HUNTINGTON INGALLS INDUSTRIES, INC. (HII)

Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

Our Business

Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. ("HII", "we", "us", or "our") is a global, all-domain defense partner, building and delivering the world’s most powerful, survivable naval ships and technologies that safeguard America’s seas, sky, land, space, and cyber. For more than a century, our Ingalls Shipbuilding segment ("Ingalls") in Mississippi and Newport News Shipbuilding segment ("Newport News") in Virginia have built more ships in more ship classes than any other U.S. naval shipbuilder, making us America's largest shipbuilder. Our Mission Technologies segment develops integrated technology solutions and products that enable today's connected, all-domain force. Headquartered in Newport News, Virginia, we employ approximately 45,000 people domestically and internationally.

We conduct most of our business with the U.S. Government, primarily the Department of War. As prime contractor, principal subcontractor, team member, or partner, we participate in many high-priority U.S. defense programs. Ingalls includes our non-nuclear ship design, construction, repair, and maintenance businesses. Newport News includes all of our nuclear ship design, construction, overhaul, refueling, and repair and maintenance businesses. Our Mission Technologies segment provides a wide range of services and products, including command, control, computers, communications, cyber, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems and operations; the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning to battlefield decisions; defense and offensive cyberspace strategies and electronic warfare; unmanned autonomous systems; live, virtual, and constructive training solutions; platform modernization; and critical nuclear operations.

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The following discussion should be read along with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (our "2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K").

Business Environment

Against a backdrop of heightened geopolitical tension and domestic policy realignment, we continue to see uncertainty in the economy, our industry, and our company. Our customers, suppliers, and subcontractors continue to face challenges. We cannot predict how long these challenges will continue, whether these challenges will change over time, or whether our actions to address these challenges will be successful.

Defense Spending Environment – The President submitted the fiscal year 2027 budget request on April 3, 2026, which is now under consideration by Congress. The budget request reflects continued investment in shipbuilding, recommending $60.2 billion in discretionary funding for the shipbuilding construction account and an additional $5.6 billion in mandatory funding, for a total of $65.8 billion for shipbuilding procurement. The discretionary request funds one Columbia class (SSBN 826) submarine, two Virginia class (SSN 774) submarines, one Arleigh Burke class (DDG 51) destroyer, one San Antonio class (LPD 17) amphibious transport dock ship, one America class (LHA 6) amphibious assault ship, and the first Frigate class (FF(X)) ship. The fiscal year 2027 budget request continues funding Gerald R. Ford class (CVN 78) aircraft carriers and aircraft carrier refueling programs, and provides initial advance procurement funding for the lead ship of the Trump class (BBG(X)) battleship program. The fiscal year 2027 budget request also reflects increased investments in capability enablers including unmanned surface and underwater vehicles.

Congressional consideration of the fiscal year 2027 budget request began following its release and is ongoing. The House Appropriations Committee voted out a defense appropriations measure that supports the President’s topline budget request. The Senate Appropriations Committee has yet to conduct markups, and the timing of committee action remains uncertain. The House and Senate Armed Services Committees have each acted on their respective National Defense Authorization bills for fiscal year 2027. We cannot predict the outcome of the fiscal year 2027 budget process or whether a short-term funding measure will be provided in the event annual appropriations measures are not finalized by the October 1 start of the fiscal year.

Global Geopolitical and Economic Environment – The global geopolitical and economic environment continues to be impacted by uncertainty, heightened geopolitical tensions, and instability. Geopolitical relationships continue to change, and the U.S. and its allies face a global security environment that includes threats from state and non-state actors, including major global powers, as well as terrorist organizations, emerging nuclear tensions, diverse regional security concerns, and political instability. These global threats persist across all domains, from undersea to space to cyber, and the global market for defense products, services, and solutions is driven by these complex and evolving security challenges. In addition, changes in the global economic environment, including changes in international trade policies, including those imposing tariffs, could further impact the global market for defense products. Our current operating environment exists in the broader context of political and socioeconomic priorities and reflects, among other things, the continued impact of and uncertainty surrounding geopolitical tensions, financial market volatility, inflation, trade policy, and a challenging labor market.

For further information on our business environment, see the Business Environment section under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates, and Judgments

As discussed in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we consider our policies relating to the following matters to be critical accounting policies and estimates:

•Revenue recognition;

•Retirement related benefit plans; and

•Workers' compensation.

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As of June 30, 2026, there had been no material changes to the foregoing critical accounting policies, estimates, and judgments since December 31, 2025.

Program Descriptions

For convenience, a brief description of certain programs discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is included in the Glossary of Programs in this section.

As of June 30, 2026, Frigate class (FF(X)) ships are included in the Glossary of Programs in this section. Frigate class (FF(X)) ships are included as part of surface combatants described Part I, Item 1 in the 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CONSOLIDATED OPERATING RESULTS

The following table presents selected financial highlights:

Operating Performance Assessment and Reporting

We manage and assess the performance of our business based on our performance on individual contracts and programs using the financial measures referred to below, with consideration given to the Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates, and Judgments referred to in this section. Our portfolio of long-term contracts is largely flexibly-priced. Therefore, sales tend to fluctuate in concert with costs across our large portfolio of active contracts, with operating income being a critical measure of operating performance. Under the Federal Acquisition Regulation rules that govern our business with the U.S. Government, most types of costs are allowable, and we do not focus on individual cost groupings, such as cost of sales or general and administrative expenses, as much as we do on total contract costs, which are a key factor in determining contract operating income. As a result, in evaluating our operating performance, we look primarily at changes in sales and service revenues, as well as operating income, including the effects of significant changes in operating income as a result of changes in contract financial estimates and the use of the cumulative catch-up method of accounting in accordance with GAAP. This approach is consistent with the long-term life cycle of our contracts, as management assesses the bidding of each contract by focusing on net sales and operating profit and monitors performance in a similar manner through contract completion. Consequently, our discussion of business segment performance focuses on net sales and operating profit, consistent with our approach for managing our business.

Sales and Service Revenues

Period-to-period revenues reflect performance under new and ongoing contracts. Changes in sales and service revenues are typically expressed in terms of volume. Unless otherwise described, volume generally refers to increases (or decreases) in reported revenues due to varying production activity levels, delivery rates, or service

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levels on individual contracts. Volume changes will typically carry a corresponding income change based on the profit margin rate for a particular contract.

Sales and service revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2026, increased $336 million, or 11%, compared to the same period in 2025, primarily due to higher volumes at Newport News and Ingalls. Sales and service revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2026, increased $701 million, or 12%, compared to the same period in 2025, primarily due to higher volumes at Newport News and Ingalls.

Net Cumulative Catch-up Revenue Adjustments

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, favorable and unfavorable cumulative catch-up revenue adjustments were as follows:

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW

The following discussion should be read along with the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K along with the other sections of this Form 10-K, including Item 1A. Risk Factors, as well as Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Business Environment

The United States political and economic environment in 2025 has been shaped by renewed national emphasis on industrial resilience, defense readiness, and maritime strength. However, against a backdrop of heightened geopolitical tension and domestic policy realignment, we continue to see uncertainty in the economy, our industry, and our company. Our customers, suppliers, and subcontractors continue to face challenges. We cannot predict how long these challenges will continue, whether these challenges will change over time, or whether our actions to address these challenges will be successful.

U.S. Political and Economic Environment – The political and economic landscape of the United States in 2025 has been characterized by policy realignment and a complex macroeconomic environment. The Trump Administration (the "Administration") has pursued a renewed emphasis on domestic production, trade protectionism, and deregulation, particularly across the energy, manufacturing, and technology sectors. Heightened political polarization and intermittent fiscal disputes, including a historic 43-day funding lapse, have underscored the challenges of policy continuity and long-term fiscal planning. Despite these disruptions, defense spending continues to benefit from strong bipartisan support, with consensus around the need to maintain U.S. technological superiority and military readiness amid rising global security challenges.

The Administration’s “America First” economic and security agenda has accelerated efforts to repatriate critical manufacturing and expand production capacity. Policy initiatives have prioritized procurement reform, domestic

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sourcing mandates, and investment incentives to stimulate innovation in advanced defense technologies, including hypersonics, cyber defense, artificial intelligence, and space systems.

Economically, the United States continues to experience inflationary pressures and elevated interest rates. The economic and policy environment remains fluid, with the main variables revolving around tariffs and immigration. Fiscal conditions remain constrained, with federal debt exceeding 120% of GDP, highlighting the imbalances within the broader economy.

For the defense sector, these macroeconomic conditions have resulted in mixed impacts. While higher borrowing costs and input inflation have placed pressure on working capital and contract execution, strong defense demand and federal funding have continued to support revenue stability across the industrial base. Increased emphasis on domestic sourcing and production security has also stimulated capital investment in U.S. manufacturing facilities and supplier networks.

Supply chain realignment remains a central theme in 2025. Continued global disruptions and tariff adjustments have encouraged U.S. defense firms to diversify supplier networks, enhance vertical integration, and invest in advanced manufacturing technologies. Federal programs aimed at supporting small and mid-tier suppliers have further reinforced the broader defense ecosystem.

The labor market continues to present challenges for our company, our industry, and the supply chain. Our ability to increase throughput and meet production schedules is directly impacted by labor availability and performance. We monitor labor market conditions and trends and work to mitigate the effects of labor challenges through a variety of measures. Challenges in the labor market are addressed through targeted talent acquisition, partnerships with community colleges, apprentice school sourcing and recruiting, workforce succession planning, and initiatives to retain employees. Labor shortages and retention are also impacting our supply chain, resulting in longer lead times for materials, parts, and other supplies. Our supply chain has been impacted further by delivery delays, raw materials shortages, and price increases caused by continued inflationary pressures.

The shipbuilding defense industry is unique in many ways. It is both capital- and skilled labor-intensive. The U.S. Navy, a large single customer with many needs and requirements, dominates the industry's customer base and is served by a fragile supplier base that has trended toward exclusive providers. The Department continues to adjust its procurement practices and streamline acquisition organizations and processes in an ongoing effort to reduce costs, gain efficiencies, and enhance program management and control. Additionally, the U.S. Navy must compete with other national priorities, including other defense activities, non-defense discretionary spending, and entitlement programs, for a share of federal budget funding. While the impact to our business resulting from these developments remains uncertain, they could have a material impact on current programs, as well as new business opportunities with the Department.

Defense Spending Environment – On May 2, 2025, the Administration released the President's topline recommendations on discretionary funding levels for fiscal year 2026, followed by detailed budget justification documents in June. Additionally, under the Act, Congress provided mandatory funding of more than $29 billion for Shipbuilding and the Maritime Industrial Base. This funding included one Virginia class (SSN 774) fast attack submarine and two Arleigh-Burke class (DDG 51) guided-missile destroyers, and provided additional funding for amphibious warfare ships and unmanned surface vessels.

Overall, the fiscal year 2026 NDAA authorizes $900.6 billion in national security funding. The legislation supports our shipbuilding priorities with a total authorization of $26 billion for shipbuilding programs, including procurement authorization for the third Columbia class (SSBN 826) submarine and advance procurement for future submarines, one Virginia class (SSN 774) fast attack submarine and advance procurement for future submarines, advance procurement for future Arleigh-Burke class (DDG 51) class destroyers, and full funding for the Gerald R. Ford class (CVN 78) aircraft carrier program. Additionally, the fiscal year 2026 NDAA provides authorization for William J. Clinton (CVN 82) and George W. Bush (CVN 83), including incremental funding, advance construction, and advance procurement authorities; incremental funding and authorization for up to five Columbia class (SSBN 826) submarines; and continuous production authority for certain components of Virginia class (SSN 774) submarines.

Fiscal year 2026 began on October 1, 2025 without annual appropriations legislation or a continuing resolution. As a result, parts of the U.S. Government temporarily shut down. On November 12, after a 43-day federal government shutdown, lawmakers passed and the President signed a continuing resolution funding the government until

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January 30, 2026. Lawmakers also passed three annual funding bills – Military Construction-VA, Agriculture-FDA, and Legislative Branch – to fund parts of the government long-term.

The negotiated fiscal year 2026 defense appropriations bill includes continued incremental funding for Enterprise (CVN 80) and Doris Miller (CVN 81), along with advance procurement for William J. Clinton (CVN 82); continued funding for the RCOH of USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74); funding for the Virginia class (SSN 774) and Columbia class (SSBN 826) submarine programs; advanced procurement for the Arleigh Burke class (DDG 51) program, including additional funding for shipyard infrastructure and wage enhancements; and funding for long-lead-time materials for the new frigate program. Additionally, the bill provides $1.5 billion for the Maritime Industrial Base to invest in critical areas including supplier capacity and capability, strategic outsourcing, workforce training, and technology and infrastructure.

Global Geopolitical Environment – The global geopolitical and economic environment continues to be impacted by uncertainty, heightened geopolitical tensions, and instability. Geopolitical relationships continue to change, and the U.S. and its allies face a global security environment that includes threats from state and non-state actors, including major global powers, as well as terrorist organizations, emerging nuclear tensions, diverse regional security concerns, and political instability. These global threats persist across all domains, from undersea to space to cyber, and the global market for defense products, services, and solutions is driven by these complex and evolving security challenges. In addition, changes in the global economic environment, including changes in international trade policies, including those imposing tariffs, could further impact the global market for defense products. Our current operating environment exists in the broader context of political and socioeconomic priorities and reflects, among other things, the continued impact of and uncertainty surrounding geopolitical tensions, financial market volatility, inflation, trade policy, and a challenging labor market.

Program Descriptions

For convenience, a brief description of certain programs discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is included in the Glossary of Programs.

CONTRACTS

We generate most of our revenues from long-term U.S. Government contracts for the production of goods and services. Government contracts typically include the following cost elements: direct material, labor and subcontracting costs, and certain indirect costs, including allowable general and administrative expenses. Unless otherwise specified in a contract, costs billed to contracts with the U.S. Government are treated as allowable and allocable costs under the FAR and CAS regulations. Examples of costs incurred by us that are not allowable under the FAR and CAS regulations include certain legal costs, lobbying costs, charitable donations, interest expense, organizational costs, including certain merger and acquisition costs, and advertising costs.

We monitor our policies and procedures with respect to our contracts on a regular basis to ensure consistent application under similar terms and conditions, as well as compliance with all applicable government regulations. In addition, the DCAA routinely audits the costs we incur that are allocated to U.S. Government contracts.

Our contracts typically fall into one of four categories: firm fixed-price, fixed-price incentive, cost-type, and time and materials. See Note 7: Revenue in Item 8.

•Firm Fixed-Price Contracts - A firm fixed-price contract is a contract in which the specified scope of work is agreed to for a price that is predetermined by bid or negotiation and not generally subject to adjustment regardless of costs incurred by the contractor.

•Fixed-Price Incentive Contracts - Fixed-price incentive contracts provide for reimbursement of the contractor's allowable costs, but are subject to a cost-share limit that affects profitability. Fixed-price incentive contracts effectively become firm fixed-price contracts once the cost-share limit is reached.

•Cost-Type Contracts - Cost-type contracts provide for reimbursement of the contractor's allowable costs plus a fee that represents profit. Cost-type contracts generally require that the contractor use its reasonable efforts to accomplish the scope of the work within some specified time and some sta

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