forecasted to be flat to up 5 percent, while South American industry sales of tractors and combines are expected to be flat to up 5 percent in 2023. Asia industry sales are forecasted to be down moderately in 2023 as the demand in India, the world’s largest tractor market by unit, stabilizes. On an industry basis, North American construction equipment and compact construction equipment sales are both expected to be flat to up 5 percent in 2023. Global forestry and global roadbuilding industry sales are each expected to be flat.

Company Trends – Customers’ demand for integration of technology into equipment is a market trend underlying the company’s Smart Industrial operating model and Leap Ambitions framework. Customers have sought to improve profitability, productivity, and sustainability through technology. The company’s approach to technology involves hardware and software, guidance, connectivity and digital solutions, automation and machine intelligence, autonomy, and electrification. This technology is incorporated into products within each of the company’s operating segments.

Customers continue to adopt technology integrated in the John Deere portfolio of “smart” machines, systems, and solutions. The company expects this trend to persist for the foreseeable future.

Demand for the company’s equipment remains strong, as order books are full through a majority of 2023. Agricultural fundamentals are expected to remain solid into 2023, and retail demand will comprise most of 2023 sales. The company expects dealer stock inventory replenishment to occur in 2024. The North American retail customer fleet age remains above average, and dealer inventories are historically low due to the manufacturing and supply chain constraints over the past few years. Crop prices remain favorable to our customers in part due to low stock-to-use ratios for key grains and lower exports from the Black Sea region. The company expects to sell more large agricultural equipment in 2023 than 2022 in North America, Europe, and South America. Demand for small agricultural equipment remains stable, while turf and utility equipment product sales are expected to be lower due to the overall U.S. economic conditions. Construction equipment markets are forecasted to be steady. Rental fleets replenishment, the energy industry, and U.S. infrastructure spend will offset moderation in residential home construction. Roadbuilding demand remains strongest in the U.S., largely offset by softening demand in Europe and sluggish demand in Asia. Net income for the company’s financial services operations is expected to be slightly higher than fiscal year 2022 due to a higher average portfolio, partially offset by less-favorable financing spreads and lower gains on operating leases. Excluding the portfolio in Russia, a higher provision for credit losses is forecasted for 2023.

Additional Trends – The company experienced supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures in 2022. While these are two distinct issues and discussed separately below, their impact may be intertwined.

28

Table of Contents

Supply chain disruptions impacted many aspects of the business, including parts availability, increased production costs, and more partially completed machines in inventory. Past due deliveries from suppliers were at elevated levels. Late part deliveries incurred expedited freight charges and rework of partially built machines, contributing to production inefficiencies and higher overhead costs. The company implemented the following mitigation efforts to minimize the impact of supply chain disruptions on its ability to meet customer demand:

Column 1Column 2
Worked with the supply base to obtain allocations and improve on-time deliveries of parts.
Column 1Column 2
Multi-sourced some parts and materials.
Column 1Column 2
Provided resources to suppliers to address constraints.
Column 1Column 2
Entered into long-term contracts for some critical components.
Column 1Column 2
Utilized alternative freight carriers to expedite delivery.

While supply chain disruptions are expected to persist into 2023, the company is working diligently to secure the parts and components that customers need to deliver essential food and infrastructure more profitably and sustainably.

Inflation was a pervasive feature throughout 2022, increasing the cost of material, freight, energy, salaries, and wages. Higher costs due to general business inflation were offset by price realization, which mitigated the impact of inflation on the company’s operating results. The company expects inflation to continue in 2023 resulting in higher costs. If customers are unwilling to accept increases in cost of John Deere products, or the company is otherwise unable to offset increases in production costs, inflation could have an adverse effect on the company’s operations and financial condition.

Interest rates rose in 2022 and further central bank policy rate increases are projected in 2023. Most retail customer receivables are fixed rate, while wholesale financing receivables are floating rate. The company has both fixed and floating rate borrowings. The company manages the risk of interest rate fluctuations through balancing the types and amounts of its funding sources to its financing receivable and equipment on operating lease portfolios. Accordingly, the company enters into interest rate swap agreements to manage its interest rate exposure. Rising interest rates have historically impacted the company’s borrowings sooner than the benefit is realized from the financing receivable and equipment on operating lease portfolios. As a result, the company’s financial services operations experienced spread compression in 2022. If interest rates continue to rise, the company expects to continue experiencing spread compression in 2023.

Supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, and rising interest rates are driven by factors outside of the company’s control, and as a result, the company cannot reasonably foresee when these conditions will subside.

Items of Concern and Uncertainties – Other items of concern include global and regional political conditions, economic and trade policies, imposition of new or retaliatory tariffs against

certain countries or covering certain products, the ongoing effects of the pandemic, capital market disruptions, changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment, significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, volatility in the prices of many commodities, and potential recession. These items could impact the company’s results. The company is making investments in technology and in strengthening its capabilities in digital, automation, autonomy, and electrification. As with most technology investments, marketplace adoption and monetization of these features holds an elevated level of uncertainty.

2022 COMPARED WITH 2021

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars, except per share amounts)20222021
Net sales and revenues$52,577$44,024
Net income attributable to Deere & Company7,1315,963
Diluted earnings per share23.2818.99

Net income in 2022 and 2021 was impacted by special items. See Notes 3 and 4 for additional details. The discussion on net sales and operating profit is included in the Business Segment Results below.

An explanation of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statement of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars)20222021% Change
Cost of sales to net sales73.7%73.3%
Other income$1,295$991+31
Research and development expenses1,9121,587+20
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,8633,383+14
Interest expense1,062993+7
Other operating expenses1,2751,343-5
Provision for income taxes2,0071,658+21

The cost of sales to net sales ratio increased compared to 2021 mainly due to higher production costs partially offset by price realization. Other income increased due to a non-cash gain on the remeasurement of the previously held equity investment in the Deere-Hitachi joint venture. Research and development expenses were higher in 2022 largely due to continued focus on developing and incorporating technology solutions. Selling, administrative and general expenses increased mostly due to higher provision for credit losses, including higher reserves due to the economic uncertainty in Russia (see Note 4), as well as a higher merit pay increase due to inflationary conditions. Interest expense increased in 2022 due to higher average borrowings and higher average borrowing rates. Other operating expenses were lower compared to 2021 largely due to reduced depreciation of equipment on operating leases and lower retirement benefit costs. The provision for income taxes increased consistent with higher pretax income.

29

Table of Contents

BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS

The following discussion relates to operating results by reportable segment. Operating profit is income before corporate expenses, certain external interest expense, certain foreign exchange gains or losses, and income taxes.

For the equipment operations, higher production costs were mostly due to elevated material and inbound freight expenses. Overhead spend was also higher for the year as factories continued to experience some production inefficiencies due to supply chain challenges and clearing partially completed machines in inventory.

Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

(In millions of dollars)20222021% Change
Net sales$22,002$16,509+33
Operating profit4,3863,334+32
Operating margin19.9%20.2%
Price realization+14
Currency translation-2

Segment sales increased due to higher shipment volumes and price realization. Operating profit benefitted from price realization and higher shipment volumes / sales mix. These items were partially offset by higher production costs, higher research and development expenses and selling, administrative and general expenses, the impact of higher reserves and impairments related to events in Russia / Ukraine, and the UAW contract ratification bonus. The prior year was also impacted by a favorable indirect tax ruling in Brazil (see Note 4).

Small Agriculture and Turf Operations

(In millions of dollars)20222021% Change
Net sales$13,381$11,860+13
Operating profit1,9492,045-5
Operating margin14.6%17.2%
Price realization+9
Currency translation-4

Segment sales were higher in 2022 due to price realization and higher shipment volumes, partially offset by the negative effects of currency translation. Operating profit decreased as a result of higher production costs, higher selling, administrative and general expenses and research and development expenses, and the unfavorable effects of foreign exchange, partially offset by price realization and improved shipment volumes. Results for the current year were affected by the impact of higher reserves and impairments related to events in Russia / Ukraine and the UAW contract ratification bonus, while results of the prior year were positively impacted by a gain on the sale of a factory in China (see Note 4).

30

Table of Contents

Construction and Forestry Operations

(In millions of dollars)20222021% Change
Net sales$12,534$11,368+10
Operating profit2,0141,489+35
Operating margin16.1%13.1%
Price realization+10
Currency translation-3

Segment sales increased in 2022 due to price realization and higher shipment volumes, partially offset by the negative effects of currency translation. Operating profit increased mainly due to price realization, partially offset by higher production costs. The current year results included a non-cash gain on the remeasurement of the previously held equity investment in the Deere-Hitachi joint venture, partially offset by the impact of higher reserves and impairments related to events in Russia / Ukraine (see Note 4).

Financial Services Operations

(In millions of dollars)20222021% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$4,085$3,794+8
Interest expense799687+16
Net income880881

The average balance of receivables and leases financed was 8 percent higher in 2022, consistent with revenue growth. Interest expense increased in 2022 as a result of higher average borrowings and higher average borrowing rates. Net income in 2022 was roughly the same mainly due to income earned on a higher average portfolio, partially offset by less favorable financing spreads and unfavorable discrete income tax adjustments. The provision for credit losses increased, primarily due to economic uncertainty in Russia. The financial services operations received an intercompany benefit from the equipment operations, as the equipment

operations guarantees financial services’ investments in certain international markets, including Russia (see Note 4).

2021 COMPARED WITH 2020

The comparison of the 2021 results with 2020 can be found under the heading “2021 Compared With 2020” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of the company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY, KEY METRICS, AND BALANCE SHEET DATA

The company has access to most global markets at a reasonable cost. Sources of liquidity for the company include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, funds from operations, the issuance of commercial paper and term debt, the securitization of retail notes (both public and private markets), and bank lines of credit. The company closely monitors its liquidity sources against the cash requirements and expects to have sufficient sources of global funding and liquidity to meet its funding needs in the short term (next 12 months) and long term (beyond 12 months). The company operates in multiple industries, which have different funding requirements. The production and precision agriculture, small agriculture and turf, and construction and forestry segments are capital intensive and are typically subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for inventories and certain receivables from dealers. However, the patterns of seasonality in inventory have been affected by increases in production rates and supply chain disruptions experienced during fiscal year 2022, which continue to impact inventory levels. As a result, the company may not experience typical seasonal reduction in inventory during 2023. The financial services operations rely on their ability to raise substantial amounts of funds to finance their receivable and lease portfolios.

31

Table of Contents

Key metrics are provided in the following table, in millions of dollars:

202220212020
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities$5,508$8,745$7,707
Trade accounts and notes receivable – net6,4104,2084,171
Ratio to prior 12 month’s net sales13%11%13%
Inventories8,4956,7814,999
Ratio to prior 12 month’s cost of sales24%23%21%
Unused credit lines3,2845,7706,801
Financial Services:
Ratio of interest-bearing debt to stockholder’s equity8.5 to 17.8 to 17.8 to 1

Due to the uncertainties around the COVID-19 pandemic, the company temporarily increased its cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balance beginning in March 2020. The cash balance decrease in 2022 was driven by working capital requirements. The reduction in unused credit lines in 2022 compared to both prior periods relates to an increase in commercial paper outstanding to fund growth in the receivable portfolio. The company forecasts higher operating cash flows in 2023 as identified previously in Trends and Economic Conditions.

Cash Flows

202220212020
Net cash provided by operating activities$4,699$7,726$7,483
Net cash used for investing activities(8,485)(5,750)(3,319)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities826(1,078)(980)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(224)5532
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$(3,184)$953$3,216

Positive cash flows from consolidated operating activities in 2022 were $4,699 million. This resulted from net income adjusted for non-cash provisions, partially offset by an increase in receivables related to sales, an increase in inventories, and a $1,000 million voluntary contribution to a U.S. other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plan. Cash outflows from investing activities were $8,485 million in 2022. The primary drivers were growth in the retail customer receivable and lease portfolios; purchases of property and equipment; a change in collateral on derivatives – net; and acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired. Cash inflows from financing activities were $826 million in 2022, due to an increase in borrowings, partially offset by repurchases of common stock and dividends paid. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash decreased $3,184 million during 2022.

Cash and Marketable Securities Held by Foreign Subsidiaries – The amount of the total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities held by foreign subsidiaries was $3,379 million at

October 30, 2022 and $5,817 million at October 31, 2021. During 2022, the company’s foreign subsidiaries returned $5,643 million of cash and cash equivalents to the U.S. Distributions of profits from foreign subsidiaries are not expected to cause a significant incremental U.S. tax impact. However, these distributions may be subject to withholding taxes outside the U.S.

Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable – Trade accounts and notes receivable arise from sales of goods to customers. Trade receivables increased by $2,202 million in 2022. The collection period for trade receivables averages less than 12 months. The percentage of trade receivables outstanding for a period exceeding 12 months was 1 percent at each of October 30, 2022 and October 31, 2021.

Financing Receivables and Equipment on Operating Leases – Financing receivables and leases consist of retail notes originated in connection with financing of new and used equipment, operating leases, revolving charge accounts, sales-type and direct financing leases, and wholesale notes. Financing receivables and equipment on operating leases increased by $3,747 million in 2022, compared with 2021. Total acquisition volumes of financing receivables and equipment on operating leases were 7 percent higher in 2022 compared with the same period last year, as volumes of revolving charge accounts, operating leases, wholesale notes, and retail notes increased primarily due to higher sales by the company, while volumes of finance leases decreased.

Inventories – Inventories increased by $1,714 million in 2022 due to higher production schedules and supply chain disruptions. A majority of these inventories are valued on the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The ratios of inventories on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis (see Note 13), which approximates current cost, to fiscal year cost of sales were 31 percent at each of October 30, 2022 and October 31, 2021.

Property and Equipment – Property and equipment cash expenditures in 2022 were $1,134 million, compared with $848 million in 2021.

Borrowings – Total external borrowings increased by $3,487 million in 2022, corresponding with the level of the receivable and the lease portfolio, as well as the level of cash and cash equivalents.

John Deere Capital Corporation (Capital Corporation), a U.S. financial services subsidiary, has a revolving warehouse facility to utilize bank conduit facilities to securitize retail notes (see Note 12). At October 30, 2022, $948 million of short-term securitization borrowings were outstanding under the facility. At the end of the contractual revolving period, unless the banks and Capital Corporation agree to renew, Capital Corporation would liquidate the secured borrowings over time as payments on the retail notes are collected. The agreement was renewed in November 2022 with an expiration in November 2023 and a capacity of $1,500 million.

During 2022, the company issued $4,085 million and retired $2,965 million of retail note securitization borrowings, which are presented in “Increase (decrease) in total short-term borrowings” on the statements of consolidated cash flows.

32

Table of Contents

Lines of Credit – The company also has access to bank lines of credit with various banks throughout the world. Worldwide lines of credit totaled $8,402 million at October 30, 2022, $3,284 million of which were unused. For the purpose of computing the unused credit lines, commercial paper and short-term bank borrowings, excluding secured borrowings and the current portion of long-term borrowings, were considered to constitute utilization. See Note 17 for more information.

Debt Ratings – To access public debt capital markets, the company relies on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings to the company’s securities as an indicator of credit quality for fixed income investors. A security rating is not a recommendation by the rating agency to buy, sell, or hold company securities. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw company ratings based on its assessment of the company’s current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. Each agency’s rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions, and reduced access to debt capital markets.

The senior long-term and short-term debt ratings and outlook currently assigned to unsecured company securities by the rating agencies engaged by the company are as follows:

Senior
Long-TermShort-TermOutlook
Fitch RatingsAF1Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.A2Prime-1Positive
Standard & Poor’sAA-1Stable

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND CASH REQUIREMENTS

The company’s material cash requirements include the following:

Borrowings – As of October 30, 2022, the company had $15,274 million of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $1,460 million. The securitization borrowing payments are based on the expected liquidation of the retail notes. See Notes 12 and 19 for additional borrowing details. These payments will likely be replaced with new borrowings to finance the receivable and lease portfolio, which is expected to grow in 2023.

Purchase Obligations – As of October 30, 2022, the company’s outstanding purchase obligations were $4,701 million, with $4,121 million payable within one year. These purchase obligations are noncancelable.

Other Cash Requirements – In addition to its contractual obligations, the company’s quarterly cash dividend is $1.20 per share, subject to change at the discretion of the company’s Board of Directors. Total company pension and OPEB contributions in 2023 are expected to be approximately $200 million. The company also plans capital expenditures of $1,400 million in 2023. The company will consider share repurchases as a means of deploying excess cash to shareholders once the previously mentioned requirements are met.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of the company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect on the financial statements. The accounting policies below are those management believes are the most critical to the preparation of the company’s financial statements and require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. The company’s other accounting policies are described in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Sales Incentives

The company provides sales incentives to dealers. At the time a sale to a dealer is recognized, the company records an estimate of the future sales incentive costs as a reduction to the sales price. These incentives may be based on a dealer’s purchase volume, or on retail sales incentive programs for allowances and financing programs that will be due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer. The estimated cost of these programs is based on historical data, announced and expected incentive programs, field inventory levels, and forecasted sales volumes. The final cost of these programs is determined at the end of the measurement period for volume-based incentives or when the dealer sells the equipment to the retail customer. This is due to numerous programs available at any particular time and new programs that may be announced after the company records the equipment sale. Changes in the mix and types of programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. Actual cost differences from the original cost estimate are recognized in “Net sales.”

The sales incentive accruals at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020 were $2,364 million, $1,680 million, and $1,718 million, respectively. The total accruals recorded were $1,320 million, $880 million, and $1,109 million in trade accounts and notes receivable – net, and $1,044 million, $800 million, and $609 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020, respectively. The accruals recorded against receivables relate to programs where the company has the contractual right and the intent to offset against existing receivables. The increase in each of 2022 and 2021 primarily resulted from higher retail demand. Additional factors in 2022 were higher incentives expected to be paid for dealer market share and incentives provided to offset elevated interest rates.

The estimation of the retail sales incentive accrual is impacted by many assumptions. One of the key assumptions is the predictive value of the historical percent of retail sales incentive costs to retail sales from dealers. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of approximately plus or minus .8 percent, compared to the average retail sales incentive costs to retail sales percent during that period. Holding other assumptions constant, if this estimated retail incentive cost experience percent would have increased or decreased .8 percent, the sales incentive accrual at October 30, 2022 would have increased or decreased by approximately $74 million.

33

Table of Contents

Product Warranties

For most equipment and service parts sales, the company provides a standard warranty to provide assurance that the equipment will function as intended for a specified period of time. At the time a sale is recognized, the company records the estimated future warranty costs. The company determines its total warranty liability by applying historical claims rate experience to the estimated amount of equipment that has been sold and is still under warranty based on dealer inventories and retail sales. The historical claims rate is determined by a review of five-year claims costs and consideration of current quality developments. Variances in claims experience and the type of warranty programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. The company also offers extended warranty arrangements for purchase at the customer’s option. The premiums for extended warranties are recognized in “Other income” in the statements of consolidated income in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred over the contract period. The unamortized extended warranty premiums (deferred revenue) are recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” in the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 18).

The product warranty accruals, excluding extended warranty unamortized premiums, at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020 were $1,427 million, $1,312 million, and $1,105 million, respectively. The increase in each of 2022 and 2021 related to higher sales volume, partially offset by a decrease in the warranty rate.

Estimates used to determine the product warranty accruals are significantly affected by the historical percent of warranty claims costs to sales. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of approximately plus or minus .11 percent, compared to the average warranty costs to sales percent during that period. Holding other assumptions constant, if this estimated cost experience percent would have increased or decreased .11 percent, the warranty accrual at October 30, 2022 would have increased or decreased by approximately $57 million.

Postretirement Benefit Obligations

The estimation of defined benefit pension and OPEB plan obligations and expenses requires the use of estimates of the present value of the projected future benefit payments. Plan obligations and expenses are based on existing retirement plan provisions. No assumption is made regarding any potential changes to benefit provisions beyond those to which the company is presently committed (e.g., in existing labor contracts). The key assumptions used in developing the required estimates used by the company’s actuaries include discount rates, health care cost trend rates, expected long-term return on plan assets, compensation increases, retirement rates, mortality rates, and expected contributions. Actual results that differ from the assumptions and changes in assumptions affect future expenses and obligations. Assumptions are set at each year-end and are not changed during the year unless there is a significant plan event, such as a curtailment or settlement that would trigger a plan remeasurement.

The company’s pension and OPEB costs in 2022 were $176 million, compared with $197 million in 2021 and $341 million in 2020. The long-term expected return on plan assets, which is reflected in these costs, was an expected gain of 5.0 percent in 2022 and 5.9 percent in 2021, or $836 million and $876 million, respectively. The actual return was a loss of $3,565 million in 2022 and a gain of $3,616 million in 2021. In 2023, the expected return is approximately 6.0 percent. The company’s costs under these plans in 2023 are expected to decrease by $225 million compared to 2022, resulting in a net periodic benefit. The reduction in the company’s cost is due to increases in the expected long-term rates of return on plan assets and increases in discount rates.

The pension assets, net of pension liabilities, recognized on the balance sheets at October 30, 2022 and October 31, 2021 were $2,690 million and $2,665 million, respectively. The pension liabilities, net of pension assets, recognized on the balance sheets at November 1, 2020 were $447 million. The increase in the pension net assets in 2022 was due to an increase in discount rates offset by losses on plan assets and UAW contract impacts. The increase in the pension net assets in 2021 was due to returns on plan assets.

The OPEB liabilities, net of OPEB assets, at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020 were $1,205 million, $3,175 million, and $3,892 million, respectively. The decrease in OPEB net liabilities in 2022 was due to an increase in discount rates and a $1,000 million contribution to a U.S. OPEB plan. The decrease in OPEB net liabilities in 2021 was due to returns on plan assets and favorable changes to medical assumptions.

The company employs de-risking strategies for the global funded pension plans that increase the matching characteristics of the plan assets relative to the obligations, through an increased allocation to fixed income assets, as the funded status improves. Changes in interest rates, which directly influence changes in discount rates, in addition to other factors, have a significant impact on the value of the pension obligation and the fixed income asset portfolio. The company anticipates that changes in interest rates will likely result in offsetting effects in the value of the pension obligation and the value of the fixed income asset portfolio, reducing funded status volatility.

34

Table of Contents

The effect of hypothetical changes to selected assumptions on the company’s major U.S. retirement benefit plans would be as follows in millions of dollars:

October 30, 20222023
IncreaseIncrease
Percentage(Decrease)(Decrease)
AssumptionsChangePBO/APBO*Expense
Pension
Discount rate**+/-.5$(485)/547$0/1
Expected return on assets+/-.5(63)/63
OPEB
Discount rate**+/-.5(149)/162(2)/2
Expected return on assets+/-.5(10)/10
Health care cost trend rate**+/-1.0291/(250)40/(29)
Column 1Column 2
*Projected benefit obligation (PBO) for pension plans and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for OPEB plans.
Column 1Column 2
**Pretax impact on service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains or losses.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment annually and when events or circumstances change such that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is reduced below its carrying amount. The end of the fiscal third quarter is the annual measurement date. To test for goodwill impairment, the carrying value of each reporting unit is compared with its fair value. If the carrying value of the goodwill is considered impaired, a loss is measured as the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over the fair value, with a limit of the goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

An estimate of the fair value of the reporting unit is determined through a combination of comparable market values for similar businesses and discounted cash flows. These estimates can change significantly based on such factors as the reporting unit’s financial performance, economic conditions, interest rates, growth rates, pricing, changes in business strategies, and competition.

The company has not identified a reporting unit for which the goodwill was impaired in 2022, 2021, or 2020. For all reporting units, a 10 percent decrease in the estimated fair value would have had no effect on the carrying value of goodwill at the annual measurement date in 2022.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of the receivable portfolio. The allowance is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Risk characteristics considered by the company include finance product category, market, geography, credit risk, and remaining duration. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics with other receivables in the portfolio are evaluated on an individual basis. Non-performing receivables are included in the estimate of expected credit losses.

The company utilizes loss forecast models, which are selected based on the size and credit risk of the underlying pool of receivables, to estimate expected credit losses. Transition matrix

models are used for large and complex retail customer receivable pools, while weighted average remaining maturity models are used for smaller and less complex retail customer receivable pools. Expected credit losses on wholesale receivables are based on historical loss rates, with consideration of current economic conditions and dealer financial risk. The modeled expected credit losses are adjusted based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, which may include economic indicators such as commodity prices, industry equipment sales, unemployment rates, and housing starts. Management reviews each model’s output quarterly, and qualitative adjustments are incorporated as necessary.

In 2021, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, which revised the measurement of credit losses from an incurred loss to an expected loss methodology. Upon adoption the company’s allowance for credit losses increased with an offset to retained earnings. The allowance for credit losses at November 1, 2020 was not restated under the expected loss methodology. The total allowance for credit losses at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020 was $361 million, $207 million, and $223 million, respectively. The allowance increased in 2022 compared to 2021 due to higher reserves related to the economic uncertainty in Russia. The allowance decreased in 2021 compared to 2020 due to lower expected losses in the construction and forestry market, continued improvement in the agriculture and turf market, and better than expected performance of accounts granted payment relief due to the economic effects of COVID. As previously mentioned, the allowance decrease was partially offset by the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13.

The assumptions used in evaluating the company’s exposure to credit losses involve estimates and significant judgment. While the company believes its allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of its existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions or changes in economic conditions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses. Historically, changes in economic conditions have had limited impact on credit losses within the company’s wholesale receivable portfolio. Within the retail customer receivables portfolio, credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including historical portfolio performance, current delinquency levels, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts. The company’s transition matrix models, which are utilized to estimate credit losses for more than 90 percent of retail customer receivables, use historical portfolio performance and current delinquency levels to forecast future defaults. Estimated recovery rates are applied to the estimated default balance to calculate the expected credit losses. Holding all other factors constant, a 10 percent increase in the transition matrix models’ forecasted defaults and a simultaneous 10 percent decrease in recovery rates would have resulted in a $40 million increase to the allowance for credit losses at October 30, 2022.

Operating Lease Residual Values

The carrying value of equipment on operating leases is affected by the estimated fair values of the equipment at the end of the lease (residual values). Upon termination of the lease, the equipment is

35

Table of Contents

either purchased by the lessee or sold to a third party, in which case the company may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the estimated residual value and the sale price. The estimated residual values are based on several factors, including lease term, expected hours of usage, historical wholesale sales prices, return experience, intended equipment use, market dynamics and trends, and dealer residual value guarantees. The company reviews residual value estimates during the lease term and tests the carrying value of its operating leases for impairment when events or circumstances necessitate. Changes in residual value assumptions would affect the amount of depreciation expense and the amount of investment in equipment on operating leases. Depreciation is adjusted prospectively on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term if residual estimates are revised.

The total operating lease residual values at October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020 were $4,640 million, $5,025 million, and $5,254 million, respectively. The decreases in 2022 and 2021 related to a lower average operating lease portfolio.

Estimates used in determining end of lease market values for equipment on operating leases significantly impact the amount and timing of depreciation expense. Hypothetically, if future market values for this equipment were to decrease 10 percent from the company’s present estimates and all the equipment on operating leases were returned to the company for remarketing at the end of the lease term, the total effect would be to increase the company’s annual depreciation for equipment on operating leases by approximately $40 million, after consideration of dealer residual value guarantees.

Income Taxes

The company’s income tax provision, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for uncertain tax benefits represent the company’s best estimate of current and future income taxes to be paid. The annual tax rate is based on income tax laws, statutory tax rates, taxable income levels, and tax planning opportunities available in various jurisdictions where the company operates. These tax laws are complex, and require significant judgment to determine the consolidated provision for income taxes. Changes in tax laws, regulations, statutory tax rates, and estimates of the company’s future taxable income levels could result in actual realization of deferred taxes being materially different from amounts provided for in the consolidated financial statements.

Deferred income taxes represent temporary differences between the tax and the financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Deferred tax assets also include loss carryforwards and tax credits. These assets are regularly assessed for the likelihood of recoverability from estimated future taxable income, reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and tax planning strategies. To the extent the company determines that it is more likely than not a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The recoverability analysis of the deferred income tax assets and the related valuation allowances requires significant judgment and relies on estimates.

Uncertain tax positions are determined based on whether it is more likely than not the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. For those positions that meet the more likely than not criteria, an estimate of the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority is recognized. The ultimate resolution of the tax position could take many years and result in a payment that is significantly different from the original estimate.

A provision for foreign withholding taxes has not been recorded on undistributed profits of the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries that are determined to be indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. If management intentions change in the future, there may be a significant impact on the provision for income taxes in the period the change occurs. For further information on income taxes, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained herein, including in the section entitled “Overview” relating to future events, expectations, and trends constitute “forward-looking statements” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve factors that are subject to change, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect all lines of the company’s operations generally while others could more heavily affect a particular line of business.

Forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and current assumptions, expectations, and projections about future events and should not be relied upon. Further information concerning the company and its businesses, including factors that could materially affect the company’s financial results, is included in the company’s other filings with the SEC (including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q).

Factors Affecting All Lines of Business

All of the company’s businesses and their results are affected by general global macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to inflation, including rising costs for materials used in our production, slower growth or recession, higher interest rates and currency fluctuations which could adversely affect the U.S. dollar and customer confidence, customer access to capital, and overall demand for our products; delays or disruptions in the company’s supply chain, including work stoppages or disputes by suppliers with their unionized labor; shipping delays; government spending and taxing; changes in weather and climate patterns; the political and social stability of the markets in which the company operates; the effects of, or response to, wars and other conflicts, including the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine; natural disasters; and the spread of major epidemics or pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic).

Significant changes in market liquidity conditions, changes in the company’s credit ratings, and any failure to comply with financial

36

Table of Contents

covenants in credit agreements could impact our access to or terms of future funding, which could reduce the company’s earnings and cash flows. A debt crisis in Europe (including the recent volatility of the United Kingdom’s bond market), Latin America, or elsewhere could negatively impact currencies, global financial markets, funding sources and costs, asset and obligation values, customers, suppliers, and demand for equipment. The company’s investment management activities could be impaired by changes in the equity, bond, and other financial markets, which would negatively affect earnings.

Additional factors that could materially affect the company’s operations, financial condition, and results include changes in governmental trade, banking, monetary, and fiscal policies, including policies and tariffs for the benefit of certain industries or sectors; actions by environmental, health, and safety regulatory agencies, including those related to engine emissions, carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions, and the effects of climate change; changes to GPS radio frequency bands and their permitted uses; speed of research and development; effectiveness of partnerships with third parties; the dealer channel’s ability to support and service precision technology solutions; changes to accounting standards; changes to and compliance with economic sanctions and export controls laws and regulations (including those in place for Russia); and compliance with evolving U.S. and foreign laws when expanding to new markets and otherwise.

Other factors that could materially affect the company’s results and operations include security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, technology failures, and other disruptions to the information technology infrastructure of the company and its suppliers and dealers; security breaches with respect to the company’s products; the loss of or challenges to intellectual property rights; the availability and prices of strategically sourced materials, components, and whole goods; introduction of legislation that could affect the company’s business model and intellectual property, such as so-called right to repair or right to modify legislation; events that damage the company’s reputation or brand; significant investigations, claims, lawsuits, or other legal proceedings; the success or failure of new product initiatives or business strategies; changes in product preferences, sales mix, and take rates of products and life cycle solutions; gaps or limitations in rural broadband coverage, capacity, and speed needed to support technology solutions; oil and energy prices, supplies, and volatility; the availability and cost of freight; actions of competitors in the various industries in which the company competes, particularly price discounting; dealer practices, especially as to levels of new and used field inventories; changes in demand and pricing for used equipment and resulting impacts on lease residual values; the inability to deliver precision technology and agricultural solutions to customers; labor relations and contracts, including work stoppages and other disruptions; changes in the ability to attract, develop, engage, and retain qualified personnel; and the integration of acquired businesses.

Production & Precision Agriculture and Small Agriculture & Turf Operations

The company’s agricultural equipment operations are subject to a number of uncertainties, including customer profitability; consumer purchasing preferences; housing starts and supply; infrastructure investment; and consumable input costs. Additionally, these operations are subject to certain factors that affect farmers’ confidence and financial condition. These factors include demand for agricultural products; world grain stocks; soil conditions; harvest yields; prices for commodities and livestock; availability and cost of fertilizer; availability of transport for crops; the growth and sustainability of non-food uses for some crops (including ethanol and biodiesel production); real estate values; availability of technological innovations; available acreage for farming; changes in government farm programs and policies; changes in and effects of crop insurance programs; changes in environmental regulations and their impact on farming practices; animal diseases and their effects on poultry, beef, and pork consumption and prices on livestock feed demand; and crop pests and diseases.

Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

In addition to the uncertainties discussed above, the production and precision agriculture operations rely in part on hardware and software, guidance, connectivity and digital solutions, and automation and machine intelligence. Many factors contribute to the company’s production and precision agriculture sales and results, including the impact to customers’ profitability and/or sustainability outcomes.

Small Agriculture and Turf Equipment

In addition to the uncertainties discussed above, factors affecting the company’s small agriculture and turf equipment operations include spending by municipalities and golf courses.

Construction and Forestry

Factors affecting the company’s construction and forestry equipment operations include real estate and housing prices; the number of housing starts; commodity prices such as oil and gas; the levels of public and non-residential construction; and investment in infrastructure, while prices for pulp, paper, lumber, and structural panels affect sales of forestry equipment.

John Deere Financial

The liquidity and ongoing profitability of John Deere Capital Corporation and the company’s other financial services subsidiaries depend on timely access to capital to meet future cash flow requirements, and to fund operations, costs, and purchases of the company’s products. If general economic conditions deteriorate further or capital markets become more volatile, funding could be unavailable or insufficient. Additionally, customer confidence levels may result in declines in credit applications and increases in delinquencies and default rates, which could materially impact write-offs and provisions for credit losses.

37

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING INFORMATION

The supplemental consolidating data presented on the subsequent pages is presented for informational purposes. The equipment operations represents the enterprise without financial services. The equipment operations includes the company’s production and precision agriculture operations, small agriculture and turf operations, construction and forestry operations, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses not reflected within financial services. Transactions between the “equipment operations” and “financial services” have been eliminated to arrive at the consolidated financial statements.

The equipment operations and financial services participate in different industries. The equipment operations generate earnings and cash flows by manufacturing and selling equipment, service parts, and technology solutions to dealers and retail customers. Financial services finances sales and leases by dealers of new and used equipment that is largely manufactured by the company. Those earnings and cash flows generally are the difference between the finance income received from customer payments less interest expense, and depreciation on equipment subject to an operating lease. The two businesses are capitalized differently and have separate performance metrics. The supplemental consolidating data is also used by management due to these differences.

38

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA

INCOME STATEMENTS
For the Years Ended October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020
(In millions of dollars) Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202220212020202220212020202220212020202220212020
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$47,917$39,737$31,272$47,917$39,737$31,272
Finance and interest income213133112$3,583$3,442$3,610$(431)$(279)$(272)3,3653,2963,4501​
Other income1,261941808502352257(468)(302)(247)1,2959918182, 3​
Total49,39140,81132,1924,0853,7943,867(899)(581)(519)52,57744,02435,540
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales35,34129,11923,679(3)(3)(2)35,33829,11623,6774​
Research and development expenses1,9121,5871,6441,9121,5871,644
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,1372,8872,878735504606(9)(8)(7)3,8633,3833,4774​
Interest expense390368329799687942(127)(62)(24)1,0629931,2475​
Interest compensation to Financial Services299217248(299)(217)(248)5​
Other operating expenses3501812781,3861,4531,572(461)(291)(238)1,2751,3431,6126, 7​
Total41,42934,35929,0562,9202,6443,120(899)(581)(519)43,45036,42231,657
Income before Income Taxes7,9626,4523,1361,1651,1507479,1277,6023,883
Provision for income taxes1,7181,3868992892721832,0071,6581,082
Income after Income Taxes6,2445,0662,2378768785647,1205,9442,801
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates618(50)4321021(48)
Net Income6,2505,0842,1878808815667,1305,9652,753
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)22(1)22
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$6,251$5,082$2,185$880$881$566$7,131$5,963$2,751

1 Elimination of financial services’ interest income earned from equipment operations.

2 Elimination of equipment operations’ margin from inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

3 Elimination of financial services’ income related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets.

4 Elimination of intercompany service fees.

5 Elimination of equipment operations’ interest expense to financial services.

6 Elimination of financial services’ lease depreciation expense related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases.

7 Elimination of equipment operations’ expense related to intercompany guarantees of investments in certain international markets.

39

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
As of October 30, 2022 and October 31, 2021
(In millions of dollars) Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
20222021202220212022202120222021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$3,767$7,188$1,007$829$4,774$8,017
Marketable securities613673725734728
Receivables from Financial Services6,5695,564$(6,569)$(5,564)8​
Trade accounts and notes receivable - net1,2731,1556,4343,895(1,297)(842)6,4104,2089​
Financing receivables - net477336,58733,72636,63433,799
Financing receivables securitized - net105,9364,6495,9364,659
Other receivables1,6701,629832159(10)(23)2,4921,7659​
Equipment on operating leases - net6,6236,9886,6236,988
Inventories8,4956,7818,4956,781
Property and equipment - net6,0215,78335376,0565,820
Goodwill3,6873,2913,6873,291
Other intangible assets - net1,2181,2751,2181,275
Retirement benefits3,6663,5396664(2)(2)3,7303,60110​
Deferred income taxes9401,2154553(161)(231)8241,03711​
Other assets1,7941,646626499(3)2,4172,145
Total Assets$39,208$39,152$58,864$51,624$(8,042)$(6,662)$90,030$84,114
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Short-term borrowings$1,040$1,509$11,552$9,410$12,592$10,919
Short-term securitization borrowings105,7114,5955,7114,605
Payables to Equipment Operations6,5695,564$(6,569)$(5,564)8​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses12,96211,1983,1702,015(1,310)(865)14,82212,3489​
Deferred income taxes380438276369(161)(231)49557611​
Long-term borrowings7,9178,91525,67923,97333,59632,888
Retirement benefits and other liabilities2,3514,239108107(2)(2)2,4574,34410​
Total liabilities24,65026,30953,06546,033(8,042)(6,662)69,67365,680
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (Note 3)9292
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Total Deere & Company stockholders’ equity20,26218,4315,7995,591(5,799)(5,591)20,26218,43112​
Noncontrolling interests3333
Financial Services' equity(5,799)(5,591)5,7995,59112​
Adjusted total stockholders' equity14,46612,8435,7995,59120,26518,434
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity$39,208$39,152$58,864$51,624$(8,042)$(6,662)$90,030$84,114

8 Elimination of receivables / payables between equipment operations and financial services.

9 Primarily reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services.

10 Reclassification of net pension assets / liabilities.

11 Reclassification of deferred tax assets / liabilities in the same taxing jurisdictions.

12 Elimination of financial services’ equity.

40

Table of Contents

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATING DATA (continued)

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020
(In millions of dollars) Unaudited
EQUIPMENTFINANCIAL
OPERATIONSSERVICESELIMINATIONSCONSOLIDATED
202220212020202220212020202220212020202220212020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income$6,250$5,084$2,187$880$881$566$7,130$5,965$2,753
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (credit) for credit losses375189(13)105192(6)110
Provision for depreciation and amortization1,0411,0431,0161,0501,1401,227$(196)$(133)$(125)1,8952,0502,11813​
Impairment charges8850162328850194
Share-based compensation expense85828185828114​
Loss on sale of businesses and unconsolidated affiliates2424
Gain on remeasurement of previously held equity investment(326)(326)
Undistributed earnings of Financial Services444555386(444)(555)(386)15​
Provision (credit) for deferred income taxes8(369)105(74)(72)(116)(66)(441)(11)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade, notes, and financing receivables related to sales(189)(105)373(2,294)1,0741,636(2,483)9692,00916, 18, 19​
Inventories(1,924)(1,835)1,011(167)(662)(614)(2,091)(2,497)39717​
Accounts payable and accrued expenses1,4441,589(331)14357(1)(454)2383251,1331,884(7)18​
Accrued income taxes payable/receivable16613(14)(25)(2)22141118
Retirement benefits(1,016)30(544)1(1)7(1,015)29(537)
Other250(162)380(287)(25)13453(183)(170)16(370)34413, 14, 17​
Net cash provided by operating activities6,2395,9004,7601,8771,9651,976(3,417)(139)7474,6997,7267,483
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Collections of receivables (excluding receivables related to sales)22,40020,52718,829(1,493)(1,568)(1,448)20,90718,95917,38116​
Proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases2,0932,0941,7832,0932,0941,783
Cost of receivables acquired (excluding receivables related to sales)(26,903)(25,305)(21,360)6031,6521,395(26,300)(23,653)(19,965)16​
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired(498)(244)(66)(498)(244)(66)
Purchases of property and equipment(1,131)(845)(816)(3)(3)(4)(1,134)(848)(820)
Cost of equipment on operating leases acquired(2,879)(2,627)(2,666)225895830(2,654)(1,732)(1,836)17​
Decrease (increase) in trade and wholesale receivables(3,601)1,3641,9993,601(1,364)(1,999)16​
Collateral on derivatives - net5(7)(6)(647)(274)274(642)(281)268
Other(206)62(103)(81)(84)(71)30(23)110(257)(45)(64)15, 19​
Net cash used for investing activities(1,830)(1,034)(991)(9,621)(4,308)(1,216)2,966(408)(1,112)(8,485)(5,750)(3,319)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Increase (decrease) in total short-term borrowings13665(177)3,716753(1,183)3,852818(1,360)
Change in intercompany receivables/payables(1,633)(354)(3,207)1,6333543,207
Proceeds from long-term borrowings138114,58610,2208,7114,68510,3588,7229,271
Payments of long-term borrowings(1,356)(94)(607)(7,089)(6,996)(6,776)(8,445)(7,090)(7,383)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock6314833163148331
Repurchases of common stock(3,597)(2,538)(750)(3,597)(2,538)(750)
Dividends paid(1,313)(1,040)(956)(444)(555)(386)444555386(1,313)(1,040)(956)15​
Other(57)(61)(105)(42)(29)(7)7(8)(21)(92)(98)(133)15​
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(7,619)(3,863)(885)7,9942,238(460)451547365826(1,078)(980)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash(209)4176(15)14(44)(224)5532
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash(3,419)1,0442,960235(91)256(3,184)9533,216
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year7,2006,1563,1969251,0167608,1257,1723,956
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Year$3,781$7,200$6,156$1,160$925$1,016$4,941$8,125$7,172
Components of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents$3,767$7,188$6,145$1,007$829$921$4,774$8,017$7,066
Restricted cash (Other assets)1412111539695167108106
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$3,781$7,200$6,156$1,160$925$1,016$4,941$8,125$7,172

13 Elimination of depreciation on leases related to inventory transferred to equipment on operating leases (see Note 6).

14 Reclassification of share-based compensation expense.

15 Elimination of dividends from financial services to the equipment operations, which are included in the equipment operations operating activities, and capital investments in financial services from the equipment operations.

16 Primarily reclassification of receivables related to the sale of equipment.

17 Reclassification of direct lease agreements with retail customers.

18 Reclassification of sales incentive accruals on receivables sold to financial services

19 Elimination and reclassification of the effects of financial services partial financing of the construction and forestry retail locations sales and subsequent collection of those amounts.

41

Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT MARKET RISK INFORMATION

The company is naturally exposed to various interest rate and foreign currency risks. As a result, the company enters into derivative transactions to manage certain of these exposures that arise in the normal course of business and not for the purpose of creating speculative positions or trading. The company’s financial services operations manage the relationship of the types and amounts of their funding sources to their receivable and lease portfolio in an effort to diminish risk due to interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations while responding to favorable financing opportunities. In addition, the company has interest rate exposure at certain equipment operations units for sales incentive programs. Accordingly, from time to time, these operations enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage their interest rate exposure. The company also has foreign currency exposures at some of its foreign and domestic operations related to buying, selling, and financing in currencies other than the functional currencies. The company has entered into derivative agreements related to the management of these foreign currency transaction risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rates rose in 2022 and further central bank policy rate increases are projected in 2023. Rising interest rates have historically impacted the company’s borrowings sooner than the benefit is realized from the financing receivable and equipment on operating lease portfolios. As a result, the company’s financial services operations experienced spread compression in 2022. If interest rates continue to rise, the company expects to continue experiencing spread compression in 2023.

Quarterly, the company uses a combination of cash flow models to assess the sensitivity of its financial instruments with interest rate exposure to changes in market interest rates. The models calculate the effect of adjusting interest rates as follows: cash flows for financing receivables are discounted at the current prevailing rate for each receivable portfolio, cash flows for marketable securities are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads, cash flows for unsecured borrowings are discounted at the applicable benchmark yield curve plus market credit spreads for similarly rated borrowers, cash flows for securitized borrowings are discounted at the swap yield curve plus a market credit spread for similarly rated borrowers, and cash flows for interest rate swaps are projected and discounted using forward rates from the swap yield curve at the repricing dates. The net impact in these financial instruments’ fair values which would be caused by increasing or decreasing the interest rates by 10 percent from the market rates at October 30, 2022 and October 31, 2021 would have been approximately $50 million and $20 million, respectively.

The company continues to transition its financing, funding, and hedging portfolios from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) to alternative reference rates. These transition activities are not expected to have a material impact on the company’s financial statements.

Foreign Currency Risk

In the equipment operations, the company’s practice is to hedge significant currency exposures. Worldwide foreign currency exposures are reviewed quarterly. Based on the anticipated and committed foreign currency cash inflows, outflows, and hedging policy for the next twelve months, the company estimates that a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies through 2023 would decrease the 2023 expected net cash inflows by approximately $125 million, with the estimated impacts by currency as follows:

(In millions of dollars)2023
Australian dollar$(100)
Brazilian real(150)
British pound(25)
Canadian dollar(25)
Euro50
Japanese yen125
Mexican peso25
All other(25)
Total increase (decrease)$(125)

At October 31, 2021, a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar under similar assumptions and calculations indicated a potential $110 million decrease on the 2022 net cash inflows.

In the financial services operations, the company’s policy is to manage foreign currency risk through hedging strategies if the currency of the borrowings does not match the currency of the receivable portfolio. As a result, a hypothetical 10 percent adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other foreign currencies would not have a material effect on the financial services cash flows.

42

Table of Contents

DEERE & COMPANY

STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME

For the Years Ended October 30, 2022, October 31, 2021, and November 1, 2020

(In millions of dollars and shares except per share amounts)

202220212020
Net Sales and Revenues
Net sales$47,917$39,737$31,272
Finance and interest income3,3653,2963,450
Other income1,295991818
Total52,57744,02435,540
Costs and Expenses
Cost of sales35,33829,11623,677
Research and development expenses1,9121,5871,644
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,8633,3833,477
Interest expense1,0629931,247
Other operating expenses1,2751,3431,612
Total43,45036,42231,657
Income of Consolidated Group before Income Taxes9,1277,6023,883
Provision for income taxes2,0071,6581,082
Income of Consolidated Group7,1205,9442,801
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates1021(48)
Net Income7,1305,9652,753
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)22
Net Income Attributable to Deere & Company$7,131$5,963$2,751
Per Share Data
Basic$23.42$19.14$8.77
Diluted$23.28$18.99$8.69
Dividends declared$4.36$3.61$3.04
Dividends paid$4.28$3.32$3.04
Average Shares Outstanding
Basic304.5311.6313.5
Diluted306.3314.0316.6

FY 2021 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001558370-21-016864.

Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2021-12-16. Report date: 2021-10-31.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to promote understanding of the financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K).

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED

OCTOBER 31, 2021, NOVEMBER 1, 2020, AND NOVEMBER 3, 2019

OVERVIEW

Organization

The company’s equipment operations generate revenues and cash primarily from the sale of equipment to John Deere dealers and distributors. The equipment operations manufacture and distribute a full line of agricultural equipment; a variety of commercial and consumer equipment; and a broad range of equipment for construction, roadbuilding, and forestry. The company’s financial services primarily provide credit services, which mainly finance sales and leases of equipment by John Deere dealers and trade receivables purchased from the equipment operations. In addition, financial services offers extended equipment warranties. The information in the following discussion is presented in a format that includes information grouped as consolidated, equipment operations, and financial services. The equipment operations represents the enterprise without financial services. The equipment operations includes the company’s production and precision agriculture operations, small agriculture and turf operations, construction and forestry operations, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses not reflected within financial services. The company also views its operations as consisting of two geographic areas: the U.S. and Canada, and outside the U.S. and Canada. The company’s operating segments consist of production and precision agriculture, small agriculture and turf, construction and forestry, and financial services.

Trends and Economic Conditions

The company’s production and precision agriculture equipment and small agriculture and turf equipment sales both increased 27 percent in 2021. Industry sales of large agricultural machinery in the U.S. and Canada for 2022 are forecasted to increase approximately 15 percent compared to 2021. Industry sales of small agricultural and turf equipment in the U.S. and Canada are expected to be flat in 2022. Industry sales of agricultural machinery in Europe are estimated to be about 5 percent higher. South American industry sales of tractors and combines are expected to be roughly 5 percent higher in 2022. Asia industry sales are forecasted to be nearly the same in 2022 as in 2021. The company’s construction and forestry sales increased 27 percent in 2021. On an industry basis, North American construction equipment and compact construction equipment sales are both expected to be 5 to 10 percent higher in 2022. Global forestry industry sales are projected to increase 10 to 15 percent. The company’s financial services operations for the full year 2022 are expected to experience slightly lower results due to a higher provision for credit losses,

lower gains on operating lease residual values, and higher selling, general and administrative expenses. These factors are expected to be partially offset by income earned on a higher average portfolio.

Items of concern that could affect the company’s results of operations and liquidity and capital resources include uncertainty of the effectiveness of governmental and private sector actions to address COVID, supply of critical parts and components, trade agreements, the uncertainty of the results of monetary and fiscal policies, the impact of elevated levels of sovereign and state debt, capital market disruptions, changes in demand and pricing for new and used equipment, geopolitical events, and the other items discussed in the “Safe Harbor Statement” below. Significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and volatility in the price of many commodities could also impact the company’s results. The future financial effects of COVID continue to be unknown due to many factors. As a result of these uncertainties, predicting the company’s forecasted financial performance is subject to many assumptions.

The UAW, the union representing the majority of the company’s production and maintenance employees in the U.S., initiated a strike on October 14, 2021. This resulted in a work stoppage affecting employees at 14 U.S. facilities. The work stoppage continued through the approval of a new six-year collective bargaining agreement on November 17, 2021. The company’s operations during the remainder of the fourth quarter were adversely affected by the work stoppage, which reduced production and shipments.

The company’s 2021 full-year performance reflects strong end-market demand and the ability of the company’s dedicated employees, dealers, and suppliers throughout the world, who have helped safely maintain operations, manage supply chain challenges, and continue to serve customers throughout the COVID pandemic. Demand for farm and construction equipment is expected to continue to benefit from positive fundamentals, including favorable crop prices, economic growth, and increased investment in infrastructure. While supply-chain pressures are expected to persist into at least the early part of fiscal year 2022, the company is working closely with key suppliers to secure the parts and components that customers need in order to deliver essential food and infrastructure more profitably and sustainably.

COVID Effects, Actions, and Recent Developments

During 2020 and to a lesser extent in 2021, the effects of COVID and the related actions of governments and other authorities to contain COVID have affected and continue to affect the company’s operations, results, cash flows, and forecasts.

The U.S. government and many other governments in countries where the company operates have designated the company an essential critical infrastructure business. This designation allows the company to operate in support of its customers to the extent possible.

The company’s first priority in addressing the effects of COVID continues to be the health, safety, and overall welfare of its

27

Table of Contents

employees. The company effectively activated previously established business continuity plans and proactively implemented health and safety measures at its operations around the world.

The company broadened its supply base to minimize the impact of potential supply chain disruptions on its ability to meet customer demand. The company has experienced shortages of critical parts and components, which caused challenges and production disruptions. The company continues to monitor the situation and work closely with suppliers.

The company continued to work closely with customers in 2021 in connection with short-term payment relief on obligations owed to the company. Financing receivables and operating leases granted relief since the beginning of the pandemic that remained outstanding at October 31, 2021 represented about 3 percent and about 2 percent of the respective portfolio balances. The trade receivables granted relief that remained outstanding at October 31, 2021 were not material. Additional information is presented in Notes 13 and 25.

2021 COMPARED WITH 2020

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars, except per share amounts)20212020
Net sales and revenues$44,024$35,540
Net income attributable to Deere & Company5,9632,751
Diluted earnings per share18.998.69

Net income in 2020 was negatively affected by impairment charges and employee-separation costs of $458 million after-tax (see Notes 4 and 5). In addition, net income in 2020 was less favorably affected by discrete adjustments to the provision for income taxes.

Equipment Operations
(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Worldwide:
Net sales$39,737$31,272+27
Operating profit6,8683,559+93
Net income5,0822,185+133
Price realization+6
Currency translation+2
U.S. and Canada:
Net sales$22,476$17,954+25
Price realization+5
Currency translation+1
Outside U.S. and Canada:
Net sales$17,261$13,318+30
Price realization+8
Currency translation+4

The discussion on net sales and operating profit is included in the Business Segment and Geographic Area Results below.

A discussion of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statement of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Cost of sales to net sales73.3%75.7%
Finance and interest income$3,296$3,450-4
Other income991818+21
Research and development expenses1,5871,644-3
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,3833,477-3
Interest expense9931,247-20
Other operating expenses1,3431,612-17

The cost of sales to net sales ratio decreased compared to 2020 mainly due to price realization and the impact of impairments and employee-separation expenses recorded in 2020 (see Note 5). Finance and interest income reduced slightly in 2021 due to lower average interest rates, largely offset by a higher average credit portfolio. Other income increased primarily due to operating lease disposition gains. Research and development expenses were lower in 2021 largely due to employee-separation expenses incurred in 2020 (see Note 5) and organizational efficiencies. Selling, administrative and general expenses decreased mostly due to employee-separation expenses recorded in 2020 (see Note 5) and a lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher incentive compensation. Interest expense decreased in 2021 due to lower average borrowing rates. Other operating expenses were lower compared to 2020 largely due to lower retirement benefit costs, reduced depreciation of equipment on operating leases, and the impact of operating lease impairments recorded in 2020 (see Note 5).

The company has several funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans, primarily health care and life insurance plans. The company’s costs for these plans in 2021 were $197 million, compared with $341 million in 2020. The long-term expected return on plan assets, which is reflected in these costs, was an expected gain of 5.9 percent in 2021 and 6.4 percent in 2020, or $876 million and $869 million, respectively. The actual return was a gain of $3,616 million in 2021 and $1,177 million in 2020. In 2022, the expected return is approximately 5.0 percent. The company’s costs under these plans in 2022, including the pension expense related to the UAW contract ratification and the expected gain on the voluntary OPEB contribution (see Note 29), are expected to be consistent with 2021. See the discussion in “Critical Accounting Estimates” for more information about pension and OPEB benefit obligations.

BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA RESULTS

The following discussion relates to operating results by reportable segment and geographic area. Operating profit is income before corporate expenses, certain external interest expense, certain foreign exchange gains or losses, and income taxes. However, the financial services segment operating profit includes the effect of interest expense and foreign currency exchange gains or losses.

28

Table of Contents

In fiscal year 2021, the company implemented a new operating model and reporting structure. With this change, the company’s agriculture and turf operations were divided into two new segments: production and precision agriculture and small agriculture and turf.

The production and precision agriculture segment defines, develops, and delivers global equipment and technology solutions to unlock customer value for production-scale growers of large grains, small grains, cotton, and sugar. Main products include large and certain mid-size tractors, combines, cotton pickers, sugarcane harvesters and loaders, and soil preparation, seeding, application and crop care equipment.

The small agriculture and turf segment defines, develops, and delivers global equipment and technology solutions to unlock customer value for dairy and livestock producers, high-value crop producers, and turf and utility customers. The segment’s primary products include certain mid-size and small tractors, as well as hay and forage equipment, riding and commercial lawn equipment, golf course equipment, and utility vehicles.

There were no reporting changes for the construction and forestry and financial services segments. As a result, the company has four reportable segments.

Worldwide Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Net sales$16,509$12,962+27
Operating profit3,3341,969+69
Operating margin20.2%15.2%

Segment sales increased due to higher shipment volumes and price realization. Operating profit benefitted from price realization, higher shipment volumes / sales mix, and a favorable indirect tax ruling in Brazil. These items were partially offset by higher production costs. The prior year was also impacted by employee-separation program expenses (see Note 5).

Worldwide Small Agriculture and Turf Operations

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Net sales$11,860$9,363+27
Operating profit2,0451,000+105
Operating margin17.2%10.7%

Segment sales and operating profit were both higher in 2021 due to higher shipment volumes / sales mix and price realization. The operating profit improvement was partially offset by higher production costs. Results for the current year were positively impacted by a gain on the sale of a factory in China, while results for the prior year were affected by impairments, closure costs, and employee-separation expenses (see Note 5).

Worldwide Construction and Forestry Operations

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Net sales$11,368$8,947+27
Operating profit1,489590+152
Operating margin13.1%6.6%

Segment sales increased in 2021 primarily due to higher shipment volumes and price realization. Operating profit increased mainly due to positive shipment volumes / sales mix and price realization, partially offset by higher production costs. The prior year was also impacted by employee-separation program expenses and impairments in certain fixed assets and unconsolidated affiliates (see Note 5).

29

Table of Contents

Worldwide Financial Services Operations

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$3,794$3,867-2
Interest expense687942-27
Net income881566+56

While the average balance of receivables and leases financed was 5 percent higher in 2021, revenue decreased due to lower average interest rates. Interest expense decreased in 2021 as a result of lower average borrowing rates. Net income in 2021 increased mainly due to an improvement on operating lease residual values, a lower provision for credit losses, more favorable financing spreads, and income earned on a higher average portfolio.

Deere & Company in U.S. and Canada

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Net sales and revenues$25,829$21,386+21
Operating profit4,7742,775+72
Operating margin18.5%13.0%

Net sales and revenues increased in 2021 due mostly to higher shipment volumes / sales mix and price realization. The growth in operating profit was due primarily to increased shipment volumes / sales mix and price realization, partially offset by higher production costs. Results in 2020 were negatively impacted by impairment charges and employee-separation expenses.

Deere & Company outside U.S. and Canada

(In millions of dollars)20212020% Change
Net sales and revenues$18,195$14,154+29
Operating profit3,2381,530+112
Operating margin17.8%10.8%

The net sales and revenue increase in 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily the result of higher shipment volumes / sales mix, price realization, and the favorable effects of currency translation. Operating profit improvement was largely due to higher shipment volumes / sales mix and price realization, partially offset by increased production costs. Results in 2020 were negatively impacted by impairment charges and employee-separation costs.

2020 COMPARED WITH 2019

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars, except per share amounts)20202019
Net sales and revenues$35,540$39,258
Net income attributable to Deere & Company2,7513,253
Diluted earnings per share8.6910.15

Net income in 2020 was negatively affected by impairment charges and employee-separation costs of $458 million after-tax (see Notes 4 and 5). In 2019, the similar charges were $82 million. In addition, the provision for income taxes was adversely affected by non-deductible impairments and charges in 2020 and less favorably affected by discrete adjustments in 2020 than in 2019.

Equipment Operations
(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Worldwide:
Net sales$31,272$34,886-10
Operating profit3,5593,721-4
Net income2,1852,714-19
Price realization+3
Currency translation (unfavorable)-2
U.S. and Canada:
Net sales$17,954$20,264-11
Price realization+3
Outside U.S. and Canada:
Net sales$13,318$14,622-9
Price realization+4
Currency translation (unfavorable)-4

The discussion of net sales and operating profit is included in the following Business Segment and Geographic Area Results. The equipment operations’ provision for income taxes and net income were adversely affected by non-deductible impairments and charges in 2020 and were less favorably affected by discrete adjustments to the provision for income taxes in 2020 than in 2019.

A discussion of the cost of sales to net sales ratio and other significant statement of consolidated income changes follows:

Deere & Company
(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Cost of sales to net sales75.7%76.8%
Finance and interest income$3,450$3,493-1
Other income818879-7
Research and development expenses1,6441,783-8
Selling, administrative and general expenses3,4773,551-2
Interest expense1,2471,466-15
Other operating expenses1,6121,578+2

The cost of sales to net sales ratio decreased compared to 2019 mainly due to price realization, improved production costs, and lower warranty expenses, partially offset by impairments, employee-separation expenses (see Note 5), and the unfavorable

30

Table of Contents

effects of foreign currency exchange. Finance and interest income decreased slightly in 2020 due to lower average interest rates, largely offset by a higher average credit portfolio. Other income declined primarily due to lower service income compared to 2019. Research and development expenses decreased compared to 2019 as a result of targeted project reductions related to COVID spending adjustments. Selling, administrative and general expenses decreased largely due to spending reductions and the favorable effects of currency translation, mostly offset by employee-separation expenses (see Note 5) and an increase in the provision for credit losses. Interest expense decreased in 2020 due to lower average borrowing rates, partially offset by higher average borrowings. Other operating expenses increased compared to 2019 largely due to increased depreciation of equipment on operating leases, employee-separation expenses (see Note 5), and a loss on sale of a business (see Note 4). These items were mostly offset by lower impairments and reduced losses on operating lease residual values and reduced service related expenses.

The company has several funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plans, primarily health care and life insurance plans. The company’s costs for these plans in 2020 were $341 million, compared with $235 million in 2019. The returns on plan assets were gains of $1,177 million in 2020 and $2,163 million in 2019. Total company contributions to the plans were $951 million in 2020 and $518 million in 2019, which included voluntary contributions and direct benefit payments. The voluntary contributions to plan assets were $700 million in 2020 to a U.S. OPEB plan, and $306 million in 2019, which included $300 million to the same U.S. OPEB plan.

BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA RESULTS

Worldwide Production and Precision Agriculture Operations

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Net sales$12,962$13,364-3
Operating profit1,9691,729+14
Operating margin15.2%12.9%

Segment sales decreased due to lower shipment volumes and the unfavorable effects of currency translation, partially offset by price realization. Operating profit increased largely due to price realization, lower research and development expense, reduced selling, administrative and general expenses, and lower warranty expenses. These items were partially offset by lower shipment volumes / mix, the unfavorable effects of currency exchange, and employee-separation expenses.

Worldwide Small Agriculture and Turf Operations

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Net sales$9,363$10,302-9
Operating profit1,000777+29
Operating margin10.7%7.5%

Segment sales decreased due to lower shipment volumes, partially offset by price realization. Operating profit improved due to price realization, favorable production costs, lower selling,

administrative and general expenses, reduced research and development expense, and lower warranty expense, partially offset by lower shipment volumes / mix, employee-separation expenses and impairments.

Worldwide Construction and Forestry Operations

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Net sales$8,947$11,220-20
Operating profit5901,215-51
Operating margin6.6%10.8%

Segment sales decreased in 2020 primarily due to lower shipment volumes and the unfavorable effect of currency translation, partially offset by price realization. Operating profit declined mainly due to lower shipment volumes / mix, employee-separation expenses, impairments, and the unfavorable effects of currency exchange. The reduction in operating profit was partially offset by price realization, lower research and development expenses, reduced selling, administrative and general expenses, and improved production costs.

Worldwide Financial Services Operations

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Revenue (including intercompany)$3,867$3,969-3
Interest expense9421,234-24
Net income566539+5

While the average balance of receivables and leases financed was 2 percent higher in 2020, revenue decreased due to lower average interest rates. Interest expense decreased in 2020 as a result of lower average borrowing rates, partially offset by higher average borrowings. Net income in 2020 increased mainly due to lower impairments and reduced losses on operating lease residual values and income earned on a higher average portfolio, partially offset by a higher provision for credit losses, employee-separation expenses, and unfavorable financing spreads.

Deere & Company in U.S. and Canada

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Net sales and revenues$21,386$23,746-10
Operating profit2,7752,841-2
Operating margin13.0%12.0%

Net sales and revenues decreased in 2020 due primarily to lower shipment volumes, partially offset by price realization. The reduction in operating profit was due primarily to lower shipment volumes / mix and employee-separation expenses, partially offset by price realization, lower research and development costs, reduced selling, general and administrative expenses, improved production costs, and lower warranty expenses.

Deere & Company outside U.S. and Canada

(In millions of dollars)20202019% Change
Net sales and revenues$14,154$15,512-9
Operating profit1,5301,574-3
Operating margin10.8%10.1%

The net sales and revenues decrease in 2020 compared to 2019 was primarily the result of lower shipment volumes and the

31

Table of Contents

unfavorable effects of currency translation, partially offset by price realization. Operating profit declined primarily due to lower shipment volumes / mix, impairments, employee-separation expenses, and the unfavorable effects of currency exchange, largely offset by price realization, reduced selling, general and administrative expenses, lower research and development costs, improved production costs, and lower warranty expenses.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

The discussion of capital resources and liquidity has been organized to review separately, where appropriate, the company’s consolidated totals, equipment operations, and financial services operations.

CONSOLIDATED

Positive cash flows from consolidated operating activities in 2021 were $7,726 million. This resulted primarily from net income adjusted for non-cash provisions, an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and a decrease in receivables related to sales, which were partially offset by an increase in inventories. Cash outflows from investing activities were $5,750 million in 2021, due mainly to the cost of receivables (excluding receivables related to sales) and cost of equipment on operating leases acquired exceeding the collections of receivables and the proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases by $4,332 million, purchases of property and equipment of $848 million, a change in collateral on derivatives – net of $281 million, and acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired, of $244 million (see Note 4). Cash outflows from financing activities were $1,078 million in 2021, due primarily to repurchases of common stock of $2,538 million and dividends paid of $1,040 million, partially offset by an increase in borrowings of $2,450 million and proceeds from the issuance of common stock (resulting from the exercise of stock options) of $148 million. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash increased $953 million during 2021.

Over the last three years, operating activities have provided an aggregate of $18,621 million in cash. Cash inflows were also provided by increases in borrowings of $5,621 million. The aggregate amount of these cash inflows was used mainly to acquire receivables (excluding receivables related to sales) and equipment on operating leases that exceeded collections of receivables and the proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases by $9,817 million, repurchase common stock of $4,541 million, pay dividends of $2,939 million, and purchase property and equipment of $2,788 million. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash increased $4,110 million over the three-year period.

The company has access to most global capital markets at reasonable costs and expects to have sufficient sources of global funding and liquidity to meet its funding needs in the short term and long term. Sources of liquidity for the company include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, funds from operations, the issuance of commercial paper and term debt, the securitization of retail notes (both public and private markets), and committed and uncommitted bank lines of credit. The company’s commercial paper outstanding at October 31, 2021 and November 1, 2020 was $2,230 million and $1,238 million, respectively, while the

total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities position was $8,745 million and $7,707 million, respectively. The amount of the total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities held by foreign subsidiaries was $5,817 million at October 31, 2021 and $5,010 million at November 1, 2020. During November 2021, the company’s foreign subsidiaries returned $3,500 million of cash and cash equivalents to the U.S.

Lines of Credit. The company also has access to bank lines of credit with various banks throughout the world. Worldwide lines of credit totaled $8,336 million at October 31, 2021, $5,770 million of which were unused. For the purpose of computing the unused credit lines, commercial paper and short-term bank borrowings, excluding secured borrowings and the current portion of long-term borrowings, were considered to constitute utilization. Included in the total credit lines at October 31, 2021 was a 364-day credit facility agreement of $3,000 million, expiring in fiscal April 2022. In addition, total credit lines included long-term credit facility agreements of $2,500 million, expiring in fiscal April 2025, and $2,500 million, expiring in fiscal March 2026. The agreements are mutually extendable and the annual facility fees are not significant. These credit agreements require John Deere Capital Corporation (Capital Corporation) to maintain its consolidated ratio of earnings to fixed charges at not less than 1.05 to 1 for each fiscal quarter and the ratio of senior debt, excluding securitization indebtedness, to capital base (total subordinated debt and stockholder’s equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)) at not more than 11 to 1 at the end of any fiscal quarter. The credit agreements also require the equipment operations to maintain a ratio of total debt to total capital (total debt and stockholders’ equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)) of 65 percent or less at the end of each fiscal quarter. Under this provision, the company’s excess equity capacity and retained earnings balance free of restriction at October 31, 2021 was $15,388 million. Alternatively under this provision, the equipment operations had the capacity to incur additional debt of $28,579 million at October 31, 2021. All of these credit agreement requirements have been met during the periods included in the consolidated financial statements.

Debt Ratings. To access public debt capital markets, the company relies on credit rating agencies to assign short-term and long-term credit ratings to the company’s securities as an indicator of credit quality for fixed income investors. A security rating is not a recommendation by the rating agency to buy, sell, or hold company securities. A credit rating agency may change or withdraw company ratings based on its assessment of the company’s current and future ability to meet interest and principal repayment obligations. Each agency’s rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions, and reduced access to debt capital markets.

32

Table of Contents

The senior long-term and short-term debt ratings and outlook currently assigned to unsecured company securities by the rating agencies engaged by the company are as follows:

Senior
Long-TermShort-TermOutlook
Fitch RatingsAF1Stable
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.A2Prime-1Stable
Standard & Poor’sAA-1Stable

Trade Accounts and Notes Receivable. Trade accounts and notes receivable primarily arise from sales of goods to independent dealers. Trade receivables increased by $37 million in 2021. The ratio of trade accounts and notes receivable at October 31, 2021 and November 1, 2020 to fiscal year net sales was 11 and 13 percent, respectively. Total worldwide production and precision agriculture receivables decreased $193 million, worldwide small agriculture and turf receivables increased $199 million, and construction and forestry receivables increased $31 million. The collection period for trade receivables averages less than 12 months. The percentage of trade receivables outstanding for a period exceeding 12 months was 1 percent at October 31, 2021 and 3 percent at November 1, 2020.

Deere & Company Stockholders’ Equity. Deere & Company stockholders’ equity was $18,431 million at October 31, 2021, compared with $12,937 million at November 1, 2020. The increase of $5,494 million resulted from net income attributable to Deere & Company of $5,963 million, a change in the retirement benefits adjustment of $2,884 million, an increase in common stock of $159 million, and a change in the cumulative translation adjustment of $118 million, which was partially offset by an increase in treasury stock of $2,468 million and dividends declared of $1,125 million.

Contractual Obligations and Cash Requirements. The company’s material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations:

Borrowings – As of October 31, 2021, the equipment operations had $1,497 million of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $329 million. As of the same date, the financial services operations had $11,959 million of payments due on borrowings and securitization borrowings in the next year, along with interest payments of $574 million. The securitization borrowing payments are based on the expected liquidation of the retail notes, as well as the repurchases due to the reduced facility capacity (see Note 29). The financial services borrowings will likely be replaced with new borrowings to finance their receivable and lease portfolios.

Purchase Obligations – As of October 31, 2021, the company’s outstanding purchase obligations were $4,314 million, with $4,190 million payable within one year. These purchase obligations are noncancelable.

Other Cash Requirements – In addition to its contractual obligations, the company’s quarterly cash dividend is $1.05 per share, subject to change at the discretion of the company’s Board of Directors. Total company pension and OPEB contributions in 2022 are expected to be approximately $1,250 million. Fiscal year

2022 contributions include a voluntary U.S. OPEB plan contribution of $1,000 million made on November 30, 2021 (see Note 29). Also anticipated in 2022 is the dissolution of the joint venture agreement between the company and Hitachi. In connection with the termination, the company will purchase all of Hitachi’s shares in the relevant joint venture manufacturing entities and receive certain intellectual property rights. The initial cash consideration consists of $275 million for the shares and an intellectual property license (see Notes 1, 4, and 11). The company will consider share repurchases as a means of deploying excess cash to shareholders once the previously mentioned requirements are met.

EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS

The company’s equipment businesses are capital intensive and are subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for inventories and certain receivables from dealers. The equipment operations sell a significant portion of their trade receivables to financial services. To the extent necessary, funds provided from operations are supplemented by external financing sources.

Cash provided by operating activities of the equipment operations during 2021, including intercompany cash flows, was $5,900 million due largely to net income adjusted for non-cash provisions and an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by an increase in inventories and an increase in trade, notes, and financing receivables related to sales.

Over the last three years, these operating activities, including intercompany cash flows, have provided an aggregate of $13,860 million in cash.

Trade receivables held by the equipment operations increased by $142 million during 2021. The equipment operations sell a significant portion of their trade receivables to financial services (see previous consolidated discussion).

Inventories increased by $1,782 million in 2021 due primarily to increased production schedules. A majority of these inventories are valued on the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The ratios of inventories on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis (see Note 15), which approximates current cost, to fiscal year cost of sales were 31 percent and 28 percent at October 31, 2021 and November 1, 2020, respectively.

Total interest-bearing debt, excluding finance lease liabilities, of the equipment operations was $10,373 million at the end of 2021, compared with $10,382 million at the end of 2020 and $6,446 million at the end of 2019. The ratio of total debt to total capital (total interest-bearing debt and Deere & Company stockholders’ equity) at the end of 2021, 2020, and 2019 was 36 percent, 45 percent, and 36 percent, respectively.

In 2020, the equipment operations issued three tranches of notes in the U.S. with aggregate principal totaling $2,250 million that are due from 2025 to 2050. The equipment operations also issued Euro notes with aggregate principal totaling €2,000 million (approximately $2,170 million based on the exchange rate at the issue date) that are due from 2024 to 2032 (see Note 20). In 2020, the equipment operations issued commercial paper in the U.S. with aggregate

33

Table of Contents

principal totaling $466 million, of which $448 million had an original term greater than 90 days. This commercial paper was repaid in 2020 and is presented in “Increase (decrease) in total short-term borrowings” in the statement of consolidated cash flows.

Property and equipment cash expenditures for the equipment operations in 2021 were $845 million, compared with $816 million in 2020. Capital expenditures in 2022 are estimated to be $1,175 million.

FINANCIAL SERVICES

The financial services operations rely on their ability to raise substantial amounts of funds to finance their receivable and lease portfolios. Their primary sources of funds for this purpose are a combination of commercial paper, term debt, securitization of retail notes, equity capital, and borrowings from Deere & Company.

The cash provided by operating and financing activities was used primarily to increase receivables and leases. Cash flows from the financial services’ operating activities, including intercompany cash flows, were $1,965 million in 2021. Cash used for investing activities totaled $4,308 million in 2021 due primarily to the cost of receivables (excluding trade and wholesale) and cost of equipment on operating leases acquired exceeding collections of these receivables and the proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases by $5,311 million, a change in collateral on derivatives – net of $274 million, and purchases of marketable securities exceeding proceeds from maturities and sales by $89 million. Partially offsetting the use of cash was a decrease in trade receivables and wholesale notes of $1,364 million. Cash provided by financing activities totaled $2,238 million in 2021, resulting primarily from an increase in external borrowings of $2,468 million, an increase in borrowings from Deere & Company of $354 million, partially offset by dividends paid to Deere & Company of $555 million. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash decreased $91 million.

Over the last three years, the operating activities, including intercompany cash flows, have provided $6,359 million in cash. In addition, an increase in total borrowings of $5,476 million, a decrease in trade and wholesale receivables of $2,428 million, and a change in collateral on derivatives – net of $59 million provided cash inflows. These amounts have been used mainly to fund receivables (excluding trade and wholesale) and equipment on operating lease acquisitions, which exceeded collections and the proceeds from sales of equipment on operating leases, by $12,454 million, pay dividends to Deere & Company of $1,368 million, and purchase $182 million of marketable securities in excess of maturities and sales. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash increased $112 million over the three-year period.

Trade and financing receivables and equipment on operating leases increased by $3,401 million in 2021, compared with 2020. Total acquisition volumes of receivables (excluding trade and wholesale) and cost of equipment on operating leases increased 16 percent in 2021, compared with 2020. The volume of finance leases, retail notes, and revolving charge accounts increased 33 percent, 26 percent, and 1 percent, respectively. The volume of operating leases decreased 2 percent. During 2021, the wholesale notes and

trade receivables portfolios decreased 26 percent and 7 percent, respectively.

Total external interest-bearing debt of the financial services operations was $37,978 million at the end of 2021, compared with $35,556 million at the end of 2020 and $38,888 million at the end of 2019. Total external borrowings have changed generally corresponding with the level of the receivable and lease portfolio, the level of cash and cash equivalents, the change in payables owed to Deere & Company, and the change in investment from Deere & Company. The financial services operations’ ratio of total interest-bearing debt to total stockholder’s equity was 7.8 to 1 at the end of 2021, 7.8 to 1 at the end of 2020, and 8.0 to 1 at the end of 2019.

The Capital Corporation has a revolving credit agreement to utilize bank conduit facilities to securitize retail notes (see Note 14). At October 31, 2021, the revolving credit agreement had a total capacity, or “financing limit,” of up to $2,000 million of secured financings at any time. At October 31, 2021, $1,572 million of short-term securitization borrowings were outstanding under the agreement. At the end of the contractual revolving period, unless the banks and Capital Corporation agree to renew, Capital Corporation would liquidate the secured borrowings over time as payments on the retail notes are collected. The agreement was renewed in November 2021 with an expiration in November 2022 and a capacity of $1,000 million. As a result of the reduced capacity, $511 million of outstanding short-term securitization borrowings were repurchased by the company in November 2021, in addition to the normal monthly collection of payments on the retail notes.

During 2021, the financial services operations issued $2,801 million and retired $2,861 million of retail note securitization borrowings, which are presented in “Increase (decrease) in total short-term borrowings” on the statement of consolidated cash flows. The financial services operations also issued $8,711 million and retired $6,996 million of long-term borrowings in 2021, which were primarily medium-term notes.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of the company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect on the financial statements. The accounting policies below are those management believes are the most critical to the preparation of the company’s financial statements and require the most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments. The company’s other accounting policies are described in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Sales Incentives

In certain markets, the company provides sales incentives to dealers. At the time a sale to a dealer is recognized, the company records an estimate of the future sales incentive costs as a reduction to the sales price. These incentives may be based on a

34

Table of Contents

dealer’s purchase volume, or on retail sales incentive programs for allowances and financing programs that will be due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer. The estimated cost of these programs is based on historical data, announced and expected incentive programs, field inventory levels, and forecasted sales volumes. The final cost of these programs is determined at the end of the measurement period for volume-based incentives or when the dealer sells the equipment to the retail customer. This is due to numerous programs available at any particular time and new programs that may be announced after the company records the equipment sale. Changes in the mix and types of programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly.

The sales incentive accruals at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019 were $1,680 million, $1,718 million, and $2,033 million, respectively. The total accruals recorded were $880 million, $1,109 million, and $1,443 million in trade accounts and notes receivable – net, and $800 million, $609 million, and $590 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019, respectively. The decrease in 2021 primarily resulted from higher retail demand and the decrease in 2020 primarily related to lower sales volume.

The estimation of the retail sales incentive accrual is impacted by many assumptions. One of the key assumptions is the predictive value of the historical percent of retail sales incentive costs to retail sales from dealers. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of approximately plus or minus .5 percent, compared to the average retail sales incentive costs to retail sales percent during that period. Holding other assumptions constant, if this estimated retail incentive cost experience percent were to increase or decrease .5 percent, the sales incentive accrual at October 31, 2021 would increase or decrease by approximately $31 million.

Product Warranties

For most equipment and parts sales, the company provides a standard warranty to provide assurance that the equipment will function as intended for a specified period of time. At the time a sale is recognized, the company records the estimated future warranty costs. The company generally determines its total warranty liability by applying historical claims rate experience to the estimated amount of equipment that has been sold and is still under warranty based on dealer inventories and retail sales. The historical claims rate is primarily determined by a review of five-year claims costs and consideration of current quality developments. Variances in claims experience and the type of warranty programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly.

The product warranty accruals, excluding extended warranty unamortized premiums, at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019 were $1,312 million, $1,105 million, and $1,218 million, respectively. The increase in 2021 primarily related to higher sales volume while the decrease in 2020 mainly related to lower sales volume.

Estimates used to determine the product warranty accruals are significantly affected by the historical percent of warranty claims

costs to sales. Over the last five fiscal years, this percent has varied by an average of approximately plus or minus .08 percent, compared to the average warranty costs to sales percent during that period. Holding other assumptions constant, if this estimated cost experience percent were to increase or decrease .08 percent, the warranty accrual at October 31, 2021 would increase or decrease by approximately $35 million.

Postretirement Benefit Obligations

Pension and OPEB, primarily health care and life insurance plans, obligations are based on various assumptions used by the company’s actuaries in calculating these amounts. These assumptions include discount rates, health care cost trend rates, expected return on plan assets, compensation increases, retirement rates, mortality rates, and other factors. Actual results that differ from the assumptions and changes in assumptions affect future expenses and obligations.

The pension assets, net of pension liabilities, recognized on the balance sheet at October 31, 2021 were $2,665 million. The pension liabilities, net of pension assets, recognized on the balance sheet at November 1, 2020 and November 3, 2019 were $447 million and $226 million, respectively. The increase in the pension net assets in 2021 was primarily due to returns on plan assets. The increase in the pension net liabilities in 2020 was primarily due to decreases in discount rates and interest on the liabilities, largely offset by the return on plan assets.

The OPEB liabilities, net of OPEB assets, at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019 were $3,175 million, $3,892 million, and $4,686 million, respectively. The decrease in OPEB net liabilities in 2021 was due primarily to returns on plan assets and favorable changes to medical assumptions. The decrease in OPEB net liabilities in 2020 was due primarily to contributions to a U.S. OPEB plan.

The effect of hypothetical changes to selected assumptions on the company’s major U.S. retirement benefit plans would be as follows in millions of dollars:

October 31, 20212022
IncreaseIncrease
Percentage(Decrease)(Decrease)
AssumptionsChangePBO/APBO*Expense
Pension
Discount rate**+/-.5$(812)/930$(42)/45
Expected return on assets+/-.5(63)/63
OPEB
Discount rate**+/-.5(271)/300(11)/11
Expected return on assets+/-.5(9)/9
Health care cost trend rate**+/-1.0512/(429)52/(49)
Column 1Column 2
*Projected benefit obligation (PBO) for pension plans and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for OPEB plans.
Column 1Column 2
**Pretax impact on service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains or losses.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment annually and when events or circumstances change such that it is more

35

Table of Contents

likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is reduced below its carrying amount. The end of the fiscal third quarter is the annual measurement date. To test for goodwill impairment, the carrying value of each reporting unit is compared with its fair value. If the carrying value of the goodwill is considered impaired, a loss is measured as the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over the fair value, with a limit of the goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

An estimate of the fair value of the reporting unit is determined through a combination of comparable market values for similar businesses and discounted cash flows. These estimates can change significantly based on such factors as the reporting unit’s financial performance, economic conditions, interest rates, growth rates, pricing, changes in business strategies, and competition.

The company has not identified a reporting unit for which the goodwill was impaired in 2021, 2020, or 2019. For all reporting units, a 10 percent decrease in the estimated fair value would have had no effect on the carrying value of goodwill at the annual measurement date in 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of the receivable portfolio. The allowance is measured on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Risk characteristics considered by the company include finance product category, market, geography, credit risk, and remaining duration. Receivables that do not share risk characteristics with other receivables in the portfolio are evaluated on an individual basis. Non-performing receivables are included in the estimate of expected credit losses.

The company utilizes loss forecast models, which are selected based on the size and credit risk of the underlying pool of receivables, to estimate expected credit losses. Transition matrix models are used for large and complex retail customer receivable pools, while weighted average remaining maturity models are used for smaller and less complex retail customer receivable pools. Expected credit losses on wholesale receivables are based on historical loss rates, with consideration of current economic conditions and dealer financial risk. The modeled expected credit losses are adjusted based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, which may include economic indicators such as commodity prices, industry equipment sales, unemployment rates, and housing starts. Management reviews each model’s output quarterly, and qualitative adjustments are incorporated as necessary.

In 2021, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, which revised the measurement of credit losses from an incurred loss to an expected loss methodology. Upon adoption the company’s allowance for credit losses increased with an offset to retained earnings (see Note 3). The allowance for credit losses at November 1, 2020 and November 3, 2019 were not restated under the expected loss methodology. The total allowance for credit losses at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019 was $207 million, $223 million, and $222 million, respectively. The allowance decreased in 2021 compared to 2020 due to lower expected losses

in the construction and forestry market, continued improvement in the agriculture and turf market, and better than expected performance of accounts granted payment relief due to the economic effects of COVID. As previously mentioned, the allowance decrease was partially offset by the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13. The allowance was about the same in 2020 compared to 2019 with an increase in the financing receivable allowance largely offset by a decrease in the allowance for trade accounts and notes receivable (see Note 13).

The assumptions used in evaluating the company’s exposure to credit losses involve estimates and significant judgment. While the company believes its allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of its existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions or changes in economic conditions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses. Historically, changes in economic conditions have had limited impact on credit losses within the company’s wholesale receivable portfolio. Within the retail customer receivables portfolio, credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including historical portfolio performance, current delinquency levels, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts. The company’s transition matrix models, which are utilized to estimate credit losses for more than 90 percent of retail customer receivables, use historical portfolio performance and current delinquency levels to forecast future defaults. Estimated recovery rates are applied to the estimated default balance to calculate the expected credit losses. Holding all other factors constant, a 10 percent increase in the transition matrix models’ forecasted defaults and a simultaneous 10 percent decrease in recovery rates would have resulted in a $34 million increase to the allowance for credit losses at October 31, 2021.

Operating Lease Residual Values

The carrying value of equipment on operating leases is affected by the estimated fair values of the equipment at the end of the lease (residual values). Upon termination of the lease, the equipment is either purchased by the lessee or sold to a third party, in which case the company may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the estimated residual value and the sale price. The estimated residual values are based on several factors, including lease term, expected hours of usage, historical wholesale sales prices, return experience, intended equipment use, market dynamics and trends, and dealer residual value guarantees. The company reviews residual value estimates during the lease term and tests the carrying value of its operating leases for impairment when events or circumstances necessitate. Changes in residual value assumptions would affect the amount of depreciation expense and the amount of investment in equipment on operating leases. Depreciation is adjusted prospectively on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term if residual estimates are revised.

The total operating lease residual values at October 31, 2021, November 1, 2020, and November 3, 2019 were $5,025 million, $5,254 million, and $5,259 million, respectively. The decreases in 2021 and 2020 primarily related to a lower average operating lease portfolio.

36

Table of Contents

Estimates used in determining end of lease market values for equipment on operating leases significantly impact the amount and timing of depreciation expense. Hypothetically, if future market values for this equipment were to decrease 10 percent from the company’s present estimates and all the equipment on operating leases were returned to the company for remarketing at the end of the lease term, the total effect would be to increase the company’s annual depreciation for equipment on operating leases by approximately $80 million, after consideration of dealer residual value guarantees.

Income Taxes

The company’s income tax provision, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for uncertain tax benefits represent the company’s best estimate of current and future income taxes to be paid. The annual tax rate is based on income tax laws, statutory tax rates, taxable income levels, and tax planning opportunities available in various jurisdictions where the company operates. These tax laws are complex, and require significant judgment to determine the consolidated provision for income taxes. Changes in tax laws, regulations, statutory tax rates, and estimates of the company’s future taxable income levels could result in actual realization of deferred taxes being materially different from amounts provided for in the consolidated financial statements.

Deferred income taxes represent temporary differences between the tax and the financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Deferred tax assets also include loss carryforwards and tax credits. These assets are regularly assessed for the likelihood of recoverability from estimated future taxable income, reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and tax planning strategies. To the extent the company determines that it is more likely than not a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The recoverability analysis of the deferred income tax assets and the related valuation allowances requires significant judgment and relies on estimates.

Uncertain tax positions are determined based on whether it is more likely than not the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. For those positions that meet the more likely than not criteria, an estimate of the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority is recognized. The ultimate resolution of the tax position could take many years and result in a payment that is significantly different from the original estimate.

A provision for foreign withholding taxes has not been recorded on undistributed profits of the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries that are determined to be indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. If management intentions change in the future, there may be a significant impact on the provision for income taxes in the period the change occurs. For further information on income taxes, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.