PFIZER INC (PFE)

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF

OPERATIONS

GENERAL

The following MD&A is intended to assist the reader in understanding our financial condition and results of operations, including an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and from outside sources, and is provided as a supplement to and should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 1. Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

References to operational variances pertain to period-over-period changes that exclude the impact of foreign exchange rates. Although foreign exchange rate changes are part of our business, they are not within our control and because they can mask positive or negative trends in the business, we believe presenting operational variances excluding these foreign exchange changes provides useful information to evaluate our results.

OVERVIEW OF OUR PERFORMANCE, OPERATING AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Our Business––Pfizer Inc. is a research-based, global biopharmaceutical company. We apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives through the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of biopharmaceutical products worldwide.

Segments––Beginning in the first quarter of 2026, we manage our commercial operations through a global structure consisting of two operating segments: Biopharma and PC1. Biopharma is the only reportable segment. See Note 13A.

For additional information about our business, strategy and operating environment, see the Item 1. Business section and the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook section within MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K.

Our Business Development Initiatives––We are committed to strategically capitalizing on growth opportunities, primarily by advancing our own product pipeline and maximizing the value of our existing products, but also through various business development activities. For a description of the more significant recent transactions through February 26, 2026, the filing date of our 2025 Form 10-K, see Note 2 in our 2025 Form 10-K. See Note 2 for a discussion of our acquisition of Metsera in November 2025 and other recent business development initiatives.

Our First Quarter 2026 Performance

Total Revenues––Total revenues increased $736 million, or 5%, in the first quarter of 2026 to $14.5 billion from $13.7 billion in the first quarter of 2025, reflecting an operational increase of $304 million, or 2%, as well as a favorable impact of foreign exchange of $431 million, or 3%. The operational increase was primarily driven by an increase in revenues for Padcev, Eliquis, Oncology biosimilars, Nurtec ODT/Vydura and several other products across categories, partially offset primarily by a decline in COVID-19 product revenues. Excluding contributions from Comirnaty and Paxlovid, Total revenues increased 7% operationally.

See the Total Revenues by Geography and Total Revenues––Selected Product Discussion sections within MD&A for more information, including a discussion of key drivers of our revenue performance for certain products.

Income from Continuing Operations Before Provision/(Benefit) for Taxes on Income––The increase in Income from continuing operations before provision/(benefit) for taxes on income of $386 million to $3.2 billion in the first quarter of 2026 from $2.8 billion in the first quarter of 2025, was primarily due to (i) higher revenues and (ii) a decrease in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs, partially offset by (iii) increases in Cost of sales and Research and development expenses.

See the Analysis of the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations section within MD&A and Notes 3 and 4. For information on our tax provision and effective tax rate, see the Provision/(Benefit) for Taxes on Income section within MD&A and Note 5.

Our Operating Environment––We, like other businesses in our industry, are subject to certain industry-specific challenges. These include, among others, the topics listed below. See also the Item 1. Business––Government Regulation and Price Constraints and Item 1A. Risk Factors sections, and the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook––Our Operating Environment section of the MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K.

Intellectual Property Rights and Collaboration/Licensing Rights––The loss, expiration or invalidation of intellectual property rights, patent litigation settlements and judgments, and the expiration of co-promotion and licensing rights can have a material adverse effect on our revenues. We anticipate a significant reduction of revenue from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries in 2026 through 2030 as several of our in-line products experience these expirations, with the rate of the reduction of revenues from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries expected to significantly accelerate over the next few years. In

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2026, we continue to expect an unfavorable revenue impact from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries of approximately $1.5 billion.

For additional information on patent rights we consider most significant to our business as a whole, including U.S., major Europe and Japan basic product patent expiration years, see the Item 1. Business––Patents and Other Intellectual Property Rights section of our 2025 Form 10-K. For a discussion of recent developments with respect to patent litigation involving certain of our products, see Note 12A1.

Regulatory Environment/Pricing and Access––Government and Other Payor Group Pressures––Pricing and access pressures from governments globally, as well as private third-party payors in the U.S., continue to impact our global operations. With respect to the U.S., we expect to see continued focus by the U.S. government and states on regulating drug pricing and access to medicine, including but not limited to, international reference pricing, including Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) drug pricing. We continue to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the IRA, including the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program (MDPNP) and its government-set Maximum Fair Price which became effective for Eliquis on January 1, 2026. Negotiated prices for Ibrance and Xtandi are expected to follow in 2027, with Xeljanz effective in 2028. The IRA also made significant changes to the Medicare Part D benefit design (IRA Medicare Part D Redesign), which took effect beginning in 2025. We do not expect a material, incremental impact from the IRA Medicare Part D Redesign in 2026 versus the baseline set in 2025. In addition, changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program or the 340B Program, including legal or legislative developments at the federal or state level with respect to the 340B Program, could have a material impact on our business. See the Item 1. Business––Pricing Pressures and Managed Care Organizations and ––Government Regulation and Price Constraints and the Item 1A. Risk Factors––Pricing and Reimbursement sections, and the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook––Our Operating Environment section of the MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K.

Policy/Regulatory Environment––New and potential policy, regulatory or other changes from the U.S. Presidential administration, Congress and states, including, among others, increased, decreased, withdrawn or new regulatory requirements, including changes in requirements for licensure, changes, delays or failure to receive recommendations, reimbursement and regulatory approvals and coverage for our vaccines and medicines could have a material adverse effect on our business, earnings, cash flows, liquidity and financial guidance.

Product Supply––We periodically encounter supply delays, disruptions and shortages, including due to voluntary product recalls and natural or man-made disasters.

We have not seen a significant disruption of our supply chain in the first three months of 2026 and through the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, and all of our manufacturing sites globally have continued to operate at or near normal levels. We continue to monitor potential supply chain impacts from geopolitical and trade developments. We do not anticipate the availability of raw materials to have a significant impact on our operations in 2026, but are monitoring potential supply chain disruptions as a result of ongoing geopolitical and trade negotiations, which could, among other things, impact costs. For information on risks related to product manufacturing, see the Item 1A. Risk Factors––Product Manufacturing, Sales and Marketing Risks section of our 2025 Form 10-K.

The Global Economic Environment––In addition to the industry-specific factors discussed above, we, like other businesses of our size and global extent of activities, are exposed to economic cycles as well as broader geopolitical and regulatory developments. See the Item 1A. Risk Factors—Global Operations section of our 2025 Form 10-K, as well as the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook––The Global Economic Environment section of the MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K.

Global Trade Environment––Issued or future executive orders or other new or changes in laws, regulations or policies regarding tariffs or other trade or foreign policy, could have a material adverse effect on our business, earnings, cash flow, liquidity and financial guidance. While the U.S. Supreme Court’s February 2026 decision related to executive authority to impose tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, the regulatory landscape continues to evolve. Specifically, on April 2, 2026, the U.S. Government announced Section 232 tariffs on imported patented pharmaceuticals and their ingredients, up to a 100% duty to address national security concerns regarding supply chain reliance. These measures, featuring exemptions for commitments to onshore and invest in U.S. manufacturing, are set to phase in on July 31, 2026, and the application to Pfizer is subject to the final negotiation of our tariff agreement with the U.S. Government. We will continue to monitor developments and any potential impacts on our future financial results and business. For additional information on risks related to our global operations and changes in laws, see the Item 1A. Risk Factors—Global Operations and ––Changes in Laws and Accounting Standards sections of our 2025 Form 10-K.

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS

For a description of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1 in our 2025 Form 10-K. Of these policies, the following are considered critical to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements as they require the application of the most subjective and the most complex judgments: Acquisitions (Note 1D); Fair Value (Note 1E); Revenues (Note 1G); Long-Lived Assets (Note 1M); Restructuring Charges and Other Costs Associated with Acquisitions and Cost-Reduction/Productivity Initiatives (Note 1N); Income Taxes (Note 1Q); Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans (Note 1R); and Legal and Environmental Contingencies (Note 1S).

For a discussion about the critical accounting estimates and assumptions impacting our consolidated financial statements, see the Significant Accounting Policies and Application of Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions section within MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K. See also Note 1C in our 2025 Form 10-K for a discussion about the risks associated with estimates and assumptions.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Total Revenues by Geography

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL

The following MD&A is intended to assist the reader in understanding our financial condition and results of operations, including an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and from outside sources, and is provided as a supplement to and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Form 10-K. Discussions of 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found within MD&A in our 2024 Form 10-K.

References to operational variances pertain to period-over-period changes that exclude the impact of foreign exchange rates. Although foreign exchange rate changes are part of our business, they are not within our control and because they can mask positive or negative trends in the business, we believe presenting operational variances excluding these foreign exchange changes provides useful information to evaluate our results.

OVERVIEW OF OUR PERFORMANCE, OPERATING ENVIRONMENT, STRATEGY AND OUTLOOK

Financial Highlights––The following is a summary of certain financial performance metrics (in billions, except per share data):

** For additional information regarding Adjusted diluted EPS (which is a non-GAAP financial measure), including reconciliations of certain GAAP Reported to non- GAAP Adjusted information, see the Non-GAAP Financial Measure: Adjusted Income section within MD&A.

Our Business and Strategy––Pfizer Inc. is a research-based, global biopharmaceutical company. We apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. See the Item 1. Business––About Pfizer section. As a science-driven global biopharmaceutical company, we remain focused on advancing our product pipeline, supporting our marketed brands and deploying capital responsibly, with a focus on initiatives that can help contribute to our long-term revenue and future growth. Most of our revenues come from the manufacture and sale of biopharmaceutical products. We believe that our medicines and vaccines provide significant value for healthcare providers and patients, and we continuously evaluate how we can best collaborate with patients, physicians and payors to support and expand patient access to reliable, affordable healthcare around the world. In addition, we continually seek to expand and broaden our product portfolio offerings through prioritized development of our pipeline and business development opportunities targeted at critical unmet patient needs. As a result, our commercial organizational structure and R&D operations are critical to the successful execution of our business strategy. Our ability to fulfill our purpose, Breakthroughs that change patients’ lives, remains a core focus and underscores our commitment to addressing the needs of society to help sustain long-term value creation for all stakeholders.

Our 2026 key priorities are:

1.Maximize value of key transactions

2.Deliver on critical R&D milestones

3.Invest to maximize post-2028 growth

4.Scale AI across our business.

One way we believe we will be more efficient, effective and able to execute on these strategic priorities is through digital enablement. This includes expanding automation, data‑driven decision making, and enterprise AI solutions that strengthen productivity and accelerate innovation.

In 2025, we managed our commercial operations through a global structure consisting of three operating segments: Biopharma, PC1 and Pfizer Ignite. Biopharma was the only reportable segment. See Note 17A and the Item 1. Business––Commercial Operations section. As part of our continued focus on commercial execution, at the beginning of 2026, we made changes in our commercial structure, which included the transition of certain off-patent branded and generic sterile injectables and biosimilars from the Specialty Care and Oncology product portfolios to a new Global Hospital and Biosimilars organization within our Biopharma reportable segment that went into effect on January 1, 2026. See the Item 1. Business––Commercial Operations section.

Realigning Our Cost Base Program

•In the fourth quarter of 2023, we announced that we launched a multi-year, enterprise-wide cost realignment program that aims to realign our costs with our longer-term revenue expectations. In the second quarter of 2025, we identified additional productivity opportunities to further reduce costs primarily in SI&A, driven in large part by enhanced digital enablement, including automation and AI, and simplification of business processes.

•In connection with our efforts to simplify the structure and sharpen the focus of our R&D organization, in the first quarter of 2025, we expanded this program after having identified additional opportunities to drive improvements in productivity and operational efficiencies through enhanced digital enablement, including automation and AI, and simplification of business processes.

Manufacturing Optimization Program––In the second quarter of 2024, we announced that we launched a multi-year, multi-phased program to reduce our costs of goods sold, which includes operational efficiencies, network structure changes, and product portfolio enhancements.

See Note 3 for the anticipated and actual costs of these programs. For a description of anticipated savings related to these programs, see the Costs and Expenses––Restructuring Charges and Other Costs Associated with Acquisitions and Cost-Reduction/Productivity Initiatives section within MD&A.

R&D: We believe we have a strong pipeline and are well-positioned for future growth. R&D is at the heart of fulfilling our purpose to deliver breakthroughs that change patients’ lives as we work to translate advanced science and technologies into the medicines and vaccines that may be the most impactful for patients. Innovation, drug discovery and development are critical to our success. In addition to discovering and developing new products, our R&D efforts seek to add value to our existing products by improving their effectiveness, safety profile and ease of dosing and by discovering potential new indications. See the Item 1. Business—Research and Development section for our R&D priorities and strategy.

We seek to leverage a strong pipeline, organize around expected operational growth drivers and capitalize on trends creating long-term growth opportunities, including:

•an aging global population that is generating increased demand for innovative medicines and vaccines that address patients’ unmet needs; and

•advances in both biological science and platform technologies that are enhancing the delivery of potential breakthrough new medicines and vaccines.

Our Business Development Initiatives and Other Recent Developments––We are committed to strategically capitalizing on growth opportunities, primarily by advancing our own product pipeline and maximizing the value of our existing products, but also through various business development activities. We view our business development activity as an enabler of our strategies and seek to generate growth by pursuing opportunities and transactions that have the potential to strengthen our business and our capabilities. We assess our business, assets and scientific capabilities/portfolio as part of our regular, ongoing portfolio review process and also continue to consider business development activities that will help advance our business strategy. See Note 2 for a discussion of our recent business development initiatives, including the acquisitions of Seagen and Metsera, and the following for significant recent activities.

Agreement with the U.S. Government––In September 2025, we announced an agreement with the Trump Administration in which we voluntarily agreed to implement measures designed to make certain drug prices for U.S. patients more comparable to those in other developed countries and also allow U.S. patients to purchase certain medicines at significant discounts to current retail prices. The September 2025 agreement also provides a three-year grace period during which time our products will not face Section 232 tariffs, provided the Company further invests in manufacturing in the U.S. Pfizer is now in the process of entering into binding final agreements to implement these arrangements. See the Item 1. Business––Pricing Pressures and Managed Care Organizations and ––Government Regulation and Price Constraints sections for additional information.

Our 2025 Performance

Total Revenues––Total revenues decreased $1.0 billion, or 2%, to $62.6 billion in 2025 from $63.6 billion in 2024, reflecting an operational decrease of $1.3 billion, or 2%, partially offset by a favorable impact of foreign exchange of $247 million. The operational decrease was primarily driven by declines in COVID-19 product revenues, partially offset by increases from the Vyndaqel family, Eliquis, Padcev, Lorbrena, Abrysvo and Oncology biosimilars. Excluding contributions from Comirnaty and Paxlovid, Total revenues increased 6% operationally.

The following chart outlines the components of the net change in Total revenues:

See the Total Revenues by Geography and Total Revenues––Selected Product Discussion sections within MD&A for more information, including a discussion of key drivers of our revenue performance. Certain of our vaccines, including Comirnaty, are subject to seasonality of demand, with a greater portion of revenues anticipated in the fall and winter seasons. Revenues may also vary due to changes in public health recommendations for vaccination. In addition, Paxlovid revenues trend with COVID-19 infection rates. See also The Global Economic Environment––COVID-19 section below for information about our COVID-19 products. For information regarding the primary indications or class of certain products, see Note 17C.

Income from Continuing Operations Before Provision/(Benefit) for Taxes on Income––The decrease in Income from continuing operations before provision/(benefit) for taxes on income of $503 million, to $7.5 billion in 2025 from $8.0 billion in 2024, was primarily due to (i) higher intangible asset impairment charges in 2025, (ii) an increase in Acquired in-process research and development expenses, (iii) net losses on equity securities in 2025 versus net gains on equity securities in 2024 and (iv) lower revenues, partially offset by (v) decreases in Cost of Sales, SI&A, and Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs, and (vi) net periodic benefit credits associated with pension and other postretirement plans incurred in 2025 versus net periodic benefit costs in 2024.

See the Analysis of the Consolidated Statements of Operations section within MD&A and Notes 3 and 4. For information on our tax provision and effective tax rate, see the Provision/(Benefit) for Taxes on Income section within MD&A and Note 5.

Our Operating Environment––We, like other businesses in our industry, are subject to certain industry-specific challenges. These include, among others, the topics listed below. See also the Item 1. Business––Government Regulation and Price Constraints and Item 1A. Risk Factors sections.

Regulatory Environment––Pipeline Productivity––Our product lines must be replenished over time to offset revenue losses when products lose exclusivity or market share or to respond to healthcare and innovation trends, as well as to provide for earnings growth, primarily through internal R&D or through collaborations, acquisitions, JVs, licensing or other arrangements. As a result, we devote considerable resources to our R&D activities which, while essential to our growth, incorporate a high degree of risk and cost, including whether a particular product candidate or new indication for an in-line product will achieve the desired clinical endpoint or safety profile, will be approved by regulators or will be successful commercially. Clinical trials are conducted to determine, among other things, whether an investigational drug, vaccine or device is safe and effective for a particular patient population. After a product has been approved or authorized and launched, we continue to monitor its safety as long as it is available to patients, including conducting postmarketing trials, voluntarily or pursuant to a regulatory request. For the entire life of the product, we collect safety data and report safety information to the FDA and other regulators. Regulatory authorities evaluate potential safety concerns and take any regulatory action deemed necessary and appropriate. Such action(s) may include: updating a product’s labeling, restricting its use, communicating new safety information or, in rare cases, seeking to suspend or remove a product from the market.

Intellectual Property Rights and Collaboration/Licensing Rights––The loss, expiration or invalidation of intellectual property rights, patent litigation settlements and judgments, and the expiration of co-promotion and licensing rights can have a material adverse effect on our revenues. Certain of our products have experienced patent-based expirations or loss of regulatory exclusivity in certain markets in the last few years, and we expect certain products to face new or increased generic competition over the next few years. We anticipate a significant reduction of revenue from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries in 2026 through 2030 as several of our in-line products experience these expirations, with the rate of the reduction of revenues from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries expected to significantly accelerate over the next few years. In 2026, the impact from patent-based or regulatory exclusivity expiries is expected to be $1.5 billion. We continue to vigorously defend our patent rights against infringement, and we will continue to support efforts that strengthen worldwide recognition of patent rights while taking necessary steps to help ensure appropriate patient access.

For additional information on patent rights we consider most significant to our business as a whole, including U.S., major Europe and Japan basic product patent expiration years, see the Item 1. Business––Patents and Other Intellectual Property Rights section. For a discussion of recent developments with respect to patent litigation involving certain of our products, see Note 16A1.

Regulatory Environment/Pricing and Access––Government and Other Payor Group Pressures––The pricing of medicines and vaccines by pharmaceutical manufacturers and the cost of healthcare, which includes medicines, vaccines, medical services and hospital services, continues to be important to payors, governments, patients, and other stakeholders. Federal and state governments and private third-party payors in the U.S. continue to take action to manage the utilization and cost of drugs, including increasingly employing formularies to control costs and encourage utilization of certain drugs, including through the use of deductibles, utilization management tools, cost sharing or formulary placement. We consider a number of factors impacting the pricing of our medicines and vaccines. Within the U.S., we often engage with and receive feedback from patients, doctors and healthcare plans. We also often provide significant discounts from the list price to insurers, including PBMs and MCOs. The price that patients pay in the U.S. for prescribed medicines and vaccines is ultimately set by healthcare providers and insurers, including government healthcare programs. Governments globally, as well as private third-party payors in the U.S., may use a variety of measures to control costs, including, among others, legislative or regulatory pricing reforms, drug formularies (including tiering and utilization management tools), cross country collaboration and procurement, price cuts, mandatory rebates, health technology assessments, forced

localization as a condition of market access, “international reference pricing” (i.e., the practice of a country linking its regulated medicine prices to those of other countries), quality consistency evaluation processes, clawbacks and volume-based procurement. We anticipate that these and similar initiatives will continue to increase pricing and access pressures globally. In the U.S., we expect to see continued focus by the U.S. government and states on regulating drug pricing and access to medicine, including but not limited to, international reference pricing, including Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) drug pricing. The drug pricing provisions of the IRA have been and continue to be implemented over the next several years. In August 2023, CMS selected Eliquis for the MDPNP, and its government-set Maximum Fair Price became effective January 1, 2026. CMS has since selected Ibrance and Xtandi for the MDPNP with Maximum Fair Price effective in 2027 and Xeljanz for Maximum Fair Price effective in 2028, and additional future selections could lead to lower revenues. We continue to evaluate the impact of the IRA on our business, operations and financial condition and results as the full effect of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry remains uncertain. The IRA also made significant changes to the Medicare Part D benefit design (IRA Medicare Part D Redesign), which took effect beginning in 2025 and negatively impacted our 2025 revenues by approximately $1 billion. We do not expect a material, incremental impact from the IRA Medicare Part D Redesign in 2026 versus the baseline set in 2025. These changes more acutely impacted our higher-priced medicines as they reached catastrophic coverage earlier in the year. In addition, changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program or the 340B Program, including legal or legislative developments at the federal or state level with respect to the 340B Program, could have a material impact on our business. See the Item 1. Business––Pricing Pressures and Managed Care Organizations and ––Government Regulation and Price Constraints and the Item 1A. Risk Factors––Pricing and Reimbursement sections.

Policy/Regulatory Environment––New and potential policy, regulatory or other changes from the U.S. Presidential administration, Congress and states, including, among others, increased or new regulatory requirements, including heightened requirements for licensure, changes, delays or failure to receive recommendations, reimbursement and regulatory approvals and coverage for our vaccines and medicines could have a material adverse effect on our business, earnings, cash flows, liquidity and financial guidance.

Impact of the July 2023 Tornado in Rocky Mount, North Carolina (NC)––Our manufacturing facility in Rocky Mount, NC was damaged by a tornado in July 2023. The facility is a key producer of sterile injectables and is responsible for manufacturing nearly 25 percent of all our sterile injectables—including anesthesia, analgesia, and micronutrients. Supply of medicines has recovered from the impact of the tornado. We incurred losses in 2023 and 2024 that were partially offset by insurance recoveries received.

Product Supply––We periodically encounter supply delays, disruptions and shortages, including due to voluntary product recalls and natural or man-made disasters. In response to requests from various regulatory authorities, manufacturers across the pharmaceutical industry, including Pfizer, are evaluating their product portfolios for the potential presence or formation of nitrosamines and we are actively engaging with regulatory authorities on this topic. If nitrosamines are detected in products, this may lead to submission of comprehensive data packages to regulatory authorities to support discussions on the relevant intake limit for the product and potential impact on patient supply, and, in some instances, may lead to market action for such products.

We have not seen a significant disruption of our supply chain in 2025 and through the date of filing of this Form 10-K, and all of our manufacturing sites globally have continued to operate at or near normal levels. We do not anticipate the availability of raw materials to have a significant impact on our operations in 2026, but are monitoring potential supply chain disruptions as a result of ongoing geopolitical and trade negotiations, which could, among other things, impact costs. We are continuing to monitor and implement mitigation strategies to reduce any potential risk or impact including active supplier management, qualification of additional suppliers and advanced purchasing to the extent possible. For information on risks related to product manufacturing, see the Item 1A. Risk Factors––Product Manufacturing, Sales and Marketing Risks section.

Withdrawal of Oxbryta––See the Product Developments section within MD&A.

The Global Economic Environment––In addition to the industry-specific factors discussed above, we, like other businesses of our size and global extent of activities, are exposed to economic cycles. Certain factors in the global economic environment that may impact our global operations include, among other things, currency and interest rate fluctuations, global trade tensions, capital and exchange controls, local and global economic conditions including inflation, recession, volatility and/or lack of liquidity in capital markets, expropriation and other restrictive government actions, changes in intellectual property, legal protections and remedies, trade regulations, tariffs, tax laws and regulations and procedures and actions affecting approval, production, pricing, and marketing of, reimbursement for and access to our products, as well as impacts of political or civil unrest or military action and their economic consequences, geopolitical instability, terrorist activity, unstable governments and legal systems, inter-governmental disputes, public health outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, natural disasters or disruptions related to climate change. Government pressures can lead to negative pricing pressure in various markets where governments take an active role in setting prices, access criteria or other means of cost control. In addition, issued or future executive orders or other new or changes in laws, regulations or policy regarding tariffs or other trade or foreign policy, could have a material adverse effect on our business, earnings, cash flow, liquidity and financial guidance. The actual impact of any new tariffs on our business would be subject to a number of factors including, but not limited to, restrictions on trade, the effective date and duration of such tariffs, countries included in the scope of tariffs, changes to amounts of tariffs, and potential retaliatory tariffs or other retaliatory actions imposed by other countries. We are currently evaluating the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s February 2026 decision relating to executive authority to impose tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). Although we do not believe this decision will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, we continue to monitor developments and any potential impacts on our future financial results and business. This decision does not impact the Section 232 investigation of pharmaceuticals, nor executive authority to impose tariffs under other laws, including Section 232. Strategies intended to help mitigate the potential impacts on our business in the short-term have been implemented as well as those outlined in our voluntary agreement with the Trump Administration as discussed above. We are continuing to evaluate opportunities and developing plans which are intended to help mitigate the potential long-term impact of tariffs on our business and operations. For additional information on risks related to our global operations and changes in laws, see the Item 1A. Risk Factors—Global Operations and ––Changes in Laws and Accounting Standards sections.

COVID-19––In response to COVID-19, we developed Paxlovid and collaborated with BioNTech to jointly develop Comirnaty. As part of our strategy for COVID-19, we are continuing to make significant investments in breakthrough science. This includes evaluating Comirnaty and Paxlovid, investigating new variants of concern, and developing variant adapted vaccine candidates. In addition, we are exploring combination respiratory vaccines and next generation anti-infectives. See the Product Developments section within MD&A.

In 2023, we principally sold Comirnaty globally under government contracts. In September 2023, Comirnaty transitioned to traditional commercial market sales in the U.S., triggered by the expiration of contracts. Internationally, sales of Comirnaty are under a combination of private channels and government contracts, as we started transitioning to commercial markets in 2024. In 2025, due to seasonality of demand for COVID-19 vaccinations, the majority of our global revenues for Comirnaty were recorded in the fourth quarter. In 2026, we expect market share in commercial markets and revenue phasing similar to 2025, primarily concentrated in the second-half of the year. However, we could see

continuous decline in vaccination rates due to additional changes in vaccination recommendations, and the expected impact has been incorporated in our 2026 financial guidance. See Item 1A. Risk Factors—U.S. Healthcare Regulation for a description of certain risks and uncertainties that could impact revenue from our portfolio of vaccines.

In 2023, we principally sold Paxlovid globally to government agencies. On October 13, 2023, we announced an amended agreement with the U.S. government, which facilitated the transition of Paxlovid to traditional commercial markets in the U.S. Internationally, most revenue was generated through commercial channels in 2025. We expect a higher proportion of revenues to be delivered in the second-half of the year and revenues to fluctuate based on the timing, duration and severity of COVID-19 cases. The expected impact of lower demand has been incorporated in our 2026 financial guidance.

For information on risks associated with our COVID-19 products, as well as COVID-19 intellectual property disputes, see the Forward-Looking Information and Factors that May Affect Future Results, Item 1A. Risk Factors—COVID-19, —Intellectual Property Protection and ––Third-Party Intellectual Property Claims sections as well as Notes 16A1 and 17C. For additional information on revenues, see the Total Revenues by Geography and Total Revenues—Selected Product Discussion sections within MD&A.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS

Following is a discussion about the critical accounting estimates and assumptions impacting our consolidated financial statements. Also, see Note 1C.

For a description of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1. Of these policies, the following are considered critical to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements as they require the application of the most subjective and the most complex judgments: Acquisitions

(Note 1D); Fair Value (Note 1E); Revenues (Note 1G); Asset Impairments (Note 1M); Income Taxes (Note 1Q); Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans (Note 1R); and Legal and Environmental Contingencies (Note 1S).

For a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, see Note 1B.

Acquisitions

We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that most assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. To estimate fair value, we utilize an exit price approach from the perspective of a market participant. For further detail on acquisition accounting, see Note 1D. For further detail on the techniques and methodologies that we use to estimate fair value, see Note 1E. Historically, intangible assets have been the most significant fair values within our business combinations. We utilize an income approach to estimate the acquisition date fair value of each identifiable intangible asset. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the amount and timing of projected net cash flows, the discount rate, the tax rate, and, for IPR&D assets, the probability of technical and regulatory success (PTRS). All of these judgments and estimates can materially impact our results of operations. For further information on our process to estimate the fair value of intangible assets, see Asset Impairments below.

We estimate the fair value of acquired inventory, including finished goods and work in process, by determining the estimated selling price when completed, less an estimate of costs to be incurred to complete and sell the inventory, and an estimate of a reasonable profit allowance for those manufacturing and selling efforts. The fair value of inventory is recognized in our results of operations as the inventory is sold. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the estimate of the fair value of inventory include stage of completion, costs to complete, costs to dispose and selling price.

We estimate the fair value of acquired PP&E using a combination of the cost and market approaches. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in these approaches are the values of asset replacement costs, comparable assets and estimated remaining economic lives of the assets. We estimate the fair value of contingent consideration utilizing an income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow method. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the PTRS, discount rate and amount and timing of milestone events and projected sales.

For the provisional amounts recognized for the Metsera assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, see Note 2A. The estimated values are not yet finalized and are subject to change, which could be significant. We will finalize the amounts recognized as we obtain the information necessary to complete the analyses. We expect to finalize the amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as soon as possible but no later than one year from the acquisition date.

Revenues

Our gross product revenues are subject to a variety of deductions, which generally are estimated and recorded in the same period that the revenues are recognized. Such variable consideration represents chargebacks, rebates, sales allowances and sales returns. These deductions represent estimates of the related obligations and, as such, knowledge and judgment are required when estimating the impact of these revenue deductions on gross sales for a reporting period. Historically, adjustments to these estimates to reflect actual results or updated expectations, have not been material to our overall business and generally have been less than 1% of revenues. Product-specific rebates, however, can have a significant impact on year-over-year individual product revenue growth trends. If any of our ratios, factors, assessments, experiences or judgments are not indicative or accurate estimates of our future experience, our results could be materially affected. The potential of our estimates to vary (sensitivity) differs by program, product, type of customer and geographic location. However, estimates associated with U.S. Medicare, Medicaid and performance-based contract rebates are most at risk for material adjustment because of the extensive time delay between the recording of the accrual and its ultimate settlement, an interval that can generally range up to one year. Because of this lag, our recording of adjustments to reflect actual amounts can incorporate revisions of several prior quarters. Rebate accruals are product specific and, therefore for any period, are impacted by the mix of products sold as well as the forecasted channel mix for each individual product. For further information, see the Product Revenue Deductions section within MD&A and Note 1G.

Asset Impairments

We review all of our long-lived assets for impairment indicators throughout the year. We perform impairment testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at least annually and for all other long-lived assets whenever impairment indicators are present. When necessary, we record

charges for impairments of long-lived assets for the amount by which the fair value is less than the carrying value of these assets. Our impairment review processes are described in Note 1M.

Examples of events or circumstances that may be indicative of impairment include:

•A significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of the asset. For example, a successful challenge of our patent rights would likely result in generic competition earlier than expected.

•A significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used such as a restriction imposed by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, withdrawals or other unusual items that could affect our ability to manufacture or sell a product.

•An expectation of losses or reduced profits associated with an asset. This could result, for example, from a change in development plans or a change in a government reimbursement program that results in an inability to sustain projected product revenues and profitability. This also could result from the introduction of a competitor’s product that impacts projected revenue growth, as well as the lack of acceptance of a product by patients, physicians and payors. For IPR&D projects, this could result from, among other things, a change in outlook based on clinical trial data, a delay in the projected launch date or additional expenditures to commercialize the product.

•Changes in development plans and/or de-prioritization of certain assets.

Identifiable Intangible Assets––We use an income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method to determine the fair value of intangible assets, other than goodwill. We start with a forecast of all the expected net cash flows associated with the asset, which incorporates the consideration of a terminal value for indefinite-lived assets, and then we apply an asset-specific discount rate to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions that impact our fair value estimates include: the amount and timing of the projected net cash flows, which includes the expected impact of competitive, legal and/or regulatory forces on the projections and the impact of technological advancements and risk associated with IPR&D assets, as well as the selection of a long-term growth rate; the discount rate, which seeks to reflect the various risks inherent in the projected cash flows; and the tax rate, which seeks to incorporate the jurisdictional mix of the projected cash flows.

While all intangible assets other than goodwill can face events and circumstances that can lead to impairment, those that are most at risk of impairment include IPR&D assets (approximately $21.8 billion as of December 31, 2025) and newly acquired or recently impaired indefinite-lived brand assets. IPR&D assets are high-risk assets, given the uncertain nature of R&D. Newly acquired and recently impaired indefinite-lived assets are more vulnerable to impairment as the assets are recorded at fair value and are then subsequently measured at the lower of fair value or carrying value at the end of each reporting period. As such, immediately after acquisition or impairment, even small declines in the outlook for these assets can negatively impact our ability to recover the carrying value and can result in an impairment charge.

Goodwill––Our goodwill impairment review work as of December 31, 2025 concluded that none of our goodwill was impaired and we do not believe the risk of impairment is significant at this time.

In our review, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors that we consider include, for example, macroeconomic and industry conditions, overall financial performance and other relevant entity-specific events. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we then perform a quantitative fair value test.

When we are required to determine the fair value of a reporting unit, we typically use the income approach. The income approach is a forward-looking approach to estimating fair value and relies primarily on internal forecasts. Within the income approach, we use the discounted cash flow method. We start with a forecast of all the expected net cash flows for the reporting unit, which includes the application of a terminal value, and then we apply a reporting unit-specific discount rate to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include: the amount and timing of the projected net cash flows, which includes the expected impact of technological risk and competitive, legal and/or regulatory forces on the projections, as well as the selection of a long-term growth rate; the discount rate, which seeks to reflect the various risks inherent in the projected cash flows; and the tax rate, which seeks to incorporate the geographic diversity of the projected cash flows.

For all of our reporting units, there are a number of future events and factors that may impact future results and that could potentially have an impact on the outcome of subsequent goodwill impairment testing. For a list of these factors, see the Forward-Looking Information and Factors That May Affect Future Results and the Item 1A. Risk Factors sections.

Benefit Plans

For a description of our different benefit plans, see Note 11.

Our assumptions reflect our historical experiences and our judgment regarding future expectations that have been deemed reasonable by management. The judgments made in determining the costs of our benefit plans can materially impact our results of operations.

(a)For detailed assumptions associated with our benefit plans, see Note 11B.

Expected Annual Rate of Return on Plan Assets––The assumptions for the expected annual rate of return on all of our plan assets reflect our actual historical return experience and our long-term assessment of forward-looking return expectations by asset classes, which is used to develop a weighted-average expected return based on the implementation of our targeted asset allocation in our respective plans.

The expected annual rate of return on plan assets for our U.S. plans and international plans is applied to the fair value of plan assets at each year-end and the resulting amount is reflected in our net periodic benefit costs in the following year. Differences between the actual rate of return on plan assets and the expected annual rate of return on plan assets are immediately recognized through earnings upon remeasurement.

(a)The estimate excludes any potential mark-to-market adjustments.

The actual return on plan assets was $1.1 billion during 2025.

Discount Rate Used to Measure Plan Obligations––The weighted-average discount rate used to measure the plan obligations for our U.S. defined benefit plans is determined at least annually and evaluated and modified, as required, to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed income investments, rated AA/Aa or better, that reflect the rates at which the pension benefits could be effectively settled. The discount rate used to measure the plan obligations for our significant international plans is determined at least annually by reference to investment grade corporate bonds, rated AA/Aa or better, including, when there is sufficient data, a yield-curve approach. These discount rate determinations are made in consideration of local requirements. The measurement of plan obligations at the end of the year will affect (i) the actuarial (gains)/losses recognized in our net periodic benefit cost for that year and (ii) the amount of service cost and interest cost reflected in our net periodic benefit costs in the following year.

The change in the discount rates used in measuring our plan obligations as of December 31, 2025 resulted in a decrease in the measurement of our aggregate plan obligations by approximately $446 million.

Income Tax Assets and Liabilities

Income tax assets and liabilities include income tax valuation allowances and accruals for uncertain tax positions. See Notes 1Q and 5, as well as the Analysis of Financial Condition, Liquidity, Capital Resources and Market Risk section within MD&A.

Contingencies

We and certain of our subsidiaries are subject to numerous contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, including tax and legal contingencies, guarantees and indemnifications. See Notes 1Q, 1S, 5D and 16.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Total Revenues by Geography

2025 v. 2024

See the Total Revenues––Selected Product Discussion section within MD&A for additional analysis and Note 17C.

Product Revenue Deductions––Our gross product revenues are subject to a variety of deductions, which generally are estimated and recorded in the same period that the revenues are recognized. These deductions represent estimates of the related obligations and, as such, knowledge and judgment are required when estimating the impact of these product revenue deductions on gross sales for a reporting period. Historically, adjustments to these estimates to reflect actual results or updated expectations, have not been material to our overall business and generally have been less than 1% of revenues. Product-specific rebates, however, can have a significant impact on year-over-year individual product revenue growth trends.

Product revenue deductions are primarily a function of product sales volume, mix of products sold, contractual or legislative discounts and rebates.

For information on our accruals for product revenue deductions, including the balance sheet classification of these accruals, see Note 1G.

Total Revenues—Selected Product Discussion

Biopharma

Pfizer CentreOne

See the Item 1. Business—Patents and Other Intellectual Property Rights section for information regarding the expiration of various patent rights, Note 16 for a discussion of recent developments concerning patent and product litigation relating to certain of the products discussed above and Note 17C for the primary indications or class of the selected products discussed above.

Costs and Expenses

2025 v. 2024

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales decreased $1.8 billion, primarily due to:

•a favorable change in sales mix of $1.4 billion driven by lower sales of Comirnaty and Paxlovid, including the non-recurrence of charges recorded in 2024 that were included in the 50% gross profit split with BioNTech and applicable royalty expenses;

•a decrease of $633 million due to lower amortization from the step-up of acquired inventory; and

•net favorable revisions to our estimate of accrued royalties,

partially offset by:

•a $288 million unfavorable impact of foreign exchange.

The decrease in Cost of sales as a percentage of revenues was primarily due to the factors mentioned above, and also partially offset by the non-recurrence of the Paxlovid favorable final adjustment of $771 million recorded in the first quarter of 2024 to the estimated non-cash Paxlovid revenue reversal recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Certain of our vaccines, including Comirnaty, are subject to seasonality of demand, with a greater portion of revenues and related cost of sales anticipated in the fall and winter seasons.

See also the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook—The Global Economic Environment––COVID-19 section for information about our COVID-19 products.

Selling, Informational and Administrative Expenses

Selling, informational and administrative expenses decreased $936 million, primarily reflecting focused investments and ongoing productivity improvements as part of our cost realignment program that drove:

•a decrease of $930 million in marketing and promotional spend on various products; and

•lower spending of $395 million in corporate enabling functions,

partially offset by:

•an increase of $230 million due to a favorable adjustment of U.S. healthcare reform fees recorded in 2024 primarily related to Paxlovid and Comirnaty.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased $385 million, primarily driven by a net decrease in spending of $490 million due to pipeline focus and optimization initiatives including the expansion of our digital capabilities, as well as lower compensation-related expenses.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development Expenses

Acquired in-process research and development expenses increased $1.5 billion, primarily driven by a $1.35 billion charge related to an in-licensing agreement with 3SBio and a $150 million charge related to an in-licensing agreement with YaoPharma.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets decreased $413 million, primarily due to lower amortization related to Prevnar, fully amortized assets and asset impairments.

Restructuring Charges and Other Costs Associated with Acquisitions and Cost-Reduction/Productivity Initiatives

Realigning Our Cost Base Program––This program is expected to deliver total net cost savings of approximately $5.7 billion through 2026. The total net cost savings are composed of net cost savings of $5.1 billion achieved through 2025, and the remaining anticipated savings of $600 million, primarily in SI&A, expected to be achieved by the end of 2026. In addition, we achieved cost savings of approximately $500 million from our pipeline focus and optimization initiatives including the expansion of our digital capabilities, with the savings expected to be reinvested in R&D programs by the end of 2026.

Manufacturing Optimization Program––The first phase of this multi-phased program is on track to deliver approximately $1.5 billion in net cost savings by the end of 2027, with approximately $600 million of net cost savings realized by year-end 2025.

Certain qualifying costs for these programs in all periods since inception were recorded and reflected as Certain Significant Items and excluded from our non-GAAP measure of Adjusted Income. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measure: Adjusted Income section within MD&A.

For a description of our programs, as well as the anticipated and actual costs, see Note 3A. The program savings discussed above may be rounded and represent approximations. In addition to these programs, we continuously monitor our operations for cost reduction and/or productivity opportunities, especially in light of patent-based and regulatory exclusivity expiries as well as the expiration of collaborative arrangements for various products. Long-term improvement in gross margin will remain a key focus for the Company over the next few years.

Seagen acquisition––In connection with our acquisition of Seagen, we are focusing our efforts on achieving an appropriate cost structure for the combined company. We expect to generate approximately $1 billion of annual cost synergies, to be achieved by the end of 2026, with approximately $800 million of annual cost synergies achieved by year-end 2025. The one-time costs to generate these synergies are expected to be approximately $1.7 billion, the majority of which has been incurred through 2025.

Metsera acquisition––In connection with our acquisition of Metsera, we are focusing our efforts on achieving an appropriate cost structure for the combined company. We expect to generate approximately $600 million of annual cost synergies, to be achieved by the end of 2026. The one-time costs to generate these synergies are expected to be approximately $700 million, incurred primarily from 2025 through 2027.

Other (Income)/Deductions––Net

The unfavorable period-over-period change of $2.3 billion was primarily driven by (i) higher intangible asset impairments of $1.6 billion, (ii) an unfavorable impact of $1.1 billion due to net losses on equity securities in 2025 versus net gains on equity securities in 2024, (iii) the non-recurrence of realized gains of $945 million on the partial sale of our previous investment in Haleon in 2024, and (iv) higher charges for certain legal matters of $490 million, partially offset by (v) a favorable impact of $832 million due to net periodic benefit credits associated with pension and postretirement plans in 2025 versus net periodic benefit costs in 2024, (vi) lower net interest expense of $478 million primarily driven by a reduction in commercial paper outstanding, compared to 2024, and (vii) the non-recurrence of a charge of $420 million in 2024 related to the expected sale of one of our facilities resulting from the discontinuation of our DMD program. See Note 4.

Provision/(Benefit) for Taxes on Income

For information about our effective tax rate and the events and circumstances contributing to the changes between periods, as well as details about discrete elements that impacted our tax provisions, and income taxes paid (net of refunds received), see Note 5.

Changes in Tax Laws––Many countries outside the U.S. have enacted legislation for global minimum taxation resulting from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting “Pillar 2” project. The EU approved a directive requiring member states to incorporate the OECD provisions into their respective domestic laws, and countries outside the EU have also been enacting the provisions into their domestic law. The provisions are generally effective for Pfizer since 2024, though significant details and guidance around the provisions are still pending. Income tax expense could be impacted as Pillar 2 legislation becomes effective or is amended in countries in which we do business, and such impact could be material to our results of operations. We continue to monitor pending OECD guidance and legislation enactment and implementation by individual countries.

On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was enacted into law in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant tax provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and modifications to the U.S. international tax framework. Among the favorable business provisions are the permanent expensing for domestic R&D costs, permanent bonus depreciation and full expensing of qualified production property. The legislation includes various effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025. We expect further guidance may be issued by the U.S. government with respect to certain OBBBA tax provisions.

The OBBBA also renamed the provision for taxes on foreign earnings from GILTI to NCTI and established a 12.6% tax rate on such foreign earnings effective in the fiscal year 2026 (down from 13.125% in 2026 before the enactment of the OBBBA). We have elected to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences expected to reverse as GILTI, now NCTI, in future years. As a result of the enactment of the OBBBA, in the third quarter of 2025, we remeasured our deferred tax balances related to NCTI for the changes in the tax rate and recorded a one-time tax benefit that was not material to our results of operations. See Note 5B.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS

A comprehensive update of Pfizer’s development pipeline was published as of February 3, 2026 and is available at www.pfizer.com/science/drug-product-pipeline. It includes an overview of our research and a list of compounds in development with targeted indication and phase of development, as well as mechanism of action for some candidates in Phase 1 and all candidates from Phase 2 through registration.

This section provides information as of the date of this filing about significant marketing application-related regulatory actions by, and filings pending with, the FDA and regulatory authorities in the EU and Japan.

The table below generally includes filing and approval milestones for products that have occurred in the last twelve months and does not include approvals that may have occurred prior to that time. The table includes filings with regulatory decisions pending (even if the filing occurred outside of the last twelve-month period).

^     For the U.S., the filing date is the date on which the FDA accepted our submission. For the EU, the filing date is the date on which the EMA validated our submission.

(a)Erbitux® is a registered trademark of ImClone LLC. We have exclusive rights to Braftovi in the U.S., Canada and certain emerging markets. Pierre Fabre has exclusive rights to commercialize Braftovi in Europe and Ono has exclusive rights to commercialize Braftovi in Japan. The December 2024 U.S. approval date reflects accelerated approval. The U.S. accelerated approval was converted to a regular approval for Braftovi in combination with cetuximab and fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in February 2026.

(b)Emblaveo is being developed in collaboration with AbbVie. AbbVie has the exclusive commercialization rights in the U.S. and Canada; Pfizer leads the joint development program and has commercialization rights in all other countries.

(c)Tivdak is commercialized in collaboration with Genmab A/S.

(d)Comirnaty is being developed and commercialized with BioNTech. On August 27, 2025, the FDA approved the 2025-2026 formulation (i) for individuals 65 years of age and older and (ii) for individuals aged 5 to 64 years of age with at least one underlying condition that puts them at high risk for severe COVID-19. Effective as of the same date, outstanding EUAs for the COVID-19 vaccine were revoked, including those for individuals 6 months through 4 years of age.

(e)Adcetris is being developed and commercialized in collaboration with Takeda. Pfizer has commercialization rights for Adcetris in the U.S. and its territories and in Canada. Takeda has commercialization rights in the rest of the world.

(f)Pfizer withdrew the U.S. filing for the Paxlovid pediatric supplement in January 2026.

(g)Vepdegestrant is being developed in collaboration with Arvinas. In September 2025, Arvinas and Pfizer jointly agreed to out-license the commercialization rights to vepdegestrant to a third party. Together, the companies have begun seeking a partner with the capabilities and expertise to maximize the commercial potential of

vepdegestrant, if approved, for patients with ESR1-mutant, ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer and potentially develop vepdegestrant in new settings.

(h)Ibrance for ER+/HER2+ metastatic breast cancer is being developed in collaboration with Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC.

(i)Padcev is being jointly developed and commercialized with Astellas in the U.S. Outside the U.S., we have commercialization rights in all countries in North and South America, and Astellas has commercialization rights in the rest of the world.

The following provides information about additional indications and new drug candidates in late-stage development:

(a)Padcev is being jointly developed and commercialized with Astellas in the U.S. Outside the U.S., we have commercialization rights in all countries in North and South America, and Astellas has commercialization rights in the rest of the world.

(b)Tukysa for 2nd line/3rd line HER2+ metastatic breast cancer row has been removed from the table above.

(c)VLA15 is being developed in collaboration with Valneva SE.

(d)Disitamab vedotin is being developed in collaboration with RemeGen Co., Ltd.

(e)Pfizer withdrew the sasanlimab filing for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in the U.S. in December 2025 and in the EU in February 2026 to allow more time for additional data collection and analyses.

In September 2024, Pfizer announced a voluntary withdrawal of all lots of Oxbryta (voxelotor) for the treatment of SCD in all markets where it was approved. Pfizer also discontinued all active voxelotor clinical trials and expanded access programs worldwide. Pfizer’s decision was based on the totality of clinical data available at that time that indicated the overall benefit of Oxbryta no longer outweighed the risk in the approved sickle cell patient population. The data suggested an imbalance in vaso-occlusive crises and fatal events, which required further assessment. Pfizer notified regulatory authorities about these findings and its decision to voluntarily withdraw Oxbryta from the market and discontinue distribution and clinical studies while further reviewing the available data and investigating the findings. In July 2024, the EMA initiated a referral procedure under Article 20 of EC Regulation No 726/2004 for Oxbryta to review the product’s benefits and risks. In October 2024, the EC suspended the Oxbryta marketing authorization while the EMA’s review of data was ongoing. In addition, the FDA initiated an evaluation of newly identified safety signals. The FDA also placed the Oxbryta investigational new drug application on clinical hold following Pfizer’s market withdrawal.

Following comprehensive review and analysis of the final data, Pfizer submitted updated data and risk management proposals to the EMA, FDA and other regulators. In the EU, the EMA’s referral procedure concluded in October 2025, with the EMA adopting a negative opinion on benefit-risk for Oxbryta for the treatment of hemolytic anemia due to SCD, recommending that the marketing authorization for the product remain suspended. In the U.S., Pfizer’s engagement with the FDA is ongoing.

In December 2024, the FDA issued a partial clinical hold for osivelotor, which prohibited Pfizer from enrolling new participants into osivelotor clinical studies. In 2025, the FDA concluded that initiation of osivelotor studies and enrollment may proceed outside of sub-Saharan Africa and for participants who have not relocated from sub-Saharan Africa. Enrollment of new participants is expected to begin in the first quarter of 2026.

For additional information about our R&D organization, see Note 17 and the Item 1. Business—Research and Development section. For additional information regarding certain collaboration arrangements, see the Item 1. Business—Collaboration and Co-Promotion Agreements section.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURE: ADJUSTED INCOME

Adjusted income is an alternative measure of performance used by management to evaluate our overall performance as a supplement to our GAAP Reported performance measures. As such, we believe that investors’ understanding of our performance is enhanced by disclosing this measure. We use Adjusted income, certain components of Adjusted income and Adjusted diluted EPS to present the results of our major operations––the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of biopharmaceutical products worldwide––prior to considering certain income statement elements as follows:

(a)Most directly comparable GAAP measure.

(b)The short-term incentive plans for substantially all non-sales-force employees worldwide are funded from a pool based on our performance, measured in significant part versus three budgeted financial metrics, as well as performance against certain of our non-financial pipeline metrics, and may be further modified by our Compensation Committee’s assessment of other factors. One of the three financial metrics, beginning with the 2025 performance year, is Adjusted income (as defined for annual incentive compensation purposes), which accounts for 40% of the bonus pool funding tied to financial performance. Any expenses for acquired IPR&D are included in our non-GAAP Adjusted results but we exclude certain of these expenses for our financial results for annual incentive compensation purposes. Additionally, beginning with the 2025 performance year, the payout for performance share awards is determined in part by Adjusted diluted EPS, which is derived from Adjusted income.

Adjusted income and its components and Adjusted diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures that have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, are limited in their usefulness to investors. Because of their non-standardized definitions, they may not be comparable to the calculation of similar measures of other companies and are presented to permit investors to more fully understand how management assesses performance. A limitation of these measures is that they provide a view of our operations without including all events during a period, and do not provide a comparable view of our performance to peers. These measures are not, and should not be viewed as, substitutes for their most directly comparable GAAP measures of Net income attributable to Pfizer Inc. common shareholders, components of Net income attributable to Pfizer Inc. common shareholders and EPS attributable to Pfizer Inc. common shareholders—diluted, respectively.

We also recognize that, as internal measures of performance, these measures have limitations, and we do not restrict our performance-management process solely to these measures. We also use other tools designed to achieve the highest levels of performance. For example, our R&D organization has productivity targets, upon which its effectiveness is measured. In addition, total shareholder return, both on an absolute basis and relative to a publicly traded pharmaceutical index, plays a significant role in determining payouts under certain of our incentive compensation plans.

Adjusted Income and Adjusted Diluted EPS

Amortization of Intangible Assets—Adjusted income excludes all amortization of intangible assets.

Acquisition-Related Items––Adjusted income excludes certain acquisition-related items, which are composed of transaction, integration, restructuring charges and additional depreciation costs for business combinations because these costs are unique to each transaction and represent costs that were incurred to restructure and integrate businesses as a result of an acquisition. We have made no adjustments for resulting synergies.

The significant costs incurred in connection with a business combination result primarily from the need to eliminate duplicate assets, activities or employees––a natural result of acquiring a fully integrated set of activities. For this reason, we believe that such costs incurred can be viewed differently in the context of an acquisition from those costs incurred in other, more normal, business contexts. The integration and restructuring costs for a business combination may occur over several years, with the more significant impacts typically ending within three years of the relevant transaction. Because of the need for certain external approvals for some actions, the span of time needed to achieve certain restructuring and integration activities can be lengthy.

Acquisition-related items may include purchase accounting impacts such as the incremental charge to cost of sales from the sale of acquired inventory that was written up to fair value, depreciation related to the increase/decrease in fair value of acquired fixed assets, amortization related to the increase in fair value of acquired debt, and the fair value changes for contingent consideration.

Discontinued Operations––Adjusted income excludes the results of discontinued operations, as well as any related gains or losses on the disposal of such operations. We believe that this presentation is meaningful to investors because, while we review our product portfolio for strategic fit with our operations, we do not build or run our business with the intent to discontinue parts of our business. Restatements due to discontinued operations do not impact compensation or change the Adjusted income measure for the compensation in respect of the restated periods, but are presented for consistency across all periods.

Certain Significant Items––Adjusted income excludes certain significant items representing substantive and/or unusual items that are evaluated individually on a quantitative and qualitative basis. Certain significant items may be highly variable and difficult to predict. Furthermore, in some cases it is reasonably possible that they could reoccur in future periods. For example, although major non-acquisition-related cost-reduction programs are specific to an event or goal with a defined term, we may have subsequent programs based on reorganizations of the business, cost productivity or in response to generic or biosimilar entry or economic conditions. Legal charges to resolve litigation are also related to specific cases, which are facts and circumstances specific and, in some cases, may also be the result of litigation matters at acquired companies that were inestimable, not probable or unresolved at the date of acquisition, or legal matters generally related to divested products or businesses. Gains and losses on equity securities and pension and postretirement actuarial remeasurement gains and losses have a very high degree of inherent market volatility, which we do not control and cannot predict with any level of certainty, and we do not believe including these gains and losses assists investors in understanding our business or is reflective of our core operations and business. Unusual items represent items that are not part of our ongoing business; items that, either as a result of their nature or size, we would not expect to occur as part of our normal business on a regular basis; items that would be non-recurring; or items that relate to products we no longer sell. See the Reconciliations of GAAP Reported to Non-GAAP Adjusted Information––Certain Line Items below for a non-inclusive list of certain significant items.

Reconciliations of GAAP Reported to Non-GAAP Adjusted Information––Certain Line Items

(a)Items that reconcile GAAP Reported to non-GAAP Adjusted balances are shown pre-tax. Our effective tax rates for GAAP Reported income from continuing operations were: (3.5)% in 2025, (0.4)% in 2024 and (105.4)% in 2023. See Note 5. Our effective tax rates for non-GAAP Adjusted income were: 12.7% in 2025, 14.5% in 2024 and 9.0% in 2023.

(b)Includes reconciling amounts for Research and development expenses that are not material to our non-GAAP consolidated results of operations.

(c)For 2025, the total acquisition-related items of $1.3 billion include reconciling amounts for Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs of $488 million, mainly composed of $340 million of integration costs and other charges. For 2024, the total acquisition-related items of $1.9 billion included reconciling amounts for Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs of $514 million, mainly composed of $427 million of integration costs and other charges. For 2023, the total acquisition-related items of $1.9 billion included reconciling amounts for Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs of $1.2 billion, mainly composed of $785 million of integration costs and other charges, $190 million of transaction costs and $125 million of employee termination-related charges. See Note 3.

(d)Includes employee termination costs, asset impairments and other exit costs related to our cost-reduction and productivity initiatives not associated with acquisitions. See Note 3.

(e)See Note 4.

(f)For 2025, the total adjustment of $1.1 billion primarily includes charges of $1.1 billion for certain legal matters, primarily representing certain product liability and other legal expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer. For 2024, the total adjustment of $445 million included (i) net gains of $825 million on the partial sales of our previous investment in Haleon in March and October 2024, which are comprised of (a) total gains on the sales of $945 million less (b) $120 million recognized in our adjusted income in the fourth quarter representing our pro-rata share of Haleon’s third quarter 2024 adjusted income recorded on a one quarter lag and implicitly included in the gain on the sale of those shares, (ii) charges of $567 million for certain legal matters, primarily representing certain product liability expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer, (iii) a charge of $420 million related to the expected sale of one of our facilities resulting from the discontinuation of our DMD program and (iv) charges of $312 million mostly related to (a) our equity-method accounting pro-rata share of intangible asset amortization, impairments and restructuring costs recorded by Haleon, as well as (b) adjustments to our equity-method basis differences and (c)

Pfizer’s share of investee capital transactions recognized by Haleon. For 2023, the total adjustments of $246 million included charges of (i) $474 million for certain legal matters, primarily representing certain product liability and other legal expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer, and to a lesser extent, legal obligations related to pre-acquisition matters and (ii) $127 million mostly related to our equity-method accounting pro-rata share of intangible asset amortization and impairments, costs of separating from GSK and restructuring costs recorded by Haleon, partially offset by: (i) a $222 million gain on the divestiture of our early-stage rare disease gene therapy portfolio to Alexion and (ii) dividend income of $211 million from our investment in Nimbus resulting from Takeda’s acquisition of Nimbus’s oral, selective allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor program subsidiary.

(g)For 2023, the total adjustment of $238 million mainly included $286 million in inventory losses, overhead costs related to the period in which the facility could not operate, and incremental costs resulting from tornado damage to our manufacturing facility in Rocky Mount, NC, partially offset by insurance recoveries.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND MARKET RISK

We believe that with our ongoing operating cash flows, together with our financial assets, access to capital markets, revolving credit agreement, and available lines of credit, we have and will maintain the ability to meet our liquidity needs to support ongoing operations, our capital allocation objectives, and our contractual and other obligations for the foreseeable future.

We focus efforts to optimize operating cash flows through achieving working capital efficiencies that target accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable, and other working capital. Excess cash from operating cash flows is invested in money market funds and available-for-sale debt securities which consist of primarily high-quality, highly liquid, well-diversified debt securities. We have taken, and will continue to take, a conservative approach to our financial investments and monitoring of our liquidity position in response to market changes. We typically maintain cash and cash equivalent balances and short-term investments which, together with our available revolving credit facilities, are in excess of our commercial paper and other short-term borrowings.

Additionally, we may obtain funding through short-term or long-term sources from our access to the capital markets, banking relationships and relationships with other financial intermediaries to meet our liquidity needs.

For additional information about the sources and uses of our funds and capital resources, see the Analysis of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows section within MD&A.

Credit Ratings––The cost and availability of financing are influenced by credit ratings, and an increase or decrease in our credit rating could have a beneficial or adverse effect on financing. Our long-term debt is rated high-quality by both S&P and Moody’s.

These ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold securities and the ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organizations. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

Capital Allocation Framework––Our capital allocation framework is designed to enhance long-term shareholder value and is based on three core pillars: maintaining and, over the long term, growing our dividend, reinvesting in the business and the potential to make share repurchases after de-levering our balance sheet. Over time, we expect to continue to de-lever in a prudent manner in order to maintain a balanced capital allocation strategy. See the Overview of Our Performance, Operating Environment, Strategy and Outlook—Our Business and Strategy section within MD&A.

Dividends—Our current and projected dividends provide a return to shareholders while maintaining sufficient capital to invest in growing our business. Our dividends are not restricted by debt covenants. While the dividend level remains a decision of Pfizer’s BOD and will continue to be evaluated in the context of future business performance, we currently believe that we can maintain and, over the long term, grow our dividend, barring significant unforeseen events. On December 12, 2025, our BOD declared a first-quarter dividend of $0.43 per share, payable on March 6, 2026, to shareholders of record at the close of business on January 23, 2026. The first-quarter 2026 cash dividend will be our 349th consecutive quarterly dividend.

Common Stock Purchases—As of December 31, 2025, our remaining share-purchase authorization was $3.3 billion with no repurchases in 2025. See Note 12.

Sales of Investments—After our sales of a portion of our Haleon shares in March and October 2024, we owned approximately 15% of the outstanding voting shares of Haleon as of December 31, 2024. See Note 2C. With the reduction in our Haleon ownership percentage and board representation after the October 2024 sale, we discontinued the application of the equity method to our Haleon investment, and in the fourth quarter of 2024 began to account for the investment as an equity security with a readily determinable fair value, which was carried at fair value at December 31, 2024, with changes in fair value reported in Other (income)/deductions––net. In the first quarter of 2025, we sold the remaining portion of our investment in Haleon for $6.3 billion. In January 2026, we announced an agreement to sell our investment in ViiV for $1.9 billion, subject to certain regulatory clearances in relevant markets. The proceeds from both of these sales are being used, and will be used respectively, to support capital allocation priorities.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual, and Other Obligations––In the ordinary course of business, (i) we enter into off-balance sheet arrangements that may result in contractual and other obligations and (ii) in connection with the sale of assets and businesses and other transactions, we often indemnify our counterparties against certain liabilities that may arise in connection with the transaction or that are related to events and activities. For more information on guarantees and indemnifications, see Note 16B.

Additionally, certain of our co-promotion or license agreements give our licensors or partners the rights to negotiate for, or in some cases to obtain under certain financial conditions, co-promotion or other rights in specified countries with respect to certain of our products. Furthermore, collaboration, licensing or other R&D arrangements may give rise to potential milestone payments. In addition, we may be required to make contingent consideration payments for certain prior business combinations that are contingent on future events or outcomes (see Note 16D). Payments under these agreements generally become due and payable only upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and/or commercialization milestones, which may span several years and which may never occur.

Our significant contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2025 consisted of:

•Long-term debt, including current portion (see Note 7D) and related interest payments;

•Estimated cash payments related to the TCJA repatriation estimated tax liability (see Note 5). The eighth and final estimated future payment related to the TCJA repatriation tax liability totaling $2.6 billion is due April 15, 2026 and is reported in current Income taxes payable as of December 31, 2025. Our obligations may vary due to the availability of attributes such as foreign tax and other credit carryforwards or carrybacks;

•Certain commitments totaling $5.0 billion, of which an estimated $1.6 billion is to be paid in the next twelve months, and $3.4 billion in periods thereafter (see Note 16C);

•Purchases of PP&E (see Note 9). In 2026, we expect to spend approximately $2.5 billion on PP&E; and

•Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases (see Note 15).

Global Economic Conditions––We have operations in countries that have hyperinflationary economies. The impact to Pfizer is not considered material. See the Item 1A. Risk Factors––Global Operations section.

Market Risk––We are subject to foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, and equity price risk. The objective of our financial risk management program is to minimize the impact of foreign exchange rate and interest rate movements on our earnings. We address such exposures through a combination of operational means and financial instruments. For more information on how we manage our foreign exchange and interest rate risks, see Notes 1F and 7E, as well as the Item 1A. Risk Factors—Global Operations section for key currencies in which we operate. Our sensitivity analyses of such risks are discussed below.

Foreign Exchange Risk—The fair values of our financial instrument holdings are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to foreign exchange rate changes. In this analysis, holding all other assumptions constant and assuming that a change in one currency’s rate relative to the U.S. dollar would not have any effect on another currency’s rates relative to the U.S. dollar, if the dollar were to move against all other currencies by 10%, as of December 31, 2025, the expected impact on our net income would not be significant.

Interest Rate Risk—The fair values of our financial instrument holdings are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to interest rate changes. In this analysis, holding all other assumptions constant and assuming a parallel shift in the interest rate curve for all maturities and for

all instruments, if there were a one hundred basis point change in interest rates as of December 31, 2025, the expected impact on our net income would not be significant.

Equity Price Risk––We hold long-term investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values in life science companies as a result of certain business development transactions. While we are holding such securities, we are subject to equity price risk, and this may increase the volatility of our income in future periods due to changes in the fair value of equity investments. From time to time, we will sell such equity securities based on our business considerations, which may include limiting our price risk. Our equity securities with readily determinable fair values are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to equity price rate changes. In this sensitivity analysis, the expected impact on our net income would not be significant.

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

See Note 1B.